Project for MSW

Published on January 2017 | Categories: Documents | Downloads: 31 | Comments: 0 | Views: 272
of 62
Download PDF   Embed   Report

Comments

Content

Impact assessment on activities of SFD

Operating after that makes a suggestive frame work.

(Mutually Aided women Co-operative Thrift Society)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Post Graduate in Social work—2008-2009 Presented by Rajasekhararaju P Under the supervision of Dr.Y Ashok kumar
Dt of social work

Submitted to Department of projects

1

DECLARATION I HEREBY DECLARE THAT THE REPORT TITLED IS “IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON ACTIVITIES OF SFD (MUTUALLY AIDED WOMEN CO-OPERATIVE THRIFT SOCIETY) OPERATING AFTER THAT MAKES A SUGGESTIVE FRAME WORK.” PREPARED BY ME BASED ON THE INFORMATION GATHERED BY ME DURING THE LAST TERM OF PGEBEM/PGDMN, 2007-2008. I SUBMIT THE SAME AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF POST-GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT OF NGOS.

Deadline for Submission: 15.04.2008 Date of Submission:

(Signature of the Student)

2

CONTENTS

1- Chapter -1 ……………………………………………

2- Chapter………………………………………… 3- Chapter……….……………………………… 4- Chapter-4 ……………………………………………… 5- Chapter-5 …………………………………………

3

Executive summary
In the year 2000, SFD with the help of RSWR, USA started this programme with the aim of socio-economic empowerment of women. Through this programme, women were given training on how to save, credit union operations and self-help concepts. Each woman’s group started a savings program and each village has a start-up credit union. In September 2003, a credit union federation was formed with 12 members on the board, representing each village or habitation. The federation is formally registered as a women cooperative thrift society under APMACS act 1995. . The federation will work with local banks and government agencies to meet the problems of the women. Currently through this programme, there are 550 covering in 15 habitations. They were motivated to save small amounts and get the loan for their day-to-day needs and also start income generating activities. During March 2006 to April - 2007 the women’s Society issued loans of Rs. 5, 28, 000 for its members (272) in 14 villages for their emergency needs and other purposes such as cattle and livestock, development of seasonal agriculture, flower farming and marketing, petty shops and other micro enterprises development. Due to small size of loan amounts, most of the women use the amount for emergency needs such as day to day family running expenses, health purposes, and school fee for their children, fodder for animals and other livestock and clearance of debts with higher rate of interest from money lenders etc. Before joining the group some of the women were dependent on moneylenders for the purposes of domestic consumption, agriculture, medical treatment, rituals etc. In many cases the women consider the moneylenders as important element. But right now also there are suffering, about of increasing the saving amount, because there is no income generation activity, also less amount of loan. All of villages of these areas are isolated. It has been clearly observed that the women of these areas are geographically marginalized. The villages are situated basically in remote area, where one encounters very limited areas access to transportation. Thus these ate the obstacles found in development activities. After education, women empowerment being the second major issue of organization SFD, As always thought that only men are competent in meetings, public speaking, dealing with women, participation in marketing, and other social related issues. But it has been found that in some villages the women members of

4

groups are not so empowered. Some men are still dominating over women. Women are under the restriction of household as well as society.

Chapter `1
Internship topic: Impact assessment on activities of SFD (Mutually Aided women Cooperative Thrift Society) operating after that make a suggestive frame work. In Nellore, Gudipala, and Sitarampuram rural areas of Andhra Pradesh. Backdrop: • SFD is a grass root NGO, working in the rural areas of Nellore district, It was formally registered in November 1994 as a society under Societies Registration Act -1860 in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, South India.

SFD is working in the areas of: • • • • • • • Education, Women empowerment and economic development, Youth development programmes, Environmental and health awareness (including HIV/AIDS) programme Livelihoods programme Watershed development Objectives of the study:

The main objectives of this study are: • • • To study the working of Mutually Aided women Co-operative Thrift Society To study effectiveness of Co-operative Thrift Society in increasing the thrift habit of the poor To study the effectiveness of lending programme of organisation

5

To study the improvement in Socio – economic condition of the community after the intervention from organization Rationale: As part of its project evaluation and improvement process, SFD conducts time to time monitoring of different programmes. This Impact Assessment of activities of Co-operative Thrift Society is one such exercise. It will help the organization to know whether the efforts are in the right direction or not. It will also help in bringing about the right kind of changes if there is any such need. Documentation of the study will help the Organization to frame the short term and long term strategies and design a framework for their clients when requires the same.



PARAMETERS FOR STUDY
      Savings & Saving Pattern of thrift society Financial Management of thrift society Group Credit Rotation Process Benefits out of Training & other interventions provided by organisation Improvement in Socio economic condition of the thrift society members Empowerment Process

Methodology: • • • • • Secondary data collection and Review Visit to the particular project area Group Discussion Schedule/ questionnaire, as required (interview) Analysis of the data so collected & presentation of same for preparation of final report.

Expected outcomes: The expected outcome of such a project would be a document highlighting the following points: • The base status of the project area • The present situation of the project area after intervention • An analysis on kind of changes took place there due to the involvement of the Co-operative Thrift Society in the development initiatives • The strategy suggested for improvement in the structure and functioning of organisation ( if needed )

6

About MACTs
Andhra Pradesh Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies Act 1995 [Act No 30 of 1995]

An Act to provide for the voluntary formation of cooperative societies as accountable, competitive, self reliant business enterprises, based on thrift, selfhelp and mutual aid and owned, managed and controlled by members for their economic and social betterment and for the matters connected therewith or incidental thereto Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Andhra Pradesh in the forty-sixth year of the Republic of India,  This Act may be called the Andhra Pradesh Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies Act, 1995.  It extends to the whole of the State of Andhra Pradesh.

Cooperative principles and byelaws Individuals or cooperatives intending to form into a cooperative society under this Act shall frame byelaws conforming to the following principles of cooperation, namely, (a) membership of a cooperative society shall be voluntary and available without restriction of any social, political, racial or religious discrimination, to all persons who can make use of its services and are willing to accept the responsibilities of membership; (b) Cooperative societies are democratic organizations; their affairs shall be administered by persons elected or appointed in a manner agreed by the members and accountable to them. Members of primary cooperative societies shall enjoy equal rights of voting (one member, one vote) and participation in decisions

7

affecting their cooperative societies. In other than primary cooperative societies, the administration shall be conducted on a democratic basis in a suitable form; (c) Share capital shall only receive a strictly limited rate of interest, if any; (d) The economic results, arising out of the operations of a cooperative society belong to the members of that cooperative society and shall be distributed in such a manner as would avoid one member gaining at the expense of others, which shall be achieved: By provision for development of the business of the cooperative society; (ii) (ii) By provision of common services; or (iii) By distribution among the members in proportion to their transactions with the cooperative society; (e) all cooperative societies shall make provision for the education of their members, officer-bearers and employees and of the general public, in the principles and techniques of cooperation, both economic and democratic; (f) All cooperative societies, in order to best serve the interest of their members and their communities, shall actively cooperate in every practical way with other cooperatives at local, national and international levels having as their aim the achievement of unity of action by cooperators throughout the world.  Where a cooperative society is registered, the certificate of registration signed and sealed by the Registrar shall be conclusive evidence that the cooperative society mentioned therein, is a mutually aided cooperative society duly registered under this Act; The functions of General body 1) the ultimate authority of a cooperative society shall vest in its general body; 2) The following matters, among others specified in the byelaws shall be dealt with by the general body of a cooperative society, namely, (a) Amendments to byelaws; (b) Election and removal of directors; (c) Consideration of, (i) The long term perspective plan and budget; (ii) The annual operational plan and budget; (iii) The annual report of activities for being filed with the Registrar; (iv) The auditor’s report and the annual audited statement of accounts for being filed with the Registrar; (v) Special audit report or inquiry report, if any; (i)

8

(vi) Compliance report relating to audit, special audit and/or inquiry, if any; (d) Approval of appointment and removal of auditors; (e) Disposal of surplus; (f) Management of deficit; (g) Creation of specific reserves and other funds; (h) Review of actual utilization of reserves and other funds; (i) Review of the chief executive’s report on the attendance at meetings by directors and review of the business done with the cooperative society by the directors; (j) Appointment, reconstitution and disbanding of the representative general body; (k) Remuneration payable to any director or internal auditor in connection with his duties in that capacity or his attendance at related meetings; (l) Membership of the cooperative society in federation; (m) Collaboration with other organizations and its review; (n) Promotion of subsidiary organizations and review; (o) Dissolution of the cooperative society; and (p) All other functions expected of the general body under the other provisions of this Act. Board of directors (1) There shall be a board of directors for every cooperative society constituted and entrusted with the direction of the affairs of the cooperative society in accordance with the provisions of the Act and the byelaws. (2) The size of the board shall be a multiple of the term of office of its directors. (3) The directors of the board shall have staggered terms such that at any point of time the vacancies, arising as a result of the terms of directors coming to an end, are less than one half of the total strength of the board; Provided that the term of a director shall not exceed five years; Provided further that at the first election all the directors shall be elected at once, and their terms staggered by drawl of lots specifying different terms. (4) In addition to such criteria as may be specified in the byelaws, a person shall be ineligible for being chosen as a director if such person (a) Has at any time lost the right to vote as a member or to continue as one as specified in the byelaws; (b) Incurs any other disqualification specified in the byelaws. (5) In addition to such criteria as may be specified in the byelaws, a person shall cease to be a director if he incurs any of the disqualifications specified in subsection (4) or,

9

(a) absents him from three consecutive board meetings without leave of absence; (b) absents himself from general body meeting without leave of absence; (c) Is penalized under this Act. (6) In addition to such criteria as may be specified in the byelaws, the directors of the board shall incur disqualification for a period of three years for being chosen as directors and shall be ineligible to continue as directors of any cooperative society if, during their term as directors of a cooperative society, (a) They did not conduct elections within the time specified in the byelaws and before the expiry of the terms; (b) they did not conduct their annual general body meeting within six months of closure of the cooperative accounting year, or a requisitioned meeting of the general body within the specified time; (c) They did not place the audited accounts for the preceding financial year along with the report of the auditors before the general body at its annual general meeting. (7) In order to be eligible for being chosen as director of the board of a cooperative society which has been in existence for more than two years a member (a) Shall have been a voting member of the cooperative society for at least two years immediately proceeding the year of election; (b) Shall have attended the two general body meetings of the cooperative society held immediately preceding the elections. (8) Every director and employee of a cooperative society while exercising his powers and discharging his duties shall, — (a) Act honestly and in good faith and in the best interests of the cooperative society; and (b) Exercise such due care, diligence and skill as a reasonably prudent person would exercise in similar circumstances. (9) A director or employee who is guilty of misappropriation, breach of trust or any other omission or commission, resulting in loss to the cooperative society as a result thereof, shall be personally liable to make good that loss, without prejudice to such criminal action to which he is liable under the law.

10

Powers and functions of the board of directors The board shall, in accordance with the byelaws, be the authority to (a) Admit and terminate membership; (b) Elect the chairperson and other office bearers; (c) Remove from office the chairperson and other office bearers; (d) Appoint and remove the chief executive; (e) Fix staff strength; (f) Frame policies concerning  Organization and provision of services to members;  Recruitment and conditions of service of the staff at the cooperative society;  Mode of custody and investment of funds;  (iv) Manner of keeping accounts;  (v) Mobilizations, utilization and investment of various funds;  (vi) Monitoring and management information systems including statutory returns to be filed; and  (vii) Such other subjects and matters necessary for the effective performance of the cooperative society;

(g) place the annual report, annual financial statements, annual plan and budget for the approval of the general body; (h) Consider audit and compliance reports and place these before the general body; (i) Review membership in other cooperatives; and (j) Undertake such other functions as may be delegated by the general body.

11

Elections (1) The conduct of election of directors of a cooperative society shall be the responsibility of the incumbent board of the cooperative society. (2) Elections shall be conducted before the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing directors in the manner specified in the byelaws. (3) Where a board does not take necessary steps to conduct elections as specified in the byelaws before the expiry of the term of the directors, or where there are no directors remaining on the board, the Registrar shall, at the request of not less than twenty-five members or five per cent of the total members of the cooperative society whichever is less or may sue moto, convene within 30 days a general meeting for appointing an ad-hoc board for the specific purpose of conducting elections. (4) The term of the ad-hoc board appointed under sub-section (3) shall not exceed one month over and above the minimum period required under the byelaws to conduct elections, and the ad-hoc board shall cease to function as soon as a regular board is elected in accordance with the byelaws. (5) The directors shall hold office for the period for which they are elected and the newly elected directors shall assume office at the end of this period. (6) The directors may be eligible, for re-election, if the byelaws so provide. The salient features of the Andhra Pradesh Mutually Aided Co-operative Societies Act, 1995 are: • To enunciate the co-operative principles which primarily place an accent on voluntary, self-financing, autonomous bodies free from state control. Provides 100% functional autonomy in relation to business operations. Enable the co-operatives to regulate their functioning by forming bylaws subject to the provisions of the Act in resident of the various matters specified in the legislation. To enable the co-operatives to mobilise their own funds. To provide for constitution, powers and functions of the board of directors and for matters incidental thereto. To provide proper accountability and for that purpose to conduct audit, special audit, inquiry and for the recovery of loss caused to the society by misconduct or otherwise. To provide settlement of disputes To make the co-operative societies responsible to hold the elections and to regulate the process thereof. Provides for collaborations and linkages with institutions other than co-operatives. It can promote other forms of organizations.

• • • • • • •

12

The Act prohibits society from raising share capital from the Government. The Act is very helpful for thrift and credit co-operative societies in the state. By March 31, 1999 there were 1,393 MACS registered in the State. Out of these 482 were thrift co-operatives.

13

Chapter - 2 ABOUT ORGANISATION
SFD (Society for People’s Research, Environmental Affairs, and Development Service) Founded in 1994 by Mr.K.Elishakumar, SFD seeks to bring about a progressive change in rural areas by promoting: 1) quality primary education, 2) the empowerment of women through mutual aided cooperative societies, 3) income-generation activities, 4) health and child welfare, 5) awareness of sustainable agricultural and developmental practices, and 6) education for the locally elected representatives on Panchayat Raj. Currently, SFD is working in 50 villages in the Nellore, Atmakuru, and Sitarampuram mandals of Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. To achieve its mission, SFD works with the local population by involving them in all aspects of projects, programmes, and adopting approaches of participation, facilitation, and partnership for sustainable development. Through funds donated by individuals, the Indian Literacy Project, Bangalore, and Right Sharing of World Resources, USA, SFD has:  Started Women’s Mutually Aided Thrift Societies, with a current membership of over 650 women  Provided scholarships to over 70 students for primary, secondary, and higher education through its Child Sponsorship Programme and High Education Sponsorship Programme  Promoted continuing education for girls through workshops, awareness campaigns, and support to families  Sponsored two community workers for a training program on solar technology  Provided supplementary education and support for over 500 village children  Offered workshops to over 5000 villagers on sustainable agriculture and natural resource land management; HIV/AIDS awareness, prevention, and care; solar technology; socio-economic development opportunities and rights; welfare schemes and activities, and other topics relevant to the lives of the rural poor  Developed a network of more than 60 volunteers and supporters  Conducted surveys and studies regarding rural education, the education of girls, the economic strains on widows, and the living conditions of single-parent and orphan children. SFD service area is faced with multiple challenges. A nine-year long draught has caused a large migration of men to the cities, breaking up rural families and leaving them more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. The economic impact of the draught has also led to more girls being withdrawn from school for work or early marriage (only 22% of 16-18 year old girls are enrolled in school). The

14

government schools are poorly funded and managed, leaving village youth with very limited educational opportunities. In response to these challenges, and based on the input and ideas of the community, SFD has developed a multi-faceted approach to revitalizing the rural villages it serves. Education: Through the Child Sponsorship, Girl Child, and High Education Programmes, SFD hopes to provide scholarships for 400 primary and secondary school students, provide scholarships and support to an additional 100 girls, and scholarships and resources to 100 higher education students. The majority of these students are from single-parent families, are orphans and/or girls who would not otherwise be able to attend school. SFD has developed a Vocational Tailoring and Embroidery Programme to train and support 30 young women in developing income-generating skills. As funds are available, SFD will also sponsor young men and women in vocational training and skill development. Through its Community Education and Awareness Campaign, SFD provides free trainings to villagers in: Solar Technology; HIV/AIDS awareness, prevention, and care; Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management; Government Programmes and Policies, and a range of health care and medical issues. Economic Development In addition to providing continuing support to the Women’s Mutually Aided Thrift Societies, SFD is seeking funding to provide larger grants and loans to the women’s groups for draught-resistant crop development and incomegenerating ventures. The women are working with SFD towards building and running a textile factory that will provide many village-accessible jobs. Regional Development SFD actively encourages and supports volunteerism as a way of providing services and developing local leadership. Mr.K.Elishakumar has generously donated two acres of land in the heart of SFD service area for a Resource Center. Currently, SFD staff and volunteers travel to the villages and use rented or donated space; the SFD office is in Nellore and far from many of the villages. This Resource Center will be a centrally located facility that will house: the Administrative Offices, a Children’s Resource Center, a Women’s Resource Center, a Community Training and Resource Center, and a computer lab and library for community use and education. Currently, none of these resources are available in the service area. This Resource Center will provide the space, materials, knowledge, and resources that villagers need to grow and develop their own communities.

SFD. Nellore

15

Study Area:

16

About Nellore Nellore district is located in the extreme south of Andhra Pradesh, between 12°37' - 14°8' north latitudes and 78°3' - 79°55' east longitudes. It is surrounded by Anantapur and Cuddapah districts on the north, by Nellore and Bay of bengal on the east, by North Arcot Ongole district of AP on the south . The district is spread over 15152 Sq. Kms. As per 2001 census the population of Nellore district is 37.35 lakhs. The district of Nellore is well connected to the various places of the state by rail and road. The headquarters of Nellore district is at Tirupati which is the nearest airport. Water is supplied to the various places of the district by Galeru-Nagari-Sujala Sravanthi Project, Aarani Project, Peddheru Reservoir, Bugga dam on Kusastathi, Mallimadugu on Racha canal and Kalinga canal. The district receives electricity from the Thunga Bhadra Hydro Electric Project. Chitoor is a favorite destination for pilgrims.

17

Sample size
SFD is working in 15 villages in Nellore. 7 villages were selected for internship; the names of the villages are given below. Taluka Nellore Nellore Village Name Leaders Thumedhalaadu (Hr) Thimedhalapadu (Sc Palem) Tahumedhalapadu Nainipalem Dhiguuru 1 Nellore Nellore Chinnasamudram Peddisettipalli 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 Nellore Nellore Nellore 1 2 35+4 (with group) 32+4 (With group) 4 4 4 3 2 2 3 4 2 Members VILLAGERS

Table -1 Methodology: Data was collected from individual members and groups on their personal profile (age, education,income,savings, caste, religion etc.), about their family, income, housing facility, about their SHG, its functioning and financial management, saving & credit, capacity building, livelihood activities, their socio-economic condition etc. Data/information related to NGOs objectives and its intervention in livelihood and SHG was collected. Data/information from SFD official was collected about saving, credit & financial linkage procedures.

18

Group meeting
Photo--1

19

With Individual Member
Photo--2

20

Scope of this study:  Total no. of SHGs studied:7 out of 15 (spread over 7 villages out of 15 )  Total no. of members interviewed: 40 out of 515. Group discussion After getting basic information from individual interviews a group discussion was conducted with SHGs members to understand their individual as well as group problems. The group discussion was general in nature to identify and understand their need and training requirement Observation Observation was done during the group discussion to understand their behaviors and body language within the group. Focus was on those members who were reluctant in participating and those who were actively involved. Members who were not actively participating were encouraged to speak and give their views and suggestion. Source of data collection Data was collected from Primary as well as secondary sources also. Primary data was collected during the field visit. Secondary data was collected from SFD. (A) Primary sources: Members of SHGs

(B) Secondary sources: -

SFD

Sampling method The criteria adopted to select the were: Randm sample

21

Socio Economic Condition of the Area & Sample Profile

Age:-

Age

<25 20%

26to35

36to45

>45 0

62.50% 17.50%
Table 2

The majority of the people were of the age group of 26 to 45. They constitute 80% of the total members; 20% of the total women are less than 25 years of age.

Age

17.50%

0

20%

age <25 26to35 36to45 >45

62.50%

Graph --1

22

Religion:Religions Hindu SC/HR Muslims 63% 20.00% 17.00% Table –3 There are 12 SHGs; one of them is of Muslim community. Among the 40 respondents, Hindus (63%), SC/HR 20%, Muslims (17%).

Religions

17.00% Religions Hindu SC/HR Musliam

20.00%

63%

Graph--2

23

Type of family Type of family nuclear joint 55% 45% Table—4 Mostly with in respondents 55% of members nuclear familiars, 45% members joint familiars.

Type of family

45% 55%

nuclear joint

Graph--3 Utilization of borrowed funds

Purpose Consumption Agricultural loans Off-farm enterprises Loans for education

% number of loan accounts 50%---16 20%---12 5%---2 25%---10

Loan amount 2000 2000 2000 2000

Table --5

For obtaining further insight into the borrowing by group members, the purposes for which the borrowed funds were utilized were examined. These included meeting urgent consumption needs, agricultural expenses, financing off-farm enterprises and education. The percentage shares of each of these purposes in the total loan accounts and loan amount are given below.

24

Credit: The following aspects to be looked into while assessing the credit function of the group • • • • The decision making process of selecting loanees. The system followed in assessing credit requirement of individual members and the amount to be sanctioned. The system of monitoring the credit. The repayment performance of members and incidence of defaults besides the effectiveness to deal with such defaults; whether the concept of `peer pressure’ is working.

Total Members

Total Members

Total 538

Rejected members 23

Now 515

Table--6

Total members 538 in 2003, science now 23 rejected members, now 515 members are there. With in rejected members some parson migrated members some members irregular members they are rejected in groups.

25

Total members -538

23

Delete members Now 515

Graph--4 Health They don’t have any hospital facility before joining groups the health centre is too far away or because life-saving drugs are not available. Surely it’s an injustice that people must accept illness and death because they cannot get even basic treatment. After joining group in there village no any type of hospital facility, if they got any dosages they have to go to Nellore (18KM), but right now to village one nurse is there , but no use about there health they so suffer. Sickness in households that do not have the capacity to pay for medical expenses also. They want at least community health centre. Roads All villages don’t have good roads, all dirty s roads, bus facilities also only some times,

Power Before joining the group almost all the group member do not have power facility. After one year, the Govt. provided power connection along with some money which has to be returned. For that, they access a group loan and repay back the money taken. Now they are able to use power at home as well as for agri purpose.

26

Chaptter – 3 Chap er – 3 RESULTS & FINDINGS RESULTS & FINDINGS In the year 2000, SFD with the help of RSWR, USA started this programme with the aim of socio-economic empowerment of women. Through this programme, women were given training on how to save, credit union operations and self-help concepts. Each woman’s group started a savings program and each village has a start-up credit union. In September 2003, a credit union federation was formed with 12 members on the board, representing each village or habitation. The federation is formally registered as a women co-operative thrift society under APMACS act 1995. . The federation will work with local banks and government agencies to meet the problems of the women. Currently through this programme, there are 550 covering in 15 habitations. They were motivated to save small amounts and get the loan for their day-today needs and also start income generating activities. During March 2006 to April - 2007 the women’s Society issued loans of Rs. 5, 28, 000 for its members (272) in 14 villages for their emergency needs and other purposes such as cattle and livestock, development of seasonal agriculture, flower farming and marketing, petty shops and other micro enterprises development. Due to small size of loan amounts, most of the women uses the amount for emergency needs such as day to day family running expenses, health purposes, school fee for their children, fodder for animals and other livestock and clearance of debts with higher rate of interest from money lenders etc.,

Status of thrift societies established by SFD in Nellore district of AndhraPredesh (dec.2003), based on secondary data made available by SFD.

Total no. of SHGs Total no. of members Total no. of villages Total Saving

12 515 14 Rs. 202827.00 Table --7

Poverty Before joining the group some of the women were dependent on moneylenders for the purposes of domestic consumption, agriculture, medical

27

treatment, rituals etc. In many cases the women consider the moneylenders as important element. But right now also there are suffering, about of increasing the saving amount, because there is no income generation activity, also less amount of loan. In some households it has been found that woman have lack if decision making power, due to the dependency on husbands income in such case, women do not have control over money because their loan amount has been used up by their husband, resulting in lack of bargaining power within household. It has been observed that most of the women of these areas are materially deprived. Materially deprived in terms of lack of education and absence of provision for emergencies. Most of the women members are illiterate. Some of them do not have any saving accounts either in banks or in post office. All of villages of these areas are isolated. It has been clearly observed that the women of these areas are geographically marginalized. The villages are situated basically in remote area, where one encounters very limited areas access to transportation. Thus these ate the obstacles found in development activities. Gender issues After education, women empowerment being the second major issue of organization SREADS, As always thought that only men are competent in meetings, public speaking, dealing with women, participation in marketing, and other social related issues. But it has been found that in some villages the women members of groups are not so empowered. Some men are still dominating over women. Women are under the restriction of household as well as society. Thus their mobility is restricted. They do not have much control over the loan amount provided by group and is often being utilized for the purposes other than productive purposes. Illiteracy rate is also very high in these areas. Women’s literacy is a key issue for women empowerment. As illiteracy creates a situation of dependency on others that san limit n individuals prospects for empowerment and restricts the woman’s participation in most of the developmental activities as well as in decision-making. As a result of women’s empowerment it has been observed that now women are in a better position in decision making process in side and outside that affect their lives and their future, which is considered as one of the principal components of empowerment. It has been found in some villages, there is equality among men and women. Women doing some business with man to help in income generation for the family, such as agriculture labor, construction works etc. this it has been clearly found that access to credit and participation in income generation activities enhances several statuses by strengthening women’s bargaining position within the house hold. women felt a great deal of pride and personal satisfaction for making a substantial economic contribution to their household. This increase in self –confidence resulted in woman’s community involvement as well.

28

Women’s empowerment A review of government's various programmes for women empowerment such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha, Streeshakti, Balika samrudhi yojana and another two thousand projects reveal that little has been done or achieved through these programmes. The discrepancy in the ideology and practice of the empowerment policy of women in India constitutes its continued social, economic and social backwardness. Women make up 52% of our country's population. Hence there can be no progress unless their needs and interests are fully met. Empowerment would not hold any meaning unless they are made strong, alert and aware of their equal status in the society. Policies should be framed to bring them into the mainstream of society. It is important to educate the women. The need of the hour is to improve female literacy as education holds the key to development. Empowerment would become more relevant if women are educated, better informed and can take rational decisions. It is also necessary to sensitize the other sex towards women. It is important to usher in changes in societal attitudes and perceptions with regard to the role of women in different spheres of life. Adjustments have to be made in traditional gender specific performance of tasks. A woman needs to be physically healthy so that she is able to take challenges of equality. But it is sadly lacking in a majority of women especially in the rural areas. They have unequal access to basic health resources and lack adequate counseling. The result is an increasing risk of unwanted and early pregnancies, HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. The greatest challenge is to recognize the obstacles that stand in the way of their right to good health. To be useful to the family, community and the society, women must be provided with health care facilities. Most of the women work in agricultural sector either as workers, in household farms or as wageworkers. Yet it is precisely livelihood in agriculture that has tended to become more volatile and insecure in recent years and women cultivators have therefore been negatively affected. The government's policies for alleviating poverty have failed to produce any desirable results, as women do not receive appropriate wages for their labor. There is also significant amount of unpaid or non-marketed labor within the household. The increase in gender disparity in wages in the urban areas is also quite marked as it results from the employment of women in different and lower paying activities. They are exploited at various levels. They should be provided with proper wages and work at par with men so that their status can be elevated in society. In recent years there have been explicit moves to increase women's political participation. The Women's reservation policy bill is however a very sad story as it is repeatedly being scuttled in parliament. In the Panchayati Raj system, however, women have been given representation as a sign of political empowerment. There are many elected women representatives at the village council level. However their power is restricted, as it the men who wield all

29

the authority. Their decisions are often over-ruled by the government machinery. It is crucial to train and give real power to these women leaders so that they can catalyst change in their villages regarding women. All this shows that the process of gender equality and women's empowerment still has a long way to go and may even have become more difficult in the recent years. The main reason for the contradiction is that, targeted schemes tend to have only limited impact when the basic thrust of development is not reaching an average woman, making her life more fragile and vulnerable. To make a positive change basic infrastructure should be provided in every village and city. To begin with, providing safe drinking water supply and better sanitation not only directly improved the lives and health of women but also reduces their workload in terms of provision and ensuring such facilities. An access to affordable cooking fuel reduces the need to travel long distances in search of fuel wood. Improved transport connecting villages with each other and with towns can also directly improve living conditions as well as unpaid labour time spent in transporting household items. It can also lead to access to a wider range of goods and services plus a better access to health facilities. Expenditure on food subsidy and better provisions for public distribution services directly affects the lives of women and girl children in terms of adequate nutrition. The patterns of resource mobilization by government also have significant effects on women that are usually not recognized. When taxes are regressive and fall disproportionately on items of mass consumption, once again these tend to affect women more. This is not only because the consumption of such items may be curtailed but also because the provisioning of such items is frequently considered to be the responsibility of the women of the household. Also credit policies reduce the flow of credit to small-scale enterprises thus reducing the employment opportunities for women. There is a need to have women-friendly economic policies that can enhance their social and economic position and make them self-reliant. There is no doubt about the fact that development of women has always been the central focus of planning since Independence. Empowerment is a major step in this direction but it has to be seen in a relational context. A clear vision is needed to remove the obstacles to the path of women's emancipation both from the government and women themselves. Efforts should be directed towards all round development of each and every section of Indian women by giving them their due share.

30

Income income for month
Income Before

1000 1200 1300 1500 3000 4000 Rs/Rs/Rs/Rs/Rs/Rs/10% 35% 10% 12.50% 30% 2.50%
500-750 77.50% 7501000 22.50%

Table—8 From the study it appears that SHGs members falls in different income levels. Out of 40 respondents before joining group77.5% there income less then 750, because of there wage rate maxim 35/- only. almost all members occupation daily labor, but now wages rate some increase.67.5% members have income less than Rs 1500 pm, 30% members have income 3000 pm, 2.5% members have income more than Rs 4000 pm.

Status of Income after intervention

2.50% 30%

10%

1000 Rs/1200 Rs/1300 Rs/35% 1500 Rs/3000 Rs/4000 Rs/-

12.50%

10%

Graph-6

31

Status of income before Intervention 7501000, 22.50% 500-750, 77.50% 500-750 750-1000

Graph--7

Education:-

Edu Before Now

Illiterate Primary Secondary Higher 80% 12.50% 5% 2.50% 67.50% 15% 12.50% 5% Table--9

Out of 40 respondents 80 % of the SHGs members were illiterate because there was no access to schools in the village as village is located far from town, most of the schools are in town. There are some schools, High school and college available in Nellore. But now education has improved, because after joining in group SFD has imparted education through Night schools and literacy rate increased to 32.5% from a previous 20%.

32

Status of Education before Intervention

12.50%

5% 2.50%0

EDU illerate premary secondary 80% 0thers

Graph--8
Status of Education after intervention

12.50%

5% 1 2 3 67.50% 4

15%

Graph--9

Type of house HOUSE NOW Before pucca kucha 73% 27% 12.50% 87.50% Table--10 Out of the 40 respondents, before they joining group almost all members they don’t have pakka house, because they economical status very poor. Now 73% members have Pakka house and 27% members have Kuchha house they also will be going construction. Because govt has provide Indhira Pacca Gruha padhakam.

33

Status of after house intervention

kucha, 27% Pucca kucha pucca, 73%

Graph—10

status of house before indicater

12.50% 1 2 87.50%

Graph -- 11 Savings Monthly savings Now 50 30 Rs/- Rs/7.50% 2.50%

10 Rs/75%

15 Rs/2.50%

20 Rs/- 25 RS/10% 2.50%

Table --11
Monthly Rs/-10 Rs/- 20 Rs/-30

34

Before

95%

5%

0

Table --12 SFD working villages are mainly situated in margin area of Chitoor distric and these are state border villages. Main occupation of the people is agriculture, which depend on rainfall, cattle feeding, and daily wage laborer. Most of the village people are in below poverty line as well as they don’t have full time work to get their livelihood. Some people having land, which is not productive. Out of the 40 respondents before joining there 95% of group members save Rs 10 pm, While 5% members save Rs. 20/- pm only because they economical status poor and also wage rates less then 35/- , now 75% peoples saving 10/remaining members between 15to 50 /- because that lone money very low, with this money they cannot establish any income Jana ration activities. For obtaining further insight into the borrowing by group members, the purposes for which the borrowed funds were utilized were examined consumption needs. That is way they saving not more much increase.

Status of monthly saving after intervention

75%

10 Rs/15 Rs/20 Rs/25 RS/30 Rs/-

2.50% 7.50% 2.50%

10%

2.50%

50 Rs/-

Graph—12

35

Status of monthly saving2before intervention Occupation 1Employed Labor 3 Self
Before Now 12.50% 10% 75% 67.50% 12.50% 22.50%

1, 95% 1 2 3 3, 2, 5% 0

Graph--13

Employment Before joining group all members have no any credit opportunity for low interest rate, they have only money lenders, moneylenders giving high interest rate for credit that is way they did not dare for establishing they own business, after joining group some persons started they own business because of they got with low interest lone money Out of the total, 75% of SHG members they are doing labor work 12.5 % members self employed like hotel, animal husbandry 12.5% members small employed. Status of Occupation Before intervention

2, 75% 1 2 3 3, 12.50% 1, 12.50%

Graph--14

36

status of employement after inrervtion

22.50%

10% 1 2 3 67.50%

Graph --15 Interest rate from money lender:
Interest rate % (1)24% 5% (2)36% 7,5% (3)48% 32.50% (4)60% 35% (5)100% 20%

Table--14
Before joining group they are taking money with high interest rate, (24% to 100%) from money lender. Because of they no opportunity. They have only money lenders with in group wide members with how much interest they have taken money from money lender I have given in this table. Out of 40 respondents 35% members 60%, 32.5% members 48%, 20% member’s 36% interest they have faced but now they will get loan with low interest rate.

Interest
24% 100% 1 36% 48% 60% 2 3 4 5

37

Graph--16 Income income for month

1000 1200 1300 1500 3000 4000 Rs/Rs/Rs/Rs/Rs/Rs/10% 35% 10% 12.50% 30% 2.50% Table--15
Income Before 500-750 77.50% 750-1000 22.50%

Table --16

From the study it appears that SHGs members falls in different income levels. 67.5% members have income less than Rs 1500 pm, 30% members have income 3000 pm, 2.5% members have income more than Rs 4000 pm.
Income

2.50% 30%

10%

1000 Rs/1200 Rs/1300 Rs/35% 1500 Rs/3000 Rs/4000 Rs/-

12.50%

10%

Graph --17
Be fore Incom e 7501000, 22.50% 500-750 500-750, 77.50% 750-1000

38

Chapter - 4 Suggestive framework
Women sociiety Under the act1995. Women soc ety
New modulle New modu e
Thrift society and SHGs

Basic principles on which the groups function are:
                        The members of the groups should be residents of the same area and must have an affinity. Homogeneity of relationship could be in terms of caste/occupation/gender or economic status (which is critical) Savings first, credit thereafter SHGs should hold regular meetings SHGs should maintain record of financial and other transactions They should have norms regarding membership, meetings etc Group leaders should be elected by members and rotated periodically Transparency in operations of the group and participatory decision making Rates of interest on loans should be decided by the group Group liability and peer pressure to act as substitutes for traditional collateral. To participated in welfare programmer. Money transactions should be maintained properly. Knowledge of government and non –government programmers. Every group should have particular agenda. Fines - in case of default in attending meetings, savings and credit repayment. Group may also levy fines for any deviant behavior etc. Leadership - election or nomination of leaders, rotation of leaders etc Motivation of women of from in to group. Attaining clarity and an in –depth understanding of the concept of group and vision. Identification and promotion of homogenous group. Developing consciousness among members on the importance of leaders and the qualities to be leader through training camps at village local and at cluster / area level. Repairing byelaws. (Rules, regulation, etc.) Setting up procedures. Member ship fee. Fixing the saving amount. Opening bank account.

39

Characteristics of group        Group members should not be more then 5 to 20 Every member should be deposit an amount of Rs 100/- as share capital that is refundable with interest (9%). Member ship fee 50/-. Saving should be at least—25/- for month. Internal lending should been a period of 6 to 10 moths. Develop linkages with government. Documentation.

Savings: The group decides on the amount of savings as also its periodicity. It has to be seen whether the saving, as decided upon, is regularly made, how the defaults are dealt with and whether the system is modified as per the requirements of the members.

Loan Processing
Initially at the group level the members conduct the demand assessment and submit to the group leaders in the meetings. Then the applications are scrutinized in the meetings and after approval by majority members it is recommended to the MACS. At the MACS level, the applications are thoroughly examined in the board meetings and by approval of the MACS board, it will be submitted to either banks or MFIs through NGO concerned. After getting the loan from the financial institutions the same will be dispersed to the SHGs. Recovery mechanism The group will communicate the repayment schedule while dispersing the loan amount to the members. According to the schedule the member will repay the loan amount including interest in installment basis as per the agreement. Similarly, the MACS will circulate the repayment schedule to the SHG’s while on lending the RLF to the members through SHG’s. As per the repayment schedule, the SHG’s will repay the loan amount with interest in installments to MACS every month by collecting the loan amount from the members. However the ways for recovery of loans in case of default at group level are shown below. • Member savings • Savings of the guarantors • In case the loan amount exceeds the savings amount will be recovered as per the decision of the group members

40

Leadership Two group members are elected as leaders/ book-writers. The group leaders are expected to.     Regularly convene and conduct the meetings, Help the group members in taking decisions, Resolve conflicts, Maintain books of accounts.

Selection of Groups members 1. Irregular attendance in the group 2. Influence of lean season 3. More than one loan by NGOs OR ORG. 4. Time allowed for group formation 5. Pre conditions ns followed in selection of group members. 6. Members from one house hold 7. Members of other NGOs 8. Temporary resident 9. Idle and bad natured women 10. Lack of employment opportunity 11. Ceiling of credit 12. Family members addiction to antisocial activities 13. Lack of cooperation from family 14. Other family members income 15. Inability to select activity 16. Nature of utilization off credit 17. Lack of marketing facilities 18. Migrating tendency Meetings The group decides the periodicity of the meetings i.e., weekly, fortnightly or monthly. They also decide on the time of the meeting. Decision on time and periodicity helps in regular conduct of meetings. The regularity in the holding of the meeting and the attendance during meeting gives an indication bout groups functioning. Therefore a Financer should see whether.  The meetings have been held regularly  The attendance in the meetings  The members are punctual and stay till the end of the meeting Participation and Awareness of Group Members Are the Members aware of the purpose of group formation, the operations and activities of the group viz. The savings and the credit of the group as well as the individual member’s savings and credit details.  They participate in group discussions and decision-making

41

 

They help solve the problem that are raised in the meetings They work cohesively and have transparent dealings

Attending one or two meetings and talking to individual members may judge the democratic character of the group. The awareness level of members helps in healthy functioning of the group and resolution of conflicts within the group. Procedure Maintain register and records properly…                Minutes book Member shop book Cashbook Saving book Individual passbook Attendance book Accounts of all sums of money received and expended by the society And their respective purposes. Account of all purchases and sales of goods by the society. All such other accounts, records, and documents. Joining and loan Application Identification cards Saving Passbook Credit note Receipts saving and repayments

Strengthening      Monitoring Ensuring the require fractioning Conducting periodic meeting Training campus to leaders and members Generate awareness on various government programs and possible linkage with other program.

Need assessments at village level      Conduct base line survey Identify the human and material resources in the village Identify the carious employ management creating and income generation unites for the come years. Developing in action plan for setting up or strengthening in come generation units. Prepare the credit needs for the village

42

Priinciiplles Pr nc p es        Voluntary member ship Democratic consultative government structure. Economic participation by members Autonomy Education training and information Mutual trust amonging the members Concern for the poor

Assess the capacities of people group      Need assessment should be done annually Distribution plan has to be chalked out Groups should have clear vision Group should have the knowledge in financial management and in organization management. Group should have the knowledge on …  Regularly savings  Regular meetings  Record maintaining  Maintaining the bank account  Regular repayment They should be able to learn and evaluate Development linkages with the financial institution like SIDBI and NABARD

 

Documentation  Application from individual to group  Promissory note from individual  Application from group to assist staff groups  Vouchers (account holder)  Repayments schedules  Loan disbursements Generation programme  Awareness generations  House visits  Group meeting  Mass meeting  Cultural and social programs (with org. Brand any like caps cet.)  Audio visual aids Members shared some key considerations for an NGO playing the role of a facilitator of an SHG or cooperative including:  Its ability to fulfill capacity building and training needs of the staff, create positive motivation and a sense of community ownership; carry

43

sustained and intensive institution building process through on-going support and guidance, and take up concerted capacity building in areas such as accounts, financial management, book keeping and audit. These inputs are crucial to ensure ownership, self-reliance of a cooperative and development of local leadership;  The importance of establishing forward linkages with state government and district administration, linking with significant government schemes and departments dealing with cooperatives to enhance the impact of MF; The need to build strategies for social cohesion and empowerment, and generating mutual trust and respect amongst group/cooperative members.



Trainings     Preparing feasibility studies Managerial training Training in quality control Profit distribution Organogram:Facilitator From SFD SECRETARY and PRESIDINT

MAIN LEADERS

GROUP LEADERS (5)

GROUP MEMBERS(5 TO20) Every month loan disbursement  7 to 8 - collection (saving, lone repayment and giving the Table loan application)--16  9 - Loan application verification with group leaders  10to 12-groups meeting  13to 14- giving the loan Table--17 Emergency loan also available:      Lone money 3000/Here is no interest; this money with in 7 to 10 days should be repay. This is only emergency lone money. Only emergency purpose 44 Here is no interest

Table 18 Awards: Best saving awards (1)  repayment award (1)  Best Cultural program prizes

Table --19 Interest rate  To savings ------9% to members  To loans ------18% from members (9% interest for operation cost and facilitators salary) Table20 Village Local income generation activities 2. Dairy activities. 3. Vegetable vendor. 4. Cloth business 5. Provision store. 6. Hotel 7. Fruit business 8. Sewing and Stitching 9. Plastic carpets and mats 10. Tea and Paan shop. 11. Chips business 12. Grinder and flour mill 13. Fisheries 14. Rice business 15. Flower related garland making and decoration business

45

16. Agri business (group and individual) 17. Ice cream business in summer 18. Selling food items (home made) Micro enterprise network and shill focus on          Reading market trends and marketing studies. Developing innovative business ideas. Conduction feasibility studies Gaining access to capital for start-up and growth Assisting business start-up Understanding and dealing with regulation Managing business finance Creating an effective working environment Providing inputs for training of the micro enterprise factionaries.

Operation Cost of new organisation

Particular Sight Meeting hall construction Furnisher cost Total Electricity Skilled employees Unskilled employees Materials Traveling cost Telephone cost Awards Extra cost

Quantity 500 square feet’s

Cost 500x15= 7500 1,00,000-00 30,000-00

Cost for month Cost for yearly 7500 1,00,000-00 30,000-00 1,37500-00 150 1800-00 96000-00 96000-00 6000-00 10800-00 3000-00 1000-00 500 6000-00

1 2

8000-00 2x4000

8000-00 8000-00 500 900 250

1+3

46

Total Table 21

18300-00

220600-00

Anticipated Sources of Income
Operating income Interest and fee income related to loans • All income on made to clients (use cash basis, or separate accrued interest from actual receipts. don’t accrue interest on non performing loans. Income from other finance related services • Fees from savings accounts) Income from investments Interest from bank accounts or investments in market instruments used primarily for liquidity management Operating expense Interest and fee expense • Interest and fee expenses for all loans, deposits, or other liability funding the financial service operation. Lone less prevision expense • Cost of creating/maintaining the loan loss provision .if current period writes offs exceed reserves, take this expense here. Personnel expense • All staff and consultant costs, including payroll taxes and fringe benefits. Like Service pay obligations. Other administrative expense • E.g. rent, transportation, supplies, utilities, fees, depreciation, other. N0n operational income • All income that does not come from financial service operations. Cash donation • All cash grants /donations, do not include in-kind donations of goods and services. Other non-operational income • Income from investments that play on role in the delivery of financial services, sale of land, consultancies, etc. N0n operational expense Any expense not related to the origination financial services business, such as an evaluation or impact study mandated by donor. Framework for evaluation •

47

S.no 1 2 3 4 5 6

Parameter Management Institution arrangement Capital asset adequacy and quality Resources Operational effectiveness Scalability and sustainability Total Table --22

Weight age 25% 15% 20% 10% 15% 15% 100%

About this module:
Module Very good 71 Good 45 Not Good 7

Table --23 When I asked about these module group leaders, group members and villagers. They respond s very good 71, good 45 and not good 7. And also they given some suggestions after that I made this module.

Module

7 Very good good 71 not good

45

Graph--19

48

ANNEXURE

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR SHG MEMBERS / BENEFICIARY After group joining Rajasekhar.P from EDI 1 Age…. <25 (1) 26-35 (2) 36-45 (3) >46 (4) 2 Educations …………… (1)Illiterate (2) Primary (3) Secondary (4) Higher Secondary (5) Graduate (6) Post Graduate (7) Diploma / Professional Course 4. Arital Status: (1) Married (2) Unmarried (3) Widow (4) Divorced (5) Separated 5. Type of Family: (1) Nuclear (2) Joint (3) Extended 6. Total members of Family members ------M----- (1) F------ (2) 7. Do your in-laws live with you (1) Yes (2) No? 8. Who is the head of your family- (1) Husband (2) Self (3) Father (4) Mother (6) In-laws 9 Number and Age group of children: (1) Major > 18 ------ (2) Minor < 18--10 Activity Status of children: (1) Small Children --- (2) School going---(3) Working Children----11. Employment - (1) Employed (2) Self emp. /small enterprise (3) Agri.labour (4) Dom. Labor (5) H.W. 12. How do you feel with your family (1) fully Satisfied (2) Satisfied (3) Indifferent (4) Burdened (5) Very happy (6) Not happy

Report… GROUP.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

49

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Average Group position

----

Cont…… 13. Approx. Income Monthly (Rs.) ---------------------14. Who take the decision in your family? (1) Yourself (2) Husband (3) Both 15. Type of House: (1) Pucca (2) Kucha (3) Others 16. Electricity: (1) Yes (2) No 17. Toilet Facility: (1) Yes (2) No 18. Cooking Device: (1) Gas (2) Kerosene Stove (3) Wood (4) coal 19. Drinking Water: (1) Well (2) Hand Pump (3) Combined Facility. Group 20. Group started in year-------------------------------21. How many members are in your group? (1) < – 9(2)11 – 15(3)15 – 18 (4) 18 + 22. Group size is: (1) Stable (2) Increased (3) Decreased 23. When you joined the group? (Year): ------------------------------------------24. Who suggested/motivated you to join the group? (1) Self (2) Family members (3) Friends/ Relatives (4) NGO’s workers (5) Other members of the Group Report……..

50

GROUP.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Average Group position

-

Now

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20

21

22 23 24

Cont…..

51

25. What is your position in Group? : (1) Ordinary Member (2) Active Member (3) President (4) Deputy President (5) Other (Specify) 26. Frequency of meeting: (1) Weekly (2) Fortnightly (3) Monthly 27. How many members attendance the meeting? (1) All (2) Few (3) Some members 28. Who calls the meeting? (1) Group Members (2) NGO (3) Mixed 29. Who decides agenda of the meeting (1) Consensus of members (2) Some members (3) members and NGO worker jointly (4) NGO worker 30. Who is taking the decision in the meeting-? (1) All members (2) President (3) NGO Worker (4) NGO Facilitator (5) Mixed (6) Others 31. How is the decision taken? (1).By consensus (2) By voting (3) Group representatives (4) NGO worker/ Facilitator in consultation with members (5) NGO Worker/ Facilitator/Representatives (Mixed) 32. Your saving /month (i) Present (Rs.) -------------- (ii) Initial (Rs.) --------33. Main Purpose of savings (Give your order of Preferences): 1. Social Security 2, Food Security 3, Education 4, Medical 5, Marriage 6, Festivals 7. Emergencies 8, Agriculture 9, Asset Building 10, Self Respect 11. Others (Spe.) 34. Your cumulative savings (Rs.):--------------------------35. Interest rate on savings (%.):-----------------------------36. Your Present balance (Rs.):------------------------------Report…….. GROUP.NO 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

52

11 12 13 14 15 Average Group position

Cone…..

37. Any Training and Experience. (1) Yes (2) No, If Yes, Type of Training (3) No. of Participations Usefulness Yes/ No 38. What type of training? (1) About thrift (2) solar (3) about self business (4) angry 39. Who provided training? (1) NGO’s activists and representatives (2) Resource persons (3) Govt. Officials (4) Others (specify) 40. How the savings are collected? (a) Deposited by members in group meeting on fixed date (b) Collected by representatives from members individually out side meetings (c) Other way (specify 41. How is the group money kept? (a) Deposited in the bank account (b) Distributed as a loan among the members (c) Remains with group representatives (d) Kept in cash box of the group 42. Does the group keep cash in hand for sudden requirements of members? If yes (a)Who keeps cash? (b) What is the Amount…? 43. Who operates Bank accounts on behalf of group? (a) President, Treasurer & Secretary (b) President & Treasurer (c) President & Secretary (d) Any two of above three (e) Others if any Report……..

53

GROUP.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Average Group position

37

38

39

40

41 42a

42b

43 Respondent signature

54

Questionnaire for the NGO Rajasekhararaju.P from ANU Name ___________________________ Designation: ___________________ Date: 1.0 What are the objectives of SFD? : 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 What are the main activities of SFD? : 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3. How long SFD is working for women co-operative thrift society Programmes activities? : 4. Who is /are the sponsoring agency/s of the Groups? : 1. NABARD 2.MFI 3.PRI 4.Others (specify)

5. Is there any obligation to tie up with panchayat made groups or sarpanch/members consent/permission to form SHG, externally or internally? Yes / No If yes, then how? ………

6. In which area NGO is working for Groups? 1. Rural 2.Tribal 3.Semi-Urban 4.Others

7. Who is the target Groups? ………………………………………………. 8. What is the male-female ratio in the Groups? :…………………………...

55

9. How SFD has been promoting the Group activity in that area? :

10. What is the economy level of the Group members? 1. BPL 2.Lower middle 3.Middle 4.Upper middle Y/ N

11. Is SFD providing any training to the SHGs? If yes, what is it?

12. What is the recommendation criteria decided by SFD for the financial linkage of Groups? 1. 2. 3. 13. What is the guideline suggested by SFD for the provision of loan/financial support to Group members? 1. 2. 3. 14. What is the beneficiary selection procedure for loan?

15. Is there any personal/political interest in the selection of the specific group/community for loan? Y / N

6. What is repayment procedure followed by Groups:

56

17. What are the reasons of failure in the cases of any programme?

18. What kind of income generation activities has been initiated by the SHGs? :

19. How many types of MFI sources supported back to DF financially or technically? :

20. Is this credit helping Group s to transfer of assets from one group to another group of poor people? : Y / N

21. Does credit creates any type of tension or ill feeling between recipients and credit disbursing organization?

22. Is there any programme of skill development/up gradation? Y / N If yes, then how the programmes impact the SHGs growth of productivity?

23. Do the women participating in the planning of projects of microenterprise? Y / N If yes, then is the status increasing? : Y / N

24. Is SFD helping for marketing of products to Groups? : Y / N

57

25. What are the actions taken by SFD in case of failure in repayment? :

26. Are all Groups members by nature are entrepreneur? Y / N, is there any planning to motivate them? And how?

if not then

27. Has the micro credit destabilized/ disturbed the operations by moneylenders? Y /N If yes, then what is the response? :

28. Any other information/issues shared by SFD?

Respondent signature Place: Date:

Village Area profiles

1. Village name ………………………………………………. 2. Population …………………. Males ……….. Females ………. No. of cattle……… 3. Major occupation……………………………. Crops.….……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… 4. Bank facility …………………………………………………………. 5. About water facility…………………………………………………. 6. Transport facility ……………………………………………………. 7. Hospital facility ……………………………………………………….

58

8. Telephone facility……………………………………………………… 9. Education facility …………………………………………………… 10. Market facility ………………………………………………………. (Crops and home made products) 11.In village any Govt project going on ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 12. Village president M/F………………………………………………… 13. President communication with people ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………. 14. about village meetings. Who organize ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………… 15. Village road……………………………………………………………

About group development your opinion ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………….. How you are going to save. ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………. What type of help you want about group development. .………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………….

About Indian development …………

59

Introduction
Micro credit is the extension of very small loan (micro loans) to the unemployed, to poor entrepreneurs and to others living in poverty that is not bankable. These individuals lack collateral steady employment and a verifiable credit history and there fore cannot meet even the most minimal qualification to gain access to traditional credit micro credit is a part if micro finance which is the provision of financial services to the very poor; apart from loans, it includes savings, micro insurance and other financial innovation. The world’s seven richest men could wipe out globule poverty. Their combined wealth is more than enough to provide the basic needs of the poorest quarter of the world’s people. Access to basic social services and income transfers to the poverty stricken less then the net wealth if these seven billions. In fact the top billionaires have 1.5 times as much money as the combined national incomes of 48 poorest countries, home to 10% of world population. Micro finance, by definition, refers to the entire range of financial and non-financial service, including skill up gradation and entrepreneurship development, rendered to the poor for enabling them to overcome poverty. Micro finance is recognized and accepted as one of the new development paradigms for alleviating poverty through social and economic empowerment to the poor, with social emphasis on empowering women. Micro finance is a useful tool in building the capacity of the poor in management if sustainable self-employment opportunities, besides providing other financial services like savings, housing consumption credit insurance cover etc. Aims and objectives of micro finance:  Support financial services to the rural poor particularly women, who have not been able to secure the needed services from the formal financial system  Provide enable and capacity building funds in respect of SHG sand various types of other grass roots level micro finance institution.  Support all initiates for unsealing of the Bank linking program.  To measure the changes in savings and borrowing pattern among the SHG members due to their association with SHGs.  To measure the impact if micro finance on economic conditions of members with specific emphasis on assets, levels of income, employment, consumption pattern, etc, and  To Asses the changes in the social conditions of the members due to their association with SHGs.  Build up expertise in micro finance activities.

60

Micro finance concept and features: Micro finance is distinctly different form other populist poverty alleviation schemes. It must be understood that all small loans are not micro finance. Loans under micro finance programmes are very small loans are not micro finance continues to target the rural and urban households, with emphasis on women borrowers, provision of finance for creation of assets and heir maintenance and bringing in greater quality of service. Credit follows thrift. The operational strategy under the new micro finance involves several features such as simple procedures for reviewing and approving loan applications, delivery of credit and related services at commercial rates of interest in a convenient and user friendly procedures for reviewing and approving loans immediately following successful repayment of first loan. Micro finance focuses on the process retaining most of the earlier characteristics such as farm and non- farm credits target group being the poor, operating largely in rural and semi-urban Ares and small borrower positive contribution to women empowerment and holistic transformation, including business training discussion of social issues, support and advice for balancing family and business responsibilities, experience in decision making and leadership, and ownership and control of the credit institution. Targeting women: Micro finance has come to play a major role in many of these donors’ gender and development strategies because of its direct relationship to both poverty alleviation and women. by giving women access to working capital and training, micro finance helps mobilize women’s productive capacity to alleviate poverty and maximize economic output. Women have been shown to spend more of their income on their households; therefore, when are helped to increase their incomes, the welfare of the whole family is improved. Women’s equal access to financial resources is a human rights issue. Because access to credit is an important mechanism for reducing women’s poverty it has been an explicit focus of a variety of human right instruments. The empowerment of women at the individual level helps build abase for social change. Movements to empower women as a group increase opportunities available to individual women, and economic empowerment can increase women’s status in their families and societies. Business training can benefit poor women entrepreneurs when the training is carefully designed to complement their existing skills and address their most presenting needs women’s general education and literacy are important if they are to reach their full potential and become empowered. Illiteracy creates a situation if dependency on other that can limit an individual’s prospect for empowerment. Socio economic condition of the area: SFD working villages are mainly situated in margin area of Chitoor distric and these are state border villages. Main occupation of the people is agriculture,

61

which depend on rainfall, cattle feeding, and daily wage laborer. Most of the village people are in below poverty line as well as they don’t have full time work to get their livelihood. Some people having land, which is not productive. Based on the study it was found out that SFD require a framework for strengthening women co-operative thrift Society.

62

Sponsor Documents

Or use your account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Forgot your password?

Or register your new account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link to create a new password.

Back to log-in

Close