Poverty Line in Nepal
Content
g]kfndf ul/aL
-g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f–t];|f] @)^^÷^& df
cfwfl/t ;+lIfKt k|ltj]bg_
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km\ofS; M (&&-!-@@&&@)
O-d]n M
[email protected]
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www.cbs.gov.np
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--------
yfg
!= kl/ro
a:t'tM g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f t];|f]sf] :ofDkn l8hfOg g]kfn >dzlQm ;j]{If0f
bf];|f]sf] l8hfOgdf cfwfl/t 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* af6 k|fKt ;Dk"0f{
uf=lj=;= tyf g=kf= sf j8f / j8fv08x?sf] ;"rL (Sampling Frame) af6
*)) j6f j8f÷j8fv08x? (PSU) 5flgPsf] lyof] . o; t];|f] hLjg:t/
;j]{If0fsf] nflu ltg} *)) dWo]sf %)) j6f j8f÷j8fv08x?nfO{ tYof+sLo
ljlwaf6 5gf]6 u/L qm;–;]S;gn u0fgf If]qsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
cGTodf 5flgPsf j8f/j8fv08 / u0fgf If]qaf6 gd"gf 3/kl/jf/ 5fGgsf] nflu
>dzlSt ;j]{If0f bf];|f]sf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] kl/jf/sf] ;"rLnfO{ gd"gf kl/jf/
5fGg] km|]d dfg]/ k|To]s u0fgf If]qaf6 !@ kl/jf/ 5flgPsf lyP . To;}u/L klxnf]
hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fsf %) / bf];|f]sf %) u/L hDdf !)) u0fgf If]qx? Kofgn
:ofDknsf ¿kdf 5flgPsf lyP .
g]kfndf ul/aLsf] kl5Nnf] cj:yfsf] cg'dfg g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, t]];|f]
-@)^^–^&_ af6 k|fKt tYofÍx¿sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 / o; k'l:tsfdf pQm
ul/aL ljZn]if0fsf] ;+lIfKt glthf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefuåf/f
;DkGg g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f t];|f] ljZj a}Ísf] k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]u
k|fKt ljZj a}Ín] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] hLjg:t/dfkg ;j]{If0f (LSMS) sf] 9fFrf /
ljlwcg';f/ ul/Psf] Ps a[xt ;j]{If0f xf] . o; cl3sf ul/aLdfkg klg ljZj
a}Íaf6 l;kmfl/; ul/Psf ljlw tyf ;j]{If0fx? -klxnf] @)%@/%# / bf];|f]
@)^)/^!_ s} cfwf/df ul/Psf lyP .
g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, t]];|f] -@)^^/^&_ df klg ljutsf hLjg:t/dfkg
;j]{If0f;Fu ldNbf] 9fFrf tof/ u/L ;j]{If0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 / o;sf]
p2]Zo klg o;eGbf klxn]sf b'O{ ;j]{If0fx?sf] h:t} 5 . of] ;j]{If0fsf] k|d'v
p2]Zo b]zleqsf gd"gf 5gf}6df k/]sf kl/jf/x?af6 tYofÍ ;+sng u/L
g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/df cfPsf kl/jt{g / ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn]
hLjg:t/df kf/]sf k|efjx?af/] cWoog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;"rgf k|jfx ug'{ xf] .
o; p2]Zocg'¿k, of] ;j]{If0fn] klxn]sf b'O{ ;j]{If0fx?;Fu t'ngf ug{ ldNg]
lsl;dn] g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/ dfkg ug{ tYofÍx? ;Íng u/]sf] 5 .
5gf}6 ljlwnfO{ a9L j}1flgs / k|ltlglwd"ns agfpg g]kfnnfO{ !$ tx
(Stratum) df ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof], h;df lxdfnL If]q, sf7df8f}+leqsf gu/
If]q, cGo kxf8sf gu/ If]q, k"j{, dWo, klZrd, dWo–klZrd tyf ;'b"/–klZrd
kxf8sf u|fdL0f If]q, t/fO{{sf gu/ If]q, k"j{, dWo, klZrd, dWo–klZrd tyf
;'b"/–klZrd t/fO{{sf u|fdL0f If]q kb{5g\ . k|To]s tx (Stratum) leq
j8f/j8fv08 5fGbf j8fleqsf kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 7"nf j8fsf] ;f]xL
cg';f/ 5flgg] ;Defjgf a9L x'g]u/L (Probability Proportional to Size)
5flgPsf] lyof] / 5flgPsf] j8f / j8f v08leqaf6 !@ kl/jf/ 5fGbf ;dfg
;Defjgf (Equal Probability) sf cfwf/df 5flgPsf] lyP .
@= ;j]{If0fsf] 5gf}6 ljlw
o; t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fdf b]zsf] gu/–u|fdL0f ;+/rgf, cfjf;, /f]huf/L,
cfDbfgL–vr{ tyf cGo cfly{s–;fdflhs If]q;DaGwL l:ylt yfxf kfpg gofF
qm;–;]S;gn :ofDkn / ljutsf jif{x?df kl/jf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{g cWoog
ug{ klxnf] / bf];|f] ;j]{If0fdf cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf kl/jf/dWo]af6 Ps 5'§} Kofgn
:ofDkn klg 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] .
;j]{If0fsf] nflu gd"gf u0fgf If]qsf] 5gf]6 !$ txdf ul/Psf] ePtfklg oL ;a}
txdf ul/g] cg'dfg e/kbf{ / Ps}¿ksf gx'g] ePsfn] tYof+s ljZn]if0f / ul/aL
cg'dfgsf] nflu dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf u|fdL0f kxf8L efux? ldnfO{ Pp6f
/ ;f]xL If]qsf u|fdL0f t/fO{{ efux? ldnfO csf]{ If]q u/L hDdf !@ j6f
ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx? (Analytical Domains) agfOPsf] 5 .
1
;j]{If0fsf] qmddf qm;–;]S;gn :ofDkncGtu{t %)) u0fgf If]q -j8f jf j8f
v08_ sf ^,))) 3/kl/jf/dWo] %,(** sf] cGtjf{tf{ ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg]
Kofgn :ofDkncGtu{t !)) u0fgf If]qsf !,@)) 3/kl/jf/ dWo] !,!@* nfO{
e]6\6fpg ;kmn eO ltgLx?sf] ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .
ltgLx?sf] a]Unfa]Un} nfut lgsfn]/ b'a}nfO{ hf]8L ul/aLsf] /]vf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
o; ul/aL /]vfn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf h'6fpg cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd vr{sf]
/fzL lbG5 . o;k|sf/ s'n kfl/jfl/s pkef]u vr{ pQm /]vfeGbf sd x'g] cyf{t\
cfwf/e""t cfjZostf hlt klg vr{ ug{ g;s]sf kl/jf/ ul/a dflgG5g\ .
#= ;j]{If0fsf] ;Gbe{ ;do
s'g} AolQmsf] cfwf/e"t vfB cfjZostf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;j{k|yd ;fnfvfnf
3/kl/jf/sf] Ps AolQmnfO{ :j:Yo / ;lqmo hLjgofkgsf nflu k|ltlbg
cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd Sofnf]/Lsf] lx;fj ul/G5 . cf};t kl/jf/sf] ;+/rgfdf
afnaflnsf, lszf]/ lszf]/L, / jo:s dlxnf k'?ifsf] nflu cfjZos cf};t
Sofnf]/Lsf] cfwf/df lx;fj ubf{ @)^^/^& df ;fnfvfnf k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg
@,@@) lsnf]Sofnf]/L zlQm cfjZos kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .
o; ;j]{If0fsf] tYofÍ ;Íng sfo{ @)^^/^& df jif}{e/L ul/Psf] lyof] . 5flgPsf
3/kl/jf/x¿;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnFbf kfl/jfl/s pkef]u, s[lif, ljk|]if0f, cflb
ljifox¿;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍsf] xsdf cGtjf{tf{ ldlteGbf !@ dlxgf
cufl8;Ddsf ljj/0fx¿ ;Íng ul/Psf lyP . o; t];|f] ;j]{If0fdf klxnf] k6s
kl/jf/n] pkef]u u/]sf] vfB ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f ;j]{If0fk"j{sf] & lbgsf] ;Gbe{
;dosf] lnOPsf] 5 .
$= ul/aLdfkg
g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f t];|f]sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] of] ul/aL ljZn]if0f klxnf] /
bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df ul/Psf ljZn]if0fx? h:t} d"ntM kfl/jfl/s pkef]u
vr{sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 . o;k6s klg s'n kfl/jfl/s pkef]u vr{ (Total
Consumption Aggregate for Household – Expenditure Approach) u0fgf ug]{
ljlw d"n¿kdf klxnf] / bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf] h:t} ckgfOPsf] 5 . o; ljlwcg';f/
kl/jf/sf] vfB a:t', u}/vfB a:t' / af;:yfgsf] nflu ePsf vr{x? hf]8]/ s'n
kfl/jfl/s vr{ lgsflnG5 .
g]kfndf xfn;Dd ckgfOPsf ul/aLdfkg k|lqmof "cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf]
nfut" (Cost of Basic Needs Approach) df cfwfl/t 5 . o; ljlwcg';f/
cfwf/e""t cfjZostfnfO{ vfB / u}/vfB cfjZostf u/L b'O{ efudf afF8]/
2
tflnsf !M k|ltAolQm k|ltlbg Sofnf]/L cfjZostf / kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf, @)^^/^&
pd]/ ;d"x
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]
cfjZos Sofnf]/ L*
) – ^ dlxgf
^ – !@ dlxgf
! – # jif{
$ – ^ jif{
& – ( jif{
afns !) – !@ jif{
afnLsf !) – !@ jif{
lszf]/ !# – !% jif{
lszf]/ L !# – !% jif{
lszf]/ !^ – !* jif{
lszf]/ L !^ – !* jif{
k?if !( jif{ / dfly
dlxnf !( jif{ / dfly
594**
735***
1,240
1,690
1,950
2,190
1,970
2,450
2,060
2,640
2,060
2,875
2,225
cf};t kl/jf/ ;+Vof
k|lt 3/kl/jf/ cf};t Sofnf]/L
k|l t AolQm k|l tlbg Sofnf]/ L cfjZostf
kl/jf/
;b:o ;+Vof
s'n Sofnf]/ L
0.056
0.044
0.312
0.346
0.366
0.209
0.201
0.185
0.192
0.149
0.179
1.139
1.475
33
32
387
585
714
457
396
452
395
394
368
3,276
3,282
a]Unfa]Un} dfqfdf vr{ ePsf] x'G5 . ;dfg Sofnf]/L k|fKt ug{ ;:tf] jf dFxuf]
h'g;'s} a:t' k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f, cS;/u/]/ wgL ju{sf] k|lt Sofnf]/L
vr{ ul/a au{sf] eGbf pRr x'G5 .
ul/aL ljZn]if0fk"j{ ;fk]lIfs ul/a ;d"x (Relatively Poor – Reference Group)
n] pkef]u ug]{ vfB a:t'x?sf] 8fnf] (Food Basket) klxrfg ul/G5 . g]kfnsf]
k|rngcg';f/ k|ltAolQm pkef]usf] bf];|f] bzdsb]lv kfFrf} bzds (Second to
Fifth decile) ;Ddsf] hg;+Vofn] pkef]u ug]{ vfB a:t'x?sf] tf}n ;+/rgfnfO{
;fk]lIfs ul/an] k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/e"t vfB a:t'sf]¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 / o;}nfO{
cfwf/e"t vfB a:t'sf] 8fnf] (Elementary Food Basket) elgPsf] 5 .
ul/aL ljZn]if0fsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf ljutsf ul/aLsf b/x?;Fu t'ngfof]Uo x'g]
u/L ljZn]if0f ug{' xf] . o;af6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf
k|ToIf¿kn] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof, o;k|sf/sf] t'ngfof]Uo
ljZn]if0f ubf{ ckgfOg] cfwf/e"t dfGotf ;fk]lIfs ul/an] k|of]u ug]{ vfB
8fnf]df kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g eGg] x'G5 . cyf{t\ Pp6} 8fnf]nfO{ ljleGg ;dosf]
ahf/sf cfwf/df 8fnf]sf] d"Nof+sg u/L kl/jf/sf] z'?sf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfP
gcfPsf] x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/ klxnf] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fb]lv xfn;Ddsf] !% jif{sf]
cjlwdf 3/kl/jf/n] k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/e"t vfB 8fnf]sf] ;+/rgfdf pNn]vgLo
¿kn] kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL b'O{ ;j]{If0f cjlwdf ;fk]lIfs ul/a
;d"xn] k|of]u ug]{ vfB 8fnf]df kg]{ a:t'x?sf] tf}n ;+/rgf, k|fKt Sofnf]/L tyf
vfB vr{sf] lx:;fdf Aofks kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . pQm vfB 8fnf]df vf;u/]/
lrp/f, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn, df5fdf;', c08f, b"w bxL tyf t]n l3psf] dfqfdf lgs}
a[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] rfdn afx]ssf cGgx?sf] vkt 36]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pQm
ju{sf] u}/vfB a:t'x?sf] vr{ ;+/rgfdf ;d]t Aofks kl/jt{g ePsf] cg'dfg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
4.852
10,770
2,220
*;|f]tM -tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ s[lif dGqfno, !(($_, -;j]{If0fsf] afnaflnsfsf] gfktf}n
v08af6 k|fKtM– **cf};t zf/Ll/s jhg %=% lsnf]u|fd, *** cf};t zf/Ll/s jhg &=%
lsnf]u|fd_ . jo:s k'?if / dlxnfsf Sofnf]/Lsf b/x? ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] sfd ug]{ / cf};t
jhg %) lsnf]u|fd ePsfsf nflu lnOPsf] 5 .
k|ltlbg cfjZos kg]{ pQm zlQm k|fKt ug{ ljleGg 3/kl/jfx?n] cf–cfkm\gf]
uR5]cg';f/ a]Unfa]Un} d"Nosf a]Unfa]Un} vfB kbfy{x? pkef]u u/]sf x'G5g\ .
To;}n] kl/jf/cg';f/ Tolt g} Sofnf]/L k|fKt ug{sf] nflu klg ljleGg kl/jf/sf]
3
To;sf/0f ;fk]lIfs ul/asf] vfB 8fnf] abln;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg pxL !% aif{]
k'/fgf] 8fnf]sf] cfwf/df ul/aL cg''dfg ubf{ e|d ;[hgf x'g] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
o; k6ssf] ul/aL ljZn]if0f gofF 8fnf]sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
ljutdf cf};t dlxgfsf] vfB pkef]usf] cfwf/df vfBul/aL /]vfsf] u0fgf
ul/b} cfPsf]df o;k6s ljut & lbgsf] vfB pkef]u vr{sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf]
5 . o;af6 klg xfnsf] ul/aL cg'dfg cem af:tljs x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
oBlk o; t];|f] ;j]{If0faf6 lgsflnPsf o; k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt ul/aLsf b/x?
ljutsf;Fu ;fjwfgLk"j{s t'ngf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
cGTodf, vfB ul/aL /]vf / u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf] of]u lgsfnL k|To]s If]qsf]
nflu a]Unfa]Un} ul/aL /]vfsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
;j]{If0fsf] ;dosf] k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qcg';f/
ul/aLsf /]vfx¿ b'O{ ;d"xdf cyf{t\ vfB tyf u}/vfBcg';f/ sfod ul/Psf 5g\
hxfF u}/vfBdf cfjf;, nQfsk8f / lzIff nufotsf vr{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;j]{If0f @)^^/^& df ul/aLsf /]vfx? !@ ljZn]if0ffTds If]qsf] cfwf/df
lgsflnPsf 5g\ . tb\g';f/ g]kfnsf] ;fnfvfnf ul/aLsf] /]vf k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{
?= !(,@^! lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf ?= !!,(@( / u}/vfB
ul/aLsf] /]vf ?= &,##@ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o; lsl;dn] sf7df8f}F pkTosf zx/L
If]qsf] ul/aLsf] /]vf ;a}eGbf a9L cyf{t\ jflif{s ?= $),(## sfod x'g cfPsf]
5 eg] u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{{ If]qsf] ul/aLsf] /]vf ;a}eGbf sd cyf{t\ ?=
!%,((* sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @_ . oL /]vfx?n] tL If]qsf
JolQmx?sf] hLjgofkgsf nflu Go"gtd\ cfjZostfsf] nfut b]vfpF5g\ / tL
/]vfeGbf d'gL pkef]u vr{ ePsf JolQm / kl/jf/x? ul/a dflgG5g\ .
cf};tdf k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg slt lsnf]Sofnf]/L cfjZos k5{ eGg] lx;fj lgsfNg
ln+u, pd]/ ;d"x cflbn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'Fbf ;j]If0faf6 k|fKt hg;f+lVos ;"rgfsf
cfwf/df pd]/ ;d"x / ln+usf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;Gbe{ jif{df sl/j @,@@) lsnf]
Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ b]lvPsf] xf] -tflnsf g+= !_ . To;kl5 lgwf{l/t 8fnf]df
k/]sf vfB a:t'x?sf] cf};t k|ltAolQm b}lgs pkef]u dfqf lgsfn]/ pQm 8fnf]n]
@,@@) lsnf]Sofnf]/L tyf ;Dk"0f{ vfB vr{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/f];\ eGg] x]t'n]
clea[l4 u/L clGtd 8fnf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L lgsflnPsf] 8fnf]sf] !@
j6f ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?sf k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df 5'6\6f 5'6\6} vfB ul/aL
/]vf (Food Poverty Line) lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} u}/vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf
(Non-food Poverty Line) tof/Lsf] nflu k|ltAolQm vfB pkef]u vr{ vfB
ul/aL /]vfsf] glhs x'g] cf};t kl/jf/sf] k|ltAolQm u}/vfBdf ePsf] vr{nfO{
u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] cg'dfgdf vfB ul/aL
/]vfsf] C0ffTds % k|ltzt / wgfTds % k|ltztdf kg]{ u}/vfB /]vfx?sf]
cf};t / vfB ul/aL /]vfsf C0ffTds !) k|ltzt / wgfTds !) k|ltztdf kg]{
u}/vfB /]vfx?sf] cf};tsf aLr cf};t lgsfnL hDdf u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf u}/vfB ul/aL /]vf klg k|To]s !@ j6f
ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?df lgsflnPsf] 5 .
4
%= ul/aLsf] glthf ljZn]if0f
tflnsf @ M k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df If]qcg';f/sf ul/aLsf /]vfx¿
-?= df_, @)^^/^&
%=! sl/j @% k|ltzt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ – ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt
ljZn]if0ffTds If]q
ul/aL /]vfx?-?=_
vfB
u}/vfB
If]qut d"No ;"rf+sx?
hDdf
vfB
u}/vfB
hDdf
lxdfn
!#,@(%
^,%^$ !(,*%(
!=!!$
)=*(%
!=)#!
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf zx/
!$,^!) @^,#@# $),(##
!=@@%
#=%()
@=!@%
cGo kxf8L zx/
!!,*)%
&,&&@
!(,%&&
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t/fO{{ zx/
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u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn kxf8
!@,@(& $,@%$
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u|fdL0f dWodf~rn kxf8
!@,@$) ^,$$* !*,^*(
!=)@^
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u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn kxf8
!@,%#&
!=)%!
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u|fdL0f ;''b"/÷dWo
klZrdf~rn kxf8
!!,&&@ $,%*#
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u|fdL0f k"jf~rn t/fO{{
!!,### %,%@$
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u|fdL0f dWodf~rn t/fO{{
!!,@%&
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)=(!!
u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{{ !),^))
%,#(* !%,((*
)=**(
)=&#^
)=*#!
u|fdL0f ;''b"/÷dWo
klZrdf~rn t/fO{{
!),((*
^,#@!
!&,#!(
)=(@@
)=*^@
)=*((
!!(@(
&##@
!(@^!
!=)))
!=)))
!=)))
g]kfn
%,*(! !*,$@*
glthfcg';f/ pk/f]Qm ul/aLsf] /]vfcg';f/ g]kfndf sl/j @% k|ltzt dflg;x?
(Head Count) ul/a b]lvG5g\ . zx/L / u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/aLsf] b/ t'ngf ubf{
zx/L If]qdf sl/a !% k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf sl/j @& k|ltzt hg;+Vof
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ul/aLsf] ljifdtfsf] ;"rsn] ul/a
dflgPsfx¿dWo] klg slt k|ltzt ul/ax¿ ul/aLsf] /]vfeGbf slt 6f9f (Depth)
5g\ eGg] hgfpFb5 . pQm ;"rs @)^^/^& df %=$# k|ltzt /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
;fy} csf]{ ;"rs ul/aLsf] uxgtf (Severity) sf] ;"rsn] ul/ax¿aLr s]–slt
c;dfgtf 5 eGg] hgfpFb5 . pQm ;"rs @)^^/^& df !=*! k|ltzt /x]sf]
cg'dfg 5 -tflnsf g+= #_ .
tflnsf # M ul/aLsf] b/, ljifdtf / uxgtf, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^^/^&
g]kfn
zx/L If]q
u|fdL0f If]q
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf]
hg;+Vof
ul/aLsf] ljifdtf
ul/aLsf] uxgtf
(Headcount Index)
(Poverty Gap Index)
(Squared Poverty
Gap Index)
@%=!^
!%=$^
@&=$#
-k|ltztdf_
%=$#
#=!(
%=(^
!=*!
!=)!
@=))
%=@ ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/aLsf] b/, ljifdtf / uxgtf ;a}eGbf pRr
/x]sf] 5 – o; ljsf; If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL b/ -$^ k|ltzt_, ;a}eGbf a9L
ul/aL ljifdtf -!! k|ltzt_ / ;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL uxgtf -$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . s'n
hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0fsf] t'ngfdf dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/ax?sf]
km}nfj6 a9L /x]sf] 5 .
5
tflnsf $M If]qcg';f/ ul/aLsf] l:ylt, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^^/^&
If]q
ul/jLsf] ul/jLsf]
ul/jL b/ ljifdtf ;3gtf
zx/L If]q
u|fdL0f If]q
s"n
ul/jsf]
hg;+Vofsf]
km}nfj6-%_ ljt/0f
15.46
3.19
1.01
11.7
19.0
27.43
5.96
2.00
88.3
81.0
k""jf{~rn
dWodf~rn
klZrdf~rn
dWoklZrdf~rn
;'b"/klZrdf~rn
21.44
3.81
1.01
19.8
23.3
21.69
4.96
1.76
30.8
35.7
lxdfn
kxf8
t/fO{
lxdfn
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf zx/L If]q
cGo kxf8L zx/
t/fO{ zx/
u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn kxf8
u|fdL0f dWodf~rn kxf8
u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn kxf8
u|fdL0f ;''b"/÷dWo klZrdf~rn kxf8
u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn t/fO{
u|fdL0f dWodf~rn t/fO{
u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{
u|fdL0f ;''b"/÷dWo klZrdf~rn t/fO
g]kfn
%=# lxdfnL If]q ;a}eGbf a9L ul/aLn] u|:t 5 – ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ lxdfndf
;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL -$@ k|ltzt_ 5 . kxf8df / t/fO{{df ul/aL b/ nueu
;dfg -sl/j @$ k|ltzt_ ePtfklg kxf8L If]qdf ul/aLsf] cj:yf a9L ljifd /
;3g 5 .
22.25
4.27
1.38
16.9
19.2
31.68
7.74
2.69
16.4
13.0
45.61
10.74
3.77
16.0
8.8
42.27
10.14
3.54
11.8
7.0
24.32
5.69
2.09
42.8
44.2
23.44
4.52
1.31
45.4
48.7
42.27
10.14
3.54
11.8
7.0
11.47
2.77
1.00
2.6
5.7
8.72
1.75
0.54
1.5
4.4
22.04
4.31
1.29
7.5
8.6
15.93
2.91
0.82
4.0
6.3
29.37
8.52
3.70
10.8
9.3
28.01
5.31
1.75
10.5
9.5
36.83
8.89
3.13
13.3
9.1
20.97
3.67
0.91
9.6
11.6
23.13
4.14
1.08
13.9
15.1
22.31
4.40
1.35
5.9
6.6
31.09
7.17
2.47
8.5
6.9
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.00
100.0
%=$ !@ cWoog If]qx?df ul/aLsf] ;d:ofdf lgs} leGgtf 5 – ;a}eGbf sd
ul/aL kxf8L zx/L If]qdf -( k|ltzt_ 5 . hxfF ul/aLsf] ljifdtf / uxgtf klg
Go"g 5g\ . zx/L If]qdf x]bf{ ul/aLsf] b/ kxf8L zx/df ( k|ltztb]lv t/fO{{sf
zx/df @@ k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f kxf8tkm{ x]bf{ ;j}eGbf sd
k'jf{~rnsf] u|fdL0f kxf8df !^ k|ltztb]lv u|fdL0f dWo / ;'b"/ klZrd kxf8df
#& k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L u|fdL0f t/fO{dWo] k"jf{~rndf @! k|ltztb]lv
dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf #! k|ltzt;Dd 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qafx]s ;a}
ljsf; If]qsf u|fdL0f kxf8L If]qx?df u|fdL0f t/fO{{ If]qdf eGbf a9L ul/aL 5 .
ul/aLsf] ljifdtf / uxgtf dWodf~rn / dWo–;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf u|fdL0f
kxf8L If]qx?df em08} p:t} b]lvG5g\ .
%=% tYof+s ;+sngsf] t];|f] l;hgdf Go"gtd ul/aL 5 – tflnsf g+= % cg';f/
tYof+s ;+sngsf] k|yd l;hg -kmfu'g – h]7_ / bf];|f] l;hg -c;f/ – c;f]h_ df
;dfg ul/aL b/ -sl/j @^ k|ltzt_ kfOPsf] 5 . t/ t];|f] l;hg -sflt{s –
df3_ df ul/aL b/ Go"gtd @# k|ltzt dfq kfOPsf] 5 .
6
tflnsf %M tYof+s ;+sngsf] l;hgcg';f/ ul/aLsf] l:ylt
tflnsf g+= ^ M ul/aL / 3/kl/jf/sf] hg;f+lVos cj:yf
b/x?
ul/aLsf]
ul/aLsf]
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
b/
uxgtf
-k|ltzt_
tYof+s ;+sngsf] ;do
;'Vvf ofd -kmfu'g – h]7_
jiff{ ofd -c;f/ – c;f]h_
hf8f] ofd -sflt{s – df3_
g]kfn
ul/aL
ul/jL b/ ljifdtf
ul/aL
;3gtf
s'n
ul/asf] hg;+Vofsf]
km}nfj6 ljt/0f
26.62
5.85
1.94
35.3
33.3
25.97
5.65
1.84
34.4
33.3
22.87
4.80
1.65
30.3
33.3
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
3/kl/jf/sf] ;b:o;+Vof
!
@
#
$
%
^
& jf ;f]eGbf a9L
%=^ kl/jf/sf] cfsf/df a[l4 x'Fbf ul/aL a9\b5 – tflnsf g+= ^ df 3/kl/jf/sf]
cfsf/cg';f/sf] ul/aLsf b/x?, ljifdtf / uxgtfsf] ;DaGwdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
h;cg';f/ Ps hgfdfq ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] b/ # k|ltzt 5 eg] !
hgf yk x'g]ljlQs} ul/aLsf] b/ a9]/ & k|ltzt x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L s|dzM
;fthgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cfsf/ ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] b/ #* k|ltzt;Dd
a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, ;fthgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cfsf/ ePsf]
3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] ljifdtf ( k|ltzt;Dd k'u]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ 3/kl/jf/sf]
cfsf/sf] a[l4cg';f/ g} o;sf] uxgtf klg # k|ltzt;Dd k'u]sf] 5 .
) b]lv ^ jif{ ;Ddsf
)
!
@
# jf ;f]eGbf a9L
g]kfn
#=@*
&=$)
&=$*
!@=&^
@!=!)
#@=#(
#&=%(
)=**
!=#*
!=@%
@=%^
$=$#
^=^#
*=^!
afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof
!@=#!
@=)%
@%=@!
$=($
$!=$* !)=)!
$^=^$
!!=(%
@%=!^
%=$#
ul/asf]
km}nfj6
)=#^
)=#(
)=#$
)=*!
!=$^
@=!*
@=(%
)=%^
!=$(
#=%#
$=%$
!=*!
hg;+Vofsf]
ljt/0f
)=!
!=#
@=*
*=$
!%=^
@@=%
$(=$
@)=$
@(=!
@(=*
@)=&
!))=)
)=&
$=$
(=$
!^=%
!*=^
!&=%
##=)
$!=*
@(=)
!*=!
!!=@
!))=)
%=* dlxnf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL b/ t'ngfTds¿kdf s]xL sd
5 – tflnsf g+= & df 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] pd]/ / n+}lus ljz]iftfcg';f/ ul/aLsf
b/x? b]vfOPsf] 5 . ljleGg ;d"xdf ul/aLsf b/x? nueu ;dfg /x]sf 5g\ .
tfklg k'?if kl/jf/d"nL ePsfdWo] @^ jif{b]lv $% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf kl/jf/sf]
ul/aLsf] b/ s]xL a9L 5 eg] dlxnf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL
t'ngfTds¿kdf sd /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
%=& kl/jf/df ;ft jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vofsf] a[l4;Fu} ul/aL
a9]sf] 5 – tflnsf g+=^ n] ;ft jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof /
ul/aLsf] b/df wgfTds ;x—;DaGw /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;ft jif{eGbf sd
pd]/sf afnaflnsfx? gePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] b/ !@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df
To:tf afnaflnsfx? tLg hgfeGbf a9L x'Fbf ul/aLsf] b/ sl/j $& k|ltzt;Dd
a[l4 ePsf] cg'dfg 5 .
7
tflnsf g+ &=M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] pd]/—n+}lus ljz]iftfcg';f/ ul/aL
3/kl/jf/d"nLsf]
ljz]iftf
ul/aLsf]
b/
k'?if, @% jif{ jf
;f]eGbf sd
k'?if, -@^, $%_ jif{
k'?if, $^± jif{
dlxnf
g]kfn
@$=$(
@&=#)
@$=@(
@#=^(
@%=!^
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
tflnsf *M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] z}lIfs l:ylt / ul/aL
ul/aLsf]
uxgtf
ul/asf]
km}nfj6
hg;+Vofsf]
ljt/0f
%=$!
!=*@
!=(
!=(
^=!)
%=)&
%=!%
%=$#
@=!)
!=^%
!=^(
!=*!
#%=&
$@=^
!(=*
!))=)
#@=(
$$=@
@!=)
!))=)
z}l I fs :t/
3/ kl/ jf/ d"n L
lg/If/
;fIf/, k|fylds tx kf; gu/]sf]
ul/aL b/
ul/aL sf ]
laif d tf
ul/aL sf ]
uxgtf
ul/asf ] hg;+V of sf ]
lj t/0f
lj t/0f
33.5
7.7
2.7
64.9
48.8
27.0
5.8
2.0
15.8
14.7
% – & sIff k'/ f u/]sf]
19.5
3.4
1.0
10.2
13.1
* – !) sIff k"/ f u/]sf]
!! sIff jf ;f]eGbf a9L k9]sf]
12.9
2.4
0.6
5.6
11.0
7.1
1.1
0.3
3.5
12.4
32.1
7.7
2.8
30.1
23.8
39.8
8.7
2.9
34.5
22.0
26.6
5.4
1.8
20.8
19.8
16.6
3.1
0.9
10.9
16.6
5.2
0.7
0.2
3.6
17.8
2 5. 2
5. 4
1.8
100.0
100.0
dlxnf ;b :osf] pRrtd sI ff
%=( kl/jf/d"nLsf] z}lIfs :t/ a9\bf ul/aL 36\b} uPsf] 5 – kl/jf/d"nLn] k|fKt
u/]sf] z}lIfs :t/ cg';f/ ul/aLdf k|ToIf 36a9 ePsf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ dflyNnf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL sd b]lvPsf]
5 . tflnsf * df kl/jf/d"nLsf] z}lIfs:t/cg';f/sf] ul/aL / dlxnf kl/jf/
;b:osf] z}lIfs:t/cg';f/sf] ul/aL lbOPsf] 5 . P3f/ sIff jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf]
sIff kf; u/]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/eGbf lg/If/ kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/
ul/a x'g] ;Defjgf sl/j ;f9] rf/ u'0ffn] a9L 5 . To;}u/L k|fylds tx kf;
gu/]sf dlxnf kl/jf/ ;b:o ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL k|fylds tx kf; u/]sf
dlxnf kl/jf/ ;b:o ePsf kl/jf/sf] eGbf a9L 5 .
lg/If/
;fIf/, k|fylds tx kf; gu/]sf]
% – & sIff k"/ f u/]sf]
* – !) sIff k"/ f u/]sf]
!! sIff jf ;f]eGbf a9L k9]sf]
hDdf
%=!) s[lif If]qsf] Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nLePsf 3/kl/jf/x? cGo
If]qsf] Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/x?sf] t'ngfdf a9L ul/a
b]lvPsf 5g\ – tflnsf ( df kl/jf/d"nLsf] k]zfcg';f/ ul/aLsf] b/ lbOPsf]
5 . s[lif If]qsf] Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/x? $& k|ltzt
ul/a 5g\ eg] cGo Aoa;flos If]qsf Hofnfdf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf
3/kl/jf/x? ^ k|ltzt ul/a 5g\ . t/ oL b'a} If]qn] hDdf hg;+Vofsf] &
k|ltzt dfq cf]u6]sf] 5 . cfkm\g} v]ltkftLdf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf
3/kl/jf/dWo] @& k|ltzt ul/a 5g\ h'g cGo Hofnfbf/Ldf nfUg] / a]/f]huf/
8
tflnsf !)M ul/aL tyf hUufsf] :jfldTj
kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL;+u nueu a/fa/ 5 . To;}u/L lglZqmo
kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/dWo] !& k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/x? ul/a 5g\ .
(k|ltzt_
tflnsf ( M kl/jf/d"nLsf] d'Vo k]zfcg';f/ ul/aL
kl/jf/d"nLsf] d'Vo
k]zf
:j/f]huf/
s[lif If]q
pTkfbg pBf]u
Aofkf/
;]jf
Hofnf
s[lif If]q
cGo
Joj;flos If]q
cGo
lj:tfl/t cfly{s
sfd
j]/f]huf/
lglZqmo
g]kfn
ul/aLsf]
b/
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
ul/aLsf]
uxgtf
ul/asf]
km}nfj6
hg;+Vofsf]
ljt/0f
27.2
6.0
2.1
55.2
51.0
22.4
5.0
1.8
3.8
4.2
13.2
2.5
0.7
4.1
7.9
19.6
3.3
1.0
2.0
2.6
47.0
8.6
2.5
6.3
3.4
5.6
1.1
0.4
0.7
3.3
28.3
5.8
1.7
16.2
14.5
31.6
9.4
3.7
5.9
4.7
26.7
3.6
0.9
0.4
0.4
16.6
3.4
1.1
5.3
8.0
25.2
5.4
1.8
100.0
100.0
hDdf
hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ – ! x]S6/;Dd
! – @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfly
g]k fn
u|f ld0f I f]q
hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ – ! x]S6/;Dd
! – @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfly
u|fdL0f If]q
zx/ L I f]q
hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ – ! x]S6/;Dd
! – @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfyL
zx/L
%=!! s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] dfqf;Fu} ul/aL b/ 36\b} uPsf] 5 – Ps x]S6/eGbf
a9L s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL ef/L dfqfdf 36]sf] ;j]{If0fn]
b]vfPsf] 5 -tflnsf !)_ . zx/L tyf u|fdL0f b'a} If]qdf s[lifof]Uo hldgsf]
cfsf/ a9\b} hfFbf ul/aL 36\b} uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf ! x]S6/eGbf
a9L s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL b/ eg] cf};t -g]kfn_ ul/aL
b/eGbf sd b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L zx/L If]qnfO{ x]bf{, yf]/} s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g]
3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL b/ klg sd b]lvPsf] 5 .
9
ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lgsf]
hg;+Vof
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
ul/aLsf]
uxgtf
ul/asf]
ljt/0f
hg;+Vof
sf]
ljt/0f
22.7
4.7
1.5
18.9
21
29.9
7
2.5
20.7
17
28.2
6.2
2.1
49.4
44
19.1
3.3
0.9
9.8
13
6.5
1.2
0.4
1.2
4.7
2 5. 2
5. 4
1.8
100
100
28.5
5.7
1.8
13.4
13
32
7.6
2.7
21.4
18
29.6
6.6
2.2
53.2
49
20.1
3.5
1
10.6
15
1.7
1.5
0.5
1.4
4.9
27.4
6
2
100
100
16.9
3.6
1.2
60.3
55
18
3.6
1.2
16.1
14
14.5
2.8
0.8
20.2
22
9.1
1.5
0.3
3.4
5.8
0
0
0
0
3.8
15.5
3.2
1
100
100
%=!# hft/hflt cg';f/ ul/aLsf] l:ylt
%=!@ kl/jf/sf] ;'ljwfdf kx'Frcg';f/ ul/aL 3lgi6¿kn] ;DalGwt 5 – #)
ldg]6leq ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr / ul/aLsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{, pQm
;dodf glhssf] ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr x'g] 3/kl/jf/ cf};t ul/aLeGbf sd /x]sf]
;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 -tflnsf !!_ . pRr dfWolds ljBfno, ;/sf/L c:ktfn,
kSsL ;8s, d'Vo ahf/, s[lif s]Gb|, ;xsf/L tyf a}+s h:tf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr
ePsf 3/kl/jf/x?sf] ul/aLdf lgs} ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
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ul/aLtYofÍnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf !% M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] hft / hflt cg';f/ ul/aL
ul/aLsf]
ul/aLsf] ul/aLsf] ul/asf] hg;+Vofsf]
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a; :6k
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24.4
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20.8
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70.3
17.9
3.4
1
39.1
54.9
22
4.4
1.4
42.9
49
15.6
19
3
3.7
0.9
1.1
20.1
49.1
32.4
64.9
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24.4
3.3
5
1
1.6
33.6
62.3
49.4
64.2
21
16.3
15.3
3.8
3.3
3
1
1
0.9
33.2
28.2
25.4
39.6
43.6
41.6
17
14.7
3.4
3
1.1
0.9
34.5
22.6
51
38.6
25.2
5.4
1.8
kxf8L j|fXd0f
kxf8L If]qL
t/fO{ jf|Xd0f
t/fO{ dWodhftL
kxf8L blnt
t/fO{ blnt
g]jf/
kxf8L hghftL
t/fO{ hghftL
d'l:nd
cGo
10.34
23.40
18.61
1.73
5.55
1.75
0.48
1.86
0.19
5.2
16.6
0.4
12.7
17.8
0.5
28.69
43.63
5.36
10.89
1.47
4.22
17.6
15.2
15.4
8.7
38.16
10.25
8.09
2.07
2.24
0.70
6.9
2.5
4.6
6.2
28.25
25.93
6.64
4.48
2.49
1.25
24.4
7.3
21.8
7.1
20.18
12.34
3.38
3.58
0.85
1.13
3.5
0.5
4.3
0.9
g]kfn
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
^= rfn" d"Nodf k|ltJolSt pkef]u vr{
;a}eGbf sd pkef]u vr{ ug]{ kl/jf/af6 z'? u/]/ ;a}eGbf w]/} vr{ug]{
kl/jf/sf] qmddf /fVof] eg] pkef]u vr{sf] lx;fan] ul/ab]lv wgL kl/jf/sf]
>[ª\vnf aGb5 . o;kl5 of] >[ª\vnfa4 kl/jf/nfO{ a/fa/ ;ª\Vofdf efu nufP/
-afF8]/_ bz jf kfFr ;d"x agfpg] ul/G5 . o;n] pkef]u vr{df cfwfl/t ul/a
10
b]lv wgLsf] bz -bz–bz k|ltztsf]_ jf kfFr -aL;–aL; k|ltztsf]_ ;d"x
aGb5 . klxnf]nfO{ pkef]u–vr{sf] bzds (Decile) / bf];|f]nfO{ k~rds
(Quintile) klg eGg] ul/G5 .
tflnsf !# M lugL ;"rf+s, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^^/^&
If]q
g]kfn
klxnf] ;j]{If0f
bf];|f] ;j]{If0f
t];|f] ;j]{If0f
zx/L
klxnf] ;j]{If0f
bf];|f] ;j]{If0f
t];|f] ;j]{If0f
u|fdL0f
klxnf] ;j]{If0f
bf];|f] ;j]{If0f
t];|f] ;j]{If0f
t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fcg';f/, ;a}eGbf wgL !) k|ltzt -jf bzf}+ bzdssf_
kl/jf/n] u/]sf] pkef]u vr{ ;a}eGbf u/La !) k|ltzt -klxnf] bzdssf_
kl/jf/n] ug]{ pkef]u vr{ eGbf gf} u'0ff a9L b]lvPsf] 5 -tflnsf !@_ .
tflnsf !@M rfn" d"Nodf bzds ju{cg';f/ k|ltAolQm pkef]u
bzds ju{
cf};t pkef]u
vr{ -?=_
pkef]udf lx:;f
;+u|lxt÷PsLs[t lx:;f
;aeGbf ul/a-Go"gtd_
11,093
3=2
3=2
bf];|f]
15,241
4=4
7=6
t];|f]
17,893
5=1
12=7
rf}yf]
20,744
6=0
18=7
kfFrf}
24,238
7=0
25=6
5}6f}+
28,270
8=1
33=7
;ftf}
33,196
9=5
43=3
cf7f}+
40,730
11=7
55=0
gjf+}
54,203
15=6
70=5
1,02,772
29=5
100=0
34,829
100=0
100=0
;aeGbf wgL-clwstd_
g]kfn
lugL ;"rf+s
32.2
41.4
32.84
42.7
43.6
35.29
30.8
34.9
31.09
*= kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgL
t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/, rfn" d"Nodf cf};t k|ltJolSt cfDbfgL ?=$!,^%( /x]sf]
5 . ;a}eGbf tnsf *) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofn] b]zsf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] nueu $$ k|ltzt
lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ eg] dflyNnf] @) k|ltztn] dfq afFsL 7"nf] lx:;f cyf{t\ %^ k|ltzt
cf]u6]sf 5g\ .
&= pkef]u vr{df c;dfgtf
pkef]u vr{df ePsf] c;dfgtf emNsfpg] lugL ;"rf+ssf] dfg o; ;j]{If0fdf )=## cfPsf]
5 . of] ;"rf+s ljutsf] bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf] t'ngfdf 36]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . of] ;"rf+ssf] 36\g] qmd
u|fdL0f If]qsf] eGbf zx/L If]qsf] tLa| 5 .
11
cg';"rL
tflnsf !$ M rfn" d"Nodf bzds ju{;d"x cg';f/ k|ltAolQm cfDbfgL
bzds ju{
;aeGbf ul/a-k|yd_
cf};t cfDbfgL-?=_
cfDbfgLdf
lx:;f
;+u|lxt÷PsLs[t
lx:;f
6,222
1=5
1=5
bf];|f]
10,779
2=6
4=1
t];|f]
14,350
3=4
7=5
rf}yf]
18,238
4=4
kfFrf}
22,655
5}6f}+
tflnsf ! M ul/aLdfkg, @)%@/%# b]lv @)^^/^& ;Dd
-k|ltztdf_
28,007
6=7
24=1
;ftf}
35,449
8=5
32=6
cf7f}+
46,830
11=2
43=8
gjf+}
69,769
16=7
60=6
1,64,401
39=5
100=0
41,659
100=0
100=0
;aeGbf wgL-bzf}+_
g]kfn
If]q
$!=&^ #)=*% @%=!^ !!=&% &=%%
g]kfn
zx/L If]q @!=%% (=%% !%=$^ ^=%$ @=!*
u|fdL0f If]q $#=@& #$=^@ @&=$# !@=!$ *=%)
∗
∗
@)^^/^&
-k|ltztdf_
@)^)/^!
-k|ltztdf_
@)%@/%#
17=3
∗
@)^^/^&
5=4
@)^)/^!
(Squared Poverty
Gap Index)
@)%@/%#
(Headcount
Index)
(Poverty Gap Index)
11=9
∗
@)^^/^&
ul/aLsf] uxgtf
@)^)/^!
ul/aLsf] ljifdtf
@)%@/%#
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf]
hg;+Vof
%=$#
#=!(
%=(^
$=^&
@=^%
$=*#
@=&
)=&!
#=)%
!=*!
!=)!
@=))
gofF vfB 8fnf]cg';f/ o;k6ssf] ul/aLsf] b/ cg'dfg ul/Psf]n] cl3Nnf b/x?;Fu k|ToIf
¿kdf t'ngfof]Uo 5}gg\ .
12
subwards/EAs prepared on the basis of Census 2001 1 . The first
sampling stage for the NLSS III is identical to the one prepared for the
2008 National Labor Force Survey (NLFS), and identifies a sample of
800 wards (Primary Sampling Units, PSUs) selected with probability
proportional to size. Out of these 800 PSUs, 500 PSUs are selected as
the second stage with explicit sub-stratification based on 14 strata, and
12 households selected with equal probability in each PSU using
household listings prepared for the 2008 NLFS.
Poverty in Nepal
2010/11
1. Introduction
Latest estimates of poverty in Nepal are based on the third round of the
Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS-III, 2010-11).
The survey methodology as well as the technique for poverty
estimation follow international best practices and benefited from
World Bank technical assistance. NLSS-III has been conducted with
financial assistance from DFID, DanIDA, WFP and the World Bank.
Similarly to previous rounds, NLSS III is composed of a crosssectional and of a panel component. Altogether, after completion of
the field work, 5988 households were interviewed for the cross
section, and 1128 households for panel part of the survey.
The NLSS is the survey officially used for poverty estimation in
Nepal. The NLSS is a multi-module household survey which contains
information on a wide array of topics related to the levels and
determinants of living standards in Nepal. The consumption module
from the NLSS survey permits the construction of a comprehensive
household-level measure of well being (“consumption aggregate”),
which is used for the purpose of constructing a poverty profile for
Nepal and for measuring the extent and depth of poverty.
The 12 analytical domains represented in the NLSS III survey are the
following:
1. Himal (high mountain), 2. urban Kathmandu valley, 3. urban hill, 4.
urban terai, 5. rural eastern hill, 6. rural central hill, 7. rural western
hill, 8. rural mid west and far western hill, 9. rural eastern terai 10.
rural central terai, 11. rural western terai, 12. rural mid west and far
west terai.
2. Survey methodology
The sample design for the NLSS III is similar to the one used in
previous survey rounds and the sampling frame is the list of wards and
1
13
The choice not to base NLSS III on a new sampling frame was driven by the
desire not to subtract resources to the concurrent preparation of the Census 2011.
According to the CBN approach, the poverty line can be defined as the
expenditure value (in local currency) required by an individual to
fulfill his/her basic needs in terms of both food and non food items.
Field Work and Reference period.
Field work was conducted over a 12 months period, from midFebruary 2010 to mid-February 2011. The sample was constructed in
such way to be nationally representative for each of the three seasons
covered during the fieldwork 2 .
While the poverty line in the previous round of the survey in 2003-04
(NLSS II) was an update of prices for the same basic needs basket
estimated in 1995-96 (NLSS I), the poverty line for 2010-11 is based
on a new basic needs basket of the poor to reflect changes in well
being over time.
The main innovation introduced with the NLSS III survey relates to
the collection of food consumption information. In particular, in
addition to asking households their consumption during the “typical
month” for each of the 72 food items as in previous survey rounds
(NLSS I-II), the NLSS III also introduces a new “last 7 days”
reference period for measuring food consumption.
3.1 Estimation of the Food Poverty Line
The food basket of the poverty line is constructed by estimating how
much the poor spend to reach a minimum caloric requirement of 2,220
Kcal per day.
In the estimation of the new poverty line for 2010-11, the food
component of the consumption aggregate has been constructed using
information on food consumed during the last 7 days. According to
international best practices, this new measure of food consumption
limits the extent of recall bias in the estimates, and therefore improves
measurement quality.
3.
The minimum caloric requirement was estimated considering
composition by age and sex of an average Nepalese household in
2010-11 and using the recommended dietary allowances by age-gender
groups as prescribed in the Ministry of Agriculture publication (HMG
Ministry of Agriculture, 1994) (see Table 1).
Poverty measurement technique and poverty lines
The estimation of poverty in NLSS III is based on the same
methodology followed in previous survey rounds. In particular,
poverty estimation follows the Cost of Basic Needs approach (CBN).
2
See Table 4 for reference to the seasons.
14
In particular, the poor’s consumption of fruits, meat, fish, egg and rice
increased substantially over the last 15 years. As a consequence, given
that the relatively poor in 2010-11 consume more “high quality food”
than the relatively poor in 1995-96, the new food poverty line has to
reflect a higher cost of obtaining the minimum caloric requirement
associated with the new (and improved) food consumption patterns.
Table 1: Recommended daily dietary allowance and household
composition NLSS III
Demographic group
Recommended
daily allowance*
Number
per HH
594**
735***
1,240
1,690
1,950
2,190
1,970
2,450
2,060
2,640
2,060
2,875
2,225
0.056
0.044
0.312
0.346
0.366
0.209
0.201
0.185
0.192
0.149
0.179
1.139
1.475
Average Household size
Average Caloric requirement per household
Total per capita caloric requirement
4.852
0-6 months
6-12 months
1-3 years
4-6 years
7-9 years
Boys 10-12 years
Girls 10-12 years
Boys 13-15 years
Girls 13-15 years
Boys 16-18 years
Girls 16-18 years
Men 19 and above
Women 19 and above
Total
Calories
33
32
387
585
714
457
396
452
395
394
368
3,276
3,282
3.2 Estimation of the non-food allowance
Besides meeting the minimum caloric requirement, individuals also
need to satisfy basic non-food needs. However, while there is a caloric
anchor guiding the estimation of the food poverty line, no objective
minimum non-food requirement exists a priori. Following international
standards and similarly to what done in 1995-96, we assume that a
household whose food consumption is close to the food poverty line,
will spend the “minimum” required to fulfill non food needs.
10,770
2,220
Practically, the non food allowance was estimated considering the
share of non-food consumption (to total consumption) of households
with per-capita food consumption close to the food poverty line 3 in
each of the analytical domains.
The second step in estimating the food poverty line requires
identifying the basket of food that allows the relatively poor
(households whose total consumption lies in the 2nd to 5th deciles of
per capita consumption) to reach 2,220 Kcal per day.
3.3
Estimation of the 2010-11 Poverty Line
The overall poverty line is obtained aggregating the food and the non
food poverty line.
One important finding of the survey, which supports the decision to
estimate a new poverty line for 2010-11, is that the food habit and
consumption patterns have changed drastically since 1995/96 when the
NLSS-I was conducted and the poverty line first estimated.
3
15
Plus and minus 5 to 10% of the value of the food poverty line.
The poverty line for Nepal, in average 2010-11 prices, has been
estimated at Rs. 19,261; the food poverty line is Rs. 11,929 and the
non food poverty line Rs. 7,332.
4. Poverty rate and correlates of poverty
The poverty line establishes the distinction between who is poor and
who is not. In particular, according to the 2010-11 poverty line, an
individual in Nepal is considered poor if his/her per-capita total annual
consumption is below Rs. 19,261.
Table 2 below provides the details of the value of the poverty line in
local prices for each of the 12 analytical domains.
4.1 About 25 percent of the population in Nepal lives below the
poverty line. According to the new poverty line, the poverty incidence
(headcount rate) for Nepal in 2010-11 is 25.16 percent. The poverty
rate is much lower in urban areas (15.46 percent) than in rural areas
(27.43 percent).
Table 2: Poverty line in local prices and spatial price index
Analytical Domain
Mountains
Urban - Kathmandu
Urban - Hill
Urban -Terai
Rural Hills - Eastern
Rural Hills -Central
Rural Hills - Western
Rural Hills - Mid and
Far Western
Rural Terai - Eastern
Rural Terai - Central
Rural Terai Western
Rural Terai - Mid and
Far Western
Nepal
Poverty Lines*
Food Non-food Overall
13,295
6,564 19,859
14,610
26,323 40,933
11,805
7,772 19,577
11,743
9,390 21,133
12,297
4,254 16,551
12,240
6,448 18,689
12,537
5,891 18,428
Spatial price indices
Food Non-food Overall
1.114
0.895 1.031
1.225
3.590 2.125
0.990
1.060 1.016
0.984
1.281 1.097
1.031
0.580 0.859
1.026
0.880 0.970
1.051
0.804 0.957
11,772
11,333
11,257
4,583 16,355
5,524 16,856
6,283 17,540
0.987
0.950
0.944
0.625
0.753
0.857
0.849
0.875
0.911
10,600
5,398 15,998
0.889
0.736
0.831
10,998
6,321 17,319
0.922
0.862
0.899
11,929
7,332 19,261
1.000
1.000
1.000
Table 3 below provides the details of the poverty headcount rate, depth
of poverty (poverty gap) and severity of poverty (squared poverty gap)
by analytical domain.
16
Table 3 poverty profile by analytical domain
of the
of the
poor population
11.7
19.0
88.3
81.0
42.27
11.47
8.72
22.04
15.93
29.37
28.01
10.14
2.77
1.75
4.31
2.91
8.52
5.31
3.54
1.00
0.54
1.29
0.82
3.70
1.75
11.8
2.6
1.5
7.5
4.0
10.8
10.5
7.0
5.7
4.4
8.6
6.3
9.3
9.5
36.83
8.89
3.13
13.3
9.1
20.97
23.13
22.31
3.67
4.14
4.40
0.91
1.08
1.35
9.6
13.9
5.9
11.6
15.1
6.6
31.09
7.17
2.47
8.5
6.9
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
17
Feb 1, 11
Mountains
Urban - Kathmandu
Urban - Hill
Urban -Terai
Rural Hills - Eastern
Rural Hills -Central
Rural Hills - Western
Rural Hills - Mid and
Far Western
Rural Terai - Eastern
Rural Terai - Central
Rural Terai - Western
Rural Terai - Mid and
Far Western
4.3 Seasonal poverty is lowest in third season (Oct-Jan). The first
and
the
second Figure: Seasonality in poverty
seasons (from Feb
2010 to Sep 2010)
have similar poverty
rates of 26 percent,
while the third season
has the lowest poverty
rate of 23 percent.
Table 4 shows the
seasonal variation of
poverty in greater
Date of Survey
detail. The poverty
rates are highest in
April-May coinciding with the food scarce months. Poverty declines
Jan 1, 11
7.0
44.2
48.7
Dec 1, 10
11.8
42.8
45.4
Nov 1, 10
3.54
2.09
1.31
Oct 1, 10
10.14
5.69
4.52
Sep 1, 10
42.27
24.32
23.44
Aug 1, 10
Mountain
Hill
Terai
Jul 1, 10
23.3
35.7
19.2
13.0
8.8
Jun 1, 10
19.8
30.8
16.9
16.4
16.0
May 1, 10
1.01
1.76
1.38
2.69
3.77
Apr 1, 10
3.81
4.96
4.27
7.74
10.74
Mar 1, 10
21.44
21.69
22.25
31.68
45.61
35
Eastern
Central
Western
Midwestern
Farwestern
Feb 1, 10
Urban
Rural
Headcount Poverty gap
rate
(x100)
15.46
3.19
27.43
5.96
Poverty headcount rate
20
25
30
Region
Distribution
Poverty gap
squared
(x100)
1.01
2.00
15
Incidence
4.2 There is high variation in poverty rates amongst the 12
analytical domains. Table 3 shows that urban Hill is the least poor
region with a poverty incidence of 9 percent. The depth and severity is
also the lowest for this region. Within urban areas, poverty ranges
from 9 percent in urban Hills to 22 percent in urban Terai. Within rural
hills, poverty ranges from 16 percent in Eastern region to 37 percent in
Mid and Far Western region. Within rural Terai, poverty ranges from
21 percent in Eastern region to 31 percent in Mid and Far Western
region. Within each of the development region except the Eastern, hills
have higher poverty rates than Terai. The depth and severity of poverty
is highest in Rural hills of Western and Mid-Far-Western region.
gradually till July and again spikes in September. Poverty falls sharply
between September and November. Poverty is lowest around
November 1 and the timing coincides with the festivals of Dashain and
Tihar.
number of children under 7 present in the household. Poverty rate is
lowest at 12 percent for household with no child under 7, but increases
to 47 percent for households with 3 or more children under 7.
Table 5: Poverty and household demographics
Table 4: Seasonal variation in poverty
Incidence
Season
Distribution
Headcount
Poverty
Poverty gap
rate gap (x100) squared (x100)
Household
demographics
Household size
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 or more
of the
of the
poor population
Season 1 (Feb - May)
26.62
5.85
1.94
35.3
33.3
Season 2 (Jun - Sep)
25.97
5.65
1.84
34.4
33.3
Season 3 (Oct - Jan)
22.87
4.80
1.65
30.3
33.3
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
4.4 Poverty increases with household size. As shown in Table 5,
poverty incidence increases monotonically with household size. The
poverty rate is the lowest for one-person households (3 percent),
increases drastically to 7 percent for two-person households and
reaches the maximum (38 percent) for households having 7 or more
members. The depth and severity of the poverty also increase with
household size, reaching up to 9 percent and 3 percent respectively for
the households that have 7 or more members.
Headcount
rate
Incidence
Poverty gap
Poverty gap
(x100) squared (x100)
Distribution
of the
of the poor population
3.28
7.40
7.48
12.76
21.10
32.39
37.59
0.88
1.38
1.25
2.56
4.43
6.63
8.61
0.36
0.39
0.34
0.81
1.46
2.18
2.95
0.1
1.3
2.8
8.4
15.6
22.5
49.4
0.7
4.4
9.4
16.5
18.6
17.5
33.0
Number of children 0-6
0
1
2
3 or more
12.31
25.21
41.48
46.64
2.05
4.94
10.01
11.95
0.56
1.49
3.53
4.54
20.4
29.1
29.8
20.7
41.8
29.0
18.1
11.2
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
5.6 Female headed households have slightly lower poverty rates.
Table 6 shows the poverty rates by the age-gender characteristics of
household head. Poverty rates are very similar across different
categories. Poverty rates are slightly higher for households headed by
males between 26 and 45 years of age and slightly lower of households
headed by female.
4.5 Poverty increases with number of kids that are under 7. Table
5 also shows that poverty rates are positively correlated with the
18
women who completed primary education are much less likely to be
poor than households in which the most educated female has lower
than primary education.
Table 6: Poverty by age-gender characteristics of the household
head
Table 7: Poverty and level of education
Incidence
Distribution
Incidence
Household Head
Headcount Poverty
Poverty gap
characteristics
rate gap (x100) squared (x100)
Male, <=25 years
24.49
5.41
1.82
Male, [26, 45] years
27.30
6.10
2.10
Male, 46+ years
24.29
5.07
1.65
Female
23.69
5.15
1.69
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
of the
of the
poor population
1.9
1.9
35.7
32.9
42.6
44.2
19.8
21.0
100.0
Education Level
Of household head
Illiterate or 0 years of schooling
Distribution
Poverty gap
Headcount Poverty gap
rate
(x100) squared (x100)
of the
of the
poor population
33.48
7.66
2.65
64.9
48.8
Literate, completed below grade 5
26.97
5.84
1.98
15.8
14.7
Completed grades 5-7
19.53
3.35
0.96
10.2
13.1
Completed grades 8-10
12.86
2.39
0.64
5.6
11.0
Completed grades 11+
7.11
1.09
0.25
3.5
12.4
Illiterate or 0 years of schooling
32.11
7.72
2.77
30.1
23.8
Literate, completed below grade 5
39.82
8.73
2.89
34.5
22.0
Completed grades 5-7
26.56
5.42
1.78
20.8
19.8
Completed grades 8-10
16.59
3.08
0.91
10.9
16.6
Completed grades 11+
5.15
0.70
0.15
3.6
17.8
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
100.0
Of most educated female in household
5.7 Dalits bear a much higher burden of poverty compared to
Non-Dalits
The percentage of poor among Dalitsis 42 percent compared to 23
percent for the Non-Dalits.
Nepal
5.8 Higher levels of education are negatively correlated with
poverty. Table 7 shows the poverty rates by education level of the
household head as well as by the education level of the most educated
female in the household. Poverty is substantially lower for higher
levels of head’s education. Households with an illiterate head are more
than 4.5 times more likely to be poor than households with a head that
has completed 11 or higher. Similarly, households that have at least a
5.9 Households headed by agricultural wage workers are poorest
while those headed by professional wage-workers are the least
poor. Table 8 shows poverty rates by household head’s occupational
status. Households in which the head is a professional wage-worker
have a poverty rate of 6 percent compared to households with a head
in wage agriculture with a poverty rate of 47 percent. But these groups
19
of households only represent 7 percent of the total population.
Households with head self employed in agriculture have poverty rate
of 27 percent which is close to the poverty rate of households with the
head working in other-wage work or are unemployed. The poverty rate
for households with an inactive head is only 17 percent. This reflects
the fact the really poor household heads cannot afford to be out of the
labor force unless they have alternative sources of income.
4.10 Poverty falls drastically for households with more than 1
hectare of agricultural land. Table 9 shows that poverty rate falls,
both in rural and urban areas, with increase in the size of arable land.
In rural areas, households with more than 1 hectare of agricultural land
have lower than average poverty rates. In urban areas, reduction in
poverty appears even with smaller landholdings.
Table 9: Poverty and land ownership
Table 8: Poverty by occupation of the household head
Incidence
Household head's main
Headcount
occupation
rate
Self Employment
Agriculture
27.23
Manufacturing*
22.44
Trade
13.21
Services
19.63
Wage
Agriculture
47.03
Professional
5.55
Other
28.25
Extended economic activity
31.55
Unemployed
26.65
Inactive
16.63
Nepal
25.16
Incidence
Poverty Poverty gap
gap
squared
(x100)
(x100)
Distribution
Land ownership
status
All
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Nepal
of the
of the
poor population
6.00
5.03
2.54
3.33
2.05
1.77
0.74
1.02
55.2
3.8
4.1
2.0
51.0
4.2
7.9
2.6
8.56
1.14
5.76
9.37
3.60
3.35
2.52
0.35
1.73
3.67
0.86
1.09
6.3
0.7
16.2
5.9
0.4
5.3
3.4
3.3
14.5
4.7
0.4
8.0
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
*Manufacturing includes workers in: mining and quarrying, construction, electricity
and utilities as well.
20
Distribution
Headcount Poverty gap
Poverty gap
rate
(x100) squared (x100)
of the
of the
poor population
22.71
29.93
28.18
19.13
6.50
25.16
4.68
7.00
6.23
3.33
1.25
5.43
1.51
2.48
2.09
0.93
0.44
1.81
18.9
20.7
49.4
9.8
1.2
100.0
21.0
17.4
44.1
12.8
4.7
100.0
Rural
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Rural
28.48
32.04
29.58
20.07
7.68
27.43
5.71
7.61
6.58
3.50
1.48
5.96
1.83
2.71
2.23
0.98
0.52
2.00
13.4
21.4
53.2
10.6
1.4
100.0
12.9
18.3
49.4
14.5
4.9
100.0
Urban
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Urban
16.93
18.02
14.47
9.07
0.00
15.46
3.64
3.58
2.78
1.53
0.00
3.19
1.19
1.19
0.78
0.34
0.00
1.01
60.3
16.1
20.2
3.4
0.0
100.0
55.1
13.8
21.5
5.8
3.8
100.0
5. Unambiguous trend decline in poverty over time
4.11 Poverty is strongly linked with access to facilities. Table 10
shows that access to services is also an important correlate of poverty.
Households that are closer to facilities are less likely to be poor than
the national average. Having good access to higher secondary school,
public hospital, paved roads, market centers, agricultural center,
cooperative and banks have large effects on poverty.
Comparison of changes in poverty over time has to be done carefully
when poverty line or the minimum welfare threshold to be considered
not poor has been increased as in Nepal. Comparing poverty estimates
at two different poverty lines (two different minimum real welfare
levels) at two points of time would under-estimate progress in poverty
reduction.
Table 10: Poverty and access to facilities
Incidence
Household within 30
minutes of:
Primary School
Secondary School
Higher Secondary School
Health post/Sub-health post
Public hospital
Bus stop
Paved road
Vehicle passable dirt road
Haat bazaar
Market center
Agriculture center
Cooperative
Bank
Nepal
Headcount Poverty
rate gap (x100)
24.35
5.15
20.83
4.20
17.92
3.45
22.00
4.42
15.59
3.01
19.03
3.66
17.11
3.33
24.41
4.95
21.04
3.75
16.29
3.26
15.34
3.02
16.99
3.41
14.71
2.95
25.16
5.43
A simple comparison of poverty in 2010-11 (25.2%) with the estimate
in the past for 1995-96 (41.8%) and 2003-04 (30.8 %) shows that
poverty has been on decline. The decline is greater if one were to use
unchanged poverty lines over the entire period close to 30 percentage
point decline in the last 15 years. The progress in poverty reduction is
about the same and significant measured either in terms of the old or
new (higher) poverty line. In Figure 1, the red line reflect changes in
poverty over time using the old 1995-96 poverty line (approach 1),
whereas the blue line reflects changes based on the “new”, more
generous 2010-11 poverty line.
Distribution
Poverty gap
squared
(x100)
1.68
1.30
1.02
1.35
0.90
1.07
0.97
1.55
1.00
0.99
0.91
1.09
0.90
of the
of the
poor population
91.5
94.5
58.2
70.3
39.1
54.9
42.9
49.0
20.1
32.4
49.1
64.9
33.6
49.4
62.3
64.2
33.2
39.6
28.2
43.6
25.4
41.6
34.5
51.0
22.6
38.6
1.81
21
Figure 1: Trends in poverty incidence for Nepal, 1995-2010
Note:
To make valid comparison of poverty over time requires comparable consumption aggregates
similarly constructed that are converted to constant prices using price deflator relevant for the poor. The
dotted lines in the figure represent the alternative estimates based on such valid comparisons.
As clear from the shape of the lines in the graph, the trend of poverty
over time does not depend on the method used for the analysis, or
more importantly, is not driven by an “ad hoc” choice of the poverty
line. Under either the old or the new poverty line, the poverty
headcount ratio declined by approximately 30 percentage points.
22
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p2]Zo b]zleqsf gd"gf 5gf}6df k/]sf kl/jf/x?af6 tYofÍ ;+sng u/L
g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/df cfPsf kl/jt{g / ljleGg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdn]
hLjg:t/df kf/]sf k|efjx?af/] cWoog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;"rgf k|jfx ug'{ xf] .
o; p2]Zocg'¿k, of] ;j]{If0fn] klxn]sf b'O{ ;j]{If0fx?;Fu t'ngf ug{ ldNg]
lsl;dn] g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/ dfkg ug{ tYofÍx? ;Íng u/]sf] 5 .
5gf}6 ljlwnfO{ a9L j}1flgs / k|ltlglwd"ns agfpg g]kfnnfO{ !$ tx
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If]q, cGo kxf8sf gu/ If]q, k"j{, dWo, klZrd, dWo–klZrd tyf ;'b"/–klZrd
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j8f/j8fv08 5fGbf j8fleqsf kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 7"nf j8fsf] ;f]xL
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5flgPsf] lyof] / 5flgPsf] j8f / j8f v08leqaf6 !@ kl/jf/ 5fGbf ;dfg
;Defjgf (Equal Probability) sf cfwf/df 5flgPsf] lyP .
@= ;j]{If0fsf] 5gf}6 ljlw
o; t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fdf b]zsf] gu/–u|fdL0f ;+/rgf, cfjf;, /f]huf/L,
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ug{ klxnf] / bf];|f] ;j]{If0fdf cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf kl/jf/dWo]af6 Ps 5'§} Kofgn
:ofDkn klg 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] .
;j]{If0fsf] nflu gd"gf u0fgf If]qsf] 5gf]6 !$ txdf ul/Psf] ePtfklg oL ;a}
txdf ul/g] cg'dfg e/kbf{ / Ps}¿ksf gx'g] ePsfn] tYof+s ljZn]if0f / ul/aL
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e]6\6fpg ;kmn eO ltgLx?sf] ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] lyof] .
ltgLx?sf] a]Unfa]Un} nfut lgsfn]/ b'a}nfO{ hf]8L ul/aLsf] /]vf lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
o; ul/aL /]vfn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf h'6fpg cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd vr{sf]
/fzL lbG5 . o;k|sf/ s'n kfl/jfl/s pkef]u vr{ pQm /]vfeGbf sd x'g] cyf{t\
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cufl8;Ddsf ljj/0fx¿ ;Íng ul/Psf lyP . o; t];|f] ;j]{If0fdf klxnf] k6s
kl/jf/n] pkef]u u/]sf] vfB ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f ;j]{If0fk"j{sf] & lbgsf] ;Gbe{
;dosf] lnOPsf] 5 .
$= ul/aLdfkg
g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f t];|f]sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] of] ul/aL ljZn]if0f klxnf] /
bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf cfwf/df ul/Psf ljZn]if0fx? h:t} d"ntM kfl/jfl/s pkef]u
vr{sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 . o;k6s klg s'n kfl/jfl/s pkef]u vr{ (Total
Consumption Aggregate for Household – Expenditure Approach) u0fgf ug]{
ljlw d"n¿kdf klxnf] / bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf] h:t} ckgfOPsf] 5 . o; ljlwcg';f/
kl/jf/sf] vfB a:t', u}/vfB a:t' / af;:yfgsf] nflu ePsf vr{x? hf]8]/ s'n
kfl/jfl/s vr{ lgsflnG5 .
g]kfndf xfn;Dd ckgfOPsf ul/aLdfkg k|lqmof "cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf]
nfut" (Cost of Basic Needs Approach) df cfwfl/t 5 . o; ljlwcg';f/
cfwf/e""t cfjZostfnfO{ vfB / u}/vfB cfjZostf u/L b'O{ efudf afF8]/
2
tflnsf !M k|ltAolQm k|ltlbg Sofnf]/L cfjZostf / kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf, @)^^/^&
pd]/ ;d"x
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]
cfjZos Sofnf]/ L*
) – ^ dlxgf
^ – !@ dlxgf
! – # jif{
$ – ^ jif{
& – ( jif{
afns !) – !@ jif{
afnLsf !) – !@ jif{
lszf]/ !# – !% jif{
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lszf]/ !^ – !* jif{
lszf]/ L !^ – !* jif{
k?if !( jif{ / dfly
dlxnf !( jif{ / dfly
594**
735***
1,240
1,690
1,950
2,190
1,970
2,450
2,060
2,640
2,060
2,875
2,225
cf};t kl/jf/ ;+Vof
k|lt 3/kl/jf/ cf};t Sofnf]/L
k|l t AolQm k|l tlbg Sofnf]/ L cfjZostf
kl/jf/
;b:o ;+Vof
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0.056
0.044
0.312
0.346
0.366
0.209
0.201
0.185
0.192
0.149
0.179
1.139
1.475
33
32
387
585
714
457
396
452
395
394
368
3,276
3,282
a]Unfa]Un} dfqfdf vr{ ePsf] x'G5 . ;dfg Sofnf]/L k|fKt ug{ ;:tf] jf dFxuf]
h'g;'s} a:t' k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f, cS;/u/]/ wgL ju{sf] k|lt Sofnf]/L
vr{ ul/a au{sf] eGbf pRr x'G5 .
ul/aL ljZn]if0fk"j{ ;fk]lIfs ul/a ;d"x (Relatively Poor – Reference Group)
n] pkef]u ug]{ vfB a:t'x?sf] 8fnf] (Food Basket) klxrfg ul/G5 . g]kfnsf]
k|rngcg';f/ k|ltAolQm pkef]usf] bf];|f] bzdsb]lv kfFrf} bzds (Second to
Fifth decile) ;Ddsf] hg;+Vofn] pkef]u ug]{ vfB a:t'x?sf] tf}n ;+/rgfnfO{
;fk]lIfs ul/an] k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/e"t vfB a:t'sf]¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 / o;}nfO{
cfwf/e"t vfB a:t'sf] 8fnf] (Elementary Food Basket) elgPsf] 5 .
ul/aL ljZn]if0fsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf ljutsf ul/aLsf b/x?;Fu t'ngfof]Uo x'g]
u/L ljZn]if0f ug{' xf] . o;af6 ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf
k|ToIf¿kn] d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof, o;k|sf/sf] t'ngfof]Uo
ljZn]if0f ubf{ ckgfOg] cfwf/e"t dfGotf ;fk]lIfs ul/an] k|of]u ug]{ vfB
8fnf]df kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g eGg] x'G5 . cyf{t\ Pp6} 8fnf]nfO{ ljleGg ;dosf]
ahf/sf cfwf/df 8fnf]sf] d"Nof+sg u/L kl/jf/sf] z'?sf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfP
gcfPsf] x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/ klxnf] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fb]lv xfn;Ddsf] !% jif{sf]
cjlwdf 3/kl/jf/n] k|of]u ug]{ cfwf/e"t vfB 8fnf]sf] ;+/rgfdf pNn]vgLo
¿kn] kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL b'O{ ;j]{If0f cjlwdf ;fk]lIfs ul/a
;d"xn] k|of]u ug]{ vfB 8fnf]df kg]{ a:t'x?sf] tf}n ;+/rgf, k|fKt Sofnf]/L tyf
vfB vr{sf] lx:;fdf Aofks kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . pQm vfB 8fnf]df vf;u/]/
lrp/f, t/sf/L, kmnk"mn, df5fdf;', c08f, b"w bxL tyf t]n l3psf] dfqfdf lgs}
a[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] rfdn afx]ssf cGgx?sf] vkt 36]sf] 5 . To;}u/L pQm
ju{sf] u}/vfB a:t'x?sf] vr{ ;+/rgfdf ;d]t Aofks kl/jt{g ePsf] cg'dfg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
4.852
10,770
2,220
*;|f]tM -tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ s[lif dGqfno, !(($_, -;j]{If0fsf] afnaflnsfsf] gfktf}n
v08af6 k|fKtM– **cf};t zf/Ll/s jhg %=% lsnf]u|fd, *** cf};t zf/Ll/s jhg &=%
lsnf]u|fd_ . jo:s k'?if / dlxnfsf Sofnf]/Lsf b/x? ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] sfd ug]{ / cf};t
jhg %) lsnf]u|fd ePsfsf nflu lnOPsf] 5 .
k|ltlbg cfjZos kg]{ pQm zlQm k|fKt ug{ ljleGg 3/kl/jfx?n] cf–cfkm\gf]
uR5]cg';f/ a]Unfa]Un} d"Nosf a]Unfa]Un} vfB kbfy{x? pkef]u u/]sf x'G5g\ .
To;}n] kl/jf/cg';f/ Tolt g} Sofnf]/L k|fKt ug{sf] nflu klg ljleGg kl/jf/sf]
3
To;sf/0f ;fk]lIfs ul/asf] vfB 8fnf] abln;s]sf] cj:yfdf klg pxL !% aif{]
k'/fgf] 8fnf]sf] cfwf/df ul/aL cg''dfg ubf{ e|d ;[hgf x'g] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
o; k6ssf] ul/aL ljZn]if0f gofF 8fnf]sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm
ljutdf cf};t dlxgfsf] vfB pkef]usf] cfwf/df vfBul/aL /]vfsf] u0fgf
ul/b} cfPsf]df o;k6s ljut & lbgsf] vfB pkef]u vr{sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf]
5 . o;af6 klg xfnsf] ul/aL cg'dfg cem af:tljs x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
oBlk o; t];|f] ;j]{If0faf6 lgsflnPsf o; k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt ul/aLsf b/x?
ljutsf;Fu ;fjwfgLk"j{s t'ngf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
cGTodf, vfB ul/aL /]vf / u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf] of]u lgsfnL k|To]s If]qsf]
nflu a]Unfa]Un} ul/aL /]vfsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
;j]{If0fsf] ;dosf] k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qcg';f/
ul/aLsf /]vfx¿ b'O{ ;d"xdf cyf{t\ vfB tyf u}/vfBcg';f/ sfod ul/Psf 5g\
hxfF u}/vfBdf cfjf;, nQfsk8f / lzIff nufotsf vr{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
o; ;j]{If0f @)^^/^& df ul/aLsf /]vfx? !@ ljZn]if0ffTds If]qsf] cfwf/df
lgsflnPsf 5g\ . tb\g';f/ g]kfnsf] ;fnfvfnf ul/aLsf] /]vf k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{
?= !(,@^! lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf ?= !!,(@( / u}/vfB
ul/aLsf] /]vf ?= &,##@ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o; lsl;dn] sf7df8f}F pkTosf zx/L
If]qsf] ul/aLsf] /]vf ;a}eGbf a9L cyf{t\ jflif{s ?= $),(## sfod x'g cfPsf]
5 eg] u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{{ If]qsf] ul/aLsf] /]vf ;a}eGbf sd cyf{t\ ?=
!%,((* sfod x'g cfPsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @_ . oL /]vfx?n] tL If]qsf
JolQmx?sf] hLjgofkgsf nflu Go"gtd\ cfjZostfsf] nfut b]vfpF5g\ / tL
/]vfeGbf d'gL pkef]u vr{ ePsf JolQm / kl/jf/x? ul/a dflgG5g\ .
cf};tdf k|ltJolQm k|ltlbg slt lsnf]Sofnf]/L cfjZos k5{ eGg] lx;fj lgsfNg
ln+u, pd]/ ;d"x cflbn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'Fbf ;j]If0faf6 k|fKt hg;f+lVos ;"rgfsf
cfwf/df pd]/ ;d"x / ln+usf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;Gbe{ jif{df sl/j @,@@) lsnf]
Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ b]lvPsf] xf] -tflnsf g+= !_ . To;kl5 lgwf{l/t 8fnf]df
k/]sf vfB a:t'x?sf] cf};t k|ltAolQm b}lgs pkef]u dfqf lgsfn]/ pQm 8fnf]n]
@,@@) lsnf]Sofnf]/L tyf ;Dk"0f{ vfB vr{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/f];\ eGg] x]t'n]
clea[l4 u/L clGtd 8fnf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L lgsflnPsf] 8fnf]sf] !@
j6f ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?sf k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df 5'6\6f 5'6\6} vfB ul/aL
/]vf (Food Poverty Line) lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} u}/vfB ul/aLsf] /]vf
(Non-food Poverty Line) tof/Lsf] nflu k|ltAolQm vfB pkef]u vr{ vfB
ul/aL /]vfsf] glhs x'g] cf};t kl/jf/sf] k|ltAolQm u}/vfBdf ePsf] vr{nfO{
u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] cg'dfgdf vfB ul/aL
/]vfsf] C0ffTds % k|ltzt / wgfTds % k|ltztdf kg]{ u}/vfB /]vfx?sf]
cf};t / vfB ul/aL /]vfsf C0ffTds !) k|ltzt / wgfTds !) k|ltztdf kg]{
u}/vfB /]vfx?sf] cf};tsf aLr cf};t lgsfnL hDdf u}/vfB ul/aL /]vfsf]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf u}/vfB ul/aL /]vf klg k|To]s !@ j6f
ljZn]if0ffTds If]qx?df lgsflnPsf] 5 .
4
%= ul/aLsf] glthf ljZn]if0f
tflnsf @ M k|rlnt d"Nosf cfwf/df If]qcg';f/sf ul/aLsf /]vfx¿
-?= df_, @)^^/^&
%=! sl/j @% k|ltzt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf 5g\ – ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt
ljZn]if0ffTds If]q
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vfB
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If]qut d"No ;"rf+sx?
hDdf
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lxdfn
!#,@(%
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u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn kxf8
!@,@(& $,@%$
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u|fdL0f dWodf~rn kxf8
!@,@$) ^,$$* !*,^*(
!=)@^
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u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn kxf8
!@,%#&
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)=(%&
u|fdL0f ;''b"/÷dWo
klZrdf~rn kxf8
!!,&&@ $,%*#
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)=(*&
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u|fdL0f k"jf~rn t/fO{{
!!,### %,%@$
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!!,@%&
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u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{{ !),^))
%,#(* !%,((*
)=**(
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u|fdL0f ;''b"/÷dWo
klZrdf~rn t/fO{{
!),((*
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!&,#!(
)=(@@
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!!(@(
&##@
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!=)))
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g]kfn
%,*(! !*,$@*
glthfcg';f/ pk/f]Qm ul/aLsf] /]vfcg';f/ g]kfndf sl/j @% k|ltzt dflg;x?
(Head Count) ul/a b]lvG5g\ . zx/L / u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/aLsf] b/ t'ngf ubf{
zx/L If]qdf sl/a !% k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf sl/j @& k|ltzt hg;+Vof
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ul/aLsf] ljifdtfsf] ;"rsn] ul/a
dflgPsfx¿dWo] klg slt k|ltzt ul/ax¿ ul/aLsf] /]vfeGbf slt 6f9f (Depth)
5g\ eGg] hgfpFb5 . pQm ;"rs @)^^/^& df %=$# k|ltzt /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
;fy} csf]{ ;"rs ul/aLsf] uxgtf (Severity) sf] ;"rsn] ul/ax¿aLr s]–slt
c;dfgtf 5 eGg] hgfpFb5 . pQm ;"rs @)^^/^& df !=*! k|ltzt /x]sf]
cg'dfg 5 -tflnsf g+= #_ .
tflnsf # M ul/aLsf] b/, ljifdtf / uxgtf, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^^/^&
g]kfn
zx/L If]q
u|fdL0f If]q
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf]
hg;+Vof
ul/aLsf] ljifdtf
ul/aLsf] uxgtf
(Headcount Index)
(Poverty Gap Index)
(Squared Poverty
Gap Index)
@%=!^
!%=$^
@&=$#
-k|ltztdf_
%=$#
#=!(
%=(^
!=*!
!=)!
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%=@ ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/aLsf] b/, ljifdtf / uxgtf ;a}eGbf pRr
/x]sf] 5 – o; ljsf; If]qdf ;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL b/ -$^ k|ltzt_, ;a}eGbf a9L
ul/aL ljifdtf -!! k|ltzt_ / ;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL uxgtf -$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . s'n
hg;+Vofsf] ljt/0fsf] t'ngfdf dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/ax?sf]
km}nfj6 a9L /x]sf] 5 .
5
tflnsf $M If]qcg';f/ ul/aLsf] l:ylt, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^^/^&
If]q
ul/jLsf] ul/jLsf]
ul/jL b/ ljifdtf ;3gtf
zx/L If]q
u|fdL0f If]q
s"n
ul/jsf]
hg;+Vofsf]
km}nfj6-%_ ljt/0f
15.46
3.19
1.01
11.7
19.0
27.43
5.96
2.00
88.3
81.0
k""jf{~rn
dWodf~rn
klZrdf~rn
dWoklZrdf~rn
;'b"/klZrdf~rn
21.44
3.81
1.01
19.8
23.3
21.69
4.96
1.76
30.8
35.7
lxdfn
kxf8
t/fO{
lxdfn
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf zx/L If]q
cGo kxf8L zx/
t/fO{ zx/
u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn kxf8
u|fdL0f dWodf~rn kxf8
u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn kxf8
u|fdL0f ;''b"/÷dWo klZrdf~rn kxf8
u|fdL0f k"jf{~rn t/fO{
u|fdL0f dWodf~rn t/fO{
u|fdL0f klZrdf~rn t/fO{
u|fdL0f ;''b"/÷dWo klZrdf~rn t/fO
g]kfn
%=# lxdfnL If]q ;a}eGbf a9L ul/aLn] u|:t 5 – ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ lxdfndf
;a}eGbf a9L ul/aL -$@ k|ltzt_ 5 . kxf8df / t/fO{{df ul/aL b/ nueu
;dfg -sl/j @$ k|ltzt_ ePtfklg kxf8L If]qdf ul/aLsf] cj:yf a9L ljifd /
;3g 5 .
22.25
4.27
1.38
16.9
19.2
31.68
7.74
2.69
16.4
13.0
45.61
10.74
3.77
16.0
8.8
42.27
10.14
3.54
11.8
7.0
24.32
5.69
2.09
42.8
44.2
23.44
4.52
1.31
45.4
48.7
42.27
10.14
3.54
11.8
7.0
11.47
2.77
1.00
2.6
5.7
8.72
1.75
0.54
1.5
4.4
22.04
4.31
1.29
7.5
8.6
15.93
2.91
0.82
4.0
6.3
29.37
8.52
3.70
10.8
9.3
28.01
5.31
1.75
10.5
9.5
36.83
8.89
3.13
13.3
9.1
20.97
3.67
0.91
9.6
11.6
23.13
4.14
1.08
13.9
15.1
22.31
4.40
1.35
5.9
6.6
31.09
7.17
2.47
8.5
6.9
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.00
100.0
%=$ !@ cWoog If]qx?df ul/aLsf] ;d:ofdf lgs} leGgtf 5 – ;a}eGbf sd
ul/aL kxf8L zx/L If]qdf -( k|ltzt_ 5 . hxfF ul/aLsf] ljifdtf / uxgtf klg
Go"g 5g\ . zx/L If]qdf x]bf{ ul/aLsf] b/ kxf8L zx/df ( k|ltztb]lv t/fO{{sf
zx/df @@ k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f kxf8tkm{ x]bf{ ;j}eGbf sd
k'jf{~rnsf] u|fdL0f kxf8df !^ k|ltztb]lv u|fdL0f dWo / ;'b"/ klZrd kxf8df
#& k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L u|fdL0f t/fO{dWo] k"jf{~rndf @! k|ltztb]lv
dWo / ;'b"/ klZrdf~rndf #! k|ltzt;Dd 5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qafx]s ;a}
ljsf; If]qsf u|fdL0f kxf8L If]qx?df u|fdL0f t/fO{{ If]qdf eGbf a9L ul/aL 5 .
ul/aLsf] ljifdtf / uxgtf dWodf~rn / dWo–;'b"/ klZrdf~rnsf u|fdL0f
kxf8L If]qx?df em08} p:t} b]lvG5g\ .
%=% tYof+s ;+sngsf] t];|f] l;hgdf Go"gtd ul/aL 5 – tflnsf g+= % cg';f/
tYof+s ;+sngsf] k|yd l;hg -kmfu'g – h]7_ / bf];|f] l;hg -c;f/ – c;f]h_ df
;dfg ul/aL b/ -sl/j @^ k|ltzt_ kfOPsf] 5 . t/ t];|f] l;hg -sflt{s –
df3_ df ul/aL b/ Go"gtd @# k|ltzt dfq kfOPsf] 5 .
6
tflnsf %M tYof+s ;+sngsf] l;hgcg';f/ ul/aLsf] l:ylt
tflnsf g+= ^ M ul/aL / 3/kl/jf/sf] hg;f+lVos cj:yf
b/x?
ul/aLsf]
ul/aLsf]
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
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;'Vvf ofd -kmfu'g – h]7_
jiff{ ofd -c;f/ – c;f]h_
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g]kfn
ul/aL
ul/jL b/ ljifdtf
ul/aL
;3gtf
s'n
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km}nfj6 ljt/0f
26.62
5.85
1.94
35.3
33.3
25.97
5.65
1.84
34.4
33.3
22.87
4.80
1.65
30.3
33.3
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
3/kl/jf/sf] ;b:o;+Vof
!
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#
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cfsf/cg';f/sf] ul/aLsf b/x?, ljifdtf / uxgtfsf] ;DaGwdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
h;cg';f/ Ps hgfdfq ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] b/ # k|ltzt 5 eg] !
hgf yk x'g]ljlQs} ul/aLsf] b/ a9]/ & k|ltzt x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L s|dzM
;fthgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cfsf/ ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] b/ #* k|ltzt;Dd
a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, ;fthgf jf ;f]eGbf a9L cfsf/ ePsf]
3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] ljifdtf ( k|ltzt;Dd k'u]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ 3/kl/jf/sf]
cfsf/sf] a[l4cg';f/ g} o;sf] uxgtf klg # k|ltzt;Dd k'u]sf] 5 .
) b]lv ^ jif{ ;Ddsf
)
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%=* dlxnf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL b/ t'ngfTds¿kdf s]xL sd
5 – tflnsf g+= & df 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] pd]/ / n+}lus ljz]iftfcg';f/ ul/aLsf
b/x? b]vfOPsf] 5 . ljleGg ;d"xdf ul/aLsf b/x? nueu ;dfg /x]sf 5g\ .
tfklg k'?if kl/jf/d"nL ePsfdWo] @^ jif{b]lv $% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf kl/jf/sf]
ul/aLsf] b/ s]xL a9L 5 eg] dlxnf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL
t'ngfTds¿kdf sd /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
%=& kl/jf/df ;ft jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vofsf] a[l4;Fu} ul/aL
a9]sf] 5 – tflnsf g+=^ n] ;ft jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof /
ul/aLsf] b/df wgfTds ;x—;DaGw /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;ft jif{eGbf sd
pd]/sf afnaflnsfx? gePsf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aLsf] b/ !@ k|ltzt /x]sf]df
To:tf afnaflnsfx? tLg hgfeGbf a9L x'Fbf ul/aLsf] b/ sl/j $& k|ltzt;Dd
a[l4 ePsf] cg'dfg 5 .
7
tflnsf g+ &=M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] pd]/—n+}lus ljz]iftfcg';f/ ul/aL
3/kl/jf/d"nLsf]
ljz]iftf
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b/
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@$=@(
@#=^(
@%=!^
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
tflnsf *M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] z}lIfs l:ylt / ul/aL
ul/aLsf]
uxgtf
ul/asf]
km}nfj6
hg;+Vofsf]
ljt/0f
%=$!
!=*@
!=(
!=(
^=!)
%=)&
%=!%
%=$#
@=!)
!=^%
!=^(
!=*!
#%=&
$@=^
!(=*
!))=)
#@=(
$$=@
@!=)
!))=)
z}l I fs :t/
3/ kl/ jf/ d"n L
lg/If/
;fIf/, k|fylds tx kf; gu/]sf]
ul/aL b/
ul/aL sf ]
laif d tf
ul/aL sf ]
uxgtf
ul/asf ] hg;+V of sf ]
lj t/0f
lj t/0f
33.5
7.7
2.7
64.9
48.8
27.0
5.8
2.0
15.8
14.7
% – & sIff k'/ f u/]sf]
19.5
3.4
1.0
10.2
13.1
* – !) sIff k"/ f u/]sf]
!! sIff jf ;f]eGbf a9L k9]sf]
12.9
2.4
0.6
5.6
11.0
7.1
1.1
0.3
3.5
12.4
32.1
7.7
2.8
30.1
23.8
39.8
8.7
2.9
34.5
22.0
26.6
5.4
1.8
20.8
19.8
16.6
3.1
0.9
10.9
16.6
5.2
0.7
0.2
3.6
17.8
2 5. 2
5. 4
1.8
100.0
100.0
dlxnf ;b :osf] pRrtd sI ff
%=( kl/jf/d"nLsf] z}lIfs :t/ a9\bf ul/aL 36\b} uPsf] 5 – kl/jf/d"nLn] k|fKt
u/]sf] z}lIfs :t/ cg';f/ ul/aLdf k|ToIf 36a9 ePsf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ dflyNnf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL sd b]lvPsf]
5 . tflnsf * df kl/jf/d"nLsf] z}lIfs:t/cg';f/sf] ul/aL / dlxnf kl/jf/
;b:osf] z}lIfs:t/cg';f/sf] ul/aL lbOPsf] 5 . P3f/ sIff jf ;f]eGbf dflyNnf]
sIff kf; u/]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/eGbf lg/If/ kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/
ul/a x'g] ;Defjgf sl/j ;f9] rf/ u'0ffn] a9L 5 . To;}u/L k|fylds tx kf;
gu/]sf dlxnf kl/jf/ ;b:o ePsf kl/jf/sf] ul/aL k|fylds tx kf; u/]sf
dlxnf kl/jf/ ;b:o ePsf kl/jf/sf] eGbf a9L 5 .
lg/If/
;fIf/, k|fylds tx kf; gu/]sf]
% – & sIff k"/ f u/]sf]
* – !) sIff k"/ f u/]sf]
!! sIff jf ;f]eGbf a9L k9]sf]
hDdf
%=!) s[lif If]qsf] Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nLePsf 3/kl/jf/x? cGo
If]qsf] Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf kl/jf/x?sf] t'ngfdf a9L ul/a
b]lvPsf 5g\ – tflnsf ( df kl/jf/d"nLsf] k]zfcg';f/ ul/aLsf] b/ lbOPsf]
5 . s[lif If]qsf] Hofnfbf/Ldf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/x? $& k|ltzt
ul/a 5g\ eg] cGo Aoa;flos If]qsf Hofnfdf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf
3/kl/jf/x? ^ k|ltzt ul/a 5g\ . t/ oL b'a} If]qn] hDdf hg;+Vofsf] &
k|ltzt dfq cf]u6]sf] 5 . cfkm\g} v]ltkftLdf nfu]sf kl/jf/d"nL ePsf
3/kl/jf/dWo] @& k|ltzt ul/a 5g\ h'g cGo Hofnfbf/Ldf nfUg] / a]/f]huf/
8
tflnsf !)M ul/aL tyf hUufsf] :jfldTj
kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL;+u nueu a/fa/ 5 . To;}u/L lglZqmo
kl/jf/d"nL ePsf 3/kl/jf/dWo] !& k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/x? ul/a 5g\ .
(k|ltzt_
tflnsf ( M kl/jf/d"nLsf] d'Vo k]zfcg';f/ ul/aL
kl/jf/d"nLsf] d'Vo
k]zf
:j/f]huf/
s[lif If]q
pTkfbg pBf]u
Aofkf/
;]jf
Hofnf
s[lif If]q
cGo
Joj;flos If]q
cGo
lj:tfl/t cfly{s
sfd
j]/f]huf/
lglZqmo
g]kfn
ul/aLsf]
b/
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
ul/aLsf]
uxgtf
ul/asf]
km}nfj6
hg;+Vofsf]
ljt/0f
27.2
6.0
2.1
55.2
51.0
22.4
5.0
1.8
3.8
4.2
13.2
2.5
0.7
4.1
7.9
19.6
3.3
1.0
2.0
2.6
47.0
8.6
2.5
6.3
3.4
5.6
1.1
0.4
0.7
3.3
28.3
5.8
1.7
16.2
14.5
31.6
9.4
3.7
5.9
4.7
26.7
3.6
0.9
0.4
0.4
16.6
3.4
1.1
5.3
8.0
25.2
5.4
1.8
100.0
100.0
hDdf
hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ – ! x]S6/;Dd
! – @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfly
g]k fn
u|f ld0f I f]q
hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ – ! x]S6/;Dd
! – @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfly
u|fdL0f If]q
zx/ L I f]q
hUUff gePsf
)=@ x]= eGbf sd
)=@ – ! x]S6/;Dd
! – @ x]S6/;Dd
@ x]S6/ eGbfdfyL
zx/L
%=!! s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] dfqf;Fu} ul/aL b/ 36\b} uPsf] 5 – Ps x]S6/eGbf
a9L s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL ef/L dfqfdf 36]sf] ;j]{If0fn]
b]vfPsf] 5 -tflnsf !)_ . zx/L tyf u|fdL0f b'a} If]qdf s[lifof]Uo hldgsf]
cfsf/ a9\b} hfFbf ul/aL 36\b} uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf ! x]S6/eGbf
a9L s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g] 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL b/ eg] cf};t -g]kfn_ ul/aL
b/eGbf sd b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L zx/L If]qnfO{ x]bf{, yf]/} s[lifof]Uo hldg x'g]
3/kl/jf/sf] ul/aL b/ klg sd b]lvPsf] 5 .
9
ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lgsf]
hg;+Vof
ul/aLsf]
ljifdtf
ul/aLsf]
uxgtf
ul/asf]
ljt/0f
hg;+Vof
sf]
ljt/0f
22.7
4.7
1.5
18.9
21
29.9
7
2.5
20.7
17
28.2
6.2
2.1
49.4
44
19.1
3.3
0.9
9.8
13
6.5
1.2
0.4
1.2
4.7
2 5. 2
5. 4
1.8
100
100
28.5
5.7
1.8
13.4
13
32
7.6
2.7
21.4
18
29.6
6.6
2.2
53.2
49
20.1
3.5
1
10.6
15
1.7
1.5
0.5
1.4
4.9
27.4
6
2
100
100
16.9
3.6
1.2
60.3
55
18
3.6
1.2
16.1
14
14.5
2.8
0.8
20.2
22
9.1
1.5
0.3
3.4
5.8
0
0
0
0
3.8
15.5
3.2
1
100
100
%=!# hft/hflt cg';f/ ul/aLsf] l:ylt
%=!@ kl/jf/sf] ;'ljwfdf kx'Frcg';f/ ul/aL 3lgi6¿kn] ;DalGwt 5 – #)
ldg]6leq ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr / ul/aLsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{, pQm
;dodf glhssf] ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr x'g] 3/kl/jf/ cf};t ul/aLeGbf sd /x]sf]
;j]{If0fn] b]vfPsf] 5 -tflnsf !!_ . pRr dfWolds ljBfno, ;/sf/L c:ktfn,
kSsL ;8s, d'Vo ahf/, s[lif s]Gb|, ;xsf/L tyf a}+s h:tf ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr
ePsf 3/kl/jf/x?sf] ul/aLdf lgs} ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
ul/aLsf] b/ ;a}eGbf a9L kxf8 / t/fO{sfblntx?sf] /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a} eGbfsd
b/ kxf8sf a|fXd0f / g]jf/ hfltsf] /x]sf] 5 . hft—hfltcg';f/sf]
ul/aLtYofÍnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf !% M 3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] hft / hflt cg';f/ ul/aL
ul/aLsf]
ul/aLsf] ul/aLsf] ul/asf] hg;+Vofsf]
3/kl/jf/d"nLsf] /]vfd'lgsf]
ljt/0f
ljifdtf
uxgtf
km}nfj6
hft/hflt
hg;+Vof
-k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_
tflnsf !!M ul/aL tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwfdf kx"Fr
ul/aLsf]
ul/aLsf] ul/aLsf]
ul/asf]
hg;+Vofsf]
/]
vfd'lgsf]
#) ldg]6leq ljleGg
ljifdtf
uxgtf
km}nfj6
ljt/0f
;'ljwf;Dd k'Ug] kl/jf/ hg;+Vof
-k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltztdf_
k|fylds ljBfno
dfWolds ljBfno
pRr dfWolds
ljBfno
:jf:Yo tyf pk:jfYo
rf}sL
;/sf/L c:ktfn
a; :6k
kSsL ;8s
u8L rNg] sRrL ;8s
xf6 ahf/
d'Vo ahf/
s[lif s]Gb|
;xsf/L
a}+s
g]kfn
24.4
5.2
1.7
91.5
94.5
20.8
4.2
1.3
58.2
70.3
17.9
3.4
1
39.1
54.9
22
4.4
1.4
42.9
49
15.6
19
3
3.7
0.9
1.1
20.1
49.1
32.4
64.9
17.1
24.4
3.3
5
1
1.6
33.6
62.3
49.4
64.2
21
16.3
15.3
3.8
3.3
3
1
1
0.9
33.2
28.2
25.4
39.6
43.6
41.6
17
14.7
3.4
3
1.1
0.9
34.5
22.6
51
38.6
25.2
5.4
1.8
kxf8L j|fXd0f
kxf8L If]qL
t/fO{ jf|Xd0f
t/fO{ dWodhftL
kxf8L blnt
t/fO{ blnt
g]jf/
kxf8L hghftL
t/fO{ hghftL
d'l:nd
cGo
10.34
23.40
18.61
1.73
5.55
1.75
0.48
1.86
0.19
5.2
16.6
0.4
12.7
17.8
0.5
28.69
43.63
5.36
10.89
1.47
4.22
17.6
15.2
15.4
8.7
38.16
10.25
8.09
2.07
2.24
0.70
6.9
2.5
4.6
6.2
28.25
25.93
6.64
4.48
2.49
1.25
24.4
7.3
21.8
7.1
20.18
12.34
3.38
3.58
0.85
1.13
3.5
0.5
4.3
0.9
g]kfn
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
^= rfn" d"Nodf k|ltJolSt pkef]u vr{
;a}eGbf sd pkef]u vr{ ug]{ kl/jf/af6 z'? u/]/ ;a}eGbf w]/} vr{ug]{
kl/jf/sf] qmddf /fVof] eg] pkef]u vr{sf] lx;fan] ul/ab]lv wgL kl/jf/sf]
>[ª\vnf aGb5 . o;kl5 of] >[ª\vnfa4 kl/jf/nfO{ a/fa/ ;ª\Vofdf efu nufP/
-afF8]/_ bz jf kfFr ;d"x agfpg] ul/G5 . o;n] pkef]u vr{df cfwfl/t ul/a
10
b]lv wgLsf] bz -bz–bz k|ltztsf]_ jf kfFr -aL;–aL; k|ltztsf]_ ;d"x
aGb5 . klxnf]nfO{ pkef]u–vr{sf] bzds (Decile) / bf];|f]nfO{ k~rds
(Quintile) klg eGg] ul/G5 .
tflnsf !# M lugL ;"rf+s, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^^/^&
If]q
g]kfn
klxnf] ;j]{If0f
bf];|f] ;j]{If0f
t];|f] ;j]{If0f
zx/L
klxnf] ;j]{If0f
bf];|f] ;j]{If0f
t];|f] ;j]{If0f
u|fdL0f
klxnf] ;j]{If0f
bf];|f] ;j]{If0f
t];|f] ;j]{If0f
t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fcg';f/, ;a}eGbf wgL !) k|ltzt -jf bzf}+ bzdssf_
kl/jf/n] u/]sf] pkef]u vr{ ;a}eGbf u/La !) k|ltzt -klxnf] bzdssf_
kl/jf/n] ug]{ pkef]u vr{ eGbf gf} u'0ff a9L b]lvPsf] 5 -tflnsf !@_ .
tflnsf !@M rfn" d"Nodf bzds ju{cg';f/ k|ltAolQm pkef]u
bzds ju{
cf};t pkef]u
vr{ -?=_
pkef]udf lx:;f
;+u|lxt÷PsLs[t lx:;f
;aeGbf ul/a-Go"gtd_
11,093
3=2
3=2
bf];|f]
15,241
4=4
7=6
t];|f]
17,893
5=1
12=7
rf}yf]
20,744
6=0
18=7
kfFrf}
24,238
7=0
25=6
5}6f}+
28,270
8=1
33=7
;ftf}
33,196
9=5
43=3
cf7f}+
40,730
11=7
55=0
gjf+}
54,203
15=6
70=5
1,02,772
29=5
100=0
34,829
100=0
100=0
;aeGbf wgL-clwstd_
g]kfn
lugL ;"rf+s
32.2
41.4
32.84
42.7
43.6
35.29
30.8
34.9
31.09
*= kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgL
t];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/, rfn" d"Nodf cf};t k|ltJolSt cfDbfgL ?=$!,^%( /x]sf]
5 . ;a}eGbf tnsf *) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofn] b]zsf] s'n cfDbfgLsf] nueu $$ k|ltzt
lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\ eg] dflyNnf] @) k|ltztn] dfq afFsL 7"nf] lx:;f cyf{t\ %^ k|ltzt
cf]u6]sf 5g\ .
&= pkef]u vr{df c;dfgtf
pkef]u vr{df ePsf] c;dfgtf emNsfpg] lugL ;"rf+ssf] dfg o; ;j]{If0fdf )=## cfPsf]
5 . of] ;"rf+s ljutsf] bf];|f] ;j]{If0fsf] t'ngfdf 36]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . of] ;"rf+ssf] 36\g] qmd
u|fdL0f If]qsf] eGbf zx/L If]qsf] tLa| 5 .
11
cg';"rL
tflnsf !$ M rfn" d"Nodf bzds ju{;d"x cg';f/ k|ltAolQm cfDbfgL
bzds ju{
;aeGbf ul/a-k|yd_
cf};t cfDbfgL-?=_
cfDbfgLdf
lx:;f
;+u|lxt÷PsLs[t
lx:;f
6,222
1=5
1=5
bf];|f]
10,779
2=6
4=1
t];|f]
14,350
3=4
7=5
rf}yf]
18,238
4=4
kfFrf}
22,655
5}6f}+
tflnsf ! M ul/aLdfkg, @)%@/%# b]lv @)^^/^& ;Dd
-k|ltztdf_
28,007
6=7
24=1
;ftf}
35,449
8=5
32=6
cf7f}+
46,830
11=2
43=8
gjf+}
69,769
16=7
60=6
1,64,401
39=5
100=0
41,659
100=0
100=0
;aeGbf wgL-bzf}+_
g]kfn
If]q
$!=&^ #)=*% @%=!^ !!=&% &=%%
g]kfn
zx/L If]q @!=%% (=%% !%=$^ ^=%$ @=!*
u|fdL0f If]q $#=@& #$=^@ @&=$# !@=!$ *=%)
∗
∗
@)^^/^&
-k|ltztdf_
@)^)/^!
-k|ltztdf_
@)%@/%#
17=3
∗
@)^^/^&
5=4
@)^)/^!
(Squared Poverty
Gap Index)
@)%@/%#
(Headcount
Index)
(Poverty Gap Index)
11=9
∗
@)^^/^&
ul/aLsf] uxgtf
@)^)/^!
ul/aLsf] ljifdtf
@)%@/%#
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf]
hg;+Vof
%=$#
#=!(
%=(^
$=^&
@=^%
$=*#
@=&
)=&!
#=)%
!=*!
!=)!
@=))
gofF vfB 8fnf]cg';f/ o;k6ssf] ul/aLsf] b/ cg'dfg ul/Psf]n] cl3Nnf b/x?;Fu k|ToIf
¿kdf t'ngfof]Uo 5}gg\ .
12
subwards/EAs prepared on the basis of Census 2001 1 . The first
sampling stage for the NLSS III is identical to the one prepared for the
2008 National Labor Force Survey (NLFS), and identifies a sample of
800 wards (Primary Sampling Units, PSUs) selected with probability
proportional to size. Out of these 800 PSUs, 500 PSUs are selected as
the second stage with explicit sub-stratification based on 14 strata, and
12 households selected with equal probability in each PSU using
household listings prepared for the 2008 NLFS.
Poverty in Nepal
2010/11
1. Introduction
Latest estimates of poverty in Nepal are based on the third round of the
Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS-III, 2010-11).
The survey methodology as well as the technique for poverty
estimation follow international best practices and benefited from
World Bank technical assistance. NLSS-III has been conducted with
financial assistance from DFID, DanIDA, WFP and the World Bank.
Similarly to previous rounds, NLSS III is composed of a crosssectional and of a panel component. Altogether, after completion of
the field work, 5988 households were interviewed for the cross
section, and 1128 households for panel part of the survey.
The NLSS is the survey officially used for poverty estimation in
Nepal. The NLSS is a multi-module household survey which contains
information on a wide array of topics related to the levels and
determinants of living standards in Nepal. The consumption module
from the NLSS survey permits the construction of a comprehensive
household-level measure of well being (“consumption aggregate”),
which is used for the purpose of constructing a poverty profile for
Nepal and for measuring the extent and depth of poverty.
The 12 analytical domains represented in the NLSS III survey are the
following:
1. Himal (high mountain), 2. urban Kathmandu valley, 3. urban hill, 4.
urban terai, 5. rural eastern hill, 6. rural central hill, 7. rural western
hill, 8. rural mid west and far western hill, 9. rural eastern terai 10.
rural central terai, 11. rural western terai, 12. rural mid west and far
west terai.
2. Survey methodology
The sample design for the NLSS III is similar to the one used in
previous survey rounds and the sampling frame is the list of wards and
1
13
The choice not to base NLSS III on a new sampling frame was driven by the
desire not to subtract resources to the concurrent preparation of the Census 2011.
According to the CBN approach, the poverty line can be defined as the
expenditure value (in local currency) required by an individual to
fulfill his/her basic needs in terms of both food and non food items.
Field Work and Reference period.
Field work was conducted over a 12 months period, from midFebruary 2010 to mid-February 2011. The sample was constructed in
such way to be nationally representative for each of the three seasons
covered during the fieldwork 2 .
While the poverty line in the previous round of the survey in 2003-04
(NLSS II) was an update of prices for the same basic needs basket
estimated in 1995-96 (NLSS I), the poverty line for 2010-11 is based
on a new basic needs basket of the poor to reflect changes in well
being over time.
The main innovation introduced with the NLSS III survey relates to
the collection of food consumption information. In particular, in
addition to asking households their consumption during the “typical
month” for each of the 72 food items as in previous survey rounds
(NLSS I-II), the NLSS III also introduces a new “last 7 days”
reference period for measuring food consumption.
3.1 Estimation of the Food Poverty Line
The food basket of the poverty line is constructed by estimating how
much the poor spend to reach a minimum caloric requirement of 2,220
Kcal per day.
In the estimation of the new poverty line for 2010-11, the food
component of the consumption aggregate has been constructed using
information on food consumed during the last 7 days. According to
international best practices, this new measure of food consumption
limits the extent of recall bias in the estimates, and therefore improves
measurement quality.
3.
The minimum caloric requirement was estimated considering
composition by age and sex of an average Nepalese household in
2010-11 and using the recommended dietary allowances by age-gender
groups as prescribed in the Ministry of Agriculture publication (HMG
Ministry of Agriculture, 1994) (see Table 1).
Poverty measurement technique and poverty lines
The estimation of poverty in NLSS III is based on the same
methodology followed in previous survey rounds. In particular,
poverty estimation follows the Cost of Basic Needs approach (CBN).
2
See Table 4 for reference to the seasons.
14
In particular, the poor’s consumption of fruits, meat, fish, egg and rice
increased substantially over the last 15 years. As a consequence, given
that the relatively poor in 2010-11 consume more “high quality food”
than the relatively poor in 1995-96, the new food poverty line has to
reflect a higher cost of obtaining the minimum caloric requirement
associated with the new (and improved) food consumption patterns.
Table 1: Recommended daily dietary allowance and household
composition NLSS III
Demographic group
Recommended
daily allowance*
Number
per HH
594**
735***
1,240
1,690
1,950
2,190
1,970
2,450
2,060
2,640
2,060
2,875
2,225
0.056
0.044
0.312
0.346
0.366
0.209
0.201
0.185
0.192
0.149
0.179
1.139
1.475
Average Household size
Average Caloric requirement per household
Total per capita caloric requirement
4.852
0-6 months
6-12 months
1-3 years
4-6 years
7-9 years
Boys 10-12 years
Girls 10-12 years
Boys 13-15 years
Girls 13-15 years
Boys 16-18 years
Girls 16-18 years
Men 19 and above
Women 19 and above
Total
Calories
33
32
387
585
714
457
396
452
395
394
368
3,276
3,282
3.2 Estimation of the non-food allowance
Besides meeting the minimum caloric requirement, individuals also
need to satisfy basic non-food needs. However, while there is a caloric
anchor guiding the estimation of the food poverty line, no objective
minimum non-food requirement exists a priori. Following international
standards and similarly to what done in 1995-96, we assume that a
household whose food consumption is close to the food poverty line,
will spend the “minimum” required to fulfill non food needs.
10,770
2,220
Practically, the non food allowance was estimated considering the
share of non-food consumption (to total consumption) of households
with per-capita food consumption close to the food poverty line 3 in
each of the analytical domains.
The second step in estimating the food poverty line requires
identifying the basket of food that allows the relatively poor
(households whose total consumption lies in the 2nd to 5th deciles of
per capita consumption) to reach 2,220 Kcal per day.
3.3
Estimation of the 2010-11 Poverty Line
The overall poverty line is obtained aggregating the food and the non
food poverty line.
One important finding of the survey, which supports the decision to
estimate a new poverty line for 2010-11, is that the food habit and
consumption patterns have changed drastically since 1995/96 when the
NLSS-I was conducted and the poverty line first estimated.
3
15
Plus and minus 5 to 10% of the value of the food poverty line.
The poverty line for Nepal, in average 2010-11 prices, has been
estimated at Rs. 19,261; the food poverty line is Rs. 11,929 and the
non food poverty line Rs. 7,332.
4. Poverty rate and correlates of poverty
The poverty line establishes the distinction between who is poor and
who is not. In particular, according to the 2010-11 poverty line, an
individual in Nepal is considered poor if his/her per-capita total annual
consumption is below Rs. 19,261.
Table 2 below provides the details of the value of the poverty line in
local prices for each of the 12 analytical domains.
4.1 About 25 percent of the population in Nepal lives below the
poverty line. According to the new poverty line, the poverty incidence
(headcount rate) for Nepal in 2010-11 is 25.16 percent. The poverty
rate is much lower in urban areas (15.46 percent) than in rural areas
(27.43 percent).
Table 2: Poverty line in local prices and spatial price index
Analytical Domain
Mountains
Urban - Kathmandu
Urban - Hill
Urban -Terai
Rural Hills - Eastern
Rural Hills -Central
Rural Hills - Western
Rural Hills - Mid and
Far Western
Rural Terai - Eastern
Rural Terai - Central
Rural Terai Western
Rural Terai - Mid and
Far Western
Nepal
Poverty Lines*
Food Non-food Overall
13,295
6,564 19,859
14,610
26,323 40,933
11,805
7,772 19,577
11,743
9,390 21,133
12,297
4,254 16,551
12,240
6,448 18,689
12,537
5,891 18,428
Spatial price indices
Food Non-food Overall
1.114
0.895 1.031
1.225
3.590 2.125
0.990
1.060 1.016
0.984
1.281 1.097
1.031
0.580 0.859
1.026
0.880 0.970
1.051
0.804 0.957
11,772
11,333
11,257
4,583 16,355
5,524 16,856
6,283 17,540
0.987
0.950
0.944
0.625
0.753
0.857
0.849
0.875
0.911
10,600
5,398 15,998
0.889
0.736
0.831
10,998
6,321 17,319
0.922
0.862
0.899
11,929
7,332 19,261
1.000
1.000
1.000
Table 3 below provides the details of the poverty headcount rate, depth
of poverty (poverty gap) and severity of poverty (squared poverty gap)
by analytical domain.
16
Table 3 poverty profile by analytical domain
of the
of the
poor population
11.7
19.0
88.3
81.0
42.27
11.47
8.72
22.04
15.93
29.37
28.01
10.14
2.77
1.75
4.31
2.91
8.52
5.31
3.54
1.00
0.54
1.29
0.82
3.70
1.75
11.8
2.6
1.5
7.5
4.0
10.8
10.5
7.0
5.7
4.4
8.6
6.3
9.3
9.5
36.83
8.89
3.13
13.3
9.1
20.97
23.13
22.31
3.67
4.14
4.40
0.91
1.08
1.35
9.6
13.9
5.9
11.6
15.1
6.6
31.09
7.17
2.47
8.5
6.9
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
17
Feb 1, 11
Mountains
Urban - Kathmandu
Urban - Hill
Urban -Terai
Rural Hills - Eastern
Rural Hills -Central
Rural Hills - Western
Rural Hills - Mid and
Far Western
Rural Terai - Eastern
Rural Terai - Central
Rural Terai - Western
Rural Terai - Mid and
Far Western
4.3 Seasonal poverty is lowest in third season (Oct-Jan). The first
and
the
second Figure: Seasonality in poverty
seasons (from Feb
2010 to Sep 2010)
have similar poverty
rates of 26 percent,
while the third season
has the lowest poverty
rate of 23 percent.
Table 4 shows the
seasonal variation of
poverty in greater
Date of Survey
detail. The poverty
rates are highest in
April-May coinciding with the food scarce months. Poverty declines
Jan 1, 11
7.0
44.2
48.7
Dec 1, 10
11.8
42.8
45.4
Nov 1, 10
3.54
2.09
1.31
Oct 1, 10
10.14
5.69
4.52
Sep 1, 10
42.27
24.32
23.44
Aug 1, 10
Mountain
Hill
Terai
Jul 1, 10
23.3
35.7
19.2
13.0
8.8
Jun 1, 10
19.8
30.8
16.9
16.4
16.0
May 1, 10
1.01
1.76
1.38
2.69
3.77
Apr 1, 10
3.81
4.96
4.27
7.74
10.74
Mar 1, 10
21.44
21.69
22.25
31.68
45.61
35
Eastern
Central
Western
Midwestern
Farwestern
Feb 1, 10
Urban
Rural
Headcount Poverty gap
rate
(x100)
15.46
3.19
27.43
5.96
Poverty headcount rate
20
25
30
Region
Distribution
Poverty gap
squared
(x100)
1.01
2.00
15
Incidence
4.2 There is high variation in poverty rates amongst the 12
analytical domains. Table 3 shows that urban Hill is the least poor
region with a poverty incidence of 9 percent. The depth and severity is
also the lowest for this region. Within urban areas, poverty ranges
from 9 percent in urban Hills to 22 percent in urban Terai. Within rural
hills, poverty ranges from 16 percent in Eastern region to 37 percent in
Mid and Far Western region. Within rural Terai, poverty ranges from
21 percent in Eastern region to 31 percent in Mid and Far Western
region. Within each of the development region except the Eastern, hills
have higher poverty rates than Terai. The depth and severity of poverty
is highest in Rural hills of Western and Mid-Far-Western region.
gradually till July and again spikes in September. Poverty falls sharply
between September and November. Poverty is lowest around
November 1 and the timing coincides with the festivals of Dashain and
Tihar.
number of children under 7 present in the household. Poverty rate is
lowest at 12 percent for household with no child under 7, but increases
to 47 percent for households with 3 or more children under 7.
Table 5: Poverty and household demographics
Table 4: Seasonal variation in poverty
Incidence
Season
Distribution
Headcount
Poverty
Poverty gap
rate gap (x100) squared (x100)
Household
demographics
Household size
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 or more
of the
of the
poor population
Season 1 (Feb - May)
26.62
5.85
1.94
35.3
33.3
Season 2 (Jun - Sep)
25.97
5.65
1.84
34.4
33.3
Season 3 (Oct - Jan)
22.87
4.80
1.65
30.3
33.3
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
4.4 Poverty increases with household size. As shown in Table 5,
poverty incidence increases monotonically with household size. The
poverty rate is the lowest for one-person households (3 percent),
increases drastically to 7 percent for two-person households and
reaches the maximum (38 percent) for households having 7 or more
members. The depth and severity of the poverty also increase with
household size, reaching up to 9 percent and 3 percent respectively for
the households that have 7 or more members.
Headcount
rate
Incidence
Poverty gap
Poverty gap
(x100) squared (x100)
Distribution
of the
of the poor population
3.28
7.40
7.48
12.76
21.10
32.39
37.59
0.88
1.38
1.25
2.56
4.43
6.63
8.61
0.36
0.39
0.34
0.81
1.46
2.18
2.95
0.1
1.3
2.8
8.4
15.6
22.5
49.4
0.7
4.4
9.4
16.5
18.6
17.5
33.0
Number of children 0-6
0
1
2
3 or more
12.31
25.21
41.48
46.64
2.05
4.94
10.01
11.95
0.56
1.49
3.53
4.54
20.4
29.1
29.8
20.7
41.8
29.0
18.1
11.2
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
5.6 Female headed households have slightly lower poverty rates.
Table 6 shows the poverty rates by the age-gender characteristics of
household head. Poverty rates are very similar across different
categories. Poverty rates are slightly higher for households headed by
males between 26 and 45 years of age and slightly lower of households
headed by female.
4.5 Poverty increases with number of kids that are under 7. Table
5 also shows that poverty rates are positively correlated with the
18
women who completed primary education are much less likely to be
poor than households in which the most educated female has lower
than primary education.
Table 6: Poverty by age-gender characteristics of the household
head
Table 7: Poverty and level of education
Incidence
Distribution
Incidence
Household Head
Headcount Poverty
Poverty gap
characteristics
rate gap (x100) squared (x100)
Male, <=25 years
24.49
5.41
1.82
Male, [26, 45] years
27.30
6.10
2.10
Male, 46+ years
24.29
5.07
1.65
Female
23.69
5.15
1.69
Nepal
25.16
5.43
1.81
of the
of the
poor population
1.9
1.9
35.7
32.9
42.6
44.2
19.8
21.0
100.0
Education Level
Of household head
Illiterate or 0 years of schooling
Distribution
Poverty gap
Headcount Poverty gap
rate
(x100) squared (x100)
of the
of the
poor population
33.48
7.66
2.65
64.9
48.8
Literate, completed below grade 5
26.97
5.84
1.98
15.8
14.7
Completed grades 5-7
19.53
3.35
0.96
10.2
13.1
Completed grades 8-10
12.86
2.39
0.64
5.6
11.0
Completed grades 11+
7.11
1.09
0.25
3.5
12.4
Illiterate or 0 years of schooling
32.11
7.72
2.77
30.1
23.8
Literate, completed below grade 5
39.82
8.73
2.89
34.5
22.0
Completed grades 5-7
26.56
5.42
1.78
20.8
19.8
Completed grades 8-10
16.59
3.08
0.91
10.9
16.6
Completed grades 11+
5.15
0.70
0.15
3.6
17.8
25.16
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
100.0
Of most educated female in household
5.7 Dalits bear a much higher burden of poverty compared to
Non-Dalits
The percentage of poor among Dalitsis 42 percent compared to 23
percent for the Non-Dalits.
Nepal
5.8 Higher levels of education are negatively correlated with
poverty. Table 7 shows the poverty rates by education level of the
household head as well as by the education level of the most educated
female in the household. Poverty is substantially lower for higher
levels of head’s education. Households with an illiterate head are more
than 4.5 times more likely to be poor than households with a head that
has completed 11 or higher. Similarly, households that have at least a
5.9 Households headed by agricultural wage workers are poorest
while those headed by professional wage-workers are the least
poor. Table 8 shows poverty rates by household head’s occupational
status. Households in which the head is a professional wage-worker
have a poverty rate of 6 percent compared to households with a head
in wage agriculture with a poverty rate of 47 percent. But these groups
19
of households only represent 7 percent of the total population.
Households with head self employed in agriculture have poverty rate
of 27 percent which is close to the poverty rate of households with the
head working in other-wage work or are unemployed. The poverty rate
for households with an inactive head is only 17 percent. This reflects
the fact the really poor household heads cannot afford to be out of the
labor force unless they have alternative sources of income.
4.10 Poverty falls drastically for households with more than 1
hectare of agricultural land. Table 9 shows that poverty rate falls,
both in rural and urban areas, with increase in the size of arable land.
In rural areas, households with more than 1 hectare of agricultural land
have lower than average poverty rates. In urban areas, reduction in
poverty appears even with smaller landholdings.
Table 9: Poverty and land ownership
Table 8: Poverty by occupation of the household head
Incidence
Household head's main
Headcount
occupation
rate
Self Employment
Agriculture
27.23
Manufacturing*
22.44
Trade
13.21
Services
19.63
Wage
Agriculture
47.03
Professional
5.55
Other
28.25
Extended economic activity
31.55
Unemployed
26.65
Inactive
16.63
Nepal
25.16
Incidence
Poverty Poverty gap
gap
squared
(x100)
(x100)
Distribution
Land ownership
status
All
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Nepal
of the
of the
poor population
6.00
5.03
2.54
3.33
2.05
1.77
0.74
1.02
55.2
3.8
4.1
2.0
51.0
4.2
7.9
2.6
8.56
1.14
5.76
9.37
3.60
3.35
2.52
0.35
1.73
3.67
0.86
1.09
6.3
0.7
16.2
5.9
0.4
5.3
3.4
3.3
14.5
4.7
0.4
8.0
5.43
1.81
100.0
100.0
*Manufacturing includes workers in: mining and quarrying, construction, electricity
and utilities as well.
20
Distribution
Headcount Poverty gap
Poverty gap
rate
(x100) squared (x100)
of the
of the
poor population
22.71
29.93
28.18
19.13
6.50
25.16
4.68
7.00
6.23
3.33
1.25
5.43
1.51
2.48
2.09
0.93
0.44
1.81
18.9
20.7
49.4
9.8
1.2
100.0
21.0
17.4
44.1
12.8
4.7
100.0
Rural
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Rural
28.48
32.04
29.58
20.07
7.68
27.43
5.71
7.61
6.58
3.50
1.48
5.96
1.83
2.71
2.23
0.98
0.52
2.00
13.4
21.4
53.2
10.6
1.4
100.0
12.9
18.3
49.4
14.5
4.9
100.0
Urban
No Land
<0.2 ha
0.2 - 1 ha
1 - 2 ha
2+ ha
Urban
16.93
18.02
14.47
9.07
0.00
15.46
3.64
3.58
2.78
1.53
0.00
3.19
1.19
1.19
0.78
0.34
0.00
1.01
60.3
16.1
20.2
3.4
0.0
100.0
55.1
13.8
21.5
5.8
3.8
100.0
5. Unambiguous trend decline in poverty over time
4.11 Poverty is strongly linked with access to facilities. Table 10
shows that access to services is also an important correlate of poverty.
Households that are closer to facilities are less likely to be poor than
the national average. Having good access to higher secondary school,
public hospital, paved roads, market centers, agricultural center,
cooperative and banks have large effects on poverty.
Comparison of changes in poverty over time has to be done carefully
when poverty line or the minimum welfare threshold to be considered
not poor has been increased as in Nepal. Comparing poverty estimates
at two different poverty lines (two different minimum real welfare
levels) at two points of time would under-estimate progress in poverty
reduction.
Table 10: Poverty and access to facilities
Incidence
Household within 30
minutes of:
Primary School
Secondary School
Higher Secondary School
Health post/Sub-health post
Public hospital
Bus stop
Paved road
Vehicle passable dirt road
Haat bazaar
Market center
Agriculture center
Cooperative
Bank
Nepal
Headcount Poverty
rate gap (x100)
24.35
5.15
20.83
4.20
17.92
3.45
22.00
4.42
15.59
3.01
19.03
3.66
17.11
3.33
24.41
4.95
21.04
3.75
16.29
3.26
15.34
3.02
16.99
3.41
14.71
2.95
25.16
5.43
A simple comparison of poverty in 2010-11 (25.2%) with the estimate
in the past for 1995-96 (41.8%) and 2003-04 (30.8 %) shows that
poverty has been on decline. The decline is greater if one were to use
unchanged poverty lines over the entire period close to 30 percentage
point decline in the last 15 years. The progress in poverty reduction is
about the same and significant measured either in terms of the old or
new (higher) poverty line. In Figure 1, the red line reflect changes in
poverty over time using the old 1995-96 poverty line (approach 1),
whereas the blue line reflects changes based on the “new”, more
generous 2010-11 poverty line.
Distribution
Poverty gap
squared
(x100)
1.68
1.30
1.02
1.35
0.90
1.07
0.97
1.55
1.00
0.99
0.91
1.09
0.90
of the
of the
poor population
91.5
94.5
58.2
70.3
39.1
54.9
42.9
49.0
20.1
32.4
49.1
64.9
33.6
49.4
62.3
64.2
33.2
39.6
28.2
43.6
25.4
41.6
34.5
51.0
22.6
38.6
1.81
21
Figure 1: Trends in poverty incidence for Nepal, 1995-2010
Note:
To make valid comparison of poverty over time requires comparable consumption aggregates
similarly constructed that are converted to constant prices using price deflator relevant for the poor. The
dotted lines in the figure represent the alternative estimates based on such valid comparisons.
As clear from the shape of the lines in the graph, the trend of poverty
over time does not depend on the method used for the analysis, or
more importantly, is not driven by an “ad hoc” choice of the poverty
line. Under either the old or the new poverty line, the poverty
headcount ratio declined by approximately 30 percentage points.
22
