Painting

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium[1] to a surface (support base). The application of the medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other objects can be used. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, copper or concrete, and may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects. Painting is a mode of expression and the forms are numerous. Drawing, composition or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion or be political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by spiritual motifs and ideas; examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to Biblical scenes rendered on the interior walls and ceiling of The Sistine Chapel, to scenes from the life of Buddha or other scenes of eastern religious origin.

Elements

Chen Hongshou (1598±1652),Leaf album painting (Ming Dynasty)

[edit]Intensity What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity. Every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity; by using just color (of the same intensity) one can only represent symbolic shapes. Thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization (perspective), and symbols. For example, a painter perceives that a particular white wall has different intensity at each point, due to shades and reflections from nearby objects, but ideally, a white wall is still a

white wall in pitch darkness. In technical drawing, thickness of line is also ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. [edit]Color

and tone

Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are of music. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe,Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover the use of language is only a generalization for a color equivalent. The word "red", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as C or C in

music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue, green, brown, etc.). Painters deal practically with pigments, so "blue" for a painter can be any of the blues: phtalocyan, Paris blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological, symbolical meanings of color are not strictly speaking means of painting. Colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear²sound in music (like "C") is analogous to light in painting, "shades" to dynamics, and coloration is to painting as specific timbre of musical instruments to music²though these do not necessarily form a melody, but can add different contexts to it.

Georges Seurat (1859±91), Circus Sideshow (1887±88)

[edit]Rhythm Rhythm is important in painting as well as in music. If one defines rhythm as "a pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creations²form, melody, coloration. The distribution of form, or any kind of information is of crucial importance in the given work of art and it directly affects the esthetical value of that work. This is because

the esthetical value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms of "techne", directly contributes to the esthetical value. [edit]Non-traditional

elements

Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, for example, collage, which began with Cubism and is not painting in the strict sense. Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required. [edit]History Main article: History of painting

Cave painting of aurochs, (Bos primigenius primigenius), Lascaux, France,prehistoric art

The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochreand black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth or humans often hunting. However the earliest evidence of painting has been discovered in two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material at these sites there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia, that is dated 40 000 years old. [1] There are examples of cave paintings all over the world²in India, France, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia, etc. In Western cultures oil painting and watercolor painting have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media with equally rich and complex traditions.

The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In 1829, the first photograph was produced. From the mid to late 19th century, photographic processes improved and, as it became more widespread, painting lost much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. There began a series of art movements into the 20th century where the Renaissance view of the world was steadily eroded, through Impressionism, PostImpressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism,Cubism and Dadaism. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time. Modern and Contemporary Art has moved away from the historic value of craft and documentation in favour of concept; this led some to say in the 1960s that painting, as a serious art form, is dead. This has not deterred the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as whole or part of their work. The vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century belies the premature declarations of its demise. In an epoch characterized by the idea of pluralism, there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Important works of art continue to be made in a wide variety of styles and aesthetic temperaments, the marketplace being left to judge merit. Among the continuing and current directions in painting at the beginning of the 21st century are Monochrome painting, Hard-edge painting, Geometric abstraction, Appropriation, Hyperrealism, Photorealism,Expressionism, Minimalism, Lyrical Abstraction, Pop Art, Op Art, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field painting, Neoexpressionism, Collage, Intermedia painting, Assemblage painting, Computer art painting,Postmodern painting, Neo-Dada painting, Shaped canvas painting, environmental mural painting, traditional figure painting, Landscape painting, Portrait painting, and paint-on-glass animation.

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\Painting styles
Main article: Painting style Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements, techniques and methods that typify an individual artist's work. It can also refer to the movementor school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following:

[edit]Western [edit]Modernism Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism.[15][16] The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).[17]

[edit]Impressionism
The first example of modernism in painting was impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (en plein air). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored Paris Salon, the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon.

[edit]Abstract styles
Abstract painting uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.[18] Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War II art movement which had a combination of the emotional intensity and selfdenial of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such asFuturism, the Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism and the image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.[19] Action painting, sometimes called "gestural abstraction", is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied.[20] The resulting work often emphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, and is closely associated with abstract expressionism (some critics have used the terms "action painting" and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably). Other modernist styles include:

  

Expressionism Cubism Pop art

[edit]Other styles

[edit]Outsider art
The term outsider art was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for art brut (French: >D E \W@, "raw art" or "rough art"), a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe artcreated outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by insane-asylum inmates.[21] Outsider art has emerged as a successful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for art created by people outside the mainstream "art world," regardless of their circumstances or the content of their work.

[edit]Photorealism
Photorealism is the genre of painting based on using the camera and photographs to gather information and then from this information, creating a painting that appears to be very realistic like a photograph. The term is primarily applied to paintings from the United States art movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from Pop Art counter toAbstract Expressionism. Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resembling a highresolution photograph. Hyperrealism is a fully fledged school of art and can be considered an advancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarily applied to an independent art movement and art style in the United States and Europe that has developed since the early 2000s.
[25] [22][23][24]

and as a

[edit]Surrealism
Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Surrealist artworks feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities of World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting thevisual arts, literature, film and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy and social theory.

14th century: Giotto, Simone Martini 15th c.: Botticelli, Jan van Eyck 16th c.: Dürer, Titian, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, P Bruegel 17th c.: Caravaggio, El Greco, Rubens, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Vélazquez, 18th c.: Watteau, Fragonard, Reynolds, Gainsborough 19th c.: David, Constable, Turner, Manet, Monet, Renoir, Gauguin, van Gogh 20th c.: Matisse, Picasso, Sargent, Klimt, Dalí, Chagall «.

Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_are_the_famous_painters#ixzz1TxGgdXyr \ \ \\

\ \Fernando Amorsolo

List of his masterpieces are 1920 ± My Wife, Salud 1921 ± Maiden in a Stream, GSIS Collection 1922 ± Rice Planting 1928 ± El Ciego, Central Bank of the Philippines Collection 1931 - The Conversion of the Filipinos 1936 ± Dalagang Bukid, Club Filipino Collection 1939 - Afternoon Meal of the Workers (also known as Noonday Meal of the Rice Workers) 1942 - The Rape of Manila 1942 - The Bombing of the Intendencia 1943 ± The Mestiza, National Museum of the Philippines Collection 1944 - The Explosion 1945 - Defense of a Filipina Woman¶s Honor, oil on canvas (60.5 in x 36 in) 1945 - The Burning of Manila 1946 ± Planting Rice, United Coconut Planters Bank Collection 1950 - Our Lady of Light 1958 ± Sunday Morning Going To Town, Ayala Museum Collection The First Baptism in the Philippines - Cebu High School Princess Urduja Sale of Panay Early Sulu Wedding Early Filipino State Wedding

Traders Sikatuna The First Mass in the Philippines The Building of Intramuros Burning of the Idol Assassination of Governor Bustamante Making of the Philippine Flag La destruccion de Manila por los salvajes japoneses (The Destruction of Manila by the Savage Japanese) Bataan Corner of Hell One Casualty El Violinista (The Violinist)

Vicente Silva Manansala His masterpieces are Madonna of the Slums, Jeepneys, Kalabaw (Carabao), oil on canvas, 28.5 inches x 38 inches, 1965

Carlos V. Francisco His great works include Blood Compact, First Mass at Limasawa, The Martyrdom of Rizal, Bayanihan, Magpupukot, Fiesta, Bayanihan sa Bukid, Sandugo, Portrait of Purita, The Invasion of Limahong, Serenade, and Muslim Betrothal

Juan Novicio Luna His most famous piece, The Spoliarium, for which he won top prize at the 1884 Madrid Exposition, is currently in the National Museum in Manila. Hernando R. Ocampo His major works in the visual arts include Ina ng Balon, Calvary, Slum Dwellers, Nude with Candle and Flower, Man and Carabao, Angel's Kiss, Palayok at Kalan, Ancestors, Isda at Mangga, The Resurrection, Fifty-three "Q,´ Back drop, Fiesta,Mother and Child, Easter Sunday, and his most acknowledged work Genesis, which served as the basis of curtain design in the Cultural Center of the Philippines Main Theater. His works were exhibited in Washington, New York, London, and Tokyo. Cesar Legaspi His works include Man and Woman (alternatively known as Beggars), Gadgets and Procession. Critics further described that Legaspi "reconstituted" in his paintings "cubism's unfeeling, geometric ordering of figures into a social expressionism rendered by interacting forms filled with rhythmic movement

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\FOREIGN ARTISTS IN THE ENGLISH COURT
Until Henry¶s Reformation, most English art emanated from the Catholic Church, so artists concentrated on portraying saints, apostles and Biblical tales, rather than monarchs, their families and courtiers.

King Henry VIII, after Hans Holbein the Younger; oil on copper, 279 x 200mm; http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?mkey=mw03082

In the wake of the dissolution of the churches and monasteries, which took place from 1534-1536, thousands of religious works of art were destroyed. In 1536 ± the same year that saw the natural death of his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, the execution of Anne Boleyn, his second, and his third marriage, to Jane Seymour ± Henry VIII appointed a Court Painter, Hans Holbein the Younger. Holbein Hans Holbein the Younger was born in Augsburg, Germany, though the family later moved to Basel, Switzerland. His father Hans, uncle Sigmund and brother Ambrosius were also painters of note. In 1519, Holbein married Elsbeth Binsenstock, a young widow with one son; they went on to have two sons and two daughters. Like most artists of the time, Holbein¶s early subjects were of a religious nature; he specialised in painting altarpieces. His other works included painting Basel¶s Great Council Chamber at the town hall and house façades in Lucerne. But during the 1520s, Basel became heavily influenced by the teaching of the anti-Catholic Martin Luther and Desiderius Erasmus, the Dutch scholar and leader of the humanist movement, and another vocal critic of the Catholic Church. Holbein¶s portrait of Erasmus can be seen in the Louvre, Paris. As the Protestant Reformation took hold in Northern Europe, highly decorated churches fell out of favour and Holbein¶s work dried up. He started to work as a book illustrator for Basel publishers and his most notable work from this period was the woodcut, Dance Of Death, a series of 41 allegorical scenes, which was not published until 1538. Holbein in England

King James I of England and VI of Scotland, after John De Critz the Elder; oil on panel, 572 x 419mm; http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?mkey=mw0341

In 1526, he made his first visit to England ± then a Catholic country ± taking with him a letter of introduction from Erasmus to his friends, Bishop William Warham and Sir Thomas More, to whom Erasmus wrote, ³Here the arts are freezing, so Holbein is on the way to England to pick up some coins there.´ Holbein¶s first commission was to paint a portrait of Sir Thomas More and his family. The picture was later destroyed by fire but Holbein¶s sketches for it can be seen in the Kunstmuseum, Basel. More was extremely impressed with the work and wrote to Erasmus, ³Your painter is a wonderful artist, but I fear he is not likely to find England so fertile as he hoped; although I will do what I can.´ After More resigned as Lord Chancellor, in protest against Henry¶s divorce from Catherine of Aragon and his split from the Roman Catholic Church, Holbein took commissions from German steel merchants, which included the famous The Ambassadors, now at the National Gallery. In around 1532, Holbein left his wife and family in Basel and moved, once again, to England. The town council maintained his family while he was away ± and he is known to have returned in 1538 ± but his will shows that he was keeping a second family in London. The King¶s painter

Sir Thomas More, his father, his household and his descendants by Rowland Lockey, after Hans Holbein the Younger; oil on canvas, 2274 x 3302mm; http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?mkey=mw01734

It was Holbein¶s 1534 portrait of Thomas Cromwell, Henry VIII¶s secretary, which impressed the King and led to his royal appointment. During the next seven years, he produced around 150 life-size and miniature portraits of England¶s royalty and nobility. As well as his iconic portraits of Henry and his court, Holbein also designed furniture, banners, silverware and jewellery for the King, as well as state robes and motifs used on buttons, horses¶ bridles, babies¶ cradles and book bindings. After the death of Jane Seymour in 1527, Henry sent Holbein to Europe to paint portraits of five potential brides, including Christina, Duchess of Milan, and, most significantly, Anne of Cleves, who would become Henry¶s fourth wife. Holbein¶s first major commission from the King was the mural for Whitehall Palace, to mark the birth of his son Edward. Levina Teerline Holbein was not the only foreign painter commissioned by Henry: he also favoured the work of Levina Teerline, a

miniaturist from Bruges, who he appointed to court in 1546. Teerline went on to become a court artist for Henry¶s children, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. She was particularly favoured by Elizabeth, serving as Gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber from 1558 until her death in 1576. Every New Year¶s Day, Teerline presented the Queen with a new royal portrait. Teerline was paid far more for her work at court than Holbein, yet not one work that can be attributed to her has survived. However, Teerline¶s influence is still recognised in some quarters: she makes an appearance in the children¶s book, The Lady Grace Mysteries: Feud, in which Patricia Finney writes as Lady Grace Cavendish, one of Elizabeth¶s maids of honour. The story, the sixth in a series of historical thrillers, begins with the Queen having her portrait painted by Levina Teerline as the monarch¶s maids try to keep her amused throughout the sitting. Hans Holbein The Younger died of the plague in London in 1543. He left nothing in his will except some debts - and two illegitimate children. He was buried in St Katherine Cree Church, Leadenhall Street, east London. There is also a brass tablet on the south wall of St Andrew Undershaft, Leadenhall Street, commemorating the fact that he lived in the parish. Nicholas Hilliard After Henry¶s death, some English painters did finally find favour at court. The best known was Nicholas Hilliard, a miniatures specialist, who was commissioned to paint several portraits of Elizabeth. And, like her father before her, the Queen sent her court artist to paint a portrait of a prospective suitor: the Duc d¶Alencon, in 1577. Whether Hilliard¶s portraits were true-to-life isn¶t known; but we do know that, after seeing it, Elizabeth decided not to marry d¶Alencon« Van Dyck The tradition of having a foreign Court Painter did not die with the Tudor dynasty. The Stuart monarchs who succeeded Elizabeth I were equally keen to assert their divine right to rule through the dominant media of the day ± iconic portraiture. Isaac Oliver, a pupil of Hilliard¶s and son of a Huguenot goldsmith, came to London in 1568. He succeeded his mentor as principal court miniaturist in the early 17th century. Oliver¶s brother-in-law, Marcus Geerhardts, came to England from Holland in the mid-1560s and found favour in the court of James I. Daniel Mytens arrived in England from The Hague in 1618 and his first commissions were for Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. Howard was a close friend of the King before he came to the throne and this connection proved fruitful for Mytens, who went on to paint many portraits of Charles in the early years of his reign. Some still remain in the Royal Collection, Windsor. Mytens dominated English portraiture until the early-1630s, when he was eclipsed by yet another immigrant Flemish artist. Anthony van Dyck (Antonion van Dijck) was a prodigious apprentice of the Flemish baroque artist Peter Paul Rubens, serving briefly as his principal assistant. Aged just 17, van Dyck opened his own studio in Antwerp and broke with his mentor soon afterwards. He worked briefly for James I in London in 1620; one of his most important works was The Continence Of Scipio (now in Christ Church, Oxford). The historical allegory was commissioned by George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham and favourite of James I. After his brief spell in London, van Dyck travelled and worked extensively in Italy, creating portraits of wealthy Genoese families. In 1632, he returned to London and was knighted by Charles I (who had succeeded his father James in 1625) and appointed ³principalle painter in Ordinary to their Majesties at St James´. The King was a great art lover and collected many works by Rubens, Titian, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. In fact, his expenditure on his picture collection contributed in part to his eventual downfall, as it vastly increased the Crown¶s debts. Charles had inherited debts from his father, James I, and ill-advised wars with France and Spain further depleted the Exchequer and increased tensions between the King and Parliament. Between 1625 and 1629 Charles dissolved Parliament three times ± it was not summoned again for 11 years. Van Dyck¶s portraits of the doomed Charles, his Queen Henrietta Maria, their children and courtiers sealed his place in art history. One of his most famous paintings was the Equestrian Portrait Of Charles I (c.1637), bought by the National Gallery in 1885.

It was created to portray the king as a warrior who had an absolute, divine right to rule. The King is dressed in full armour, holds a commander¶s baton and is shown to be the confident horseman he was in real life. However, in other respects, reality and art parted company ² the ratio of the king to his steed would have us believe he was a towering figure when he was, in fact, a slender 5ft 4in. With the Gunpowder Plot still fresh in the public mind, the strong-willed but somewhat foolish sovereign wanted an image that would stamp his authority on the realm and make all potential plotters and rebels think twice. In this respect, it could be argued that van Dyck¶s efforts failed. Van Dyck did not live to see his patron¶s tragic fate: the artist died of the plague in Blackfriars, London, on December 9, 1641, and was buried in the ³old´ St Paul¶s Cathedral ± the pre-Wren version was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666. His influence on British portrait painting lasted for centuries, in particular inspiring the work of Thomas Gainsborough. In 1577, the second Earl of Pembroke, Henry Herbert, married the poet Mary Sidney, and the couple became great patrons of the arts. Their social circle included Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and John Donne. In 1634, their son, the 5th Earl of Pembroke, Philip Herbert, commissioned van Dyck to paint a series of portraits of his family. In 1653, the Earl moved his family¶s collection of van Dyck portraits from their London home to their country seat, Wilton House, near Salisbury. They are housed in its Double Cube Room, where all the paintings on the walls are by van Dyck or his studio. The picture of Philip, 4th Earl of Pembroke and his family (17ft x 11ft) is the largest ever painted by van Dyck. The Double Cube Room has featured in a number of British films, including The Madness Of King George (1994), Sense And Sensibility (1995) and Mrs Brown(1997).

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List of Famous Painters (1700-present)
Long established European painters are classified by museum curators, and historians as Old Masters. More recent painters are typically divided into the following categories: English School (1700-1900) William Hogarth (1697-1764) English painter, engraver, founder of English School of figurative painting. Richard Wilson (1714-82) Founder of modern English School of landscape painting. Joshua Reynolds (1723-92) Eminent portraitist, President of London Royal Academy. George Stubbs (1724-1806) Equestrian artist, horse painter, animalier. Thomas Gainsborough (1727-88) Portrait artist, landscapes. Joseph Wright of Derby (1734-1797) Midlands portrait painter, noted for his chiaroscuro & candlight scenes.

Henry Fuseli (1741-1825) Romantic expressionist artist, symbolist painter. Henry Raeburn (1756-1823) Scottish portrait artist, active in Edinburgh, famous for The Skating Minister. William Blake (1757-1827) The outstanding English engraver, etcher, watercolourist and illustrator. John Crome (1768-1821) Norfolk landscape artist, President of Norwich School; influenced by Hobbema. Thomas Lawrence (1769±1830) Regency society portraitist, painter to King George III; President RA London. Thomas Girtin (1775-1802) England's first major watercolourist. JMW Turner (1775-1851) The greatest English watercolourist and landscape painter. John Constable (1776-1837) England's greatest naturalist landscape artist. Noted for "The Hay Wain." John Sell Cotman (1782-1842) Watercolourist of the Norwich School of landscape painters. John Martin (1789-1854) History painter of Biblical scenes; exponent of Romanticism; printmaker. Alfred Stevens (1817-75) Outstanding Victorian painter and sculptor. George Frederick Watts (1817-1904) The most revered English artist (portraitist, sculptor) of the late 19th century. Frederic Leighton (1830-1896) Victorian neoclassicist, noted for Greek subject paintings, and portraiture. William Morris (1834-96) Painter, designer, decorative artist; leader of Arts & Crafts Movement. Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1836-1912) Classical subject painter, noted for female nudes such as The Tepidarium. See also Best English Painters. American School (c.1700-1900) Benjamin West (1738-1820) Innovative history painter, portraitist, "Father of American Painting." John Singleton Copley (1738-1815) American portraitist, history painter - Boston and London. Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) Greatest American portrait painter of late-18th/ early-19th century. Thomas Cole (1801-48) Founder of Hudson River school of American wilderness landscape painting. George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879) Missouri genre-painter, frontier luminist landscape artist, portraitist. George Inness (1825-1894) Brilliant Impressionistic painter, who defined Tonalism. Frederic Edwin Church (1826-1900) Pupil of Cole, and America's greatest ever landscape painter. Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902) German-born landscape artist of Hudson River School, Luminism style. Winslow Homer (1836-1910) American pioneer-style seascapes, Civil War paintings, scenic views. Thomas Eakins (1844-1916)

Greatest American exponent of figurative realism. Noted for The Gross Clinic. John Singer Sargent (1856-1925) Portrait artist in the grand manner, noted for society portraits.

19th Century Painters
Romantics Caspar David Friedrich (1774-1840) German symbolist landscape painter. Theodore Gericault (1791-1824) Known for his masterpiece "The Raft of the Medusa." Eugene Delacroix (1798-63) Leader of French Romantic art movement and 19th century Romantic Artists. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood William Holman Hunt (1827-1910) Co-founder of PRB. Famous paintings include The Lady of Shalott. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-82) Co-founder, noted for The Annunciation and other romantic works. John Everett Millais (1829-96) Traditional portraitist, best-known for his romantic painting Ophelia. Edward Burne-Jones (1833-1898) Painter, stained glass/tapestry designer for William Morris & Co. John William Waterhouse (1849-1917) English Romantic painter of historical/literary works, like The Lady of Shalott. Realists Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796-1875) Romantic/Realist French landscape painter. Honore Daumier (1808-79) Renowned French Caricaturist, graphic artist and realist painter. Jean-Francois Millet (1814-75) Realist painter, founder of French Barbizon School of landscape painting. Gustave Courbet (1819-77) Founder of French Realism art movement, leader of Realist Artists. Symbolists Gustave Moreau (1826-1898) Noted for his history painting. Huge influence on Andre Breton & Surrealism. Odilon Redon (1840-1916) Painter, printmaker, noted for The Cyclops; anticipated Surrealism. Ferdinand Hodler (1853-1918) With Arnold Bocklin, one of the founders of modern art in Switzerland. James Ensor (1860-1949) Belgian exponent of Symbolism, famous for Christ's Entry Into Brussels. Impressionists Eugene Boudin (1824-98) Influential forerunner of Impressionism; taught Monet plein air painting. Edouard Manet (1832-83) Father of modern painting in France; one of the first great modern artists.

Claude Monet (1840-1926) Founder of Impressionistic plein-air painting. Camille Pissarro (1830-1903) Outstanding cityscape and landscape painter. Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) Finest exponent of 'dappled light' in Impressionist movement. Alfred Sisley (1839-1899) Like Monet, a pure Impressionist specializing in landscapes. Edgar Degas (1834-1917) The greatest figure painter of French Impressionism. Berthe Morisot (1841-95) Leading female Impressionist; sister-in-law of Manet. Gustave Caillebotte (1848-94) Rich Impressionist, best known for Paris: A Rainy Day and his art collection. Mary Cassatt (1845-1926) American Impressionist artist, noted for 'mother and child' paintings. Anders Zorn (1860-1920) Famous Impressionist portrait painter from Sweden, best known for his nudes. Post-Impressionists James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834-1903) Member of the Aesthetic Movement: noted for his "Nocturnes" and etchings. Paul Cezanne (1839-1906) Arguably the greatest of all Post-Impressionist painters, precursor of Cubism. Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) Outstanding colourist, influenced Synthetism, Cloisonism and Primitivism. Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) Founder of modern Expressionism. Georges Seurat (1859-1891) Founder of Neo-Impressionist art: colour theories of Pointillism & Divisionism. Walter Sickert (1860-1942) Greatest British Post-Impressionist painter. Founded Camden Town Group. Paul Signac (1863-1935) Leader of Neo-Impressionism after Seurat; developed Chromoluminarism. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901) Genre painter, printmaker, draftsman and illustrator. Paul Serusier (1864-1927) Gauguin follower, founder of Nabis, noted for The Talisman & his religious art. Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947) Post-Impressionist painter, famous for his colourism and intimate interiors. Edouard Vuillard (1868-1940) Co-founder of Intimism: noted for genre-paintings of intimate interiors. P.S. Kroyer (1851-1909) Norwegian-born post-Impressionist landscape painter. Vilhelm Hammershoi (1864-1916) Danish Intimist genre-painter of muted interiors in blues and greys. Maurice Utrillo (1883-1955) French painter, noted for picture postcard views of Parisian streets. Russian School of Painting Ivan Shishkin (1832-98)

Forest/woodland landscape artist. See also: Russian Artists (1300-present). Vasily Perov (1833-82) Critical realism-style genre painter. Ivan Kramskoy (1837-1887) Foremost portraitist of 19th century Russia. Noted for Leo Tolstoy (1873). Konstantin Savitsky (1844-1905) Critical realist genre painter. Vasily Polenov (1844-1927) Landscape painter, also noted for biblical paintings. Ilya Repin (1844-1930) The finest Russian/Ukrainian realist genre-painter and portraitist. Vasily Surikov (1848-1916) Russia's greatest history painter of the 19th century. Mikhail Vrubel (1856-1910) Symbolist painter, noted for his Demon paintings and mosaic-like brushwork. Isaac Levitan (1860-1900) Landscape painter: master of light and colour. Abram Arkhipov (1862-1930) Socially aware genre painter, in the critical realist style. Valentin Serov (1865-1911) Greatest Russian Impressionist portrait painter. Primitive/Fantasy Art Paul Klee (1879±1940) Expressionist, surrealist painter/graphic artist noted for his dreamlike imagery. Henri Rousseau (1844-1910) (Le Douanier) Naive painter, noted for The Sleeping Gypsy and exotic landscapes. Marc Chagall (1887-1985) Prolific, versatile Jewish-Russian painter, lithographer, stained glass artist. Art Nouveau/Poster Designers Jules Cheret (1836-1932) Inventor of "3-stone chromolithographs"; pioneer of advertising poster art. Alphonse Mucha (1860-1939) Epitomizes Art Nouveau graphic art - posters, illustrations; painted Slav Epic. Gustav Klimt (1862-1918) Leader of Viennese Secessionist movement, noted for his art nouveau style, and paintings using mosaic & gold, like The Kiss, Portrait of Adele BlochBauer. Aubrey Beardsley (1872-98) Art Nouveau illustrator, known for illustrations of Salome and Morte d'Arthur. Leonetto Cappiello (1875-1942) Caricaturist, lithographer, poster designer noted for his functionalism.

20th Century Painters
See also: Twentieth Century Painters. Fauvists Henri Matisse (1869-1954) Founder of Fauvism and leading colourist in modern art. He remained

obsessed with colour all his life. Andre Derain (1880-1954) Member of Ecole de Paris, friend of Fauvist painters like Matisse, De Vlaminck. Maurice de Vlaminck (1876-1958) Self-taught colourist painter, influenced by Van Gogh and later Cezanne. Raoul Dufy (1877-1953) French Impressionist/Fauvist painter noted for his colourism & mural paintings. Kees van Dongen (1877-1968) Dutch Fauvist, member of Dresden Die Brucke expressionist group, portraitist. Expressionists Arnold Bocklin (1827-1901) Symbolist painter from Switzerland, best known for Island of the Dead. Lovis Corinth (1858-1925) German modern artist, famous both for his Impressionism and Expressionism. Edvard Munch (1863-1944) Norwegian Expressionist painter, famous for The Scream. Alexei von Jawlensky (1864-1941) Russian colourist of Der Blaue Reiter group, noted for his portraits (Heads) Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) Russian painter and art theorist, founder of Der Blaue Reiter art movement. Emil Nolde (1867-1956) Powerful expressionist artist, flower painter, printmaker (woodcuts). Frank Kupka (1871-1957) Czech abstract painter, based in Paris, noted for his non-objecrtive colourism. Georges Rouault (1871-1958) French expressionist painter, known for his oils, gouache, and watercolours. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880-1938) Member of the Die Brucke art group, a precursor of German Expressionism. Franz Marc (1880-1916) Leading member of The Blue Rider group of expressionist painters. Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920) Most powerful exponent of 20th century Expressionism in Paris. Max Beckmann (1884-1950) Member of New Objectivity group (Neue Sachlichkeit). Powerful self-portraits. Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980) Portraitist, landscape artist; one of the longest-lived expressionist painters. Kurt Schwitters (1887-1948) German Dada artist noted for his "Merz" collage art, multi-media "Merzbau". Egon Schiele (1890-1918) Short-lived but outrageously talented figure-painter. Otto Dix (1891-1969) Powerful anti-war painter, portraitist. Member of New Objectivity group. Chaim Soutine (1893±1943) Expressionist painter from Russia; active in Paris; noted for figurative painting. George Grosz (1893±1959) Berlin Dadaist, expressionist painter, member of Neue Sachlichkeit. Cubists Francis Picabia (1879-1953)

Avant-garde Cubist painter, later Dadaist and member of Surrealism. Georges Braque (1882-1963) Co-founder of Analytical and Synthetic Cubism. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Co-founder of Cubism, leading expressionist-style artist of 20th century. Juan Gris (1887-1927) One of the great Cubist painters and the movement's leading theorist. Fernand Leger (1881-1955) Fourth Cubist, socialist painter, muralist, stained glass and textile artist. Robert Delaunay (1885-1941) Abstract painter, founder of Orphism (Orphic Cubism) or Simultanism. Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) Also a pioneer of Dada and Object Art, from which Conceptual Art emerged. 20th Century Realism Robert Henri (1865-1929) Realist New York painter, leader of The Group of Eight and Ashcan School. George Wesley Bellows (1882-1925) Ashcan school urban painter noted for sports pictures, A Stag at Sharkey's. Edward Hopper (1882-1967) American realist painter, noted for his narrative urban genre-paintings. Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975) Realist artist, exponent of American Scene Painting and Regionalism. Grant Wood (1892-1942) Realist painter from Iowa, noted for his mid-West landscapes and portraits. Norman Rockwell (1894-1978) American Saturday Evening Post illustrator, subject-painter and portraitist. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009) Realist tempera painter and watercolourist from Pennsylvania. Lucian Freud (1922-2011) British realist noted for his understated masterpieces of figurative art. Metaphysical Painting Giorgio De Chirico (1888-1978) Italian artist, co-inventor with Carlo Carra of Pittura Metafisica. Giorgio Morandi (1890-1964) Minimalist still life painter. Surrealists Paul Nash (1889-1946) Leader of English surrealism; War Artist, watercolourist, book illustrator. Man Ray (1890-1976) Dada artist, active in Paris; noted for Surrealist photography & junk art. Max Ernst (1891-1976) Ex-Dada artist, painter, sculptor, inventor of frottage and decalcomania. Joan Miro (1893-1983) Spanish surrealist painter: ceramicist, printmaker and stained glass artist. Paul Delvaux (1897-1994) Surrealist painter, famous for his Magic Realism and female nudes. Rene Magritte (1898-1967) Belgian classical painter, member of Magic Realism and Surrealism movements.

Salvador Dali (1904-89) Spanish painter, one of the most famous surrealist artists. Geometric Abstraction Kasimir Malevich (1878-1935) Cubist, founder of Suprematism. One of the pioneer abstract painters. Piet Mondrian (1872-1944) Member of De Stijl movement, noted for geometric abstract paintings. Theo van Doesburg (1883-1931) Abstract artist; painter, designer. Leading member of Dutch De Stijl group. Josef Albers (1888-1976) Bauhaus teacher, painter noted for Homage to the Square paintings. Victor Vasarely (1906-1997) Hungarian painter, graphic designer; founder of Op-Art, explored Kineticism. Bridget Riley (b.1931) Leader of British Op-Art movement, a form of geometric abstract art. Sean Scully (b.1945) Renowned for large-scale elemental shapes. Abstract Expressionists Mark Tobey (1890-1976) Noted for his White Writing, a form of calligraphic gesturalism; tachisme art. Mark Rothko (1903-70) Latvian-American abstract painter, co-founder of Colour Field painting. Arshile Gorky (1904-48) Last surrealist, first abstract expressionist; influenced De Kooning. Clyfford Still (1904-1980) American artist, co-founder with Rothko/Newman of Colour Field painting. Willem De Kooning (1904-97) Noted for his gesturalism and "Woman" series. Barnett Newman (1905-70) Colour Field Painter. Pioneer influence on Post-Painterly Abstraction. Franz Kline (1910-1962) Famous for gestural action-painting & calligraphic black-and-white pictures. Jackson Pollock (1912-56) Founder of 'action-painting', variant of Abstract Expressionism in USA. Nicolas de Stael (1914-1955) Russian-French abstract painter noted for his colourism & Lyrical Abstraction. Robert Motherwell (1915-91) Painter, collagist, lithographer, famous for Elegy to the Spanish Republic. Sam Francis (1923-1994) American painter, member of Tachisme & Lyrical Abstraction movements. Kenneth Noland (b.1924) Associated with Hard Edge Painting, Minimalism & Post-Painterly Abstraction. Frank Stella (b.1936) Minimalist, Hard-Edge painter, noted for his shaped canvases and printmaking. Pop Artists Roy Lichtenstein (1923-97) Creator of comic-strip style, benday dot paintings, like "Wham!" Andy Warhol (1928-87)

Founder of Pop-Art movement, noted for screenprints & popular imagery. Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) Noted for his "Combines", collages, assemblages and conceptualism. Jasper Johns (b.1930) Painter, sculptor, lithographer, collage & multi-media artist; Neo-Dada. David Hockney (b.1937) English Pop artist, noted for portraits, etchings and photo-collages. Contemporary Artists Marsden Hartley (1877-1943) American painter, best known for abstract Cubist/Expressionist war portraits. Diego Rivera (1886-1957) Greatest Mexican fresco mural painter, with David Siqueiros and Jose Orozco. Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986) American artist, flower-painter; urban landscapes; wife of Alfred Stieglitz. L.S. Lowry (1887-1976) English genre-painter and urban cityscape artist noted for "matchstick men". Jean Dubuffet (1901-1985) French experimental painter, portraitist, Art Brut collector. Ansel Adams (1902-84) America's greatest landscape-photographer. Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) Mexican surrealist self portraitist, wife of Diego Rivera. Balthus (Balthazar Klossowski de Rola) (1908-2001) Surrealist-style figurative painter, best known for pictures of young girls. Francis Bacon (1909-92) Noted for his grotesque imagery and surrealistic-style compositions. Agnes Martin (1912-2004) American Minimalist painter; hand-drawn pencil grids on gesso, acrylics/oils. Wols: Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze (1913-51) German painter, member of Art Informel, Tachisme and Lyrical Abstraction. Asger Jorn (1914-73) Danish gesturalist painter, founder of COBRA group, linked to Art Informel. Karel Appel (1921-2006) Dutch abstract painter, gesturalist; member of Art Informel & Tachisme. Antoni Tapies (b.1923) Spanish abstract artist; mixed media Matter Painting style of Art Informel. Frank Auerbach (b.1931) British semi-abstract portrait painter, noted for heavily impastoed paintings. Fernando Botero (b.1932) Columbian artist, leading South American painter noted for obese figures. Chuck Close (b.1940) Leader of American photorealism style, noted for gigantic self-portraits. Richard Estes (b.1932) US superrealist painter of urban architecture. Jack Vettriano (b.1951) Populist British genre-painter, noted for The Singing Butler. Damien Hirst (b.1965) Leader of Young British Artists, noted for sculpture and installations, like: A Thousand Years (1989), The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living (1991), and For The Love of God (2007). Tracey Emin (b.1963)

British multimedia postmodernist artist, noted for My Bed (1998).