Phd Syllabus

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SRM UNIVERSITY Ph.D. REVISED SYLLABUS BT 8 1

BREWING SCIENCE  SCIENCE 

BT 8 2

GENE CLONING  CLONING 

BT 8 3

PROTEIN ISOLATION TECHNIQUES  TECHNIQUES 

BT 8 4

BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY  TECHNOLOGY 

BT 8 5

PROTEOMICS AND APPLICATION  APPLICATION 

BT 8 6

BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES  PEPTIDES 

BT 8 7

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF CANCER  CANCER 

BT 8 8

CELL SEPERATION METHODS AND APPLICATION  APPLICATION 

BT 8 9

INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  BIOLOGY 

BT 81 BT 811

COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY  BIOLOGY 

BT 812

DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF PROTEIN  PROTEIN 

BT 813

MOLECULARS PRINCIPLES OF BIOMATERIALS BIOMATERIALS   

BT 814

ENZYME TECHNOLOGY  TECHNOLOGY 

BT 815

PROTEIN PURIFICATION  PURIFICATION 

BT 816

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY  TECHNOLOGY 

BT 817

NUTRACEUTICALS AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS  FOODS 

BT 818

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS  EXPERIMENTS 

BT 819 BT 82

 

HPLC OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES MACROMOLECULES 

NANOTECHNOLOGY

APPLICATION IN FOOD PROCESSING PROCESSING   

ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN FOOD PRESERVATION  PRESERVATION 

1

 

BT 801

BREWING SCIENCE

L 3

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C 3

UNIT  –  I  I AN OUTLINE OF BREWING Introduction- Malts, Mash tun adjuncts, Brewing liquor, Milling and mashing in,

Fermentation. Theand processing of beer,oftypes of beer. Malts, adjuncts in andoutline, supplementary enzymes  –   Grists Grists other sources extract. Malting  –   Malting changes occurring in malting grain, Malting technology, Malt analyses, Types of kilned malt, Special malts. Adjuncts –  Adjuncts –  Mash  Mash tun, adjuncts, Copper adjuncts. UNIT II THE SCIENCE OF MASHING AND PREPARATIONB OF GRISTS Altering mashing conditions, Mashing biochemistry, the principles of milling, Laboratory mills, DrSy roller milling, Impact mills, conditioned dry milling, Spray steep roller millimg, Steep conditioning Milling under water. Mashing technbology  –   Mashing in, Mashing vessels for decoction, double mashing and temperature  –   programmed infusion, mashing systems, Lauter tuns, The strain master, Mash filters, The choice of mashing and wort separation systems, Other methods of wort separation and mashing. UNIT III CHEMISTRY OF WORT BOILING, CLARIFICATION, COOLING AND AERATION Carbohydrates, Nitrogenous constituents, carbohydrate  –   nitrogenous constituent interactions, Protein  –   polyphenol (Tannin) interactions, Copper finings and trub formation Wort biiling  –   The principles of heating wort,, Types of coppers, the additionsss of hops,  pressurized hop  –   boiling systems, Low pressure boiling, Dynamic low pressure boiling, Continuous high  –   pressure pressure boiling. The control of volatile substances in wort, Energy conservation and the hop- boil, b oil, Hot wort clarification, wort cooling, The cold break. UNIT IV YEAST GROWTH KINETICS Measurements of yeast biomass –  biomass  –  batch   batch culture, yeast ageing, Yeast propagation Fed –  Fed  –   batch cultures, Continuous culture, immobilized yeast reactors, Growth on solid media, Yeast identification, Measurement of viability, Assessment of yeast physiological state. The microbiological threat to the brewing process, beer spoilage micro-organisms, Microbiological quality assurance, Sampling, disinfections of pitching yeast, cleaning in the  brewery. UNIT V FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES AND BEER MATURATION AND TREATMENTS  Basic principles of fermentation technology, Bottom fermentation systems, Top fermentation systems, Continuous fermentation, Fermentation control systems, Maturation; flavor and aroma changes, Stabilization against non-biological haze, carbonation., Clarification and filtration, special beer treatments. TEXT BOOKS :

Dennis E. Briggs, science CRC Press Chris A Boulton, Peter A Brookes and Roger Stevens 2004. Brewing

 

2

 

BT 802

GENE CLONING

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T 0

P 0

C 3

UNIT I: BASIC TECHNIQUES IN CLONING  Nucleic acid blotting –  blotting –  southern   southern - northern hybridization –  hybridization –  stringency –   stringency –  autoradiography,  autoradiography, Purification and separation of Nucleic acids-Restriction endonucleases-TA cloning of PCR PC R  products- DNA topoisomerase-Western blotting, blotting, Chromosome walking- PCR –  PCR – RFLP RFLP UNIT II : CLONING VECTORS & CLONING STRATEGIES Plasmids –  Bacteriophages  Bacteriophages and cosmid vectors-M13 vectors-Expression vectors –  vectors  – Super Super vectors –  vectors  –  YACs-BACs-cloning  YACs-BACs-cloning strategies –  strategies –  gene   gene libraries & cDNA cloning –  cloning –  Recombinant  Recombinant selection & screening –  screening –  analysis  analysis of DNA sequencesUNIT III MICROMANIPULATION TECHNIQUES FOR CLONING Microscopy & equipment for micromanipulation procedures –  procedures  –  Nuclear  Nuclear transfer –  transfer –  Nuclear  Nuclear reprogramming –   Microinsemination Microinsemination and Nuclear transfer with male sperm cells

UNIT IV GENETIC MODICICATION AND CLONING ON MAMMALS Gene targeting- Models of Homologous recombination repair –  repair  –  Random  Random insertion of targeting constructs mediated by non homologous end joining joining –   –  Pregnancyand  Pregnancyand neonatal care of cloned animals –  animals –  cloning  cloning of fish, mice, swine, Rabbits- Cattle- cell cycle regulation in cloning UNIT V APPLICATION OF CLONING Application in Medicine- agriculture- pharmaceuticals industry –  industry –  Nuclear  Nuclear transfer for stem cells- Ethical implication of cloning. TEXT BOOKS

1.  Principles of Cloning by Jose cibelli, Robert P. Lanza, Keeith K.S. Campbed & Mr. Chael D. West Academicpram : 2002 2.  Principles of gene manipulation by old & Primrose 3.  From Genes to Genomes by JerneyD.Wale and Malcolm Von Schants

 

3

 

BT 803

PROTEIN ISOLATION TECHNIQUES

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UNIT I AN OVERVIEW OF PROTE PROTEIN IN ISOLATION Properties of proteins , the conceptual basis of protein isolation, initial steps of protein isolation, the purification table, terminal step of protein isolation. UNIT II ASSAY, EXTRACTION EXTRACTION AND SUB-CELLULAR FRACTIONATION FRACTIONATION Buffers, assays for activity-enzyme assays,the progress curve, the enzyme dilution curve, the substrate dilution curve, the effect of ph on enzyme activity, the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, absorption of ultraviolet light. Protein -assays for protein content, extraction methods, centrifugal sub-cellular fractionation. UNIT III CONCENTRATION OF THE EXTRACT Freeze drying, dialysis -the donnan membrane effect, counter-current dialysis concentration  by dialysis (concentrative dialysis), perevaporation, ultrafiltration, concentration/fractionation by salting out, fractional precipitation with polyethylene glycol, glycol,  precipitation with organic solvents, dye precipitation, UNIT IV CHROMATOGRAPHY Principles of chromatography, equipment for low pressure liquid chromatography, Ionexchange chromatography (iec), chromatofocusing, hydroxyapatite chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydrophobic interaction (hi) chromatography. UNIT V ELECTROPHORESIS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Principles of electrophoresis, the effect of the buffer, boundary (tiselius) electrophoresis,  paper electrophoresis, electroendosmosis, molecular exclusion chromatography (mec), cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis, agarose gel electrophoresis, starch gel electrophoresis , polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page), disc electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, sds-page, an sds-page zymogram for proteinases, pore gradient gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing TEXT BOOK:

1. A GUIDE TO PROTEIN ISOLATION.Clive Dennison. kluwer academic a cademic publishers new york, boston, dordrecht, london, Moscow. 2002.

 

4

 

BT 804

BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY

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UNIT I: STRAIN IMPROVEMENT AND MEDIA DESIGN

An introduction to fermentation process, Cell structure and composition, Isolation,  preservation and improvement of industrially important micro organisms. Media for industrial fermentations. UNIT II: MICROBIAL GROWTH KINETICS Microbial Growth Kinetics - Stoichiometry and energetics of microbial Growth. Unstructured model of microbial growth, growth of eukaryotic cells, animal cells and plant cells. Structured model of metabolism and growth. Models of gene expression and regulation. UNIT III: FREE AND IMMOBILISED ENZYME KINETICS Classification of enzymes, Kinetics of single substrate reactions, turnover number, Enzyme Inhibition, presteady state kinetics, Kinetics of multi-substrate reactions, Allosteric enzymes  –   The Monad- Changeux- Wyman model (MCW) and The Koshland- Nemethy- Filmer (KNF) model, Temperature and pH effects on enzyme activity. Methods of immobilization of enzymes, Kinetics of immobilized enzymes  –   Effects of external mass transfer and intra-

 particle diffusion. UNIT IV: BIOREACTOR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS Bioreactor Design - Basic design and construction of fermentor and ancillaries. Batch reactors, continuous stirred tank reactors, Plug flow/packed bed reactors, and Fed batch reactor. Main parameters to be monitored and controlled in fermentation processes. UNIT V: PRODUCT RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION Recovery and Purification of Products- Cell disruption; Separation of insoluble products Centrifugation, Filtration, Separation of soluble products - liquid-liquid extraction, Chromatography, Membrane process  –   Micro filtration and ultra filtration. Precipitation, Electrophoresis, Crystalisation and Drying.

TEXT BOOK : 1.  Biochemical Engineering by Harwey W. Blanch and Douglas S.Clark. 2.  Principles of Fermentation Technology by Peter F. Stanbury. 3.  Shuler and Kargi, Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, 2nd 2n d Edition, Prentice Hall P T R, 2002.

 

5

 

BT 805

PROTEOMICS AND APPLICATION

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UNIT I PAROTEOMICS AND THE PROTEOME Introduction, Proteomics and the New Biology, The Proteome, The Proteomics-an analytical challenge, Tools of proteomics. UNIT II: TOOLS OF PROTEOMICS Overview of Analytical Analytical Proteomics, Analytical Analytical Protein and Peptite Separations, Protein Digestion Techniques, Mass Spectrometers for Protein and Peptide Analysis, Anal ysis, Protein Identification by Peptide Mass Fingerprinting UNIT III : PROTEIN SEQUENCE ANALYSIS Peptide Sequence Analysis by Tandem, Mass Spectrometry, Protein Identification with

Tandem Mass, Spectrometry Data, SALSA: An Algorithm for mining Specific Spec ific Features of Tandem MS Data UNIT IV : APPLICATIONS OF PROTEOMICS Mining Proteomes, Protein Expression Ex pression Profiling, Identifying Protein-Protein Interactionms and Protein Co plexes, Mapping Protein Modifications UNIT V: NEW DIRECTIONS IN PROTEOMICS Evolving techniques, Emerging technologies in proteomics, New MS instruments, Automation and Roboti s, Micro and Nanoscale instrumentation, Protein arrays. TEXT BOOK Danies C. Liebler “Introduction to Proteomics”, HumanaPRess, Totowa, NJ, 2002. 2002 . 

 

6

 

BT 806

BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES  L 3

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UNIT I: FUNDAMENTAL CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES 

Definitions and Main Conformational Features of the Peptide Bond  –   Building Blocks, Classification, and Nomenclature  –   Analysis of the (Covalent Structure of Peptides and Proteins)  –   Separation and Purification  –   Purification Techniques  –   Primary Structure Determination  –    –  N-Terminal Sequence Analysis (Edman Degradation)  –   C-terminal Sequence Analysis Analysis –   Mass Spectrometry –   Mass Spectrometry  –  Peptide  Peptide Ladder Sequencing Sequencing –   –  Secondary  Secondary Structure  –  Tertiary  Tertiary Structure –  Structure –  Structure  Structure Prediction UNIT II: METHODS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Circular Dichroism –  Dichroism  –  Infrared   Infrared Spectroscopy –  Spectroscopy  –  NMR   NMR Spectroscopy –  Spectroscopy  –  X-Ray   X-Ray Crystallography  –  UV  UV Fluorescence Spectroscopy UNIT III: BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ACTIVE PEPTIDES 

Occurrence and Biological Roles  –  Biosynthesis –    Biosynthesis  –  Ribosomal   Ribosomal Synthesis –  Synthesis  –  Post-translational   Post-translational Modification  –   Hydroxylation  –   Carboxylation  –   Glycosylation  –   Phosphorylation  –   Lipidation –  Lipidation  –  Selected   Selected Bioactive Peptide Families  –  Peptide   Peptide and Protein Hormones –  Hormones  –  Peptide   Peptide Antibiotics  –   Nonribosomally Synthesized Peptide Antibiotics  –   Ribosomally Synthesized Peptide Antibiotics –  Antibiotics –  Peptide  Peptide Toxins

UNIT IV: PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS  Principles and Objectives –  Objectives  –  Main   Main Targets of Peptide Synthesis  –  Confirmation   Confirmation of Suggested Primary Structures –  Structures  –  Design   Design of Bioactive Peptide Drugs  –  Preparation   Preparation of Pharmacologically Active Peptides and Proteins  –   Synthesis of Model Peptides  –   Basic Principles of Peptide Bond Formation –  Formation –  Protection  Protection of Functional Groups UNIT V :APPLICATION OF PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS

Protein pharmaceuticals -Importance and sources-Endogenous pharmaceutical proteins Engineering of therapeutic proteins-Peptide based vaccines-Monoclonal antibodies-Protein  pharmaceuticals with various functions-Future perspectives-Peptide pharmaceuticals-Peptide drugs and drug candidates-Peptide drug delivery deliver y systems Peptide tools in drug discovery-Peptides targeted to functional sites of proteins Peptides used in target validation TEXT BOOK :

Peptides : Chemistry and Biology by Norbert Seward and Hans- Dieter Jakubke

 

7

 

BT 807

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF CANCER  

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UNIT I :CANCER BIOLOGY BASICS Introduction-historical perspective -classification –  -classification –  Carcinogenesis-cancer  Carcinogenesis-cancer initiation,  promotion & progression UNITII :CANCER GENES I: ONCOGENES AND SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION9 Cellular proto-oncogenes, oncogene activation activation - Growth factors-growth factors-growth factor receptors, receptors, signal transduction - Transcription factors - Retroviral oncogenes UNIT III :CANCER GENES II: TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES & CELL CYCLE Tumor REGULATION suppressor genes - Cancer cell cycles - DNA viruses/cell immortalization - Tumor suppressor gene pathways - DNA methylation-epigenetic silencing of suppressor genes - Genomic instability - Apoptosis UNIT IV : NATURAL HISTORY OF CANCER DEVELOPMENT Free radicals, antioxidants and cancer - Metabolic oxidative stress and cancer -Epidemiology of selected cancers - Gene rearrangements, detecting oncogene abnormalities in clinical specimens - Cell:cell interactions, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis UNIT V : CURRENT CONCEPTS IN CANCER THERAPY Strategies of anticancer chemotherapy -Strategies of anticancer gene therapy/translating therapies from the laboratory to the clinic- Gene discovery in cancer research- Cancer immunity and strategies of anticancer immunotherapy

TEXT BOOK:

1.  Cancer Biology by Roger J King Publisher: Prentice Hall; 2 edition (2000)

 

8

 

BT 808

CELL SEPERATION METHODS AND APPLICATION

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C 3

UNIT- I Historical and useful methods of preselection and preparative scale scorting. UNIT- II  New Approaches in Density Gradient Separation Using Collodial Sillica Gradients in the Processing Pf Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells. Centrifugal Elutriation: A Powerful Separation technique in Cell Biology, Immunology and Hematology. UNIT  –  III  III

Isolation, Activation, Expansion and Gene Transduction of Cell-based Therapeutics Using Polystyrene immunoaffinity Devices. The CEPRATE® SC System: Technology, Clinical Development, and Future Directions. High-Density Particles: A Noval, Highly Efficient ell Separation Technology. Antibody –  Antibody –  and  and Complement-Mediated Cell Separation. UNIT  –  IV  IV Magnetic Methods: Maganitic Cell sorting with Colldial Superaramaganetic Particles. Immunomagnatic Cell Separation Using Antibodies and Superparamaganetic Microsphers. Free-Flow Maganetophoraesis: Continuous immunomaganetic Sorting of Cells and Organelles by Magnetic Deviation and Focusing. UNIT  –  V  V Cell Separation using flow Cytometric Cell Sorting. Employing surface Markers for

the Selection of Transfected Cells. CD34 + cell Sorting and Enrichment: Applications in  blood Banking and Transplantation TEXT BOOK:

MARCEL DEKKER, INC.

 

NEW YORK –  YORK –  BASEL –   BASEL –  HONG  HONG KONG

9

 

BT 809

INTEGRATIVE APPROACHES TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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UNIT  –  I  I COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY Introduction, computational biology, Analysis of Bacteriophage T4 bas based ed on the completed DNA sequence, The identification of protein functional funct ional patterns. UNIT II COMPARATIVE GENOMICS Comparative genomics- a new integrative iology, Genomes and Cosmologies UNIT III REGULATION, METABOLISM AND DIFFERENTIATION: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INTEGRATION A kinetic formalism for integrative molecular biology, manifestation in biochemical systems theory and uses for gene circuits. Genome analysis and global regulation in  E. coli coli., ., Feed  back loops- The wheels of regulatory networks. UNIT IV GENE EXPRESSION Integrative representations of the regulation of gene expression, Eukaryotic transcription and Analysis of complex metabolic pathways UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF GENE CIRCUITS Uses of biochemical pathways, gene circuits and their uses, fallback positions and fossils in gene regulation and the language of genes. TEXT BOOK: Integrative approaches to Molecular Biology. Julio Collado-Vides, Boris Magasanik and Temple F. Smith. Huangzhiman. 2002.

 

10

 

BT 810

HPLC OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

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UNIT  – I Silica as a Support in HPLC of Biomacromolecules. Organic Polymer Support Materials. Size Exclusion Chromatography. Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Reversed  –   Phase and Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography of Proteins and Peptides. UNIT-II Metal Interaction Chromatography. Preparative Chromatography. Preparation. Gradient Elution Separation of large Biomoleculees.

Sample

UNIT- III Analytical HPLC of Peptide. HPLC of membrane proteins. HPLC of cereal Endosperm storage proteins. UNIT  –  IV  IV Analysis of Hemoglobin Variants and HbA IC. Antibodies and Glycoproteins. UNIT  –  V  V Immunodetection

of

proteins

in

High-Resolution

Separation

Systems.

Characterization of Proteins, Peptides and Polynucleotides by Mass Spectrometry. Detection and analysis of proteins by High- performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection. TEXT BOOK: Karan M. Gooding , Frd E. Regnier.

 

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BT 811

COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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UNIT  –   II Molecular Biology : Some Organic Chemistry, Small Molecules, Sugars, Nucleic Acids : Nucleotides, DNA, RNA. Proteins- Amino Acids, Protein Structure, from DNA to Proteins, Amino Acids and Proteins, Transcription and Translation. UNIT  –  II  II Math Primer- Probability, Combinatorial Optimization, Entropy and applications to molecular Biology. UNIT  – III III Sequence Alignment, Global Pairwise Sequence Alignment, Multiple Sequence Alignment, Genomic Rearrangements, Locating Cryptogenes and Guide RNA, Expected Length of

gRNA in Trypanosomes. UNIT  –  IV  IV Introduction, Rate of Evolutionary change, Clustering Methods, Maximum Likelihood, Quartet Puzzling. UNIT  –  V  V Hidden Markov Models  –   Likelihood and Scoring a Model, Re-estimation of parameters, Application. Structure Prediction  –   RNA secondary structure, DNA strand separation, Aminoacid pair potentials, Lattice models of proteins, Hart and Istrials Approximation Algorithm, Constrain-Based structure prediction, Protein threading. Text Book Computational Molecular Biology. An Introduction. Peter Clote and Rolf Backofen. 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Baffins Lane, Chichester, West Sussex, S ussex, PO19 1UD, England  

 

12

 

BT 812

DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION OF PROTEIN

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UNIT  –   II 

Introduction To Molecular Evaluation Of Proteins, Evolutionary Strategies To Investigate Investigate The Structure And Function Of Chorismate Mutases, and Cinstruction of Environmental Libraries for functional Screening of Enzyme Activity. UNIT  – IIII Investigation of Phage Display for the Directed Evolution of Enzymes, Directed Evolution of Binding Proteins by Cell Surface Display : Analysis of the Screening Process., Yeast n-Hybrid Systems for Molecular Evaluation. UNIT  – III  Advanced Screening Strategies for Biocatalyst Discovery, Engineering Protein Evaluation UNIT  – IV IV  Exploring Diversity of Heme Enzymes through Directed Evaluation, Directed Evaluation as a Means to Create Enantio selective Enzymes Enz ymes for use in Organic Chemistry UNIT  – V  Applied Molecular Evolution of Enzymes Involved in Synthesis and Repair of DNA. Evolutionary Generation versus Rational Design of Restriction End nucleases with Novel Specificity, Evolutionary Generation of Enzymes with Novel Substrate Specificities.

Reference: 1. Director molecular evalution of proteins by Susanne Brakmann and Kai Johnsson.

.

 

13

 

BT 813

MOLECULARS PRINCIPLES OF BIOMATERIALS

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UNIT  –   II 

Molecular Design and Synthesis of Biomaterials I: Biodegradable materials and solid Polymeric Materials, Polyanhydride Degradation Rates and Degradable materials with  biological Recognition. UNIT  –  II  II Controlled Release Devices, Programmed / pulsed Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering, Biodegradable polymeric materials for tissue Engineering, Hydrogel Biomaterials: Structure and Physical Chemistry, Gel Swelling Calculations, Physical hydrogels UNIT  –  III  Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels, Brannon  –   Peppas Theory and Swelling in Ionic Hydrogels, Ionization Calculations, Bioengineering application of hydrogels:Molecular Imprintimg and Drug Delivery, Molecular Design and Synthesis of Biomaterials II: Inorganic Biomaterials, Organic templating of Inorganic materials materials and Bone Biomimesis. Biomimesis. UNIT  –  IV  IV Molecular Devises, molecular Switches in the cell: Fibronectin as a mechanical switch, Nano ans Micro Particle Carriers, PEGylated Surface model, „Stealth‟ Particles, Intercellular Drug Delivery. UNIT  –  V  V Drug Targeting. Biosensors, Cell and Tissue Based Biosensors.

 

14

 

BT 814

ENZYME TECHNOLOGY

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UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO ENZYMES

Classification of enzymes- specificity of enzyme action- monomeric and oligomeric enzymes, Factors modifying enzyme activity, Biotechnological applications of enzymes and applications of enzymes in various industries. UNIT II: CHEMICAL NATURE OF ENZYME CATALYSIS

Structural Components of Enzymes  –   Structure, apoenzymes, prosthetic group, cofactors, Mecahanism of enzyme catalysis- Acid base- Electrostatic- covalent-Mechanisms of reactions catalysed by enzymes- Metal activated enzymes- metalloenzymes- involvement of co enzymes UNIT III: FREE AND IMMOBILISED ENZYME KINETICS Classification of enzymes, Kinetics of single substrate reactions, turnover number, Enzyme

Inhibition, presteady state kinetics, Kinetics of multi-substrate reactions, Allosteric enzymes  –   The Monad- Changeux- Wyman model (MCW) and The Koshland- Nemethy- Filmer (KNF) model, Temperature and pH effects on enzyme activity. Methods of immobilization of enzymes, Kinetics of immobilized enzymes  –   Effects of external mass transfer and intra particle diffusion. Unit IV: EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF ENZYMES  Methods of production of enzymes, Extraction of Enzymes  –  soluble   soluble enzymes  –  membrane   membrane  bound enzymes –  enzymes  –  Nature  Nature of extraction medium –  medium  –  purification  purification of enzyme –  enzyme  –  criteria  criteria of purity –  purity  –   Determination of molecular weight of enzymes. UNIT V : INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN ENZYMATIC ANALYSIS  Principles  –   Manometry –   Spectrophotometry  –   Spectrofluorimetry  –   Electrochemical methods –  methods  –  Enthalpimetry –   Enthalpimetry –  Radio  Radio chemical methods –  methods –  Automation  Automation in enzymatic analysis.

TEXT BOOK

1.  Enzymes by Trevor palmer nd 2.  Enzymes by Robert A. Copeland, 2  edition. 3.  Biochemical Engineering by Harwey W. Blanch and Douglas S.Clark.

 

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BT 815

PROTEIN PURIFICATION

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UNITI :OVERVIEW OF PROTEIN ISOLATION

Properties of proteins-conceptual basis of protein isolation-assay-extraction and subcelular fractionation-enzyme assays UNIT II :METHODS FOR PROTEIN EXTRACTION Osmotic shock-clarification of extract-centrifugal subcellular fractionation density gradient centrifugation. UNIT III: CONCENTRATION OF PROTEINS Freeze drying-Dialysis-ultrafilteration-fractionation drying-Dialysis-ultrafilteration-fractionation by salting ou out-Fractonal t-Fractonal precipitation with PEG-Precipitation with organic solvents-Dye precipitation UNIT IV : CHROMATOGRAPHY Principles of chromatography-Lowpressure liquid chromatography-chromatofocusingMolecular exclusion chromatography-Hydroxy apatite chromatography-Affinity

chromatography UNIT V : PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROPHORESIS Boundary electrophoresis-Paper electrophoresis-Cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresisAgarose gel electrophoresis-Starch gel electrophoresis-Polyacrylamide-SDS PAGEIsoelectric focusing-2D electrophoresis-Non linear electrophoresis Text book: A guide to protein isolation by Clive Dennison

 

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BT 816

FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AND FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY

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UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBES IN FOODS History and development of food microorganism, sources of microorganism in foods. Microbial growth response in the food environment - Microbial growth characteristics, factor influencing microbial growth in food, microbial metabolism of food components, microbial

sporulation and germination, microbial stress response in the food environment UNIT II: BENEFICIAL USES OF MICROORGANISM IN FOOD Microorganisms used in food fermentation, biochemistry of some beneficial traits, microbiology of fundamental food products, intestinal beneficial bacteria, food  biopreservation of microbial origin, food ingredients and enzymes of microbial origin UNIT III: MICROBIAL FOOD SPOILAGE Important factor in microbial food spoilage, spoilage bacteria in refrigerated foods, food spoilage by microbial enzymes, indicators of microbial food spoilage. Microbial food borne diseases - Important factor in food borne diseases, food borne intoxification, food borne infections. UNIT IV: CONTROL OF MICROORGANISM IN FOODS Control of access, control by physical removal. Control by heat, low temperature, reduced water activity, low pH and organic acid, CAS, antimicrobial preservation, irradiation, combination methods.  Natural antimicrobials from microorganisms- Bacteriosin structure and function Application of bacteriocins in food systems-dairy, canning, meat, wine and  beer, saurkrant.

UNITV: BEHAVIOR PRESERVATION

OF

MICROORGANISM

DURING

FOOD

Homeostasis of microorganism, multi target preservation of foods, stress reactions and metabolic exhaustion. Reference: 

1.  Lidsay, willis Biotechnology, Challenges for the flavour and food industries, Elsevier Applied Science, 1988. 2.  Roger A., Gordan B., and John T., Food Biotechnology, 1989. 3.  George j. B., Basic Food Microbiology, CBS Publishers & Distributors, 1987. 4.  James M. J., Modern Food Microbiology, CBS Publishers & Publishers, 1987. 5.  Freiser “ Food Microbiology 

 

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BT 817

NUTRACEUTICALS AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS

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UNIT I INTRODUCTION Introduction of nutraceuticals  –  The   The link between nutrition and medicine. A brief review of historical and teleological aspects. Classification of nutraceuticals. Prevalence of human

diseases (mobidity, mortality), etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, theraphy  –  historical  historical basis, current status and prognosis. UNIT II NUTRACEUTICALS AND HEALTH  Nutraceuticlas in fruits, vegetables and grains with health benefits. Mechanism of action of nutraceuticlas-signaling, events, proteomics and transcription factors. Specific nutraceuticals, drugs of promise in certain diseases and bioavailability of nutraceuticals. UNIT III BIO ACTIVE PRINCIPLES Isoflavones: Source and metabolism. Soy protein, soy isoflavones, cardiovascular and bone health. Phytoestrogens: Mechanism of action, menopause, breast and prostate cancer. Citrus flavanoids and other natural cholesterol lowering agents. Carotenoids: metabolism and disease. Lycopene: source, properties and nutraceuticals potential. Garlic: the mystical food

in health promotion. Phytochemcials in Capsicum annuum. annuum. Grape, wine and tea polypenolsdieease prevention. Olive oil and plant sterols, Omega 3 fatty acids and eicosanoids. Omega 3 fatty acids and lipoprotein metabolism. Omega 3 fatty acids, insulin resistance and rheumatoid arthritis. UNIT IV NUTRACEUTICALS AS ANTIOXIDANTS Free radicals and oxidative stress: Introduction, Role of free radicals in disease and aging  processes oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidants and disease-current status. Antioxidant mechanisms. The biochemical basis for nutraceuticals for the chemoprevention chemopreven tion of disease. UNIT V FUTURE PROSPECTS OF NUTRACEUTICALS Application of herbs to functional foods. Efficacy and safety of commonly used herbal  products. Clinical uses. Stability testing of nutraceuticlas and functional foods. Marketing issues for nutraceuticals and functional foods REFERENCE: 1.  Kramer, Hoppe and Packer, “Nutraceuticals in Health and Disease Prevention”‟ Marcel Dekker. Inc., NY, NY.2001. 2.  Wildman “Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods”‟ CRC Press, P ress, 2001.  2001.  3.  Bao and Fenwick, “Phytochemcials in Health and Diseases”‟ Marcel Decker, Inc.  NY,NY.2004

 

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BT 818

Design of Experiments

L 3

T 0

P 0

C 3

UNIT-I Analysis of Varience Meanings and assumption- One way Classification Two way Classification(One observation per Cell and m observation per Cell)-Three way wa y Classification. UNIT-II Basic Principles of Experimental Design: Randomization and Local control-Completely randomized Design, Randomized Block Design and Latin square Design(Layout ,model, statistical analysis of these 3 basic design)-The Graeco-Latin square Design(Basic ideas only).  UNIT  – III: III: Factorial Design: k 2 3 Basic definitions and principles-The 2 Factorial Design:2   design and its analysis,2 k  2 3 design and its analysis- The3  factorial design:3 design and its analysis,3  design(basic k  idea only)-Blocking and confounding in 2  factorial design. UNIT-IV: Incomplete Block Designs: Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD): Definition, simple method of construction, Intra- Block Analysis of BIBD, Recovery of Interblock Information in

the BIBD- Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Design.(Basic ideas only) onl y) split – Plot Plot Design: UNIT-V:The split –  Meaning of whole plot treatments and Sub-plot Treatments- split plot Design and its analysis  – Split-plot Split-plot Design with more than two factors-The Split-Split plot DesignThe Strip-split-plot –  Strip-split-plot – Design. Design. TEXT BOOKS 1.  Donglas C.Montgomerrry: Design & Analysis of Experiments,Fifth Edition(2003),John Wiley and Sixs Inc,Newyrk. 2.  M.N. Das and N.C. Giri: Design and Analysis of Experiments,Second Edition(2004),Wiley Eastern limited,New Delhi. 3.  Walter T. Federer: Experimental Design THeroy THeroy and Application,Indian Edition 1967; Oxford & IBH Publishing Co,New Delhi.  

 

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BT 819

NANOTECHNOLOGY –  APPLICATION  APPLICATION IN FOOD PROCESSING

L 3

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UNIT I INTRODUCTION Definition of nanotechnology, potential applications related to food, functional materials in food nanotechnology, nano-nutraceuticals and nano functional foods, Regulations and risk assessment UNIT II NANO ENCAPSULATION Encapsulating agents, methods of encapsulation, Nanoemulsions, nanostructural multiple emulsion, nanostructural multilayer emulsions, biopolymeric nanoparticles, nano laminates, nanocomposite UNIT III FOOD PACKAGING Smart packaging –  packaging  –  active  active packaging, Intelligent packaging, Tagging and Monitoring  –  Radio  Radio Frequency ID tags (RFID Tags)  –   Active Tag, Application of RFID in food Sector, Antimicrobial-antifungal surface coating with nanoparticles. On Demand Delivery, Smart Delivery System. UNIT IV

NANOSENSOR

 Nanosensor for pathogen and contaminant detection, nanodevices for identity preservation and tracking, nanodevices for smart treatment delivery system. Biosensor  –   Receptortransducer-Processor. Sensing, monitoring and controlling bioprocess in agricultural and food systems. Artificial senses –  senses –  electronic  electronic tongue, e-eye. UNIT V NANOPARTICCES AND NANOFILTER  Nanofilters, nanotubes, nanoclay, nanofilms, nanomembranes, nanoscale food additives  –   nanolycopene, nanoscale titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, nanocochleates. TEXT BOOK:

1.  Dekker encyclopedia of nanoscience Schwarz.2004. Marcel Dekker

and

nanotechnology.

James

A

2.  From instrumentation to nanotechnology. J. Gardner.1992. Taylor and Francis

 

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BT 820

ADVANCED TECHNIQUES IN FOOD PRESERVATION

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UNIT I FOOD IRRADIATION Radiation sources, sources, absorbed dose, Development of rational regulations, regulations, advantage and limitations of food irradiation, consumer acceptance of irradiation foods, chemical, nutritional and microbiological changes in irradiated foods. UNIT II MICROWAVE PROCESSING OF FOOD Introduction to microwaves and their interaction with food materials- how microwave heat,  power absorption, uniformity of heating, material properties, microwave and microorganism, microwave processing equipment, benefits of microwave processing. UNIT III HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TREATMENT OF FOOD Engineering aspects of high pressure technology, generation of high pressure, high pressure equipment, pressure effect on microorganism and possible mechanism of action, application of high pressure in food processing. UNIT IV ULTRASOUND TREATMENT OF FOOD Heat inactivation of microorganism and enzymes, destruction effect of ultrasound waves on

microorgaisn and enzymes, destruction effect of combined of heat and ultrasound under pressure. (Mano-thermo-sonication), effect of MTS ontreatments microorganisms. UNIT V ELECTRICAL HEATING OF FOODS. High voltage pulse techniques for food preservation: Cell count reduction by using electricity, effect of high voltage pulses on microorganisms, influence of electric high voltage  pulses on food ingredients. electrical resistance heating, ohmic heating, preservation by electrical heating, thermal properoties of foods, electrical conductivity of foods. Reference:

1.  Fellows, P.J.2001. Food Preservation Technology 2.  Leninger, H.A. and Beverlod, W.A. Food Process Engineering, D.Reicle Pub. Corp 3.  Lal and Siddappa. 1986. Fruit and Vegetable Preservation, ICMR.

 

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RME001 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (Science & Technology)

Unit-I: Research Preparation and Planning

8 hours

Objectives of research – Understanding research and its goals. Critical thinking. Techniques for generating research topics. Topic selection and justification. Techniques involved in designing a questionnaire – Methods of scientific enquiry – formulation of hypotheses and testing of the same – Development of a research proposal – Theoretical and Experimental Processes.

Unit-II: Research Resources

8 hours

Sources of information. Literature search. World Wide Web, Online data bases – search tools. Citation indices - Principles underlying impact factor – literature review – Case studies, review articles and Meta analysis – record of research review -- Role of the librarian. Ethical and Moral Issues in Research, Plagiarism, tools to avoid plagiarism – Intellectual Property Rights – Copy right laws – Patent rights.

Unit-III: Academic Writing & Presentation

9 hours

Proposal submission for funding agencies, Elements of Style. Organization of proposals, Basic knowledge of funding agencies, Research report writing, Communication skills, Tailoring the  presentation to the target audience – Oral presentations, Poster preparations, Submission of research articles for Publication to Reputed journals, Thesis writing, and Research report writing. Elements of excellent presentation: Preparation, Visual and Delivery. Oral Communication skills and Oral defence.

Unit-IV: Data Collection, Analysis and Inference

11 hours

Basic Statistical Distributions and their applications:   Binomial, Poisson, Normal, Exponential, Weibull and Geometric Distributions. Sample size determination & sampling techniques:  Random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling and cluster sampling. Large Sample Tests and Small Sample Tests:   Student–t-test, F-test and χ 2  test and their applications in research studies. Correlation and Regression Analysis-Time series analysis: Forecasting methods. Factor analysis, Cluster Analysis and Discriminant Analysis  (Basic ideas only). Principles of Experimentation, Basic Experimental Designs:  Completely Randomized Design Randomized Block Design and Latin Square Design. Factorial Designs: 2 2, 23  and 24  – Accuracy, Precision and error analysis.

Unit-V: Mathematical Modelling

9 hours

Basic concepts of modeling of Engineering systems – static and dynamic model – Model for  prediction and its limitations. System simulation -- validation. Use of optimization techniques – Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing, Particle Swarm Optimization.

 

References

1.  Ganesan R, Research Methodology for Engineers , MJP Publishers, Chennai. 2011 2.  Walpole R.A., Myers R.H., Myers S.L. and Ye, King: Probability & Statistics for Engineers and Scientists, Pearson Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc. 2007. 3.  Anderson B.H., Dursaton, and Poole M.: Thesis and assignment writing, Wiley Eastern 1997. 4.  Bijorn Gustavii: How to write and illustrate scientific papers? Cambridge University Press. 5.  Bordens K.S. and Abbott, B.b.: Research Design and Methods, Mc Graw Hill, 2008. 6.  Graves N, Varma V: Working for a doctorate Toutledge 1997. 7.  Graziano, A., M., and Raulin, M.,L.: Research Methods – A Process of Inquiry, Sixth Edition, Pearson, 2007. 8.  Leedy., P., D.: Practical Research – Planning and Design, Eighth Edition, Pearson., 2005. 9.  Kothari C.K., Research Methodology‐ Methods and Techniques ( New Age International, New Delhi), 2004.

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