Project on XML by Botoho 2011

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Project on XML by Botoho Sumi.
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October 2011.
Contents:
1. Introduction. 2. Features of XML. 3. Advantages of using XML. 4. Components of an XML documents. 5. How XML works. 6. Application of XML. 7. Conclusion. 8. Acknowledgement. 9. Remarks.

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Introduction;
XML is extensible markup language. its File extensionis.xml, Uniform type identifier-public.xml, it was Developed by-world wide web Consortium, the Type of format-markup language, Extended from-SGML(Standard Generalized Markup Language), it is an Open format, and it is Current published, it was started in the year 1996, the Editors of Xml are Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C.M.Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, Francois Yergeau, John Cowan The internet is a textual data format; the design of xml was to focus on documents. It is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, Many application programming interfaces (APIs) have been developed that software developers use to process Xml data.

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As of 2009 ,Hundreds of Xml-based Languages have been Developed including RSS, Atom, SOAP, XHTML.XML –based format have become the default for most office-productivity tools, Including Microsoft Office (Office open XML), Openoffice.org(Open Document), and Apple’s work. XML is a profile of the ISO standard SGML and most of XML comes from SGML unchanged. From SGML comes the separation of logical and physical structures (elements and entities), the availability of grammar-based validation (DTDs), the separation of processing and representation (processing instructions), and the default angle-bracket syntax. There are two Current versions of XML. The first(XML 1.0) was initially defined in 1998.It has undergone minor revision since then, Without being given a new version number, and is currently in the fifth edition, as published on November 26,2008. It is widely implemented and still recommended for general use. The second (XML 1.1) was initially published in February 4, 2004, the same day as XML 1.0 Third Edition, and is currently in its second Edition, as published on August 16,2006. It contains features (some contentious) that are intended to make XML easier to use in certain cases.
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What is XML?
XML stands for Extensible Markup Language

XML is a markup language much like HTML
XML was designed to carry data, not to display data XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags XML is designed to be self-descriptive XML is a W3C Recommendation

The Difference Between XML and HTML:
XML is not a replacement for HTML. XML and HTML were designed with different goals: XML was designed to transport and store data, with focus on what data is HTML was designed to display data, with focus on how data looks.
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Main features of XML:
XML files are text files, which can be managed by any text editor. XML is very simple, because it has less than 10 syntax rules. XML is extensible, because it only specifies the structural rules of tags. No specification on tags them self.

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Advantages of using XML:
XML provides a basic syntax that can be used to share information between different kinds of computers, different applications, and different organizations. XML data is stored in plain text format. This software- and hardwareindependent way of storing data allows different incompatible systems to share data without needing to pass them through many layers of conversion. This also makes it easier to expand or upgrade to new operating systems, new applications, or new browsers, without losing any data. With XML, your data can be available to all kinds of "reading machines" (Handheld computers, voice machines, news feeds, etc), and make it more available for blind people, or people with other disabilities.

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XML provides a gateway for communication between applications, even applications on wildly different systems. As long as applications can share data (through HTTP, file sharing, or another mechanism), and have an XML parser, they can share structured information that is easily processed. Databases can trade tables, business applications can trade updates, and document systems can share information. It supports Unicode, allowing almost any information in any written human language to be communicated. It can represent common computer science data structures: records, lists and trees. Its self-documenting format describes structure and field names as well as specific values. The strict syntax and parsing requirements make the necessary parsing algorithms extremely simple, efficient, and consistent. Content-based XML markup enhances searchability, making it possible for agents and search engines to categorize data instead of wasting processing power on context-based fulltext searches. XML is heavily used as a format for document storage and processing, both online and offline. It is based on international standards.
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It can be updated incrementally.

It allows validation using schema languages such as XSD and Schematron, which makes effective unit-testing, firewalls, acceptance testing, contractual specification and software construction easier.

The hierarchical structure is suitable for most (but not all) types of documents.

It is platform-independent, thus relatively immune to changes in technology.

Forward and backward compatibility are relatively easy to maintain despite changes in DTD or Schema.

Its predecessor, SGML, has been in use since 1986, so there is extensive experience and software available.

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COMPONENTS OF AN XML DOCUMENT:
Processing Instructions:
An XML Documents usually begins with the XML declaration statement called the Processing Instructions (PI). The PI statement provides information on how the XML file should be processed. The PI statement can be written as: <B> <?xml version =”1.0” encoding=”UTF-8”? > </B>

Tags:

Tags are used to specify a name for a given piece of information. It is a means of identifying data. Data is marked up using tags. A tag consists of opening and closing angular brackets (<>) that encloses the name of the tag. Tags usually occur in pairs. Each pair consists of a start tag and an end tag. The start tag contains the name of the tag and the end tag includes a forward slash (/) before
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the name of the tag, as given in the following example: <P> Apple </P>

Elements:

Elements are the basic units used to identify and describe the data in XML. They are the building blocks of an XML document. Elements are represented using tags. XML allows you to give meaningful names to elements. This helps improve the readability of the code and enables easy identification of the element content. An XML document always has a root element. A root element contains all other elements in the document. Consider the following example: <? Xml version=”1.0”> <AUTHORS> <AUTHOR> <FIRSTNAME>APPLE</FIRSTNAME> <LASTNAME>MANGO</LASTNAME> </AUTHOR> </AUTHORS> In the preceding example, the AUTHORS element contains all other elements I the XML document, and is the root element. An XML document can contain only one root element. All other elements must be embedded within
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the opening and closing tags of the root element.

Content:

Content refers to the information represented by the elements of an XML document. Consider the following example: <BOOKNAME> The Painted House </BOOKNAME> In the preceding example, the name of the book, The Painted House, is the content of the <BOOKNAME> element.

Attributes:

Attributes provide additional information about the elements for which they are declared.

Comments:

Comments are statements used to explain the XML code. They are used to provide documentation information about the XML file or the application to which the file belongs. The parser ignores comments entries during code execution. Comments are not essential in an
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XML file. However, it is good programming practice to include comments along with the code. This helps you easily understand the code. Comments are created using an opening angular bracket followed by an exclamation mark and two hyphens (!--). This is followed by the text that comprises the comment. Comments are closed using two hyphens followed by a closing angular brackets (-->). The following example illustrates the use of a comment in an XML document. <!--> This is an example of Comment Statement --> The text contained within a comment entry cannot have two consecutive hyphens, as given in the following example. <!--> This is an example of -- Comment Statement -->

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How XML works?
XML content is enclosed in tags. Tags are like bags with a label: they hold their content and describe what’s inside. Furthermore, their content may include many other bags. These bags provide the structure and organization of XML.

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Applications of XML:
B2B EDI Journal publishing Database development

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Conclusion:
XML is an extremely powerful and pervasive solution for any structured enterprise content or information requirement. XML delivers significant benefits to standard, platforms, and solutions that use it as their foundations: XML is based on the strength of two of the most successful markup standards ever createdSGML and HTML-and is in active use at thousands of enterprises throughout the world. XML can be used for everything, from scientific data to visual and audible user interfaces. Furthermore, it works with any programming language and Operating System.

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Acknowledgement
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the NIIT Dimapur for giving me to participate in the Information Search and Analysis Skills-Seminar (ISAS-Seminar) to develop me in the field of Information search skill My Gratitude goes to sir chuba for all the guidance and necessary help. Lastly, big thanks to my family for always being there to support me.

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Remarks:

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