Population 1
Content
Population KEY TERMS : C Population
the number of people living in an area or a country.
C zero
population growth birth rate is equal to death rate.
C population
distribution
the way that the population spread out in the region i.e. densely, moderately
C Population
Explosion
or sparsely.
there is a rapid increase in the world’s population.
C birth
C migration
the movement of people from one place to another place.
rate of babies born per
number
thousand of the population per year.
C life
expectancy the length of time that the average
C death
person is expected to live. rate of people who die per
C net
migration the difference between immigration
number
thousand of the population.
C under
population
and emigration.
too many resources and few people.
C infant
C population
mortality
growth number of natural
number of babies per thousand who die before reaching one year old.
C over
population too many people and not enough
the
total
increase and net migration.
resources.
C Natural
C population
increase
pyramid
is the excess of births over deaths per thousand people.
C optimum
an resoures.
population equal balance of people to
shows the age and sex structure of the population.
C Natural
C young
decrease
dependents
death rate is more than birth rate.
C population
area.
density
number of young people who are under 15 years.
number of people living per unit
Geography kbpr.2011
1
C old
dependents number of older people who are
animal
farming
as
well
as
Soil : Fertile soil (alluvial soil with crops. Example: Volcanic soil of Java in Indonesia On the other hand, infertile soil hinder farming crops as well as animals. Example: Central Australia Mineral Resources : Coal, iron ore, oil, gas and and gold mines attract settlers promote industrial mineral resources as nutrients) allows rich growth of
over 55 and not working.
transport routes and industries. Example: Indo-Gangetic Plain in India On the other hand, high areas and are
C working
population
they are active people whose age are between 15 to 55 and can produce and do service.
rugged land hinder developments. Swampy water-logged also unsuitable.
C dependency
ratio
total number of dependents divided by the working population.
Example: Himalayan highlands, swampy areas of Eastern Sumatra in Indonesia Climate : Moderate and rainfall permit and comfortable living. Example: South-East Australia On the other hand, extreme temperature agriculture
C ageing
country country.
population / greying population the number of old dependents in a that cause problems to the
development. Example: Ruhr Industrial Area in Germany On the other hand, lack of mineral resournces discourage settlement. Example: The Sahel in Africa
Factors Affecting Distribution and Density of Population
Relief : Low lying flat land allows easy development of crop and
temperatures (too hot or too cold) and very little rainfall (or dry) make agriculture impossible and living uncomfortable. Example: The Sahara in Africa, The Antarctica
Geography kbpr.2011
2
and
Accessibility even
:
Communication encourage
do not attract people and also few jobs available. Example: Temburong District in Brunei Darussalam
intensive (e.g. Japan), coasts (b) Europe).
farming regions heavily accessible
links, good roads, railway tracks water-ways trade, industries and development. Example: Sydney in Australia, Singapore
Java), highly
industrialised regions (e.g. (e.g. Mediterranean populated (e.g.
On links
the
other
hand, trade
poor and
Moderately areas include: temperate Western coast
communication discourage development. Example: The Amazon Rainforest in Brazil Economic Factors : Highly developed areas attract people due to more job opportunities areas Example: Damodar Valley in India On the other hand, less developed areas as in industrial
coastlands (e.g.
Europe),
tropical coastal Pampas), (e.g. areas (e.g. temperate
lands
Indo-Pakistan),
Population Distribution and Population Density
grasslands tropical Campos). (c) Sparsely include: mountains Himalayas),
(e.g.
savanna populated
A World Population Distribution
The world’s population is very unevenly speaking: (a) Most densely populated areas include: distributed. Generally
arid
deserts
(e.g. Sahara), dense tropical forest (e.g. Amazon Basin),
Geography kbpr.2011
3
freezing polar regions (e.g. Tundra of Russia).
APopulation Density
It is the number of people per unit area of a country. The population density of an area or a whole nation can be calculated using this formula: Population = people Density total country number of area of the
A population pyramid graphically displays a population’s age and sex structure. By showing numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group, the pyramid gives a clear picture of a population’s characteristics. The horizontal axis shows the percentage of males or females of a certain age group. The vertical axis has groups of years in age. The sum of the age and sex groups in the pyramid equals 100% of the population.
Case Study: The number of people that can survive in any one area is dependent on the environment and the level of technology.
India
Population pyramid
Case Study:
United Kingdom
Geography kbpr.2011
4
Birth rate: above 30 per 1000 high rate Example:
Indonesia
20-30 per 1000
Birth rate: medium rate Example:
Thailand Singapore
Death Rate = 5 per 1000 Immigration = 3 per 1000 Emigration = 5 per 1000 Total Change in Population = (305)+3-5 = 23 per 1000 It means 2.3% or 23,000 people more per year.
Birth rate: below 20 per 1000 low rate Example:
Reasons for Low Birth Rate
A high cost of child rearing A lack of help or assistance in child rearing A knowledgeable about family planning, abortions, contraceptives and sterilisation methods A wrong priorities over children possessions and welfare A women are more educated and prefer to have career over children A improved medical facilities and technologies
Examples of Death Rate
Death rate: above 30 per 1000 high rate Example:
Somalia (Africa)
10-20 per 1000
Death rate: medium rate Example:
Sri Lanka Japan
Reasons for High Birth Rate
A little or lack of birth control and family planning A children seen as extra labour A religious or cultural beliefs against birth control A improved transportation modes and communication links A improved hygiene A abortion being illegal
Death rate: below 10 per 1000 low rate Example:
Information about the population of a country X Examples of Birth Rate
Total Population Birth Rate = 100,000 = 30 per 1000
Geography kbpr.2011
5
Factors that caused death in the country
A wars A diseases A natural disasters like flood A famines and drought A plagues A poor sanitation A poor water supply A poor nutrition A poor transportation system communication links
extensive educational trainings about family planning and the value of raising a small family improving the standard of living legalisation of abortion and usage of contraceptives government must provide more job opportunities to local women
Revision Exercise
Structured Questions: 1. What is population density? 2. How is population density calculated? Use the following figures to work out the density of a country X. Country X Area : 10,000 km2 Population : 1 million 3. What is infant mortality? Why does this occur in a developing country? 4. Study the birth rate and death rate figures of two countries A and B. Country A Birth Rate : 25 per Death Rate : 10 per Country B Birth Rate : 10 per Death Rate : 12 per
underpopulation
and When there are too few people in a country to fully exploit the resources then that country is experiencing underpopulation. Problems: working people and government have to support the increasing number of elderly people some resources are not fully exploited shortage of labour force Solutions: to overcome the labour shortage, (a) raising the retirement age of workers (b) housewives can start working in “flexible hours” system (c) bringing foreign workers to work government must provide fund for the elderly people improve the standard of living for the elderly contributors
Trends in Population Growth
Overpopulation
When there are too many people in a country for the resources like land, water and food to support, we can say that there is an overpopulation. Problems: insufficient food production poor health pollution high crime rates poor sanitation poor housing and educational system caused traffic jams insufficient number of jobs Solutions: educate people about birth control measures
1000 1000 1000 1000
(i) Which country experiences a natural increase of population? How do you calculate the natural increase?
Geography kbpr.2011
6
(ii) Which country has a natural decrease? Give your reason for the answer. 5. If a country experiences overpopulation, then there are reasons for it. Explain some solutions to solve the overpopulation of the country.
Geography kbpr.2011
7
the number of people living in an area or a country.
C zero
population growth birth rate is equal to death rate.
C population
distribution
the way that the population spread out in the region i.e. densely, moderately
C Population
Explosion
or sparsely.
there is a rapid increase in the world’s population.
C birth
C migration
the movement of people from one place to another place.
rate of babies born per
number
thousand of the population per year.
C life
expectancy the length of time that the average
C death
person is expected to live. rate of people who die per
C net
migration the difference between immigration
number
thousand of the population.
C under
population
and emigration.
too many resources and few people.
C infant
C population
mortality
growth number of natural
number of babies per thousand who die before reaching one year old.
C over
population too many people and not enough
the
total
increase and net migration.
resources.
C Natural
C population
increase
pyramid
is the excess of births over deaths per thousand people.
C optimum
an resoures.
population equal balance of people to
shows the age and sex structure of the population.
C Natural
C young
decrease
dependents
death rate is more than birth rate.
C population
area.
density
number of young people who are under 15 years.
number of people living per unit
Geography kbpr.2011
1
C old
dependents number of older people who are
animal
farming
as
well
as
Soil : Fertile soil (alluvial soil with crops. Example: Volcanic soil of Java in Indonesia On the other hand, infertile soil hinder farming crops as well as animals. Example: Central Australia Mineral Resources : Coal, iron ore, oil, gas and and gold mines attract settlers promote industrial mineral resources as nutrients) allows rich growth of
over 55 and not working.
transport routes and industries. Example: Indo-Gangetic Plain in India On the other hand, high areas and are
C working
population
they are active people whose age are between 15 to 55 and can produce and do service.
rugged land hinder developments. Swampy water-logged also unsuitable.
C dependency
ratio
total number of dependents divided by the working population.
Example: Himalayan highlands, swampy areas of Eastern Sumatra in Indonesia Climate : Moderate and rainfall permit and comfortable living. Example: South-East Australia On the other hand, extreme temperature agriculture
C ageing
country country.
population / greying population the number of old dependents in a that cause problems to the
development. Example: Ruhr Industrial Area in Germany On the other hand, lack of mineral resournces discourage settlement. Example: The Sahel in Africa
Factors Affecting Distribution and Density of Population
Relief : Low lying flat land allows easy development of crop and
temperatures (too hot or too cold) and very little rainfall (or dry) make agriculture impossible and living uncomfortable. Example: The Sahara in Africa, The Antarctica
Geography kbpr.2011
2
and
Accessibility even
:
Communication encourage
do not attract people and also few jobs available. Example: Temburong District in Brunei Darussalam
intensive (e.g. Japan), coasts (b) Europe).
farming regions heavily accessible
links, good roads, railway tracks water-ways trade, industries and development. Example: Sydney in Australia, Singapore
Java), highly
industrialised regions (e.g. (e.g. Mediterranean populated (e.g.
On links
the
other
hand, trade
poor and
Moderately areas include: temperate Western coast
communication discourage development. Example: The Amazon Rainforest in Brazil Economic Factors : Highly developed areas attract people due to more job opportunities areas Example: Damodar Valley in India On the other hand, less developed areas as in industrial
coastlands (e.g.
Europe),
tropical coastal Pampas), (e.g. areas (e.g. temperate
lands
Indo-Pakistan),
Population Distribution and Population Density
grasslands tropical Campos). (c) Sparsely include: mountains Himalayas),
(e.g.
savanna populated
A World Population Distribution
The world’s population is very unevenly speaking: (a) Most densely populated areas include: distributed. Generally
arid
deserts
(e.g. Sahara), dense tropical forest (e.g. Amazon Basin),
Geography kbpr.2011
3
freezing polar regions (e.g. Tundra of Russia).
APopulation Density
It is the number of people per unit area of a country. The population density of an area or a whole nation can be calculated using this formula: Population = people Density total country number of area of the
A population pyramid graphically displays a population’s age and sex structure. By showing numbers or proportions of males and females in each age group, the pyramid gives a clear picture of a population’s characteristics. The horizontal axis shows the percentage of males or females of a certain age group. The vertical axis has groups of years in age. The sum of the age and sex groups in the pyramid equals 100% of the population.
Case Study: The number of people that can survive in any one area is dependent on the environment and the level of technology.
India
Population pyramid
Case Study:
United Kingdom
Geography kbpr.2011
4
Birth rate: above 30 per 1000 high rate Example:
Indonesia
20-30 per 1000
Birth rate: medium rate Example:
Thailand Singapore
Death Rate = 5 per 1000 Immigration = 3 per 1000 Emigration = 5 per 1000 Total Change in Population = (305)+3-5 = 23 per 1000 It means 2.3% or 23,000 people more per year.
Birth rate: below 20 per 1000 low rate Example:
Reasons for Low Birth Rate
A high cost of child rearing A lack of help or assistance in child rearing A knowledgeable about family planning, abortions, contraceptives and sterilisation methods A wrong priorities over children possessions and welfare A women are more educated and prefer to have career over children A improved medical facilities and technologies
Examples of Death Rate
Death rate: above 30 per 1000 high rate Example:
Somalia (Africa)
10-20 per 1000
Death rate: medium rate Example:
Sri Lanka Japan
Reasons for High Birth Rate
A little or lack of birth control and family planning A children seen as extra labour A religious or cultural beliefs against birth control A improved transportation modes and communication links A improved hygiene A abortion being illegal
Death rate: below 10 per 1000 low rate Example:
Information about the population of a country X Examples of Birth Rate
Total Population Birth Rate = 100,000 = 30 per 1000
Geography kbpr.2011
5
Factors that caused death in the country
A wars A diseases A natural disasters like flood A famines and drought A plagues A poor sanitation A poor water supply A poor nutrition A poor transportation system communication links
extensive educational trainings about family planning and the value of raising a small family improving the standard of living legalisation of abortion and usage of contraceptives government must provide more job opportunities to local women
Revision Exercise
Structured Questions: 1. What is population density? 2. How is population density calculated? Use the following figures to work out the density of a country X. Country X Area : 10,000 km2 Population : 1 million 3. What is infant mortality? Why does this occur in a developing country? 4. Study the birth rate and death rate figures of two countries A and B. Country A Birth Rate : 25 per Death Rate : 10 per Country B Birth Rate : 10 per Death Rate : 12 per
underpopulation
and When there are too few people in a country to fully exploit the resources then that country is experiencing underpopulation. Problems: working people and government have to support the increasing number of elderly people some resources are not fully exploited shortage of labour force Solutions: to overcome the labour shortage, (a) raising the retirement age of workers (b) housewives can start working in “flexible hours” system (c) bringing foreign workers to work government must provide fund for the elderly people improve the standard of living for the elderly contributors
Trends in Population Growth
Overpopulation
When there are too many people in a country for the resources like land, water and food to support, we can say that there is an overpopulation. Problems: insufficient food production poor health pollution high crime rates poor sanitation poor housing and educational system caused traffic jams insufficient number of jobs Solutions: educate people about birth control measures
1000 1000 1000 1000
(i) Which country experiences a natural increase of population? How do you calculate the natural increase?
Geography kbpr.2011
6
(ii) Which country has a natural decrease? Give your reason for the answer. 5. If a country experiences overpopulation, then there are reasons for it. Explain some solutions to solve the overpopulation of the country.
Geography kbpr.2011
7
