Proposal (Template1) (1)

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Research Proposal Topic: THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKING TO ENHANCE WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN SMEs In ro!"c ion In this dynamic business world entrepreneurship has inferred special significance, as it is a key driver to economic development. The objectives of industrial development, regional growth, and employment generation depend upon entrepreneurship. Consequently entrepreneurs are, thus the seeds of industrial development and the fruits of this development are greater employment job opportunities to unemployed people. Entrepreneurship leads to higher income, increases in per capita income, higher standard of living, and individual saving, revenue to the government in the form of various ta es. The recent concept of !entrepreneurial networking"social networking# has emerged as one of the contributing factors to growth of enterprises $%avidsson and &onig, '(()* +am, +eibbrandt, , -latsheni, '((./. Information is a major resource for men and women entrepreneurs and can connect to marketplaces, suppliers* costs, technology, and networking have appeared as valuable for contributing assistance to entrepreneurs. The networking is becoming popular and a valuable way to get hold of relevant information to get competitive advantages. 0etworking provides entrepreneurs a variety of priceless sources not previously in ownership and assist to accomplish their goals $&ansen, 1223* 4enssen, '((1* 5ipolles and 6lesa, '((3* 7elter and 8autonen, '((3/. 0etworking can be of immense help to an entrepreneur, which can be established efficiently by an e ternal organi9ation to support entrepreneurs. In the :(s it was the starting and nature of the networking began to pull significant consideration in the management and entrepreneurship literature $;ldrich , 7hetten, 12:1* ;ldrich , <immer, 12:=* 6irley, 12:3* 4arillo, 12::* 4ohanisson , -attson, 12:.* Thorelli 12::, >9arka, 122(/. ; recent study terminated that entrepreneurship has hugged networking premise as a device for investigating new business creation $%rakapoulou et al., '(('/. ?ast study describes that networking emphasi9ed on relationships amongst participating partners, irrespective of whether they are persons, work units or organi9ations $6rass et al. '((@/. ?ast study provides evidence that small business owners e ploit different social networking and the variety and importance of advice that they receive $?eltier, and 0aidu, '(1'/. ?ast studies made a distinction between the phenomenon of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial process which emphasis on humanism, and 1

human relations $Aerstraete, '(()* Aerstraete , Bayolle, '((3* >wanson, '((.* Aenter, '(1'/. ; ?ast study provides evidence that small business owners e ploit social networking according to the importance of advice they receive $?eltier, and 0aidu, '(1'/. Ra ionale an! Si#ni$icance o$ he S "!%: The rising tide of women entrepreneurs in unmistakable. +ittle is known about the causes and consequences of this rapid growth in entrepreneurship among women $7eiler and 6ernasek, '((1/. Cne of the chief barriers to such work is lack of data on women entrepreneurs $-oore and 6uttner, 122./. E posure to entrepreneurial e perience through household or personal e perience increases the likelihood of entrepreneurship $Carroll and -osakowski, 12:.* 5oberts, 1221* >orensen, '((3/. The likelihood of entering selfDemployment increases with educational level $%olinsky et al., 122)/, though less at the doctoral level $5oberts, 1221/. The recent spinDoff literature has emphasi9ed both the characteristics of the parent firms $Eompers et al., '((3/ as well as characteristics of the individuals $>hane and 8hurana, '(()* 5oberts, 1221/ as important determinants of the likelihood to spin off new. Cver recent years, women entrepreneurs and networking has attracted a lot of attention all over the world. This new concept is diffusing in manufacturing as well as service enterprises world wide including developing countries. Changing competitive conditions both in public and private sector are leading to seek and adopt networking techniques to raise productivity, efficiency and quality to compete in world market. -acroeconomic instability, low levels of education, poor work ethics, poor networking facility and labour relations in ?akistan would seen to present barriers to the use of these techniques. ; key issue, therefore, is whether women entrepreneurs face specific problems in setting up businesses those are different from those being faced by male entrepreneurs. The main purpose of the research is to e plore and critically e amine in a descriptive and analytical manner the relevance and applicability of networking approaches to both manufacturing and services sector in a developing country conte t. In tthiswe will concentrate our attention to promote Fentrepreneurship in general and women empowerment through entrepreneurship in particular. The objectives of the research in the above conte t will be manufacturing and services sector in a developing country conte t. In this study we will focus to e plore whether network plays any important role to encourage and enhance women entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. O&'ec i(es o$ he s "!% The main purpose of the research is to e plore and critically e amine in a descriptive and analytical manner the relevance and applicability of networking approaches to both manufacturing and services sector in a developing country conte t. The objectives of the research in the above conte t will beG

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To e plore, study and analy9e critically the characteristics, philosophy, and role of business networking on entrepreneurship. To discuss critically the relevance of networking practices as a success model in the socio economic conte t of ?akistani entrepreneurs generally and gender entrepreneurs particularly. To e amine and e plore the role of entrepreneurship on women empowerment. To study and e amine the impact of networking on women entrepreneurship particularly in the socio economic environment of ?akistan.

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Con ri&" ion This study will help to understand the women entrepreneurHs problems and issues to start new businesses. In the light of world entrepreneurship promotion this study will provide a strong base to start women entrepreneurship and encourage women entrepreneurs. This study will e plore and help to create women entrepreneurs and their participation will increase. ;s a result of that the women will become more empower. &ence it will help to reduce unemployment amongst women. This study will contribute for the policy makers to take corrective measure for the future purposes. Li era "re Re(ie): Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs have altered the pathway of economies, and markets. They have developed new products and services. Entrepreneurship has introduced quantum leaps in technology and more productive e ploitation of it. -any innovations have changed the society and altered our life style. >cholars seem to have reached consensus about the 12:(s being the turning point when entrepreneurship rates reversed their long term downward trend $6lau, 12:.* ;ce and ;udretsch 122)* Carlsson and 8arlsson 1222* Carree and Thurik '(((a* Carree, Aan >tel, Thurik and 7ennekers '((1/. +arge firms have been subjected to waves of downsi9ing and restructuring and entrepreneurship has been reDdiscovered $Carree 122.* Eavron, Cowling, &oltham, and 7estall 122:* Thurik 1222* 7ennekers and Thurik 1222/. ; careful but systematic shift in economic activity that was taking place away from large firms to small firms, predominantly in young enterprises. 7hen it comes to defining and measuring entrepreneurship , scholars have proposed a broad array of definitions $&ebert and +ink, 12:2* Aan ?raag, 1222/. The origin and determinants of entrepreneurship span a wide spectrum of theories and e planations $6rock and Evans, 12:2* Carree, 122.* Carree, Aan >tel, Thurik, and 7ennekers, '((1* Eavron, Cowling, &oltham, and 7estall, 122:* CEC%, 122:a/. %espite the lack of

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consensus the scholars appears to agree that the level of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activity varies across countries and over time $5ees and >hah, 12:=* 6lanchflower, '(((* 6lanchflower and -eyer, 122@* 7it and Aan 7inder, 12:2/. >cholars also agree that the 12.(s served as a turning point, when entrepreneurship rates reversed their longDterm downward trend $6lau, 12:.* ;cs and ;udretsch 122)* ;ce, Carlsson and 8arlsson, 1222* Carree and Thurik, '(((a* Carree, Aan >tel, Thurik, and 7ennekers, '((1/. ;udretsch and Thurik $'((1/ described that stability, continuity, and homogeneity were the cornerstones they label as the managed economy. >mall business was considered to be a vanishing breed. 6ut times have also changed for the western economies. +arge firms have been subjected to waves of downsi9ing and restructuring and entrepreneurship ahs been rediscovered $Carree, 122.* Eavron, Cowling, &oltham and 7estall, 122:* Thurik, 1222* 7ennekers and Thurik, 1222/. The relative pitch of women entrepreneurs in the last decade has been nothing short of revolutionary $7eiler and 6ernasek, '((1/. It is evident from the data that rapid increase in entrepreneurship among women, as both the creation of firms as well as sales per firm grew more rapidly for women than men entrepreneurs $6ureau Census, 1223/. ;ccording to the $0ational ;ssociation of 7omen 6usiness Cwners, 0B76C, 1223/ there were ... million women owned businesses in the I> employing 13.3 million people and generating appro imately J 1.@ sales. Current estimates indicate that women owned businesses account for )(K of the total businesses, which is likely to increase in the times to come. Early in the evolution of an industry, the identification and acquisition of new knowledge is critical and network relations will relatively fluid and decentrali9ed, as in the emerging multimedia sector $Buchs and 7olf, 122./. In industries where product development, testing and commerciali9ation take place over an e tended period of time and require longDterm investments, network relations tend to persist, as in the technology sector $7alker et al., 122./. -echanisms may be behavioral, reflecting learning $6andura, 122./, ecological, reflecting competition $;ldrich, 1222/, or institutional, reflecting imitation, coercion or other processes $>taber, 122:a/. Birms and networks of firms may not know in advance what needs to be done, but they need to have sufficient variation in their relationships to discover new information and learn new competencies $+evitt and -arch, 12::/. ?owell described it is conditions of uncertainty, which are environment in which networks are most likely to thrive, place a premium on constant learning and innovation $?owell, 122(/. Interfirm cooperation is e pected to be effective especially when knowledge is not fully codifiable but nonetheless important for innovation and risk taking $>torper, 1223/. +oose coupling reduces the risk of repeating mistakes $-asuch, 12:3/, and escalating commitments and raises the likelihood that the networks has competencies necessary to adapt to new conditions $5oss and >taw, 122)/. Ke% *"es ions+H%po hesis o &e in(es i#a e!:

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The key questions being posed or hypothesis tested in the thesis. In this study we are going to frame the following hypothesesG &1G &'G &)G It is e pected that business networking will facilitate and encourage women entrepreneurship generally and women entrepreneurship particularly The business networking will help to enhance womenHs participation in small medium enterprises $>-Es/ It is e pected that business networking will help to mentor womenentrepreneurial competitiveness in the 8ivis"?akistani socio economic conte t &@G The business networking will help to enhance women entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurs in ?akistan and hence will empower women Research ,esi#n ; survey based primary data will be used to e amine relationship between networking entrepreneurship and women empowerment It will also e amine the moderating impact of networking towards women participation in entrepreneurship and >-Es. The study will be conducted in two phases with independent sample. ?haseD1 will consist of tryDout or pilot study in which we will screen out the potential respondents of this study, while phaseD' will constitute the main study and consist of hypotheses testing. The instrument will be designed to collect data on women entrepreneurs, their enterprises and operating environments. The working definition of >-E and women entrepreneurs is carefully framed in line with the International +abour Crgani9ation $I+C/ and >mall -edium Enterprise %evelopment ;uthority $>-E%;/ ?akistan. The lower end of the business spectrum represented by subsistence enterprise will be screened out in order to focus the survey on those enterprises which have potential for growth and upgrading. Three types of questions regarding ownership, number of employees and business premises will be included at the beginning to eliminate subsistence and household enterprises. Ins r"-en The questionnaire will be used and administered to the respondents directly. The available instruments concerning related variables will be e plored for proper reliability and validity or will be developed indigenously. This will guide us to promote hori9ontal and vertical enterpriseDtoDenterprise and individual to enterprise links in the women entrepreneurs and improve access to business development services. ,a a Anal%sis ;fter data collection and coding, the appropriate data analytic techniques including descriptive and multivariate analyses will be carried out keeping in view the objective of the study by using latest available version of >?>>. 3

Re$erences: ;cs, <.4. and %.6. ;udretsch.122) Conclusion, inG <.4. ;cs and %.6. ;udretsch $eds/, >mall Birms and EntrepreneurshipG ;n EastD7est ?erspective, Cambridge Iniversity ?ress, Cambridge. Entrepreneurship, >mall and -edium >i9ed Enterprises and the -acro economy, Cambridge Iniversity ?ress, Cambridge. 7hat is new about the new economyG >ources of Erowth in the -anaged and Entrepreneurial Economies, Industrial and Corporate Change, '((1 ; +ongitudinal analysis of the young selfDemployed in ;ustralia and the Inited >tates, >mall 6usiness Economics, 0o. =, Aol. 1 >elfDemployment in CEC% countries, +abour Economics, 0o. . ; Time >eries ;nalysis of >elfDemployed in the I>, 4ournal of ?olitical Economy, 0o. 23, Aol. ) >mall 6usiness Economics, >mall 6usiness Economics, 0o. 1, Aol. 1 Two %ifferent 7orlds -en and 7omen Brom 2D3 -arket dynamics, Evolution and >mallness, Thesis ?ublishers and Tinbergen Institute, ;msterdam. Economic %evelopment and 6usiness CwnershipG an analysis using data of ') CEC% countries, %iscussion ?aper T 1((D((1"), Tinbergen Institute, Erasmus Iniversity 5otterdam.

;cs, <.4., 6. Carlsson, and E. 8arlsson. ;udretsch, %.6. and ;.5. Thurik 6lanchflower, %.E and 6.%. -eyer 6lanchflower, %.E 6lau, %

1222

'((1

122@

'((( 12:.

6rock, 7.; and %.>. Evans 12:2 6ureau of the Census Carree, -.; Carree, -.;, ;. Aan >tel, ;.5. Thurik, and ;.5.7ennekers. 1223 122. '((1

Carree, -.;. , ;.5. Thurik. '(((a -arket >tructure %ynamics and Economic Erowth, in E. Ealli and 4?elkmans $eds/, 5egulatory 5eform and Competitiveness in Europe 0o. 1G &ori9ontal Issues, Edward Elgar ?ublishing, Cheltenham, I8. Carree, -.;., ; Aan >tel, ;.5. Thurik, and ;.5.-. 7ennekers '((1 Economic %evelopment and 6usiness CwnershipG ;n ;nalysis using data of ') modern economies in the period 12.=D122=, >mall 6usiness Economics,

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Buchs, E. and &. 7olf

122.

5egional Economies, Interactive Television and InterD organi9ational 0etworksG ; of an Innovative 0etworks in 6adenD7urttemberg. European ?lanning >tudies, Aol. 3 The Entrepreneurial >ociety, Institute for ?ublic ?olicy 5esearch, +ondon In search of the meaning of entrepreneurship, >mall 6usiness Economics. 0o. 1, Aol. 1 Crgani9ational +earning. ;nnual 5eview of >ociology, 1@ Aicious Circles in organi9ations. ;dministrative >cience Luarterly Aol. )( 7omen Entrepreneurs -oving 6eyond the Elass Ceiling. Thousands Caks, C.;. >age 7omenDCwned 6usinesses 6reaking %own the 6oundaries, The ?rogress and ;chievement of 7omenDCwned 6usinesses. >ilver >pring, -%, 0B76C

Eavron, 5., -. Cowling, E. &oltham and ;. 7estall &ebert, 5.B and ;.0. +ink +evitt, 6. and 4. -arch. -asuch, -.

122: 12:2 12:: 12:3

-oore, %.? and E.&. 6uttner 122. 0B76C 1223

CEC% ?arrag, -.C. Aan 5ees, &. and ;. >hah 5oss, 4. and 6. >taw

122:a Bostering Entrepreneurship, The CEC% 4ob >trategy, CEC%, ?aris 1222 12:= 122) >ome classic view on entrepreneurship, %e Economist, 0o. 1@., Aol. ) ;n Empirical ;nalysis of >elfDemployment in the I8 4ournal of ;pplied Economics, 0o. 1, Aol. 1 Crgani9ational Escalation and E itG +essons Brom the >horeham 0uclear ?ower ?lant. ;cademy of -anagement 4opurnal, Aol. )=

>taber, I.

122:a >ociology and Economic %evelopment ?olicyG The Case of Industrial %istrict ?romotion. Canadian 4ournal of >ociology, Aol. ') 1222 Entrepreneurship, Industrial Transformation and Erowth, in E.%. +ibecap $ed./, The >ource of Entrepreneurial ;ctivityG Aol. 11, ;dvances in the >tudy of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Erowth, 4;I ?ress, >tamford. >ocial Capital, >tructure &oles and the Bormation of Industry 0etworks. Crgani9ation >cience, Aol. :

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7eiler, > and ;. 6ernasek 7ennekers, ;.5.-. and ;. 5. Thurik 7it, E. de and B.;.;.Aan 7inder.

'((1 1222 12:2

%odging the Elass CeilingM 0etworks and the 0ew 7ave of 7omen Entrepreneurs. The >ocial >cience 4ournal ): +inking Entrepreneurship and Economic Erowth, >mall 6usiness Economics 0o. 1), Aol. 1 ;n Empirical ;nalysis of >elfDemployed in the 0etherlands, >mall 6usiness Economics 0o. 1, Aol. @

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