Renewable Energy in Malaysia
Content
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
ASSIGNMENT AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY DR RUSTAM KHAIRI ZAHARI
NUR NABILA AHMAD AZAM G 1016160
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as climate change has driven the world towards renewable energy sources which are abundant, untapped and environmentally friendly (Salsuwada Selamat and Zulzikrami Abidin, u.d.). The renewable energy sector is fast gaining ground as a new growth area for many countries worldwide with the vast potential it presents environmentally and economically. Renewable energy sectors are all about using natural sources to create energy. These natural sources usually include the sun, water, wind, and geothermal sources. The science and technology are constantly developing so it is logical to expect even more renewable energy sources in years to come, as well as the highly improved efficiency of existing ones (Habjanec, 2009). Renewable energy plays a major role in meeting a country’s energy needs, enabling businesses to reap energy cost savings and revenue while combating global warming. Also, renewable energy is seen as a growth sector that will help propel the country into a high-income economy. Using renewable energy sources is not only highly beneficial from energetic point of view but also from ecological point of view because by utilizing the renewable energy we can save our environment for our future generations (Habjanec, 2009). 2.0
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MALAYSIA
In Malaysia, oil and gas have been the main energy sources. However, with its gas reserves estimated to last for another 33 years and oil reserves another 19 years, the Malaysian government is trying to strengthen the role of renewable energy [RE] as the fifth cornerstone of energy generation. As a matter of fact, previously Malaysia has already started to promote RE in the Third Outline Perspective Plan [OPP3] (2001-2010) which has given emphasis on the management of RE resources & encouragement of RE utilization (Hassan Ibrahim, 2002). Besides, there was also a national project which called the Biomass-based Power Generation and Co-generation in the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry [BioGen] which has been executed by the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communication [MEWC] in 2002 (UNDP, 2006). This national project aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector by catalyzing the implementation of biomass technology in the palm oil industry using palm oil wastes (UNDP, 2006).
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
Today, the Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Datuk Seri Peter Chin has clarified that the government has underlined the role of renewable energy in the framework of 10th Malaysia Plan (2011-2015) which emphasized the use of such energy that can help to reduce the high dependency on fossil fuels (Yee, 2010). Also, the RE solutions and sustainable practices have been included in the Malaysian budget with the purpose to promote greater use of renewable energy to supplement the nation’s depleting oil and gas reserves (Yee, 2010). Apart from that, another effort which has been taken by the government of Malaysia in promoting renewable energy is through the formulation of legislation. There are two legislations which have been introduced, namely the Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act 725) and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726). These two legislations have been marked as major milestone in the development of renewable energy in Malaysia (Saiful, 2011). The two legislations will be further elaborated below: i.
Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act 725) ―The implementation of Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan is anticipated to accelerate the development of renewable energy in Malaysia because the adoption of the Feed in Tariff (FiT) mechanism has an incentive structure to encourage the growth of renewable energy.‖ - Datuk Seri Peter Chin (Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water)
Renewable Energy Act (2011) described renewable energy as means electricity generated or produced from renewable resources. Renewable Energy Act 2011 which has been enforced on 1st December 2011 is comprises of 9 Parts and 65 clauses. It has been defined as an act to provide for the establishment and implementation of a special tariff system to catalyse the generation of renewable energy and to provide for related matters (Renewable Energy Act, 2011). As been mentioned by Datuk Seri Peter Chin, the Renewable Energy Act was an important piece of legislation that would create an environment conducive for renewable energy to grow in an effective and sustainable manner (Borneo Post Online, 9 November 2011). Under the Renewable Energy Act 2011, a feed-in tariff (FiT) mechanism has been introduced by the Government of Malaysia (Chua, Oh and Goh, 2010). The FiT is believed as one of the most suitable forms to support renewable energy (Yee, 2010). FiT, according to the Renewable
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
Energy Act 2011, means the special tariff payable to feed-in approval holders in consideration for renewable energy generated and sold to a distribution licensee. For the purpose of FiT, Datuk Seri Peter Chin elaborated: ―…a feed-in tariff (FiT) mechanism is established to enable interested parties to develop renewable energy in a safe and secure manner as the generated electricity can be sold to utility companies over a guaranteed period,‖ In other words, FiT is a mechanism that allows electricity produced from indigenous renewable energy resources to be sold to power utilities at a fixed premium price and for specific duration. The establishment of FiT has enabled interested parties to develop renewable energy in a safe and secure manner as the generated electricity can be sold to utility companies over a guaranteed period. Under the FiT, up to 30 MW of electricity generated from four renewable sources – solar photovoltaic, biogas, biomass and small hydro – can be connected to the national grid and sold back to utilities companies (Saiful, 2011). As such, the Renewable Energy Act 2011 can be considered as a catalyst for renewable energy generation and it is also aligned with Malaysian government’s aim to achieve 5.5 per cent renewable energy in Malaysia’s total energy mix by 2015 (Saiful, 2011). Feed in Tariff (FiT) mechanism in Malaysia: According to Badriyah Malek (2011), FiT is a mechanism that allows electricity that is produced from indigenous RE resources to be sold to power utilities at a fixed premium price and for specific duration. She further elaborated that FiT system provides a conducive and secured investment environment which will make financial institutions to be comfortable in providing loan with longer period (more than 15 years). The FiT system can be described as follows: 1. Provides fixed revenue stream for installed system 2. Only pays for electricity produced which promotes system owner to install good quality and maintain the system 3. With suitable degression rate, manufacturers and installers are promoted to reduce prices while enhancing quality According to SEDA Malaysia (u.d.), there are four steps of how the FiT system is funded. For the first step, electricity consumers will pay electricity bills to Distribution Licensees, Tenaga
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
Nasional Berhad for instance. Step two, 1% of electricity revenue will be channeled from distribution licensees to RE Fund which is managed by SEDA Malaysia. Step three, the Distribution Licensees (DL) will make FiT payment to Feed-in Approval Holders (FiAHs). For the last step, DL will claim from RE Fund, the positive sum of the differential between FiT payments and the prevailing displaced cost, including an administrative fee.As been claimed by Datuk Seri Peter Chin: ―With the FiT, it will be easier for everyone, whether individual consumers or companies to generate renewable energy and sell their excess power back to Tenaga Nasional Berhad or regional utility companies such as Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation and Sabah Electricity Board,‖ (Bernama, 15 July 2010). In brief, FiT system in Malaysia obliges Distribution Licensees (DLs) to buy from Feed-in Approval Holders (FIAHs) the electricity produced from renewable resources (renewable energy) and sets the FiT rate. The DLs will pay for renewable energy supplied to the electricity grid for a specific duration. By guaranteeing access to the grid and setting a favorable price per unit of renewable energy, the FiT mechanism would ensure that renewable energy becomes a viable and sound long-term investment for companies industries and also for individuals. ii.
Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726) ― Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia Act 2011 would enable the establishment of SEDA Malaysia, a statutory body equipped with powers to enforce the Feed in Tariff (FiT) system under Renewable Energy 2011 which would be tasked with ensuring that FiT was implemented successfully in the country‖ Datuk Seri Peter Chin (Borneo Post Online, 9 November 2011)
Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726) has been enforced on 1st September 2011. It comprises of 6 Parts and 49 Clauses. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act (2011) defined Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 as an act to provide for the establishment of the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA Malaysia) and to provide for its functions and powers and for related matters.
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
SEDA Malaysia is the authority to spearhead renewable energy development in Malaysia (Environmental Development in Malaysia, 2011). Generally, the key role of SEDA is to administer and manage the implementation of the FiT mechanism which is mandated under the Renewable Energy Act 2011 [Act 725] (The Sun Daily, 15 August 2011; SEDA Malaysia, 2011). Under Section 15 of Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726), functions of SEDA Malaysia include: 1. Advising the Minister & Government Entities on all matters relating to sustainable energy 2. Promoting and implementing national policy objectives for RE – to promote, facilitate & develop sustainable energy 3. Implementing, managing, monitoring & reviewing the Feed-In Tariff system 4. Implementing sustainable energy laws including the Renewable Energy Act & recommend reforms 5. Promoting private sector investment in sustainable energy sector 6. Establishing measures to improve public awareness 7. Act as focal point on matters relating to sustainable energy & climate change matters relating to energy Tan Sri Dr Fong Chan Onn further clarified that SEDA Malaysia is responsible to ensure the implementation of a systematic research and development (R&D) programme leading to innovative products and services. To achieve such feat, SEDA is working with other stakeholders including public research institutions such as universities on the R&D action plan, which includes articulation of research areas and identifying potential market for commercialisation of renewable energy (RE) researches that have been conducted. SEDA is working with Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation which is responsible monitoring the R&D efforts financed by the Government (The Star, 12 May 2012). 3.0
DISCUSSION
As been mentioned before, Renewable Energy Act 2011 and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 are the initiatives by the government of Malaysia towards the growth of renewable energy in the country. Basically, the Renewable Energy Act 2011 focused on furthering the renewable energy sector through the introduction of a FiT on energy consumption.
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
Meanwhile, the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 covers the functions and powers of the authority, SEDA Malaysia, in the enactment of renewable and sustainable energy in Malaysia. The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water had conducted a thorough study on the effectiveness of major RE policy instruments practiced globally. The findings of the study showed that FiT is the most effective RE policy mechanism in promoting and sustaining RE growth. The findings were drawn from past experiences learnt from other countries and studies from international energy policy experts. These renowned experts have studied and concluded that the FiTs have been proven to be the best support mechanisms to rapidly increase the share of renewable energy production and use. It has been acknowledged that the idea of FiT system is promoted through the Renewable Energy Act 2011 which has been established by the Malaysian Government. According to KeTTHA (2011), FiT system will give advantages to the nation in terms of economic, environment, social and also political. Firstly, in the aspect of economic, through FiT system, there will be more green jobs opportunities created. Besides, the system will also drive the economic development by creating stable conditions for market growth. Secondly, FiT system will give benefits to the environmental aspect through reducing dependency on fossil fuels and also declining of carbon emission and pollutions. Next, in terms of social, FiT system can help to increase the awareness of the citizen towards renewable energy and consequently, it will encourage citizen and community engagement in activities of protecting climate and environment. Meanwhile, in political aspect, Fit system can create mechanism for achieving RE and emissions reduction targets as well as promotes a more decentralized and democratized form of electricity system. According to Datuk Seri Peter Chin, with the commencement of the Renewable Energy Act 2011, feed-in-tariff system, and the setting up of SEDA as the central authority for the RE industry, it was expected that by 2020, the renewable energy capacity for Malaysia would reach 2,080 MW or approximately 11 per cent of the total peak electricity demand capacity (The Star Online, 21 March 2012). Meanwhile, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, Datuk Seri Peter Chin clarified that an accumulated 42 million tonnes of carbon dioxide could be avoided due to renewable energy generated during the period. (Borneo Post Online, 9 November 2011). From
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the statement given, it shows that the establishment of FiT system offers positive impact towards the country. From the arguments that have been discussed before, it shows that the formulation of two legislations - Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act 725) and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726) - by the Malaysian government, will not only assist Malaysia in promoting the environmental protection, but also help in generating economy of the country. Eventually, the promotion of renewable energy will assist Malaysia towards achieving sustainable development. 4.0
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN GERMANY
Germany has been acknowledged as one of the world’s major renewable energy economy. The country has been a center of innovation in renewable energy technologies for many years (Burgermeister, 2009). Since year 2002, the German government has been closely involved in supporting the global dissemination and transfer of technologies for renewable energies, under the banner ―renewables - Made in Germany‖ (German Energy Agency, u.d.). The Federal Environment Minister of German, Jürgen Trittin clarified that a decisive breakthrough in the development of sustainable energy provision has been achieved with the adoption of the Renewable Energy Sources Act. The success of the German Renewable Energy Sources Act in promoting the use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation is widely acknowledged (Krewitt and Nitsch, 2002). Basically, the German Renewable Energy Sources Act promotes renewable energy mainly by stipulating feed-in tariffs that grid operators must pay for renewable energy fed into the power grid. The purpose of the law is to facilitate the sustainable development of energy supply, particularly for the sake of protecting the climate and the environment, to reduce the costs of energy supply to the national economy, to conserve fossil fuels and to promote the further development of technologies for the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources. To this end, the act aims to increase the share of renewable energy sources in the German electricity supply. According to statistical data from the Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics, the electricity generation from renewable energy sources in Germany which consist of hydropower,
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
wind energy, biomass, biogenic share of waste, photovoltaics and geothermal energy, is increasing every years. In year 1990, the total of electricity generated was 17,086 GWh and it has reached 121,939 GWh in year 2011 (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 2012). The huge gap between the two years shows the great efforts done by the government and also the contribution from the citizens. It has proved that the economic benefits of renewable energy sector in Germany are impressive. For instance, by 2010, the field of renewable-energy-related jobs employed around 340,000 people, most of them in biomass, wind power, and solar. Renewable Energy Sources Act promotes renewable energy mainly by stipulating FiT that grid operators must pay for renewable energy fed into the power grid. Germany’s feed-in tariff was implemented in 2000. It has been a huge success and is generally regarded as the best example of an effective FiT law (Wörlen, 2009). Basically, FiT policy is embedded in a climate and energy policy framework that promotes renewable energy and efficiency technologies, including laws to encourage combined-heat-and-power plants, a cap and trade system, the energy tax reform and several additional measures (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 2012). The formulation of FiT has contributed to the development of the solar sector in Germany. Today, Germany is one of the largest solar heating producers in the world with a 47% share of the global market. There are now over 40 companies in Germany that produce solar system components, and the industry employs more than 20,000 people, and has a turnover of €1.7 billion per year. It has been acknowledged that renewable energies do not suffer from scarcity problems such as oil, gas and uranium. In fact, they create new jobs, new industrial opportunities and benefits the national economies. Burgermeister (2009) further added that renewable energy holds the promise of reducing pollution, creating jobs and diversifying the market while providing a long-term, secure, local energy supply to fuel the economy. Also, based on the report finding on the Germany country’s Renewable Energy Sources Act in 2006, it has shown several significant advances in Germany’s renewable sector (Worldwatch Institute , 2006): 1. The share of electricity from renewable energy sources nationwide has increased from 6.3 percent in 2000 to 12 percent in 2006.
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
2. The Act resulted in the avoidance of 45 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2006, up from 37 million tons avoided in 2005. 3. All renewable energy used in Germany—for electricity, heat, and transport fuel—avoided the release of more than 100 million tons of CO2 in 2006. 4. Approximately 240,000 people in Germany were employed in the renewable energy sector in 2006, representing a 40-percent increase over 2004. More than half of these jobs were created by the Renewable Energy Sources Act. Currently, Germany is accelerating its efforts to become the world's first industrial power to use 100 percent renewable energy by 2050. The discussion has showed that the German Renewable Energy Sources Act has significantly given positive impacts to the country. As been clarified by Hans-Josef Fell, Germany’s Renewable Energy Sources Act has given Germany a large internal market and brought about a series of innovative developments in wind energy, photovoltaics, biogas, wood generated electricity and vegetable oil-fired district heating plants (MGCC, 2010). In brief, there is no doubt that renewable sources play a major role in providing secure and clean energy in Germany. The positive impacts of renewable energy promotion in Germany have proven the effectiveness approaches that have been taken by the government and the support from the public which can be referred by other countries. 5.0
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
Malaysia is amply endowed with an abundance of energy resources, both depletable and renewable resources. This notwithstanding, there has been an overdependence on depletable or conventional sources of energy, hence the potential of renewable energy has not been fully exploited (Hitam, 2000). The RE capacities are grossly under-utilized, particularly from biomass and solar energy (Siti Mustapha, Peng and Amir Hashim, 2010). The Malaysian Government recognizes the potential of RE as an alternative to ensure the sustainability of energy resources. For the past 60 years, Malaysian government has formulated quite a number of energy-related policies to ensure sustainability and security of energy supply (Islam, Saidur, Rahim and Solangi, 2009). It has been acknowledged that the government of Malaysia has adopted and adapted the Renewable Energy Sources Act from Germany in enacting the Renewable Energy Act 2011 and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011. As such, Hans-Josef Fell, the
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
spokesperson on the Energy Policy for the Green Parliamentary Group in the German Bundestag commented on the situation of renewable energy in Malaysia. He stated: ―What makes renewables hard to compete in Malaysia is the high subsidies for fossil energies which make the price of oil, uranium or coal seem cheaper. Even today, the prices for generating power using wind is cheaper than using coal and nuclear energy if a new power plant is constructed‖ As been claimed by Fell, Spokesperson on the Energy Policy for the Green Parliamentary Group in the German Bundestag‖ (MGCC, 2010). As such, Fell suggested that in order for Malaysia to successfully follow Germany’s footsteps in the renewable energy sector, all subsidies for fossil energies have to be stopped (MGCC, 2010). Apart from that, since the act which concerned renewable energy in Malaysia has been formulated based on the Germany’s act, the government of Malaysia should take an initiative to study or organize a discussion or seminar with the Germany’s respective authority in order to acquire their experience, knowledge and technologies. Therefore, the Malaysian government can improve the system in Malaysia to be as competent as Germany. Also, as one of the developing countries, the development and economic growth in Malaysia continue to affect the growing demand of energy consumption. The crucial challenge faced by power sector in Malaysia currently is the issue of sustainability (Ong, Mahlia and Masjuki, 2010). Thus, Malaysia needs better access to stable and affordable energy supplies, as well as new technological solutions enabling efficient use of traditional and renewable energy sources. More consistent support for climate-friendly development on the basis of renewables in the countries of the South is needed. The same holds true for international assistance packages for developing countries involving technology-sharing and renewable energy (Hennig, 2007). Next, according to Tan Sri Dr Fong Chan Onn, the major difficulty to pursue RE growth in Malaysia is gaining public’s acceptance of RE. A successful RE deployment in a country requires a paradigm shift because the current infrastructure and mind set is for conventional power generation like electricity and we have been comfortable with this for more than 50 years. The public is also slow to accept RE because the Government has kept the price of electricity low by subsidizing gas from Petronas (The Star, 12 May 2012). Due to this matter, the government of Malaysia should organize various programs which can increase the awareness of
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non-government agencies and public towards the importance of the role of renewable energy in a sustainable system. Therefore, they can take a more proactive step to coordinate, promote and use energy generated based on renewable resources before we can see a wider utilization of renewable energy in Malaysia Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water Datuk Seri Peter Chin claimed the renewable energy prospects were bright in Malaysia as it had very rich resources which could be readily tapped, such as solar, biogas, biomass and hydro (Saiful, 2011). However, he said as our way of using energy was not sustainable, there was a need to change our lifestyle and use less energy. For that reason, the Malaysian should have to discard bad habits of wasting energy, resort to energy saving electrical appliances wherever possible, design and build more energy efficient homes and commercial buildings, and most importantly, find alternative sources of energies. As a conclusion, the use and production of renewable energy can bring about many positive benefits (Piebalgs, 2007). It helps to secure the energy supply, reduce CO2 emissions, slows down the negative global temperature trend and proposes a feasible model for sustainable energy strategies. Besides, renewable energy sector also offers more business opportunity. Therefore, there is a need to have Acts like Renewable Energy Act 2011 and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011, which can govern and accelerate the development of renewable energy in Malaysia. The key roles played by the acts will help to bring the nation towards achieving sustainable development.
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
REFERENCES Badriyah Abdul Malek (2011). Renewable Energy: Feed-in Tariff and Solar PV In Malaysia. Renaissance Hotel, Kuala Lumpur. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia. Bernama (15 July 2010). Malaysia To Introduce Feed-In Tariff For Renewable Energy In 2011, Says Peter Chin. Retrieved from http://www.bernama.com/ on 10th May 2012. Borneo Post Online (9 November 2011). Legislations for Renewable Energy Act 2011 being worked out – Chin. Retrieved from http://www.theborneopost.com/ on 10th May 2012. Burgermeister, J. (2009). Germany: The World's First Major Renewable Energy Economy. Retrieved from http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ on 10th May 2012. Chua, S. C., Oh, T. H. and Goh, W. W. (2010). Feed-in tariff outlook in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 705–712. Environmental Development in Malaysia (December 21, 2010). Renewable Energy Act in Effect by H1 2011. Retrieved from http://envdevmalaysia.wordpress.com/ on 10th May 2012. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2012). Development of renewable energy sources in Germany 2011: Graphic and tables. German Energy Agency (u.d.). Renewables – Made in Germany. Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. Habjanec, D. (2009). Importance of renewable energy sources. Interesting Energy Facts. Retrieved from http://interestingenergyfacts.blogspot.com/ on 10th May 2012. Hassan Ibrahim (2002). Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP) Programme for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Power Generation. 1st Meeting of ASEM Green IPPs Network Bangkok, 24 - 25 October 2002. Hennig, O. (2007). Renewable energy: potential and benefits for developing countries. Proceedings of a conference organised by the European Office of the Konrad-AdenauerStiftung and the EastWest Institute in Brussels, 28 February 2007. Hitam, S. 2000. Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies: A Pre-Requisite for the Concerted Development and Promotion of the Renewable Energy in Malaysia. Islam, M. R., Saidur, R., Rahim, N. A. and Solangi, K. H. (2009). Renewable energy research in Malaysia. Engineering e-Transaction. Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2009, pp 69-72. KeTTHA (2011). Handbook on the Malaysian Feed-in Tariff for the Promotion of Renewable Energy. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water. Krewitt, W. and Nitsch, J. (2002). The German Renewable Energy Sources Act— an investment into the future pays off already today. Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 533–542. MGCC (2010). The Man behind Germany’s Renewable Energy Sources Act. MGCC Quarterly, p. 13. Malaysian-German Chamber of Commerce. Ong, H. C., Mahlia T. M. I. and Masjuki, H. H. (2010). A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 639–647.
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Piebalgs, A. (2007). Renewable energy: potential and benefits for developing countries. Proceedings of a conference organised by the European Office of the Konrad-AdenauerStiftung and the EastWest Institute, Brussels, 28 February 2007. Konrad-AdenauerStiftung. Renewable Energy Act (2011). Act 725. Laws of Malaysia. Percetakan Nasiona Malaysia Berhad. Saiful (2011). Malaysia Has Rich Resources For Renewable Energy. Algaetech International.Retrieved from http://algaetech.com.my/ on 10th May 2012. Salsuwanda Selamat and Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin (u.d.). Renewable Energy and Kyoto Protocol: Adoption in Malaysia. The School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis. Retrieved from http://publicweb.unimap.edu.my/ on 10th May 2012. Siti Indati Mustapa, Peng, L.Y. and Amir Hisham Hashim (2010). Issues and Challenges of Renewable Energy Development: A Malaysian Experience. PEA-AIT International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Development: Issues and Strategies (ESD 2010) The Empress Hotel, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 2-4 June 2010. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act (2011). Act 726. Laws of Malaysia. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad. Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia [SEDA Malaysia] (u.d.). Renewable energy development & feed-in tariff (FiT) in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.seda.gov.my/ on 10th May 2012. The Star Online (12 May 2012). Your 10 questions with Tan Sri Dr Fong Chan Onn. The Start Online. Retrieved from http://biz.thestar.com.my/ on 10th May 2012. The Star Online (21 March 2012). Govt considering inclusion of wind and thermal as renewable energy sources. Retrieved from http://biz.thestar.com.my/ on 10th May 2012. The Sun Daily (15 August 2011). Launch date for FiT system deferred to Dec 1. Retrieved from http://www.thesundaily.my/ on 10th May 2012. United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] (21 September 2006). Government of Malaysia and UNDP Promote Renewable Energy. Retrieved from th http://www.undp.org.my on 10 May 2012. Worldwatch Institute (2006). Germany Leads Way on Renewables, Sets 45% Target by 2030. Retrieved from http://www.worldwatch.org/ on 10th May 2012. Wörlen, C. (2009). Renewable Energy Policy in Germany: A FIT Success Story. Arepo Consult. Yee, L.H. (15 October 2010). Initiatives to promote renewable energy. Retrieved from http://biz.thestar.com.my/ on 10th May 2012.
ASSIGNMENT AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY DR RUSTAM KHAIRI ZAHARI
NUR NABILA AHMAD AZAM G 1016160
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves as well as climate change has driven the world towards renewable energy sources which are abundant, untapped and environmentally friendly (Salsuwada Selamat and Zulzikrami Abidin, u.d.). The renewable energy sector is fast gaining ground as a new growth area for many countries worldwide with the vast potential it presents environmentally and economically. Renewable energy sectors are all about using natural sources to create energy. These natural sources usually include the sun, water, wind, and geothermal sources. The science and technology are constantly developing so it is logical to expect even more renewable energy sources in years to come, as well as the highly improved efficiency of existing ones (Habjanec, 2009). Renewable energy plays a major role in meeting a country’s energy needs, enabling businesses to reap energy cost savings and revenue while combating global warming. Also, renewable energy is seen as a growth sector that will help propel the country into a high-income economy. Using renewable energy sources is not only highly beneficial from energetic point of view but also from ecological point of view because by utilizing the renewable energy we can save our environment for our future generations (Habjanec, 2009). 2.0
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN MALAYSIA
In Malaysia, oil and gas have been the main energy sources. However, with its gas reserves estimated to last for another 33 years and oil reserves another 19 years, the Malaysian government is trying to strengthen the role of renewable energy [RE] as the fifth cornerstone of energy generation. As a matter of fact, previously Malaysia has already started to promote RE in the Third Outline Perspective Plan [OPP3] (2001-2010) which has given emphasis on the management of RE resources & encouragement of RE utilization (Hassan Ibrahim, 2002). Besides, there was also a national project which called the Biomass-based Power Generation and Co-generation in the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry [BioGen] which has been executed by the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communication [MEWC] in 2002 (UNDP, 2006). This national project aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector by catalyzing the implementation of biomass technology in the palm oil industry using palm oil wastes (UNDP, 2006).
AUP 6432 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY
Today, the Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Datuk Seri Peter Chin has clarified that the government has underlined the role of renewable energy in the framework of 10th Malaysia Plan (2011-2015) which emphasized the use of such energy that can help to reduce the high dependency on fossil fuels (Yee, 2010). Also, the RE solutions and sustainable practices have been included in the Malaysian budget with the purpose to promote greater use of renewable energy to supplement the nation’s depleting oil and gas reserves (Yee, 2010). Apart from that, another effort which has been taken by the government of Malaysia in promoting renewable energy is through the formulation of legislation. There are two legislations which have been introduced, namely the Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act 725) and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726). These two legislations have been marked as major milestone in the development of renewable energy in Malaysia (Saiful, 2011). The two legislations will be further elaborated below: i.
Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act 725) ―The implementation of Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan is anticipated to accelerate the development of renewable energy in Malaysia because the adoption of the Feed in Tariff (FiT) mechanism has an incentive structure to encourage the growth of renewable energy.‖ - Datuk Seri Peter Chin (Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water)
Renewable Energy Act (2011) described renewable energy as means electricity generated or produced from renewable resources. Renewable Energy Act 2011 which has been enforced on 1st December 2011 is comprises of 9 Parts and 65 clauses. It has been defined as an act to provide for the establishment and implementation of a special tariff system to catalyse the generation of renewable energy and to provide for related matters (Renewable Energy Act, 2011). As been mentioned by Datuk Seri Peter Chin, the Renewable Energy Act was an important piece of legislation that would create an environment conducive for renewable energy to grow in an effective and sustainable manner (Borneo Post Online, 9 November 2011). Under the Renewable Energy Act 2011, a feed-in tariff (FiT) mechanism has been introduced by the Government of Malaysia (Chua, Oh and Goh, 2010). The FiT is believed as one of the most suitable forms to support renewable energy (Yee, 2010). FiT, according to the Renewable
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Energy Act 2011, means the special tariff payable to feed-in approval holders in consideration for renewable energy generated and sold to a distribution licensee. For the purpose of FiT, Datuk Seri Peter Chin elaborated: ―…a feed-in tariff (FiT) mechanism is established to enable interested parties to develop renewable energy in a safe and secure manner as the generated electricity can be sold to utility companies over a guaranteed period,‖ In other words, FiT is a mechanism that allows electricity produced from indigenous renewable energy resources to be sold to power utilities at a fixed premium price and for specific duration. The establishment of FiT has enabled interested parties to develop renewable energy in a safe and secure manner as the generated electricity can be sold to utility companies over a guaranteed period. Under the FiT, up to 30 MW of electricity generated from four renewable sources – solar photovoltaic, biogas, biomass and small hydro – can be connected to the national grid and sold back to utilities companies (Saiful, 2011). As such, the Renewable Energy Act 2011 can be considered as a catalyst for renewable energy generation and it is also aligned with Malaysian government’s aim to achieve 5.5 per cent renewable energy in Malaysia’s total energy mix by 2015 (Saiful, 2011). Feed in Tariff (FiT) mechanism in Malaysia: According to Badriyah Malek (2011), FiT is a mechanism that allows electricity that is produced from indigenous RE resources to be sold to power utilities at a fixed premium price and for specific duration. She further elaborated that FiT system provides a conducive and secured investment environment which will make financial institutions to be comfortable in providing loan with longer period (more than 15 years). The FiT system can be described as follows: 1. Provides fixed revenue stream for installed system 2. Only pays for electricity produced which promotes system owner to install good quality and maintain the system 3. With suitable degression rate, manufacturers and installers are promoted to reduce prices while enhancing quality According to SEDA Malaysia (u.d.), there are four steps of how the FiT system is funded. For the first step, electricity consumers will pay electricity bills to Distribution Licensees, Tenaga
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Nasional Berhad for instance. Step two, 1% of electricity revenue will be channeled from distribution licensees to RE Fund which is managed by SEDA Malaysia. Step three, the Distribution Licensees (DL) will make FiT payment to Feed-in Approval Holders (FiAHs). For the last step, DL will claim from RE Fund, the positive sum of the differential between FiT payments and the prevailing displaced cost, including an administrative fee.As been claimed by Datuk Seri Peter Chin: ―With the FiT, it will be easier for everyone, whether individual consumers or companies to generate renewable energy and sell their excess power back to Tenaga Nasional Berhad or regional utility companies such as Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation and Sabah Electricity Board,‖ (Bernama, 15 July 2010). In brief, FiT system in Malaysia obliges Distribution Licensees (DLs) to buy from Feed-in Approval Holders (FIAHs) the electricity produced from renewable resources (renewable energy) and sets the FiT rate. The DLs will pay for renewable energy supplied to the electricity grid for a specific duration. By guaranteeing access to the grid and setting a favorable price per unit of renewable energy, the FiT mechanism would ensure that renewable energy becomes a viable and sound long-term investment for companies industries and also for individuals. ii.
Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726) ― Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia Act 2011 would enable the establishment of SEDA Malaysia, a statutory body equipped with powers to enforce the Feed in Tariff (FiT) system under Renewable Energy 2011 which would be tasked with ensuring that FiT was implemented successfully in the country‖ Datuk Seri Peter Chin (Borneo Post Online, 9 November 2011)
Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726) has been enforced on 1st September 2011. It comprises of 6 Parts and 49 Clauses. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act (2011) defined Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 as an act to provide for the establishment of the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia (SEDA Malaysia) and to provide for its functions and powers and for related matters.
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SEDA Malaysia is the authority to spearhead renewable energy development in Malaysia (Environmental Development in Malaysia, 2011). Generally, the key role of SEDA is to administer and manage the implementation of the FiT mechanism which is mandated under the Renewable Energy Act 2011 [Act 725] (The Sun Daily, 15 August 2011; SEDA Malaysia, 2011). Under Section 15 of Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726), functions of SEDA Malaysia include: 1. Advising the Minister & Government Entities on all matters relating to sustainable energy 2. Promoting and implementing national policy objectives for RE – to promote, facilitate & develop sustainable energy 3. Implementing, managing, monitoring & reviewing the Feed-In Tariff system 4. Implementing sustainable energy laws including the Renewable Energy Act & recommend reforms 5. Promoting private sector investment in sustainable energy sector 6. Establishing measures to improve public awareness 7. Act as focal point on matters relating to sustainable energy & climate change matters relating to energy Tan Sri Dr Fong Chan Onn further clarified that SEDA Malaysia is responsible to ensure the implementation of a systematic research and development (R&D) programme leading to innovative products and services. To achieve such feat, SEDA is working with other stakeholders including public research institutions such as universities on the R&D action plan, which includes articulation of research areas and identifying potential market for commercialisation of renewable energy (RE) researches that have been conducted. SEDA is working with Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation which is responsible monitoring the R&D efforts financed by the Government (The Star, 12 May 2012). 3.0
DISCUSSION
As been mentioned before, Renewable Energy Act 2011 and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 are the initiatives by the government of Malaysia towards the growth of renewable energy in the country. Basically, the Renewable Energy Act 2011 focused on furthering the renewable energy sector through the introduction of a FiT on energy consumption.
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Meanwhile, the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 covers the functions and powers of the authority, SEDA Malaysia, in the enactment of renewable and sustainable energy in Malaysia. The Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water had conducted a thorough study on the effectiveness of major RE policy instruments practiced globally. The findings of the study showed that FiT is the most effective RE policy mechanism in promoting and sustaining RE growth. The findings were drawn from past experiences learnt from other countries and studies from international energy policy experts. These renowned experts have studied and concluded that the FiTs have been proven to be the best support mechanisms to rapidly increase the share of renewable energy production and use. It has been acknowledged that the idea of FiT system is promoted through the Renewable Energy Act 2011 which has been established by the Malaysian Government. According to KeTTHA (2011), FiT system will give advantages to the nation in terms of economic, environment, social and also political. Firstly, in the aspect of economic, through FiT system, there will be more green jobs opportunities created. Besides, the system will also drive the economic development by creating stable conditions for market growth. Secondly, FiT system will give benefits to the environmental aspect through reducing dependency on fossil fuels and also declining of carbon emission and pollutions. Next, in terms of social, FiT system can help to increase the awareness of the citizen towards renewable energy and consequently, it will encourage citizen and community engagement in activities of protecting climate and environment. Meanwhile, in political aspect, Fit system can create mechanism for achieving RE and emissions reduction targets as well as promotes a more decentralized and democratized form of electricity system. According to Datuk Seri Peter Chin, with the commencement of the Renewable Energy Act 2011, feed-in-tariff system, and the setting up of SEDA as the central authority for the RE industry, it was expected that by 2020, the renewable energy capacity for Malaysia would reach 2,080 MW or approximately 11 per cent of the total peak electricity demand capacity (The Star Online, 21 March 2012). Meanwhile, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, Datuk Seri Peter Chin clarified that an accumulated 42 million tonnes of carbon dioxide could be avoided due to renewable energy generated during the period. (Borneo Post Online, 9 November 2011). From
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the statement given, it shows that the establishment of FiT system offers positive impact towards the country. From the arguments that have been discussed before, it shows that the formulation of two legislations - Renewable Energy Act 2011 (Act 725) and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011 (Act 726) - by the Malaysian government, will not only assist Malaysia in promoting the environmental protection, but also help in generating economy of the country. Eventually, the promotion of renewable energy will assist Malaysia towards achieving sustainable development. 4.0
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN GERMANY
Germany has been acknowledged as one of the world’s major renewable energy economy. The country has been a center of innovation in renewable energy technologies for many years (Burgermeister, 2009). Since year 2002, the German government has been closely involved in supporting the global dissemination and transfer of technologies for renewable energies, under the banner ―renewables - Made in Germany‖ (German Energy Agency, u.d.). The Federal Environment Minister of German, Jürgen Trittin clarified that a decisive breakthrough in the development of sustainable energy provision has been achieved with the adoption of the Renewable Energy Sources Act. The success of the German Renewable Energy Sources Act in promoting the use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation is widely acknowledged (Krewitt and Nitsch, 2002). Basically, the German Renewable Energy Sources Act promotes renewable energy mainly by stipulating feed-in tariffs that grid operators must pay for renewable energy fed into the power grid. The purpose of the law is to facilitate the sustainable development of energy supply, particularly for the sake of protecting the climate and the environment, to reduce the costs of energy supply to the national economy, to conserve fossil fuels and to promote the further development of technologies for the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources. To this end, the act aims to increase the share of renewable energy sources in the German electricity supply. According to statistical data from the Working Group on Renewable Energy-Statistics, the electricity generation from renewable energy sources in Germany which consist of hydropower,
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wind energy, biomass, biogenic share of waste, photovoltaics and geothermal energy, is increasing every years. In year 1990, the total of electricity generated was 17,086 GWh and it has reached 121,939 GWh in year 2011 (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 2012). The huge gap between the two years shows the great efforts done by the government and also the contribution from the citizens. It has proved that the economic benefits of renewable energy sector in Germany are impressive. For instance, by 2010, the field of renewable-energy-related jobs employed around 340,000 people, most of them in biomass, wind power, and solar. Renewable Energy Sources Act promotes renewable energy mainly by stipulating FiT that grid operators must pay for renewable energy fed into the power grid. Germany’s feed-in tariff was implemented in 2000. It has been a huge success and is generally regarded as the best example of an effective FiT law (Wörlen, 2009). Basically, FiT policy is embedded in a climate and energy policy framework that promotes renewable energy and efficiency technologies, including laws to encourage combined-heat-and-power plants, a cap and trade system, the energy tax reform and several additional measures (Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, 2012). The formulation of FiT has contributed to the development of the solar sector in Germany. Today, Germany is one of the largest solar heating producers in the world with a 47% share of the global market. There are now over 40 companies in Germany that produce solar system components, and the industry employs more than 20,000 people, and has a turnover of €1.7 billion per year. It has been acknowledged that renewable energies do not suffer from scarcity problems such as oil, gas and uranium. In fact, they create new jobs, new industrial opportunities and benefits the national economies. Burgermeister (2009) further added that renewable energy holds the promise of reducing pollution, creating jobs and diversifying the market while providing a long-term, secure, local energy supply to fuel the economy. Also, based on the report finding on the Germany country’s Renewable Energy Sources Act in 2006, it has shown several significant advances in Germany’s renewable sector (Worldwatch Institute , 2006): 1. The share of electricity from renewable energy sources nationwide has increased from 6.3 percent in 2000 to 12 percent in 2006.
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2. The Act resulted in the avoidance of 45 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2006, up from 37 million tons avoided in 2005. 3. All renewable energy used in Germany—for electricity, heat, and transport fuel—avoided the release of more than 100 million tons of CO2 in 2006. 4. Approximately 240,000 people in Germany were employed in the renewable energy sector in 2006, representing a 40-percent increase over 2004. More than half of these jobs were created by the Renewable Energy Sources Act. Currently, Germany is accelerating its efforts to become the world's first industrial power to use 100 percent renewable energy by 2050. The discussion has showed that the German Renewable Energy Sources Act has significantly given positive impacts to the country. As been clarified by Hans-Josef Fell, Germany’s Renewable Energy Sources Act has given Germany a large internal market and brought about a series of innovative developments in wind energy, photovoltaics, biogas, wood generated electricity and vegetable oil-fired district heating plants (MGCC, 2010). In brief, there is no doubt that renewable sources play a major role in providing secure and clean energy in Germany. The positive impacts of renewable energy promotion in Germany have proven the effectiveness approaches that have been taken by the government and the support from the public which can be referred by other countries. 5.0
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
Malaysia is amply endowed with an abundance of energy resources, both depletable and renewable resources. This notwithstanding, there has been an overdependence on depletable or conventional sources of energy, hence the potential of renewable energy has not been fully exploited (Hitam, 2000). The RE capacities are grossly under-utilized, particularly from biomass and solar energy (Siti Mustapha, Peng and Amir Hashim, 2010). The Malaysian Government recognizes the potential of RE as an alternative to ensure the sustainability of energy resources. For the past 60 years, Malaysian government has formulated quite a number of energy-related policies to ensure sustainability and security of energy supply (Islam, Saidur, Rahim and Solangi, 2009). It has been acknowledged that the government of Malaysia has adopted and adapted the Renewable Energy Sources Act from Germany in enacting the Renewable Energy Act 2011 and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011. As such, Hans-Josef Fell, the
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spokesperson on the Energy Policy for the Green Parliamentary Group in the German Bundestag commented on the situation of renewable energy in Malaysia. He stated: ―What makes renewables hard to compete in Malaysia is the high subsidies for fossil energies which make the price of oil, uranium or coal seem cheaper. Even today, the prices for generating power using wind is cheaper than using coal and nuclear energy if a new power plant is constructed‖ As been claimed by Fell, Spokesperson on the Energy Policy for the Green Parliamentary Group in the German Bundestag‖ (MGCC, 2010). As such, Fell suggested that in order for Malaysia to successfully follow Germany’s footsteps in the renewable energy sector, all subsidies for fossil energies have to be stopped (MGCC, 2010). Apart from that, since the act which concerned renewable energy in Malaysia has been formulated based on the Germany’s act, the government of Malaysia should take an initiative to study or organize a discussion or seminar with the Germany’s respective authority in order to acquire their experience, knowledge and technologies. Therefore, the Malaysian government can improve the system in Malaysia to be as competent as Germany. Also, as one of the developing countries, the development and economic growth in Malaysia continue to affect the growing demand of energy consumption. The crucial challenge faced by power sector in Malaysia currently is the issue of sustainability (Ong, Mahlia and Masjuki, 2010). Thus, Malaysia needs better access to stable and affordable energy supplies, as well as new technological solutions enabling efficient use of traditional and renewable energy sources. More consistent support for climate-friendly development on the basis of renewables in the countries of the South is needed. The same holds true for international assistance packages for developing countries involving technology-sharing and renewable energy (Hennig, 2007). Next, according to Tan Sri Dr Fong Chan Onn, the major difficulty to pursue RE growth in Malaysia is gaining public’s acceptance of RE. A successful RE deployment in a country requires a paradigm shift because the current infrastructure and mind set is for conventional power generation like electricity and we have been comfortable with this for more than 50 years. The public is also slow to accept RE because the Government has kept the price of electricity low by subsidizing gas from Petronas (The Star, 12 May 2012). Due to this matter, the government of Malaysia should organize various programs which can increase the awareness of
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non-government agencies and public towards the importance of the role of renewable energy in a sustainable system. Therefore, they can take a more proactive step to coordinate, promote and use energy generated based on renewable resources before we can see a wider utilization of renewable energy in Malaysia Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water Datuk Seri Peter Chin claimed the renewable energy prospects were bright in Malaysia as it had very rich resources which could be readily tapped, such as solar, biogas, biomass and hydro (Saiful, 2011). However, he said as our way of using energy was not sustainable, there was a need to change our lifestyle and use less energy. For that reason, the Malaysian should have to discard bad habits of wasting energy, resort to energy saving electrical appliances wherever possible, design and build more energy efficient homes and commercial buildings, and most importantly, find alternative sources of energies. As a conclusion, the use and production of renewable energy can bring about many positive benefits (Piebalgs, 2007). It helps to secure the energy supply, reduce CO2 emissions, slows down the negative global temperature trend and proposes a feasible model for sustainable energy strategies. Besides, renewable energy sector also offers more business opportunity. Therefore, there is a need to have Acts like Renewable Energy Act 2011 and Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act 2011, which can govern and accelerate the development of renewable energy in Malaysia. The key roles played by the acts will help to bring the nation towards achieving sustainable development.
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REFERENCES Badriyah Abdul Malek (2011). Renewable Energy: Feed-in Tariff and Solar PV In Malaysia. Renaissance Hotel, Kuala Lumpur. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia. Bernama (15 July 2010). Malaysia To Introduce Feed-In Tariff For Renewable Energy In 2011, Says Peter Chin. Retrieved from http://www.bernama.com/ on 10th May 2012. Borneo Post Online (9 November 2011). Legislations for Renewable Energy Act 2011 being worked out – Chin. Retrieved from http://www.theborneopost.com/ on 10th May 2012. Burgermeister, J. (2009). Germany: The World's First Major Renewable Energy Economy. Retrieved from http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ on 10th May 2012. Chua, S. C., Oh, T. H. and Goh, W. W. (2010). Feed-in tariff outlook in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 705–712. Environmental Development in Malaysia (December 21, 2010). Renewable Energy Act in Effect by H1 2011. Retrieved from http://envdevmalaysia.wordpress.com/ on 10th May 2012. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2012). Development of renewable energy sources in Germany 2011: Graphic and tables. German Energy Agency (u.d.). Renewables – Made in Germany. Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. Habjanec, D. (2009). Importance of renewable energy sources. Interesting Energy Facts. Retrieved from http://interestingenergyfacts.blogspot.com/ on 10th May 2012. Hassan Ibrahim (2002). Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP) Programme for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Power Generation. 1st Meeting of ASEM Green IPPs Network Bangkok, 24 - 25 October 2002. Hennig, O. (2007). Renewable energy: potential and benefits for developing countries. Proceedings of a conference organised by the European Office of the Konrad-AdenauerStiftung and the EastWest Institute in Brussels, 28 February 2007. Hitam, S. 2000. Sustainable Energy Policy and Strategies: A Pre-Requisite for the Concerted Development and Promotion of the Renewable Energy in Malaysia. Islam, M. R., Saidur, R., Rahim, N. A. and Solangi, K. H. (2009). Renewable energy research in Malaysia. Engineering e-Transaction. Vol. 4, No. 2, December 2009, pp 69-72. KeTTHA (2011). Handbook on the Malaysian Feed-in Tariff for the Promotion of Renewable Energy. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water. Krewitt, W. and Nitsch, J. (2002). The German Renewable Energy Sources Act— an investment into the future pays off already today. Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 533–542. MGCC (2010). The Man behind Germany’s Renewable Energy Sources Act. MGCC Quarterly, p. 13. Malaysian-German Chamber of Commerce. Ong, H. C., Mahlia T. M. I. and Masjuki, H. H. (2010). A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Volume 15, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 639–647.
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Piebalgs, A. (2007). Renewable energy: potential and benefits for developing countries. Proceedings of a conference organised by the European Office of the Konrad-AdenauerStiftung and the EastWest Institute, Brussels, 28 February 2007. Konrad-AdenauerStiftung. Renewable Energy Act (2011). Act 725. Laws of Malaysia. Percetakan Nasiona Malaysia Berhad. Saiful (2011). Malaysia Has Rich Resources For Renewable Energy. Algaetech International.Retrieved from http://algaetech.com.my/ on 10th May 2012. Salsuwanda Selamat and Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin (u.d.). Renewable Energy and Kyoto Protocol: Adoption in Malaysia. The School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis. Retrieved from http://publicweb.unimap.edu.my/ on 10th May 2012. Siti Indati Mustapa, Peng, L.Y. and Amir Hisham Hashim (2010). Issues and Challenges of Renewable Energy Development: A Malaysian Experience. PEA-AIT International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Development: Issues and Strategies (ESD 2010) The Empress Hotel, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 2-4 June 2010. Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act (2011). Act 726. Laws of Malaysia. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad. Sustainable Energy Development Authority of Malaysia [SEDA Malaysia] (u.d.). Renewable energy development & feed-in tariff (FiT) in Malaysia. Retrieved from http://www.seda.gov.my/ on 10th May 2012. The Star Online (12 May 2012). Your 10 questions with Tan Sri Dr Fong Chan Onn. The Start Online. Retrieved from http://biz.thestar.com.my/ on 10th May 2012. The Star Online (21 March 2012). Govt considering inclusion of wind and thermal as renewable energy sources. Retrieved from http://biz.thestar.com.my/ on 10th May 2012. The Sun Daily (15 August 2011). Launch date for FiT system deferred to Dec 1. Retrieved from http://www.thesundaily.my/ on 10th May 2012. United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] (21 September 2006). Government of Malaysia and UNDP Promote Renewable Energy. Retrieved from th http://www.undp.org.my on 10 May 2012. Worldwatch Institute (2006). Germany Leads Way on Renewables, Sets 45% Target by 2030. Retrieved from http://www.worldwatch.org/ on 10th May 2012. Wörlen, C. (2009). Renewable Energy Policy in Germany: A FIT Success Story. Arepo Consult. Yee, L.H. (15 October 2010). Initiatives to promote renewable energy. Retrieved from http://biz.thestar.com.my/ on 10th May 2012.
