RFID Based Vehicle Authentication System

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION

This project e !"i#es po$ic% re&!r'i#& the e$ectro#ic !ppro!ches !#' 'e(e$op"e#ts to)!r's e$ectro#ic !*the#tic!tio#+ R!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# .RFID/ 'e(ices ,or Vehic$e

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!*the#tic!tio# !#' other e isti#& i'e#tit% 'oc*"e#ts !re 'isc*sse' !#' i"p$e"e#te' i# this project+ The RFID t!& is !tt!che' to the (ehic$e+ Whe#e(er the (ehic$e co"es the re!'er re!'s the '!t! ,ro" the t!& !#' co"p!res )ith the store' '!t! i# its '!t!0!se+ I, the '!t! is "!tche' i# the p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot the# o#$% the (ehic$e is !*thori1e' e$se it the s%ste" )i$$ 'isp$!% the "ess!&e !s !ccess ti"e o(er+ 1+1 Objective of the project The project 'e"!#'s the *ser to s*0"it his RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# s%ste"+ The project *ses the RFID tech#o$o&% !#' E"0e''e' S%ste"s to 'esi&# this !pp$ic!tio#+ The "!i# o0jecti(e o, this project is to 'esi&# ! s%ste" th!t pro(i'es !*the#tic!tio# to the (ehic$es )ithi# p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot+ The s%ste" re!'s the '!t! ,ro" the RFID t!& !#' (eri,ies this '!t! )ith the !$re!'% store' '!t! i# its '!t!0!se+ I, the 'et!i$s prese#t i# the t!& "!tches )ith the store' '!t!2 the s%ste" !$$o)s the (ehic$e to e#ter+ I, the 'et!i$s o, the t!& 'o #ot "!tch )ith the store' '!t!2 the s%ste" i""e'i!te$% !cti(!tes the sire# !#' the sec*rit% !*thorities c!# co"e !#' t!3e the ,*rther !ctio#+ This project is ! 'e(ice th!t co$$ects '!t! ,ro" the t!& !#' co'es the '!t! i#to ! ,or"!t th!t c!# 0e *#'erstoo' 0% the co#tro$$i#& sectio#+ This s%ste" !$so co$$ects i#,or"!tio# ,ro" the "!ster 'e(ice !#' i"p$e"e#ts co""!#'s th!t !re 'irecte' 0% the "!ster+ The o0jecti(e o, the project is to 'e(e$op ! "icroco#tro$$er 0!se' sec*rit% !#' !$ert s%ste"+ It co#sists o, ! RFID re!'er2 "icroco#tro$$er2 the i#ter,!ci#& *#it to !$$o) the co""*#ic!tio# 0et)ee# the "icroco#tro$$er !#' RFID "o'*$e2 the 0*11er !#' the LCD+ 1+4 Background of the Project The so,t)!re !pp$ic!tio# !#' the h!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# he$p the "icroco#tro$$er re!' the '!t! ,ro" the RFID t!&2 (eri,% the '!t! )ith the !$re!'% store' '!t! !#' t!3e the #e t !ctio#+ The s%ste" is tot!$$% 'esi&#e' *si#& RFID !#' e"0e''e' s%ste"s tech#o$o&%+

1.3 Organization of the Thesis I# (ie) o, the propose' thesis )or3 e p$!#!tio# o, theoretic!$ !spects !#' !$&orith"s *se' i# this )or3 !re prese#te' !s per the se-*e#ce 'escri0e' 0e$o)+
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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
Ch!pter 1 'escri0es ! 0rie, re(ie) o, the o0jecti(es !#' &o!$s o, the )or3+ Ch!pter 4 'isc*sses the e isti#& tech#o$o&ies !#' the st*'% o, (!rio*s tech#o$o&ies i# 'et!i$+ Ch!pter 5 'escri0es the B$oc3 'i!&r!"2 Circ*it 'i!&r!" o, the project !#' its 'escriptio#+ The co#str*ctio# !#' 'escriptio# o, (!rio*s "o'*$es *se' ,or the !pp$ic!tio# !re 'escri0e' i# 'et!i$+ Ch!pter 6 e p$!i#s the So,t)!re too$s re-*ire' ,or the project2 the Co'e 'e(e$ope' ,or the 'esi&#+ Ch!pter 7 prese#ts the res*$ts2 o(er!$$ co#c$*sio#s o, the st*'% !#' proposes possi0$e i"pro(e"e#ts !#' 'irectio#s o, ,*t*re rese!rch )or3+

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CHAPT ! "
Overvie# of the techno$ogies

".1 %bedded &'ste%s( A# e"0e''e' s%ste" c!# 0e 'e,i#e' !s ! co"p*ti#& 'e(ice th!t 'oes ! speci,ic ,oc*se' jo0+ App$i!#ces s*ch !s the !ir8co#'itio#er2 VCD p$!%er2 DVD p$!%er2 pri#ter2 ,! "!chi#e2 "o0i$e pho#e etc+ !re e !"p$es o, e"0e''e' s%ste"s+ E!ch o, these !pp$i!#ces )i$$ h!(e ! processor !#' speci!$ h!r')!re to "eet the speci,ic re-*ire"e#t o, the !pp$ic!tio# !$o#& )ith the e"0e''e' so,t)!re th!t is e ec*te' 0% the processor ,or "eeti#& th!t speci,ic re-*ire"e#t+
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The e"0e''e' so,t)!re is !$so c!$$e' 9,ir" )!re:+ The 'es3top;$!ptop co"p*ter is ! &e#er!$ p*rpose co"p*ter+ <o* c!# *se it ,or ! (!riet% o, !pp$ic!tio#s s*ch !s p$!%i#& &!"es2 word processi#&2 !cco*#ti#&2 so,t)!re 'e(e$op"e#t !#' soo#+ "." )o$$o#ing are the advantages of %bedded &'ste%s( 1+ The% !re 'esi&#e' to 'o ! speci,ic t!s3 !#' h!(e re!$ ti"e per,or"!#ce co#str!i#ts )hich "*st 0e "et+ 4+ The% !$$o) the s%ste" h!r')!re to 0e si"p$i,ie' so costs !re re'*ce'+ 5+ The% !re *s*!$$% i# the ,or" o, s"!$$ co"p*teri1e' p!rts i# $!r&er 'e(ices )hich ser(e ! &e#er!$ p*rpose+ 6+ The pro&r!" i#str*ctio#s ,or e"0e''e' s%ste"s r*# )ith $i"ite' co"p*ter h!r')!re reso*rces2 $itt$e "e"or% !#' s"!$$ or e(e# #o#8e iste#t 3e%0o!r' or scree#+ 4+5 *ntroduction to !)*+ Techno$og' I# rece#t %e!rs2 r!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# tech#o$o&% h!s "o(e' ,ro" o0sc*rit% i#to "!i#stre!" !pp$ic!tio#s th!t he$p spee' the h!#'$i#& o, "!#*,!ct*re' &oo's !#' "!teri!$s+ RFID e#!0$es i'e#ti,ic!tio# ,ro" ! 'ist!#ce !#' *#$i3e e!r$ier 0!r8co'e tech#o$o&%= it 'oes so )itho*t re-*iri#& ! $i#e o, si&ht+ RFID t!&s s*pport ! $!r&er set o, *#i-*e IDs th!# 0!r co'es !#' c!# i#corpor!te !''itio#!$ '!t! s*ch !s "!#*,!ct*rer2 pro'*ct t%pe !#' s%ste"s c!# 'iscer# "!#% 'i,,ere#t t!&s $oc!te' i# the s!"e &e#er!$ !re! )itho*t h*"!# !ssist!#ce+

)ig( Three different !)*+ tags the' co%e in a$$ shapes and sizes. "., +efinition of !)*+ techno$og'

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R!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# .RFID/ is ! &e#er!$ ter" th!t is *se' to 'escri0e ! s%ste" th!t tr!#s"its the i'e#tit% .i# the ,or" o, ! *#i-*e seri!$ #*"0er/ o, !# o0ject )ire$ess$% *si#& r!'io )!(es+ RFID tech#o$o&ies !re &ro*pe' *#'er the "ore &e#eric A*to"!tic I'e#ti,ic!tio# .A*to ID/ tech#o$o&ies+ ".- ar$ier scenario in identification strea%( The 0!rco'e $!0e$s th!t tri&&ere' ! re(o$*tio# i# i'e#ti,ic!tio# s%ste"s $o#& ti"e !&o !re i#!'e-*!te i# !# i#cre!si#& #*"0er o, c!ses+ The% !re che!p 0*t the st*"0$i#& 0$oc3 is their $o) stor!&e c!p!cit% !#' the ,!ct th!t the% c!##ot 0e repro&r!""e'+ A ,e!si0$e so$*tio# )!s p*tti#& the '!t! o# si$ico# chips+ The i'e!$ sit*!tio# is co#t!ct$ess tr!#s,er o, '!t! 0et)ee# the '!t! c!rr%i#& 'e(ice !#' its re!'er+ The po)er re-*ire' to oper!te the e$ectro#ic '!t! c!rr%i#& 'e(ice )o*$' !$so 0e tr!#s,erre' ,ro" the re!'er *si#& co#t!ct$ess tech#o$o&%+ These proce'*res &i(e RFID its #!"e+

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Chapter 3
Hard#are *%p$e%entation of the Project

This ch!pter 0rie,$% e p$!i#s !0o*t the H!r')!re I"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project+ It 'isc*sses the 'esi&# !#' )or3i#& o, the 'esi&# )ith the he$p o, 0$oc3 'i!&r!" !#' circ*it 'i!&r!" !#' e p$!#!tio# o, circ*it 'i!&r!" i# 'et!i$+ It e p$!i#s the ,e!t*res2 ti"er pro&r!""i#&2 seri!$ co""*#ic!tio#2 i#terr*pts o, AT>?S74 "icroco#tro$$er+ It !$so e p$!i#s the (!rio*s "o'*$es *se' i# this project+ 3.1 Project +esign The i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project 'esi&# c!# 0e 'i(i'e' i# t)o p!rts+ − H!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# − Fir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# H!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# 'e!$s i# 'r!)i#& the sche"!tic o# the p$!#e p!per !ccor'i#& to the !pp$ic!tio#2 testi#& the sche"!tic 'esi&# o(er the 0re!'0o!r' *si#& the (!rio*s IC@s to ,i#' i, the 'esi&# "eets the o0jecti(e2 c!rr%i#& o*t the PCB $!%o*t o, the sche"!tic teste' o# 0re!'0o!r'2 ,i#!$$% prep!ri#& the 0o!r' !#' testi#& the 'esi&#e' h!r')!re+
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3.1.1 B$ock +iagra% of the Project and its +escription The 0$oc3 'i!&r!" o, the 'esi&# is !s sho)# i# Fi& 5+1+ It co#sists o, po)er s*pp$% *#it2 "icroco#tro$$er2 RFID "o'*$e2 Seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# *#it2 s)itches2 0*11er sectio# !#' LCD+ The 0rie, 'escriptio# o, e!ch *#it is e p$!i#e' !s ,o$$o)s+

3.2 Power Supply:
The i#p*t to the circ*it is !pp$ie' ,ro" the re&*$!te' po)er s*pp$%+ The !+c+ i#p*t i+e+2 45AV ,ro" the "!i#s s*pp$% is step 'o)# 0% the tr!#s,or"er to 14V !#' is ,e' to ! recti,ier+ The o*tp*t o0t!i#e' ,ro" the recti,ier is ! p*$s!ti#& '+c (o$t!&e+ So i# or'er to &et ! p*re '+c (o$t!&e2

Transfor%er(

Us*!$$%2 DC (o$t!&es !re re-*ire' to oper!te (!rio*s e$ectro#ic e-*ip"e#t !#' these (o$t!&es !re 7V2 ?V or 14V+ B*t these (o$t!&es c!##ot 0e o0t!i#e' 'irect$%+ Th*s the !+c i#p*t !(!i$!0$e !t the "!i#s s*pp$% i+e+2 45AV is to 0e 0ro*&ht 'o)# to the re-*ire' (o$t!&e $e(e$+ This is 'o#e 0% ! tr!#s,or"er+ Th*s2 ! step 'o)# tr!#s,or"er is e"p$o%e' to 'ecre!se the (o$t!&e to ! re-*ire' $e(e$+ !ectifier( The o*tp*t ,ro" the tr!#s,or"er is ,e' to the recti,ier+ It co#(erts A+C+ i#to p*$s!ti#& D+C+ The recti,ier "!% 0e ! h!$, )!(e or ! ,*$$ )!(e recti,ier+ I# this project2 ! 0ri'&e recti,ier is *se' 0ec!*se o, its "erits $i3e &oo' st!0i$it% !#' ,*$$ )!(e recti,ic!tio#+ )i$ter(
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C!p!citi(e ,i$ter is *se' i# this project+ It re"o(es the ripp$es ,ro" the o*tp*t o, recti,ier !#' s"oothe#s the D+C+ O*tp*t recei(e' ,ro" this ,i$ter is co#st!#t *#ti$ the "!i#s (o$t!&e !#' $o!' is "!i#t!i#e' co#st!#t+ Ho)e(er2 i, either o, the t)o is (!rie'2 D+C+ (o$t!&e recei(e' !t this poi#t ch!#&es+ There,ore ! re&*$!tor is !pp$ie' !t the o*tp*t st!&e+ .o$tage regu$ator( As the #!"e itse$, i"p$ies2 it re&*$!tes the i#p*t !pp$ie' to it+ A (o$t!&e re&*$!tor is !# e$ectric!$ re&*$!tor 'esi&#e' to !*to"!tic!$$% "!i#t!i# ! co#st!#t (o$t!&e $e(e$+ I# this project2 po)er s*pp$% o, 7V !#' 14V !re re-*ire'+ I# or'er to o0t!i# these (o$t!&e $e(e$s2 B>A7 !#' B>14 (o$t!&e re&*$!tors !re to 0e *se'+ The ,irst #*"0er B> represe#ts positi(e s*pp$% !#' the #*"0ers A72 14 represe#t the re-*ire' o*tp*t (o$t!&e $e(e$s+

3.3 Microcontrollers:
Microprocessors !#' "icroco#tro$$ers !re )i'e$% *se' i# e"0e''e' s%ste"s pro'*cts+ Microcontroller is a programmable device+ A "icroco#tro$$er h!s ! CPU i# !''itio# to ! ,i e' !"o*#t o, RAM2 ROM2 I;O ports !#' ! ti"er e"0e''e' !$$ o# ! si#&$e chip+ The ,i e' !"o*#t o, o#8chip ROM2 RAM !#' #*"0er o, I;O ports i# "icroco#tro$$ers "!3es the" i'e!$ ,or "!#% !pp$ic!tio#s i# )hich cost !#' sp!ce !re critic!$+ +)eatures of AT/0&-"C • • • • • • • • • • • >D B%tes o, Re8pro&r!""!0$e F$!sh Me"or%+ RAM is 47E 0%tes+ 6+AV to 7+7V Oper!ti#& R!#&e+ F*$$% St!tic Oper!tio#C A H1 to 55 MH1@s Three8$e(e$ Pro&r!" Me"or% Loc3+ 47E >80it I#ter#!$ RAM+

54 Pro&r!""!0$e I;O Li#es+ Three 1E80it Ti"er;Co*#ters+ Ei&ht I#terr*pt So*rces+ +escription( The AT>?s74 is ! $o)8(o$t!&e2 hi&h8per,or"!#ce CMOS >80it "icroco"p*ter )ith >D 0%tes o, F$!sh pro&r!""!0$e "e"or%+ The 'e(ice is "!#*,!ct*re' *si#&

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At"e$@s hi&h 'e#sit% #o#(o$!ti$e "e"or% tech#o$o&% !#' is co"p!ti0$e )ith the i#'*str%8st!#'!r' MCS871 i#str*ctio# set+ The o# chip ,$!sh !$$o)s the pro&r!" "e"or% to 0e repro&r!""e' i# s%ste" or 0% ! co#(e#tio#!$ #o# (o$!ti$e "e"or% pro&r!""er+ B% co"0i#i#& ! (ers!ti$e >80it CPU )ith F$!sh o# ! "o#o$ithic chip2 the At"e$ AT>?s74 is ! po)er,*$ "icroco"p*ter2 )hich pro(i'es ! hi&h$% ,$e i0$e !#' cost8e,,ecti(e so$*tio# to "!#% e"0e''e' co#tro$ !pp$ic!tio#s+ h!r

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• • • • • Pin description( .cc Pi# 6A pro(i'es s*pp$% (o$t!&e to the chip+ The (o$t!&e so*rce is F7V+ 12+ Pi# 4A is the &ro*#'+ Port 3( Port A is !# >80it ope# 'r!i# 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port+ As !# o*tp*t port2 e!ch pi# c!# si#3 ei&ht TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to port A pi#s2 the pi#s c!# 0e *se' !s hi&h i"pe'!#ce i#p*ts+ Port A c!# !$so 0e co#,i&*re' to 0e the "*$tip$e e' $o)8 or'er !''ress;'!t! 0*s '*ri#& !ccesses to e ter#!$ pro&r!" !#' '!t! "e"or%+ I# this "o'e2 PA h!s i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ Port A !$so recei(es the co'e 0%tes '*ri#& • • • • Port 1 Port 1 is !# >80it 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port )ith i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ The Port 1 o*tp*t 0*,,ers c!# si#3;so*rce ,o*r TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to Port 1 pi#s2 the% !re p*$$e' hi&h 0% the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps !#' c!# 0e *se' !s i#p*ts+ As i#p*ts2 Port

Port " • Port 4 is !# >80it 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port )ith i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ The Port 4 o*tp*t 0*,,ers c!# si#3;so*rce ,o*r TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to Port 4 pi#s2 the% !re p*$$e' hi&h 0% the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps !#' c!# 0e *se' !s i#p*ts+ As i#p*ts2 Port
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4 pi#s th!t !re e ter#!$$% 0ei#& p*$$e' $o) )i$$ so*rce c*rre#t .IIL/ 0ec!*se o, the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps • • Port 3 Port 5 is !# >80it 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port )ith i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ The Port 5 o*tp*t 0*,,ers c!# si#3;so*rce ,o*r TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to Port 5 pi#s2 the% !re p*$$e' hi&h 0% the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps !#' c!# 0e *se' !s i#p*ts+ As i#p*ts2 Port 5 pi#s th!t !re e ter#!$$% 0ei#& p*$$e' $o) )i$$ so*rce c*rre#t .IIL/ 0ec!*se o, the p*$$8*ps+ • !eset input A hi&h o# this pi# ,or t)o "!chi#e c%c$es )hi$e the osci$$!tor is r*##i#& resets the 'e(ice+ This pi# 'ri(es hi&h ,or ?> osci$$!tor perio's !,ter the W!tch'o& ti"es o*t+ The DISRTO 0it i# SFR AUGR .!''ress >EH/ c!# 0e *se' to 'is!0$e this ,e!t*re+ I# the 'e,!*$t st!te o, 0it DISRTO2 the RESET HIHH o*t ,e!t*re is e#!0$e'+ • A4 5P!O1 6Address 4atch nab$e7 is !# o*tp*t p*$se ,or $!tchi#& the $o) 0%te o, the !''ress '*ri#& !ccesses to e ter#!$ "e"or%+ This pi# is !$so the pro&r!" p*$se i#p*t .PROH/ '*ri#& F$!sh pro&r!""i#&+ • P& 2 6Progra% &tore nab$e7 is the re!' stro0e to e ter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or%+ Whe# the AT>?S74 is e ec*ti#& co'e ,ro" e ter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or%2 PSEN is !cti(!te' t)ice e!ch "!chi#e c%c$e2 e cept th!t t)o PSEN !cti(!tio#s !re s3ippe' '*ri#& e!ch !ccess to e ter#!$ '!t! "e"or%+ • A5.PP 6 8terna$ Access nab$e7 EA "*st 0e str!ppe' to HND i# or'er to

e#!0$e the 'e(ice to ,etch co'e ,ro" e ter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or% $oc!tio#s st!rti#& !t AAAAH *p to FFFFH+ Note2 ho)e(er2 th!t i, $oc3 0it 1 is pro&r!""e'2 EA )i$$ 0e i#ter#!$$% $!tche' o# reset+ EA sho*$' 0e str!ppe' to VCC ,or i#ter#!$ pro&r!" e ec*tio#s+ This pi# !$so recei(es the 148(o$t pro&r!""i#& e#!0$e (o$t!&e .VPP/ '*ri#& F$!sh pro&r!""i#&+ • 9TA41 I#p*t to the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier !#' i#p*t to the i#ter#!$ c$oc3 oper!ti#& circ*it+

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9TA4" O*tp*t ,ro" the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier+

GTAL1 !#' GTAL4 !re the i#p*t !#' o*tp*t2 respecti(e$%2 o, !# i#(erti#& !"p$i,ier th!t c!# 0e co#,i&*re' ,or *se !s !# o#8chip osci$$!tor+ Either ! -*!rt1 cr%st!$ or cer!"ic reso#!tor "!% 0e *se'+ To 'ri(e the 'e(ice ,ro" !# e ter#!$ c$oc3 so*rce 2 GTAL4 sho*$' 0e $e,t *#co##ecte' )hi$e GTAL1 is 'ri(e#+ There !re #o re-*ire"e#ts o# the '*t% c%c$e o, the e ter#!$ c$oc3 si&#!$2 si#ce the i#p*t to the i#ter#!$ c$oc3i#& circ*itr% is thro*&h ! 'i(i'e80%8t)o ,$ip8,$op2 0*t "i#i"*" !#' "! i"*" (o$t!&e hi&h !#' $o) ti"e speci,ic!tio#s "*st 0e o0ser(e'+ &pecia$ )unction !egisters C A "!p o, the o#8chip "e"or% !re! c!$$e' the Speci!$ F*#ctio# Re&ister .SFR/ sp!ce is sho)# i# the ,o$$o)i#& t!0$e+ It sho*$' 0e #ote' th!t #ot !$$ o, the !''resses !re occ*pie' !#' *#occ*pie' !''resses "!% #ot 0e i"p$e"e#te' o# the chip+ Re!' !ccesses to these !''resses )i$$ i# &e#er!$ ret*r# r!#'o" '!t!2 !#' )rite !ccesses )i$$ h!(e !# i#'eter"i#!te e,,ect+User so,t)!re sho*$' #ot )rite 1s to these *#$iste' $oc!tio#s2 si#ce the% "!% 0e *se' i# ,*t*re pro'*cts to i#(o3e #e) ,e!t*res+ I# th!t c!se2 the reset or i#!cti(e (!$*es o, the #e) 0its )i$$ !$)!%s 0e A+
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Ti%er " !egistersC Co#tro$ !#' st!t*s 0its !re co#t!i#e' i# re&isters T4CON !#' T4MOD ,or Ti"er 4+ The re&ister p!ir .RCAP4H2 RCAP4L/ is the C!pt*re;Re$o!' re&ister ,or Ti"er 4 i# 1E80it c!pt*re "o'e or 1E80it !*to8re$o!' "o'e+ *nterrupt !egisters( The i#'i(i'*!$ i#terr*pt e#!0$e 0its !re i# the IE re&ister+ T)o priorities c!# 0e set ,or e!ch o, the si i#terr*pt so*rces i# the I

+ua$ +ata Pointer !egistersC To ,!ci$it!te !ccessi#& 0oth i#ter#!$ !#' e ter#!$ '!t! "e"or%2 t)o 0!#3s o, 1E8 0it D!t! Poi#ter Re&isters !re pro(i'e'C DPA !t SFR !''ress $oc!tio#s >4H8>5H !#' DP1 !t >6H !#' >7H+ Bit DPS I A i# SFR AUGR1 se$ects DPA !#' DPS I 1 se$ects DP1+ The *ser sho*$' ALWA<S i#iti!$i1e the DPS 0it to the !ppropri!te (!$*e 0e,ore !ccessi#& the respecti(e D!t! Poi#ter Re&ister+ Po#er off )$agC The Po)er o,, F$!& .POF/ is $oc!te' !t 0it 6 .PCON+6/ i# the PCON SFR+ POF is set to 91: '*ri#& po)er *p+ It c!# 0e set !#' rest *#'er so,t)!re co#tro$ !#' is #ot !,,ecte' 0% reset+ :e%or' Organization MCS871 'e(ices h!(e ! sep!r!te !''ress sp!ce ,or Pro&r!" !#' D!t! Me"or%+ Up to E6D 0%tes e!ch o, e ter#!$ Pro&r!" !#' D!t! Me"or% c!# 0e !''resse'+ Progra% :e%or' I, the EA pi# is co##ecte' to HND2 !$$ pro&r!" ,etches !re 'irecte' to e ter#!$ "e"or%+ O# the AT>?S742 i, EA is co##ecte' to VCC2 pro&r!" ,etches to !''resses AAAAH thro*&h 1FFFH !re 'irecte' to i#ter#!$ "e"or% !#' ,etches to !''resses 4AAAH thro*&h FFFFH !re to e ter#!$ "e"or%+ +ata :e%or' The AT>?S74 i"p$e"e#ts 47E 0%tes o, o#8chip RAM+ The *pper 14> 0%tes occ*p% ! p!r!$$e$ !''ress sp!ce to the Speci!$ F*#ctio# Re&isters+ This "e!#s th!t the
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*pper 14> 0%tes h!(e the s!"e !''resses !s the SFR sp!ce 0*t !re ph%sic!$$% sep!r!te ,ro" SFR sp!ce+

;atchdog Ti%er 6One<ti%e nab$ed #ith !eset<out7
The WDT is i#te#'e' !s ! reco(er% "etho' i# sit*!tio#s )here the CPU "!% 0e s*0jecte' to so,t)!re *psets+ The WDT co#sists o, ! 1680it co*#ter !#' the W!tch'o& Ti"er Reset .WDTRST/ SFR+ The WDT is 'e,!*$te' to 'is!0$e ,ro" e iti#& reset+ To e#!0$e the WDT2 ! *ser "*st )rite A1EH !#' AE1H i# se-*e#ce to the WDTRST re&ister .SFR $oc!tio# AAEH/+ =sing the ;+T To e#!0$e the WDT2 ! *ser "*st )rite A1EH !#' AE1H i# se-*e#ce to the WDTRST re&ister .SFR $oc!tio# AAEH/+ Whe# the WDT is e#!0$e'2 the *ser #ee's to ser(ice it re&*$!r$% 0% )riti#& A1EH !#' AE1H to WDTRST to !(oi' ! WDT o(er,$o)+ The 1680it co*#ter o(er,$o)s )he# it re!ches 1E5>5 .5FFFH/ !#' this )i$$ reset the 'e(ice+ Whe# the WDT is e#!0$e'2 it )i$$ i#cre"e#t e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e )hi$e the osci$$!tor is r*##i#&+ This "e!#s the *ser "*st reset the WDT !t $e!st ,or e(er% 1E5>5 "!chi#e c%c$es+ To reset the WDT2 the *ser "*st )rite A1EH !#' AE1H to WDTRST+ WDTRST is ! )rite8o#$% re&ister+ ;+T during Po#er<do#n and *d$e I# Po)er 'o)# "o'e the osci$$!tor stops2 )hich "e!#s the WDT !$so stops+ Th*s the *ser 'oes #ot #ee' to ser(ice the WDT i# Po)er 'o)# "o'e+ The i#terr*pt is he$' $o) $o#& e#o*&h ,or the osci$$!tor to st!0i$i1e+ Whe# the i#terr*pt is 0ro*&ht hi&h2 the i#terr*pt is ser(ice'+ To pre(e#t the WDT ,ro" resetti#& the 'e(ice )hi$e the i#terr*pt pi# is he$' $o)2 the WDT is #ot st!rte' *#ti$ the i#terr*pt is p*$$e' hi&h+ It is s*&&este' th!t the WDT 0e reset '*ri#& the i#terr*pt ser(ice ,or the i#terr*pt *se' to e it Po)er 'o)# "o'e+

=A!T
The At"e$ >A71 Microco#tro$$ers i"p$e"e#t three &e#er!$ p*rpose2 1E80it ti"ers; co*#ters+ The% !re i'e#ti,ie' !s Ti"er A2 Ti"er 1 !#' Ti"er 4 !#' c!# 0e i#'epe#'e#t$% co#,i&*re' tooper!te i# ! (!riet% o, "o'es !s ! ti"er or !s !# e(e#t co*#ter+ Whe# oper!ti#& !s ! ti"er2 the ti"er;co*#ter r*#s ,or ! pro&r!""e' $e#&th o, ti"e !#' the# iss*es !# i#terr*pt re-*est+ Whe#
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oper!ti#& !s ! co*#ter2 the ti"er;co*#ter co*#ts #e&!ti(e tr!#sitio#s o# !# e ter#!$ pi#+ A,ter ! preset #*"0er o, co*#ts2 the co*#ter iss*es !# i#terr*pt re-*est+ The (!rio*s oper!ti#& "o'es o, e!ch ti"er;co*#ter !re 'escri0e' i# the ,o$$o)i#& sectio#s+ Ti%er 3 Ti"er A ,*#ctio#s !s either ! ti"er or e(e#t co*#ter i# ,o*r "o'es o, oper!tio#+ Ti"er A is co#tro$$e' 0% the ,o*r $o)er 0its o, the TMOD re&ister !#' 0its A2 12 6 !#' 7 o, the TCON re&ister+ TMOD re&ister se$ects the "etho' o, ti"er &!ti#& .HATEA/2 ti"er or co*#ter oper!tio# :ode 3 613<bit Ti%er7 Mo'e A co#,i&*res ti"er A !s ! 1580it ti"er )hich is set *p !s !# >80it ti"er .THA re&ister/ )ith ! "o'*$o854 presc!$er i"p$e"e#te' )ith the $o)er ,i(e 0its o, the TLA re&ister+ The *pper three 0its o, TLA re&ister !re i#'eter"i#!te !#' sho*$' 0e i&#ore'+ Presc!$er o(er,$o) i#cre"e#ts the THA re&ister+ :ode 1 61><bit Ti%er7 Mo'e 1 is the s!"e !s Mo'e A2 e cept th!t the Ti"er re&ister is 0ei#& r*# )ith !$$ 1E 0its+ Mo'e 1 co#,i&*res ti"er A !s ! 1E80it ti"er )ith the THA !#' TLA re&isters co##ecte' i# c!sc!'e+ The se$ecte' i#p*t i#cre"e#ts the TLA re&ister+ :ode " 6/<bit Ti%er #ith Auto<!e$oad7 Mo'e 4 co#,i&*res ti"er A !s !# >80it ti"er .TLA re&ister/ th!t !*to"!tic!$$% re$o!'s ,ro" the THA re&ister+ TLA o(er,$o) sets TFA ,$!& i# the TCON re&ister !#' re$o!'s TLA )ith the co#te#ts o, THA2 )hich is preset 0% so,t)!re+ Ti%er 1 Ti"er 1 is i'e#tic!$ to ti"er A2 e cept ,or "o'e 52 )hich is ! ho$'8co*#t "o'e+ The ,o$$o)i#& co""e#ts he$p to *#'erst!#' the 'i,,ere#cesC J Ti"er 1 ,*#ctio#s !s either ! ti"er or e(e#t co*#ter i# three "o'es o, oper!tio#+ Ti"er 1@s "o'e 5 is ! ho$'8co*#t "o'e+ :ode 3 613<bit Ti%er7 Mo'e A co#,i&*res Ti"er 1 !s ! 1580it ti"er2 )hich is set *p !s !# >80it ti"er .TH1 re&ister/ )ith ! "o'*$o854 presc!$er i"p$e"e#te' )ith the $o)er 7 0its o, the TL1 re&ister+ The *pper 5 0its o, the TL1 re&ister !re i&#ore'+ Presc!$er o(er,$o) i#cre"e#ts the TH1 re&ister+ :ode 1 61><bit Ti%er7
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Mo'e 1 co#,i&*res Ti"er 1 !s ! 1E80it ti"er )ith the TH1 !#' TL1 re&isters co##ecte' i# c!sc!'e+ The se$ecte' i#p*t i#cre"e#ts the TL1 re&ister+ :ode " 6/<bit Ti%er #ith Auto !e$oad7 Mo'e 4 co#,i&*res Ti"er 1 !s !# >80it ti"er .TL1 re&ister/ )ith !*to"!tic re$o!' ,ro" the TH1 re&ister o# o(er,$o)+ TL1 o(er,$o) sets the TF1 ,$!& i# the TCON re&ister !#' re$o!'s TL1 )ith the co#te#ts o, TH12 )hich is preset 0% so,t)!re+ The re$o!' $e!(es TH1 *#ch!#&e'+

+ correspo#'i#& e ter#!$ i#p*t pi#2 T4+ I# this ,*#ctio#2 the e ter#!$ i#p*t is s!"p$e' '*ri#& S7P4 o, e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e+ Whe# the s!"p$es sho) ! hi&h i# o#e c%c$e !#' ! $o) i# the #e t c%c$e2 the co*#t is i#cre"e#te'+ The #e) co*#t (!$*e !ppe!rs i# the re&ister '*ri#& S5P1 o, the c%c$e ,o$$o)i#& the o#e i# )hich the tr!#sitio# )!s 'etecte'+ Capture :ode

Auto<re$oad 6=p or +o#n Counter7 Ti"er 4 c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to co*#t *p or 'o)# )he# co#,i&*re' i# its 1E80it !*to8re$o!' "o'e+ This ,e!t*re is i#(o3e' 0% the DCEN .Do)# Co*#ter E#!0$e/ 0it $oc!te' i# the SFR T4MOD+ Upo# reset2 the DCEN 0it is set to A so th!t ti"er 4 )i$$ 'e,!*$t to co*#t *p+ Whe#

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DCEN is set2 Ti"er 4 c!# co*#t *p or 'o)#2 'epe#'i#& o# the (!$*e o, the T4EG pi#+

The !0o(e ,i&*re sho)s Ti"er 4 !*to"!tic!$$% co*#ti#& *p )he# DCEN I A+ I# this "o'e2 t)o optio#s !re se$ecte' 0% 0it EGEN4 i# T4CON+ I, EGEN4 I A2 Ti"er 4 co*#ts *p to AFFFFH !#' the# sets the TF4 0it *po# o(er,$o)+ The o(er,$o) !$so c!*ses the ti"er re&isters to 0e re$o!'e' )ith the 1E80it (!$*e i# RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L+ Baud !ate 1enerator Ti"er 4 is se$ecte' !s the 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor 0% setti#& TCLD !#';or RCLD i# T4CON+ Note th!t the 0!*' r!tes ,or tr!#s"it !#' recei(e c!# 0e 'i,,ere#t i, Ti"er 4 is *se' ,or the recei(er or tr!#s"itter !#' Ti"er 1 is *se' ,or the other ,*#ctio#+ Setti#& RCLD !#';or TCLD p*ts Ti"er 4 i#to its 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor "o'e+ The 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor "o'e is si"i$!r to the !*to8re$o!' "o'e2 i# th!t ! ro$$o(er i# TH4 c!*ses the Ti"er 4 re&isters to 0e re$o!'e' )ith the 1E80it (!$*e i# re&isters RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L2 )hich !re preset 0% so,t)!re+ The 0!*' r!tes i# Mo'es 1 !#' 5 !re 'eter"i#e' 0% Ti"er 4@s o(er,$o) r!te !ccor'i#& to the ,o$$o)i#& e-*!tio#+

The Ti"er c!# 0e co#,i&*re' ,or either ti"er or co*#ter oper!tio#+ I# "ost !pp$ic!tio#s2 it is co#,i&*re' ,or ti"er oper!tio# .CP;T4 I A/+ The ti"er oper!tio# is 'i,,ere#t ,or Ti"er 4 )he# it is *se' !s ! 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor+ Nor"!$$%2 !s ! ti"er2 it i#cre"e#ts e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e .!t 1;14 the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c%/+ As ! 0!*' r!te
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&e#er!tor2 ho)e(er2 it i#cre"e#ts e(er% st!te ti"e .!t 1;4 the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c%/+ The 0!*' r!te ,or"*$! is &i(e# Progra%%ab$e C$ock Out A 7AK '*t% c%c$e c$oc3 c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to co"e o*t o# P1+A2 !s sho)# i# the 0e$o) ,i&*re+ This pi#2 0esi'es 0ei#& ! re&*$!r I;O pi#2 h!s t)o !$ter#!te ,*#ctio#s+ It c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to i#p*t the e ter#!$ c$oc3 ,or Ti"er;Co*#ter 4 or to o*tp*t ! 7AK '*t% c%c$e c$oc3 r!#&i#& ,ro" E1 H1 to 6 MH1 .,or ! 1E -MH1 To co#,i&*re the Ti"er;Co*#ter 4 !s ! c$oc3 &e#er!tor2 0it C;T4 .T4CON+1/ "*st 0e c$e!re' !#' 0it T4OE .T4MOD+1/ "*st 0e set+ Bit TR4 .T4CON+4/ st!rts !#' stops the ti"er+ The c$oc38o*t ,re-*e#c% 'epe#'s o# the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c% !#' the re$o!' (!$*e o, Ti"er 4 c!pt*re re&isters .RCAP4H2 RCAP4L/2 !s sho)# i# the ,o$$o)i#& e-*!tio#+

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I# the c$oc38o*t "o'e2 Ti"er 4 ro$$8o(ers )i$$ #ot &e#er!te !# i#terr*pt+ This 0eh!(ior is si"i$!r to )he# Ti"er 4 is *se' !s ! 0!*'8r!te &e#er!tor+ It is possi0$e to *se Ti"er 4 !s ! 0!*'8r!te &e#er!tor !#' ! c$oc3 &e#er!tor si"*$t!#eo*s$%+ Note2 ho)e(er2 th!t the 0!*' r!te !#' c$oc38o*t ,re-*e#cies c!##ot 0e 'eter"i#e' i#'epe#'e#t$% ,ro" o#e !#other si#ce the% 0oth *se RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L+

*nterrupts
The AT>?S74 h!s ! tot!$ o, si i#terr*pt (ectorsC t)o e ter#!$ i#terr*pts .INTA !#' INT1/2 three ti"er i#terr*pts .Ti"ers A2 12 !#' 4/ !#' the seri!$ port i#terr*pt+ These i#terr*pts !re !$$ sho)# i# the 0e$o) ,i&*re+ The Ti"er A !#' Ti"er 1 ,$!&s2 TFA !#' TF12 !re set !t S7P4 o, the c%c$e i# )hich the ti"ers o(er,$o)+ The (!$*es !re the# po$$e' 0% the circ*itr% i# the #e t c%c$e+ Ho)e(er2 the Ti"er 4 ,$!&2 TF42 is set !t S4P4 !#' is po$$e' i# the s!"e c%c$e i# )hich the ti"er o(er,$o)s+

Po#er saving %odes of operation ( >A71 h!s t)o po)er s!(i#& "o'es+ The% !reC 1+ I'$e Mo'e
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4+ Po)er Do)# "o'e+ The t)o po)er s!(i#& "o'es !re e#tere' 0% setti#& t)o 0its IDL !#' PD i# the speci!$ ,*#ctio# re&ister .PCON/ respecti(e$%+ The str*ct*re o, PCON re&ister is !s ,o$$o)s+ PCONC A''ress >BH

The sche"!tic 'i!&r!" ,or LPo)er 'o)#L "o'e !#' LI'$eL "o'e is &i(e# !s ,o$$o)sC

*d$e :ode( I'$e "o'e is e#tere' 0% setti#& IDL 0it to 1 .i+e+2 IDLI1/+ The c$oc3 si&#!$ is &!te' o,, to CPU2 0*t #ot to i#terr*pt2 ti"er !#' seri!$ port ,*#ctio#s+ The CPU st!t*s is preser(e' e#tire$%+ SP2 PC2 PSW2 Acc*"*$!tor !#' other re&isters "!i#t!i# their '!t! '*ri#& IDLE "o'e+ The port pi#s ho$' their $o&ic!$ st!tes the% h!' !t the ti"e I'$e )!s i#iti!$i1e'+ ALE !#' PSEN.0!r/ !re he$' !t $o&ic hi&h $e(e$s+ 1+ Po#er +o#n :ode( The Po)er Do)# Mo'e is e#tere' 0% setti#& the PD 0it to 1+ The i#ter#!$ c$oc3 to the e#tire "icroco#tro$$er is stoppe'+ Ho)e(er2 the pro&r!" is #ot 'e!'+ The Po)er 'o)# Mo'e is e ite' .PCON+1 is c$e!re' to A/ 0% H!r')!re Reset o#$%+ The CPU st!rts ,ro" the #e t i#str*ctio# )here the Po)er 'o)# Mo'e )!s i#(o3e'+

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Progra% :e%or' 4ock Bits The AT>?S74 h!s three $oc3 0its th!t c!# 0e $e,t *#pro&r!""e' .U/ or c!# 0e pro&r!""e' .P/ to o0t!i# the !''itio#!$ ,e!t*res $iste' i# the t!0$e+

Whe# $oc3 0it 1 is pro&r!""e'2 the $o&ic $e(e$ !t the EA pi# is s!"p$e' !#' $!tche' '*ri#& reset+ I, the 'e(ice is po)ere' *p )itho*t ! reset2 the $!tch i#iti!$i1es to ! r!#'o" (!$*e !#' ho$'s th!t (!$*e *#ti$ reset is !cti(!te'+ The $!tche' (!$*e o, EA "*st !&ree )ith the c*rre#t $o&ic $e(e$ !t th!t pi# i# or'er ,or the 'e(ice to ,*#ctio# proper$%+ Progra%%ing the )$ash ? Para$$e$ :ode The AT>?S74 is shippe' )ith the o#8chip F$!sh "e"or% !rr!% re!'% to 0e pro&r!""e'+ The pro&r!""i#& i#ter,!ce #ee's ! hi&h8(o$t!&e .148(o$t/ pro&r!" e#!0$e si&#!$ !#' is co"p!ti0$e )ith co#(e#tio#!$ thir'8p!rt% F$!sh or EPROM pro&r!""ers+ The AT>?S74 co'e "e"or% !rr!% is pro&r!""e' 0%te80%80%te+ Progra%%ing A$gorith%( Be,ore pro&r!""i#& the AT>?S742 the !''ress2 '!t! !#' co#tro$ si&#!$s sho*$' 0e set *p !ccor'i#& to the 9F$!sh Pro&r!""i#& Mo'es:+ To pro&r!" the AT>?S742 t!3e the ,o$$o)i#& stepsC 1+ I#p*t the 'esire' "e"or% $oc!tio# o# the !''ress $i#es+ 4+ I#p*t the !ppropri!te '!t! 0%te o# the '!t! $i#es+
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5+ Acti(!te the correct co"0i#!tio# o, co#tro$ si&#!$s+ 6+ R!ise EA;VPP to 14V+ 7+ P*$se ALE;PROH o#ce to pro&r!" ! 0%te i# the F$!sh !rr!% or the $oc3 0its+ The 0%te )rite c%c$e is se$,8ti"e' !#' t%pic!$$% t!3es #o "ore th!# 7A Ms+ Repe!t steps 1 thro*&h 72 ch!#&i#& the !''ress !#' '!t! ,or the e#tire !rr!% or *#ti$ the e#' o, the o0ject ,i$e is re!che'+ !ead'5Bus'( The pro&ress o, 0%te pro&r!""i#& c!# !$so 0e "o#itore' 0% the RD<;BS< o*tp*t si&#!$+ P5+A is p*$$e' $o) !,ter ALE &oes hi&h '*ri#& pro&r!""i#& to i#'ic!te BUS<+ P5+A is p*$$e' hi&h !&!i# )he# pro&r!""i#& is 'o#e to i#'ic!te READ<+ Progra% .erif'C I, $oc3 0its LB1 !#' LB4 h!(e #ot 0ee# pro&r!""e'2 the pro&r!""e' co'e '!t! c!# 0e re!' 0!c3 (i! the !''ress !#' '!t! $i#es ,or (eri,ic!tio#+ The st!t*s o, the i#'i(i'*!$ $oc3 0its c!# 0e (eri,ie' 'irect$% 0% re!'i#& the" 0!c3+ Chip raseC I# the p!r!$$e$ pro&r!""i#& "o'e2 ! chip er!se oper!tio# is i#iti!te' 0% *si#& the proper co"0i#!tio# o, co#tro$ si&#!$s !#' 0% p*$si#& ALE;PROH $o) ,or ! '*r!tio# o, 4AA #s 8 7AA #s+I# the seri!$ pro&r!""i#& "o'e2+ Progra%%ing the )$ash ? &eria$ :ode The Co'e "e"or% !rr!% c!# 0e pro&r!""e' *si#& the seri!$ ISP i#ter,!ce )hi$e RST is p*$$e' to VCC+ The seri!$ i#ter,!ce co#sists o, pi#s SCD2 MOSI .i#p*t/ !#' MISO .o*tp*t/+ A,ter RST is set hi&h2 the Pro&r!""i#& E#!0$e i#str*ctio# #ee's to 0e e ec*te' ,irst 0e,ore other oper!tio#s c!# 0e e ec*te'+ Be,ore ! repro&r!""i#& se-*e#ce c!# occ*r2 ! Chip Er!se oper!tio# is re-*ire'+ &eria$ Progra%%ing A$gorith% To pro&r!" !#' (eri,% the AT>?S74 i# the seri!$ pro&r!""i#& "o'e2 the ,o$$o)i#& se-*e#ce is reco""e#'e'C

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1+ Po)er8*p se-*e#ceC !+ App$% po)er 0et)ee# VCC !#' HND pi#s+ 0+ Set RST pi# to 9H:+ I, ! cr%st!$ is #ot co##ecte' !cross pi#s GTAL1 !#' GTAL42 !pp$% ! 5 MH1 to 55 MH1 c$oc3 to GTAL1 pi# !#' )!it ,or !t $e!st 1A "i$$iseco#'s+ 4+ E#!0$e seri!$ pro&r!""i#& 0% se#'i#& the Pro&r!""i#& E#!0$e seri!$ i#str*ctio# to pi# MOSI;P1+7+ The ,re-*e#c% o, the shi,t c$oc3 s*pp$ie' !t pi# SCD;P1+B #ee's to 0e $ess th!# the CPU c$oc3 !t GTAL1 'i(i'e' 0% 1E+ 5+ The Co'e !rr!% is pro&r!""e' o#e 0%te !t ! ti"e i# either the B%te or P!&e "o'e+ The )rite c%c$e is se$,8ti"e' !#' t%pic!$$% t!3es $ess th!# A+7 "s !t 7V+ 6+ A#% "e"or% $oc!tio# c!# 0e (eri,ie' 0% *si#& the Re!' i#str*ctio# )hich ret*r#s the co#te#t !t the se$ecte' !''ress !t seri!$ o*tp*t MISO;P1+E+ 7+ At the e#' o, ! pro&r!""i#& sessio#2 RST c!# 0e set $o) to co""e#ce #or"!$ 'e(ice oper!tio#+ Po#er<off se@uence 6if needed/C 1+ Set GTAL1 to 9L: .i, ! cr%st!$ is #ot *se'/+ 4+ Set RST to 9L:+ 5+ T*r# VCC po)er o,,+ +ata Po$$ingC The D!t! Po$$i#& ,e!t*re is !$so !(!i$!0$e i# the seri!$ "o'e+ I# this "o'e2 '*ri#& ! )rite c%c$e !# !tte"pte' re!' o, the $!st 0%te )ritte# )i$$ res*$t i# the co"p$e"e#t o, the MSB o, the seri!$ o*tp*t 0%te o# MISO+ &eria$ Progra%%ing *nstruction &et The I#str*ctio# Set ,or Seri!$ Pro&r!""i#& ,o$$o)s ! 680%te protoco$ !#' is sho)# i# the t!0$e &i(e# 0e$o)+

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co#tro$ si&#!$s+ The )rite oper!tio# se$,82 A,ter Reset si&#!$ is hi&h2 SCD sho*$' 0e $o) ,or !t $e!st E6 s%ste" c$oc3s 0e,ore it &oes hi&h to c$oc3 i# the e#!0$e '!t! 0%tes+ No p*$si#& o, Reset si&#!$ is #ecess!r%+ SCD sho*$' 0e #o ,!ster th!# 1;1E o, the s%ste" c$oc3 !t GTAL1+

3., !)*+(
!)*+ princip$es M!#% t%pes o, RFID e ist2 0*t !t the hi&h active !#' passive+ Acti(e t!&s re-*ire ! po)er so*rce i+e+2 the% !re either co##ecte' to ! po)ere' i#,r!str*ct*re *se e#er&% store' i# !# i#te&r!te' 0!tter%+ I# the $!tter c!se2 ! t!&@s $i,eti"e is $i"ite' 0% the store' e#er&%2 0!$!#ce' !&!i#st the #*"0er o, re!' oper!tio#s the 'e(ice "*st *#'er&o+ Ho)e(er2 0!tteries "!3e the cost2 si1e2 !#' $i,eti"e o, !cti(e t!&s i"pr!ctic!$ ,or the ret!i$ tr!'e+ 1+ P!ssi(e RFID is o, i#terest 0ec!*se the t!&s 'o#@t re-*ire 0!tteries or "!i#te#!#ce+ The t!&s !$so h!(e !# i#'e,i#ite oper!tio#!$ $i,e !#' !re s"!$$ e#o*&h to ,it i#to ! pr!ctic!$ !'hesi(e $!0e$+ A p!ssi(e t!& co#sists o, three p!rtsC !# !#te##!2 ! se"ico#'*ctor chip !tt!che' to the !#te##! !#' so"e ,or" o, e#c!ps*$!tio#+ The t!& re!'er is respo#si0$e ,or po)eri#& !#' co""*#ic!ti#& )ith ! t!&

2. RFID Technology and Architecture
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Be,ore RFID c!# 0e *#'erstoo' co"p$ete$%2 it is esse#ti!$ to *#'erst!#' ho) R!'io Fre-*e#c% co""*#ic!tio# occ*rs+ RF .R!'io Fre-*e#c%/ co""*#ic!tio# occ*rs 0% the tr!#s,ere#ce o, '!t! o(er e$ectro"!&#etic )!(es+ B% &e#er!ti#& ! speci,ic e$ectro"!&#etic )!(e !t the so*rce2 its e,,ect c!# 0e #otice' !t the recei(er ,!r ,ro" the so*rce2 )hich the# i'e#ti,ies it !#' th*s the i#,or"!tio#+ Th*s2 !# RFID S%ste" c!# 0e (is*!$i1e' !s the s*" o, the ,o$$o)i#& three co"po#e#tsC
• • •

RFID t!& or tr!#spo#'er RFID re!'er or tr!#scei(er D!t! processi#& s*0s%ste"

!)*+ )re@uencies M*ch $i3e t*#i#& i#to the ,!(o*rite r!'io st!tio#2 RFID t!&s !#' re!'ers "*st 0e t*#e' i#to the s!"e ,re-*e#c% to e#!0$e co""*#ic!tio#s+ RFID s%ste"s c!# *se ! (!riet% o, ,re-*e#cies to co""*#ic!te2 0*t 0ec!*se r!'io )!(es )or3 !#' !ct 'i,,ere#t$% !t 'i,,ere#t ,re-*e#cies2 ! ,re-*e#c% ,or ! speci,ic RFID s%ste" is o,te# 'epe#'!#t o# its !pp$ic!tio#+ Hi&h ,re-*e#c% RFID s%ste"s .>7A MH1 to ?7A MH1 !#' 4+6 HH1 to 4+7 HH1/ o,,er tr!#s"issio# r!#&es o, "ore th!# ?A ,eet2 !$tho*&h )!(e$e#&ths i# the 4+6 HH1 r!#&e !re !0sor0e' 0% )!ter2 )hich i#c$*'es the h*"!# 0o'% !#' there,ore h!s $i"it!tio#s+ !)*+ +esign Approach( T)o ,*#'!"e#t!$$% 'i,,ere#t RFID 'esi&# !ppro!ches e ist ,or tr!#s,erri#& po)er ,ro" the re!'er to the t!&C "!&#etic i#'*ctio# !#' e$ectro"!&#etic .EM/ )!(e c!pt*re+ These t)o 'esi&#s t!3e !'(!#t!&e o, the EM properties !ssoci!te' )ith !# RF !#te##!Nthe near field !#' the far field+ Both c!# tr!#s,er e#o*&h po)er to ! re"ote t!& to s*st!i# its oper!tio#Nt%pic!$$% 0et)ee# 1A OW !#' 1 "W2 'epe#'i#& o# the t!& t%pe+
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2ear<fie$d !)*+ F!r!'!%@s pri#cip$e o, "!&#etic i#'*ctio# is the 0!sis o, #e!r8,ie$' co*p$i#& 0et)ee# ! re!'er !#' t!&+ A re!'er p!sses ! $!r&e !$ter#!ti#& c*rre#t thro*&h ! re!'i#& coi$2 res*$ti#& i# !# !$ter#!ti#& "!&#etic ,ie$' i# its $oc!$it%+ I, %o* p$!ce ! t!& th!t i#corpor!tes ! s"!$$er coi$ .see ,i&*re 5/ i# this ,ie$'2 !# !$ter#!ti#& (o$t!&e )i$$ !ppe!r !cross it+ I, this (o$t!&e is recti,ie' !#' co*p$e' to ! c!p!citor2 ! reser(oir o, ch!r&e !cc*"*$!tes2 )hich %o* c!# the# *se to po)er the t!& chip+ Th*s2 i, the t!&@s e$ectro#ics !pp$ies ! $o!' to its o)# !#te##! coi$ !#' (!ries it o(er ti"e2 ! si&#!$ c!# 0e e#co'e' !s ti#% (!ri!tio#s i# the "!&#etic ,ie$' stre#&th represe#ti#& the t!&@s ID+ The re!'er c!# the# reco(er this si&#!$ 0% "o#itori#& the ch!#&e i# c*rre#t thro*&h the re!'er

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coi$+

The r!#&e ,or )hich )e c!# *se "!&#etic i#'*ctio# !ppro i"!tes to c;4Pf2 )here c is ! co#st!#t .the spee' o, $i&ht/ !#' f is the ,re-*e#c%+ Th*s2 !s the ,re-*e#c% o, oper!tio# i#cre!ses2 the 'ist!#ce o(er )hich #e!r8,ie$' co*p$i#& c!# oper!te 'ecre!ses+ A ,*rther $i"it!tio# is the e#er&%
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!(!i$!0$e ,or i#'*ctio# !s ! ,*#ctio# o, 'ist!#ce ,ro" the re!'er coi$+ The "!&#etic ,ie$' 'rops o,, !t ! ,!ctor o, 1;r52 )here r is the sep!r!tio# o, the t!& !#' re!'er2 !$o#& ! ce#ter $i#e perpe#'ic*$!r to the coi$@s p$!#e+ These 'esi&# press*res h!(e $e' to #e) p!ssi(e RFID 'esi&#s 0!se' o# ,!r8,ie$' co""*#ic!tio#+

)ar<fie$d !)*+ RFID t!&s 0!se' o# ,!r8,ie$' e"issio#s c!pt*re EM )!(es prop!&!ti#& ,ro" ! 'ipo$e !#te##! !tt!che' to the re!'er+ A s"!$$er 'ipo$e !#te##! i# the t!& recei(es this e#er&% !s !# !$ter#!ti#& pote#ti!$ 'i,,ere#ce th!t !ppe!rs !cross the !r"s o, the 'ipo$e+ A 'io'e c!# recti,% this pote#ti!$!#' $i#3 it to ! c!p!citor2 )hich )i$$ res*$t i# !# !cc*"*$!tio# o, e#er&% i# or'er to po)er its e$ectro#ics+ Ho)e(er2 *#$i3e the i#'*cti(e 'esi&#s2 the t!&s !re 0e%o#' the r!#&e o, the re!'er@s #e!r ,ie$'2 !#' i#,or"!tio# c!#@t 0e tr!#s"itte' 0!c3 to the re!'er *si#& $o!' "o'*$!tio#+

The tech#i-*e2 the 'esi&#ers *se ,or co""erci!$ ,!r8,ie$' RFID t!&s2 is back scattering+ I, !# !#te##! is 'esi&#e' )ith precise 'i"e#sio#s2 it c!# 0e t*#e' to ! p!rtic*$!r ,re-*e#c% !#' !0sor0 "ost o, the e#er&% th!t re!ches it !t th!t ,re-*e#c%+ Ho)e(er2 i, !# i"pe'!#ce "is"!tch occ*rs !t this ,re-*e#c%2 the !#te##! )i$$ re,$ect 0!c3 so"e o, the e#er&% .!s ti#% )!(es/ to)!r' the re!'er2 )hich c!# the# 'etect the e#er&% *si#& ! se#siti(e r!'io recei(er+ B% ch!#&i#& the !#te##!@s i"pe'!#ce o(er ti"e2 the t!& c!# re,$ect 0!c3 "ore or $ess o, the i#co"i#& si&#!$ i# ! p!tter# th!t e#co'es the t!&@s ID+ !)*+ :odu$e and Princip$e of #orking
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RFID Re!'er Mo'*$e2 !re !$so c!$$e' !s i#terro&!tors+ The% co#(ert r!'io )!(es ret*r#e' ,ro" the RFID t!& i#to ! ,or" th!t c!# 0e p!sse' o# to Co#tro$$ers2 )hich c!# "!3e *se o, it+ RFID t!&s !#' re!'ers h!(e to 0e t*#e' to the s!"e ,re-*e#c% i# or'er to co""*#ic!te+ RFID s%ste"s *se "!#% 'i,,ere#t ,re-*e#cies2 0*t the "ost co""o# !#' )i'e$% *se' Q s*pporte' 0% o*r Re!'er is 147 DH1+

A# RFID s%ste" co#sists o, t)o sep!r!te co"po#e#tsC ! t!& !#' ! re!'er+ T!&s !re !#!$o&o*s to 0!rco'e $!0e$s !#' co"e i# 'i,,ere#t sh!pes !#' si1es+ The t!& co#t!i#s !# !#te##! co##ecte' to ! s"!$$ "icrochip co#t!i#i#& *p to t)o 3i$o0%tes o, '!t!+ The re!'er or sc!##er ,*#ctio#s si"i$!r$% to ! 0!rco'e sc!##er+ Ho)e(er2 )hi$e ! 0!rco'e sc!##er *ses ! $!ser 0e!" to sc!# the 0!rco'e2 !# RFID sc!##er *ses e$ectro"!&#etic )!(es+ To tr!#s"it these )!(es2 the sc!##er *ses !# !#te##! th!t tr!#s"its ! si&#!$ co""*#ic!ti#& )ith the t!&s !#te##!+ The t!&@s !#te##! recei(es '!t! ,ro" the sc!##er !#' tr!#s"its its p!rtic*$!r chip i#,or"!tio# to the sc!##er+ )eatures of !)*+( !eading co$ocated tags O#e co""erci!$ o0jecti(e o, RFID s%ste"s is to re!' !#' ch!r&e ,or !$$ t!&&e' &oo's i# ! st!#'!r' s*per"!r3et shoppi#& c!rt !s it is p*she' thro*&h !# i#str*"e#te' chec3o*t !is$e+ S*ch ! s%ste" )o*$' spee' *p the chec3o*t process !#' re'*ce oper!tio#!$ costs+ nab$ing a distributed %e%or' revo$ution A#other 'isti#&*ishi#& ,e!t*re o, "o'er# RFID is th!t t!&s c!# co#t!i# ,!r "ore i#,or"!tio# th!# ! si"p$e ID+ The% c!# i#corpor!te !''itio#!$ re!' o#$% or re!'8)rite "e"or%2 )hich !
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re!'er c!# the# ,*rther i#ter!ct )ith+ Re!'8o#$% "e"or% "i&ht co#t!i# !''itio#!$ pro'*ct 'et!i$s th!t 'o#@t #ee' to 0e re!' e(er% ti"e ! t!& is i#terro&!te' 0*t !re !(!i$!0$e )he# re-*ire'+ For e !"p$e2 the t!& "e"or% "i&ht co#t!i# ! 0!tch co'e2 so i, so"e pro'*cts !re ,o*#' to 0e ,!*$t%2 the co'e c!# he$p ,i#' other ite"s )ith the s!"e 'e,ects+

!)*+ that incorporates sensing O#e o, the "ost i#tri&*i#& !spects o, "o'er# RFID t!&s is th!t the% c!# co#(e% i#,or"!tio# th!t e te#'s 0e%o#' '!t! store' i# !# i#ter#!$ "e"or% !#' i#c$*'e '!t! th!t o#0o!r' se#sors cre!te' '%#!"ic!$$%+ Co""erci!$ (ersio#s o, RFID tech#o$o&% c!# !$re!'% e#s*re th!t critic!$ e#(iro#"e#t!$ p!r!"eters h!(e#@t 0ee# e cee'e'+ For e !"p$e2 i, ! p!c3!&e is 'roppe' o# the ,$oor2 the i"p!ct "i&ht h!(e '!"!&e' the e#c$ose' pro'*ct+ A p!ssi(e ,orce se#sor c!# s*pp$% ! si#&$e 0it o, i#,or"!tio# th!t c!# 0e ret*r#e' !$o#& )ith !# RFID t!&@s ID2 !$erti#& the s%ste" !0o*t the pro0$e"+ Privac' concerns RFID h!s recei(e' "*ch !tte#tio# i# rece#t %e!rs !s jo*r#!$ists2 tech#o$o&ists !#' pri(!c% !'(oc!tes h!(e 'e0!te' the ethics o, its *se+ Pri(!c% !'(oc!tes !re co#cer#e' th!t e(e# tho*&h "!#% o, the corpor!tio#s co#si'eri#& RFID *se ,or i#(e#tor% tr!c3i#& h!(e ho#or!0$e i#te#tio#s2 )itho*t '*e c!re2 the tech#o$o&% "i&ht 0e *#)itti#&$% *se' to cre!te *#'esir!0$e o*tco"es ,or "!#% c*sto"ers+ App$ication Areas( RFID2 R!'io Fre-*e#c% I'e#ti,ic!tio# is ! tech#o$o&%2 )hich i#c$*'es )ire$ess '!t! c!pt*re !#' tr!#s!ctio# processi#&+ Pro i"it% .short r!#&e/ !#' Vici#it% .$o#& r!#&e/ !re t)o "!jor !pp$ic!tio# !re!s )here RFID tech#o$o&% is *se'+ Tr!c3 !#' tr!ce !pp$ic!tio#s !re $o#& r!#&e or (ici#it% !pp$ic!tio#s+ This tech#o$o&% pro(i'es !''itio#!$ ,*#ctio#!$it% !#' 0e#e,its ,or pro'*ct !*the#tic!tio#+ Access co#tro$ !pp$ic!tio#s !re Short r!#&e or pro i"it% t%pe o, !pp$ic!tio#s+ A&i$eSe#se Tech#o$o&ies is ,oc*se' o# 'e$i(eri#& i##o(!ti(e2 hi&h (!$*e RFID so$*tio#s !ssisti#& co"p!#%@s tr!c3 !ssets2 peop$e !#' 'oc*"e#ts+ A&i$eSe#se pro(i'es ro0*st !#' co"p$ete RFID so$*tio#s 0*i$t o# top o, its e te#si0$e "i''$e)!re;,r!"e)or3 ,or Ho(er#"e#t2 He!$thc!re2 M!#*,!ct*ri#& !#' Aerosp!ce i#'*stries+
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Passports The ,irst RFID p!ssports .RE8p!ssportR/ )ere iss*e' 0% M!$!%si! i# 1??>+ I# !''itio# to i#,or"!tio# !$so co#t!i#e' o# the (is*!$ '!t! p!&e o, the p!ssport2 M!$!%si!# e8p!ssports recor'the tr!(e$ histor% .ti"e2 '!te !#' p$!ce/ o, e#tries !#' e its ,ro" the co*#tr%+ St!#'!r's ,or RFID p!ssports !re 'eter"i#e' 0% the I#ter#!tio#!$ Ci(i$ A(i!tio# Or&!#i1!tio# .ICAO/+ ICAO re,ers to the ISO;IEC 16665 RFID chips i# e8p!ssports !s Rco#t!ct$ess i#te&r!te' circ*itsR+ ICAO st!#'!r's pro(i'e ,or e8p!ssports to 0e i'e#ti,i!0$e 0% ! st!#'!r' e8p!ssport $o&o o# the ,ro#t co(er+ &ecurit' and Access Contro$ RFID h!s $o#& 0ee# *se' !s !# e$ectro#ic 3e% to co#tro$ )ho h!s !ccess to o,,ice 0*i$'i#&s or !re!s )ithi# o,,ice 0*i$'i#&s+ The ,irst !ccess co#tro$ s%ste"s *se' $o)8,re-*e#c% RFID t!&s+ Rece#t$%2 (e#'ors h!(e i#tro'*ce' 15+7E MH1 s%ste"s th!t o,,er $o#&er re!' r!#&e+ Peop$e Tracking( Peop$e tr!c3i#& s%ste" !re *se' j*st !s !sset tr!c3i#& s%ste"+ Hospit!$s !#' j!i$s !re "ost &e#er!$ tr!c3i#& re-*ire' p$!ces+ Hospit!$ *ses RFID t!&s ,or tr!c3i#& their speci!$ p!tie#ts+ I# e"er&e#c% p!tie#t !#' other esse#ti!$ e-*ip"e#t c!# e!si$% tr!c3+ It )i$$ 0e "!i#$% (er% *se,*$ i# "e#t!$ c!re hospit!$s )here 'octors c!# tr!c3 e!ch !#' e(er% !cti(it% o, the p!tie#t+ Hospit!$s !$so *se these RFID t!&s ,or $oc!ti#& !#' tr!c3i#& !$$ the !cti(ities o, the #e)$% 0or# 0!0ies+ +ocu%ent tracking( This is "ost co""o# pro0$e"+ A(!i$!0i$it% o, $!r&e !"o*#t o, '!t! !#' 'oc*"e#ts 0ri#&s $ots o, pro0$e" i# 'oc*"e#t "!#!&e"e#t s%ste"+ A# RFID 'oc*"e#t8tr!c3i#& s%ste" s!(es ti"e !#' "o#e% 0% s*0st!#ti!$$% re'*ci#&C 1overn%ent 4ibrar'( M!#% &o(er#"e#t $i0r!ries *se 0!rco'e !#' e$ectro"!&#etic strips to tr!c3 (!rio*s !ssets+ RFID tech#o$o&% *ses ,or re!'i#& these 0!rco'es *#$i3e the se$,80!rco'e re!'er RFID po)ere' 0!rco'e re!'er c!# re!' "*$tip$e ite"s si"*$t!#eo*s$%+ This re'*ces -*e*es !#' i#cre!ses the #*"0er o, c*sto"ers *si#& se$,8chec32 )hich i# t*r# )i$$ re'*ce the st!,, #ecess!r% !t the circ*$!tio# 'es3s+ &upp$' Chain :anage%ent

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RFID tech#o$o&% h!s 0ee# *se' i# c$ose' $oop s*pp$% ch!i#s or to !*to"!te p!rts o, the s*pp$% ch!i# )ithi# ! co"p!#%Ls co#tro$ ,or %e!rs+ As st!#'!r's e"er&e2 co"p!#ies !re i#cre!si#&$% t*r#i#& to RFID to tr!c3 ship"e#ts !"o#& s*pp$% ch!i# p!rt#ers+ The )uture of !)*+ RFID is s!i' 0% "!#% i# the i#'*str% to 0e the ,ro#tr*##er tech#o$o&% ,or !*to"!tic i'e#ti,ic!tio# !#' '!t! co$$ectio#+ The 0i&&est2 !s o, %et *#pro(e#2 0e#e,it )o*$' *$ti"!te$% 0e i# the co#s*"er &oo's s*pp$% ch!i# )here !# RFID t!& !tt!che' to ! co#s*"er pro'*ct co*$' 0e tr!c3e' ,ro" "!#*,!ct*ri#& to the ret!i$ store ri&ht to the co#s*"erLs ho"e+

3.- &eria$ Co%%unication(
The "!i# re-*ire"e#ts ,or seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# !reC 1+ Microco#tro$$er 4+ PC 5+ RS 454 c!0$e 6+ MAG 454 IC 7+ H%perTer"i#!$ +Ti%ers( The >A71 h!s t)o ti"ersC Ti"er A !#' Ti"er 1+ The% c!# 0e *se' either !s ti"ers to &e#er!te ! ti"e 'e$!% or !s co*#ters to co*#t e(e#ts h!ppe#i#& o*tsi'e the "icroco#tro$$er+ Both Ti"er A !#' Ti"er 1 !re 1E80it )i'e+ Si#ce the >A71 h!s !# >80it !rchitect*re2 e!ch 1E80it ti"er is !ccesse' !s t)o sep!r!te re&isters o, $o) 0%te !#' hi&h 0%te+ Lo)er 0%te re&ister o, Ti"er A is TLA !#' hi&her 0%te is THA+ Si"i$!r$% $o)er 0%te re&ister o, Ti"er1 is TL1 !#' hi&her 0%te re&ister is TH1+ T:O+ 6ti%er %ode7 register(Both ti"ers A !#' 1 *se the s!"e re&ister TMOD to set the (!rio*s oper!tio# "o'es+ TMOD is !# >80it re&ister i# )hich the $o)er 6 0its !re set !si'e ,or Ti"er A !#' the *pper 6 0its ,or Ti"er 1+ I# e!ch c!se2 the $o)er 4 0its !re *se' to set the ti"er "o'e !#' the *pper 4 0its to speci,% the oper!tio#+

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1AT E(er% ti"er h!s ! "e!#s o, st!rti#& !#' stoppi#&+ So"e ti"ers 'o this 0% so,t)!re2 so"e 0% h!r')!re !#' so"e h!(e 0oth so,t)!re !#' h!r')!re co#tro$s+ The ti"ers i# the >A71 h!(e 0oth+ The st!rt !#' stop o, the ti"er !re co#tro$$e' 0% the )!% o, so,t)!re 0% the TR .ti"er st!rt/ 0its TRA !#' TR1+ These i#str*ctio#s st!rt !#' stop the ti"ers !s $o#& !s HATEIA i# the TMOD re&ister+ The h!r')!re )!% o, st!rti#& !#' stoppi#& the ti"er 0% !# e ter#!$ so*rce is !chie(e' 0% "!3i#& HATEI1 i# the TMOD re&ister+ C5T Ti"er or co*#ter se$ecte'+ C$e!re' ,or ti"er oper!tio# !#' set ,or co*#ter oper!tio#+ :1 Mo'e 0it 1 :3 Mo'e 0it A :ode &e$ection :1 A A 1 :3 A 1 A :ode A 1 4 Operating :ode 1580it ti"er "o'e >80it ti"er;co*#ter TH )ith TL !s 780it presc!$er 1E80it ti"er "o'e 1E80it ti"er;co*#ters TH !#' TL !re c!sc!'e' >80it !*to re$o!' ti"er;co*#ter TH ho$'s ! (!$*e th!t is to 0e re$o!'e' i#to TL e!ch ti"e it o(er,$o)s 1 1 5 Sp$it ti"er As'nchronous and &'nchronous &eria$ Co%%unication
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Co"p*ters tr!#s,er '!t! i# t)o )!%sC p!r!$$e$ !#' seri!$+ I# p!r!$$e$ '!t! tr!#s,ers2 o,te# > or "ore $i#es !re *se' to tr!#s,er '!t! to ! 'e(ice th!t is o#$% ! ,e) ,eet !)!%+ A$tho*&h ! $ot o, '!t! c!# 0e tr!#s,erre' i# ! short !"o*#t o, ti"e 0% *si#& "!#% )ires i# p!r!$$e$2 the 'ist!#ce c!##ot 0e &re!t+ To tr!#s,er to ! 'e(ice $oc!te' "!#% "eters !)!%2 the seri!$ "etho' is 0est s*it!0$e+

!&"3" CAB4 ( To !$$o) co"p!ti0i$it% !"o#& '!t! co""*#ic!tio# e-*ip"e#t2 !# i#ter,!ci#& st!#'!r' c!$$e' RS454 is *se'+ Si#ce the st!#'!r' )!s set $o#& 0e,ore the !'(e#t o, the TTL $o&ic ,!"i$%2 its i#p*t !#' o*tp*t (o$t!&e $e(e$s !re #ot TTL co"p!ti0$e+ For this re!so#2 to co##ect !#% RS454 to ! "icroco#tro$$er s%ste"2 (o$t!&e co#(erters s*ch !s MAG454 !re *se' to co#(ert the TTL $o&ic $e(e$s to the RS454 (o$t!&e $e(e$s !#' (ice (ers!+ :A9 "3"( M! 454 IC is ! speci!$i1e' circ*it )hich "!3es st!#'!r' (o$t!&es !s re-*ire' 0% RS454 st!#'!r's+ This IC pro(i'es 0est #oise rejectio# !#' (er% re$i!0$e !&!i#st 'isch!r&es !#' short circ*its+ MAG454 IC chips !re co""o#$% re,erre' to !s $i#e 'ri(ers+ To e#s*re '!t! tr!#s,er 0et)ee# PC !#' "icroco#tro$$er2 the 0!*' r!te !#' (o$t!&e $e(e$s o, Microco#tro$$er !#' PC sho*$' 0e the s!"e+ The (o$t!&e $e(e$s o, "icroco#tro$$er !re $o&ic1 !#' $o&ic A i+e+2 $o&ic 1 is F7V !#' $o&ic A is AV+

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&CO2 6seria$ contro$7 register( The SCON re&ister is !# >80it re&ister *se' to pro&r!" the st!rt 0it2 stop 0it !#' '!t! 0its o, '!t! ,r!"i#&+

SMA SM1 SM4 REN TB> RB> TI

SCON+B SCON+E SCON+7 SCON+6 SCON+5 SCON+4 SCON+1

Seri!$ port "o'e speci,ier Seri!$ port "o'e speci,ier Use' ,or "*$tiprocessor co""*#ic!tio# Set;c$e!re' 0% so,t)!re to e#!0$e;'is!0$e receptio# Not )i'e$% *se' Not )i'e$% *se' Tr!#s"it i#terr*pt ,$!&+ Set 0% h!r')!re !t the 0e&i##i#& o, the stop 0it i# "o'e 1+ M*st 0e c$e!re' 0% so,t)!re+

RI

SCON+A

Recei(e i#terr*pt ,$!&+ Set 0% h!r')!re !t the
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A 1 1 1 A 1 Seri!$ Mo'e 12 >80it '!t!2 1 stop 0it2 1 st!rt 0it Seri!$ Mo'e 4 Seri!$ Mo'e 5

/3-1 *nterface #ith an' 8terna$ +evices using &eria$ Co%%unication(

3.> Buzzer<Audio *ndication
Di&it!$ s%ste"s !#' "icroco#tro$$er pi#s $!c3 s*,,icie#t c*rre#t to 'ri(e the circ*its $i3e re$!%s2 0*11er circ*its etc+ Whi$e these circ*its re-*ire !ro*#' 1A"i$$i !"ps to 0e oper!te'2 the "icroco#tro$$er@s pi# c!# pro(i'e ! "! i"*" o, 184"i$$i !"ps c*rre#t+ For this re!so#2 ! 'ri(er s*ch !s ! po)er tr!#sistor is p$!ce' i# 0et)ee# the "icroco#tro$$er !#' the 0*11er circ*it+

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The oper!tio# o, this circ*it is !s ,o$$o)sC The i#p*t to the 0!se o, the tr!#sistor is !pp$ie' ,ro" the "icroco#tro$$er port pi# P1+A+ The tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e s)itche' o# )he# the 0!se to e"itter (o$t!&e is &re!ter th!# A+BV .c*t8i# (o$t!&e/+ Th*s )he# the (o$t!&e !pp$ie' to the pi# P1+A is hi&h i+e+2 P1+AI1 .SA+BV/2 the tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e s)itche' o# !#' th*s the 0*11er )i$$ 0e ON+ Whe# the (o$t!&e !t the pi# P1+A is $o) i+e+2 P1+AIA .TA+BV/ the tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e i# o,, st!te !#' the 0*11er )i$$ 0e OFF+ Th*s the tr!#sistor !cts $i3e ! c*rre#t 'ri(er to oper!te the 0*11er !ccor'i#&$%+ B=AA ! *2T !)AC*21 ;*TH TH :*C!OCO2T!O44 !(

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME 5+B &#itches and Pushbuttons
This is the si"p$est )!% o, co#tro$$i#& !ppe!r!#ce o, so"e (o$t!&e o# "icroco#tro$$er@s i#p*t pi#+ There is !$so #o #ee' ,or !''itio#!$ e p$!#!tio# o, ho) these co"po#e#ts oper!te+

This is !0o*t so"ethi#& co""o#$% *##otice!0$e )he# *si#& these co"po#e#ts i# e(er%'!% $i,e+ It is !0o*t co#t!ct 0o*#ce2 ! co""o# pro0$e" )ith "ech!#ic!$ s)itches+ I, co#t!ct s)itchi#& 'oes #ot h!ppe# so -*ic3$%2 se(er!$ co#sec*ti(e 0o*#ces c!# 0e #otice' prior to "!i#t!i# st!0$e st!te+ The re!so#s ,or this !reC (i0r!tio#s2 s$i&ht ro*&h spots !#' 'irt+ A#%)!%2 this )ho$e process 'oes #ot $!st $o#& .! ,e) "icro8 or "i$$iseco#'s/2 0*t $o#& e#o*&h to 0e re&istere' 0% the "icroco#tro$$er+ Co#cer#i#& the p*$se co*#ter2 error occ*rs i# !$"ost 1AAK o, c!ses+

The si"p$est so$*tio# is to co##ect si"p$e RC circ*it )hich )i$$ s*ppress e!ch -*ic3 (o$t!&e ch!#&e+ Si#ce the 0o*#ci#& ti"e is #ot 'e,i#e'2 the (!$*es o, e$e"e#ts !re #ot strict$% 'eter"i#e'+ I# the "ost c!ses2 the (!$*es sho)# o# ,i&*re !re s*,,icie#t+ &#itch *nterfacing #ith /3-1(
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I# >A71 PORT 12 PORT 4 Q PORT 5 h!(e i#ter#!$ 1A3 P*$$8*p resistors )here!s this P*$$8*p resistor is !0se#t i# PORT A. He#ce PORT 12 4 Q 5 c!# 0e 'irect$% *se' to i#ter,!ce ! s)itch )here!s )e h!(e to *se !# e ter#!$ 1A3 p*$$8*p resistor ,or PORT A to 0e *se' ,or s)itch i#ter,!ci#& or ,or !#% other i#p*t+ Fi&*re 1 sho)s s)itch i#ter,!ci#& ,or PORT 12 4 Q 5+ Fi&*re 4 sho)s s)itch i#ter,!ci#& to PORT A+

For !#% pi# to 0e *se' !s !# i#p*t pi#2 ! HIHH .1/ sho*$' 0e )ritte# to the pi# i, the pi# )i$$ !$)!%s to 0e re!' !s LOW+ I# the !0o(e ,i&*re2 )he# the s)itch is #ot presse'2 the 1A3 resistor pro(i'es the c*rre#t #ee'e' ,or LOHIC 1 !#' c$os*re o, s)itch pro(i'es LOHIC A to the co#tro$$er PIN+

3./ ! A4 T*: C4OCB(
The re!$ ti"e c$oc3 .RTC/ is ! )i'e$% *se' 'e(ice th!t pro(i'es !cc*r!te ti"e !#' '!te ,or "!#% !pp$ic!tio#s+ The RTC chip prese#t i# the PC pro(i'es ti"e co"po#e#ts o, ho*r2 "i#*te !#' seco#' i# !''itio# to the '!te;c!$e#'!r co"po#e#ts o, %e!r2 "o#th !#' '!%+

Features:

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 Re!$8Ti"e C$oc3 .RTC/ Co*#ts seco#'s2 "i#*tes2 ho*rs2 '!te o, the "o#th2 "o#th2 '!% o, the )ee32 !#' %e!r )ith Le!p8<e!r Co"pe#s!tio# (!$i' *p to 41AA+  7E8B%te2 B!tter%8B!c3e'2 No#(o$!ti$e .NV/ RAM ,or D!t! Stor!&e+  I4C Seri!$ I#ter,!ce+  Pro&r!""!0$e S-*!re8W!(e O*tp*t Si&#!$+  A*to"!tic Po)er8F!i$ Detect !#' S)itch Circ*itr%+  Co#s*"es Less th!# 7AA#A i# B!tter%8B!c3*p Mo'e )ith Osci$$!tor R*##i#&+  Optio#!$ I#'*stri!$ Te"per!t*re R!#&eC86AUC to F>7UC+

Osci$$!tor Circ*itC The +&133C uses an e8terna$ 3".C>/ kHz cr'sta$. The osci$$ator circuit does not re@uire an' e8terna$ resistors or capacitors to operate. The be$o# tab$e specifies severa$ cr'sta$ para%eters for the e8terna$ cr'sta$. *f using a cr'sta$ #ith the specified characteristicsD the startup ti%e is usua$$' $ess than one second.

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Bit C( Output Contro$ 6O=T7. This 0it co#tro$s the o*tp*t $e(e$ o, the SVW;OUT pi# )he# the s-*!re )!(e o*tp*t is 'is!0$e'+ I, SVWE I A2 the $o&ic $e(e$ o# the SVW;OUT pi# is 1 i, OUT I 1 !#' is A i, OUT I A+ Bit ,( &@uare<;ave nab$e 6&E; 7. This 0it2 )he# set to $o&ic 12 e#!0$es the osci$$!tor o*tp*t+ The ,re-*e#c% o, the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t 'epe#'s *po# the (!$*e o, the RSA !#' RS1 0its+ With the s-*!re )!(e o*tp*t set to 1H12 the c$oc3 re&isters *p'!te o# the ,!$$i#& e'&e o, the s-*!re )!(e+ Bits 1D 3( !ate &e$ect 6!&1D !&37. These 0its co#tro$ the ,re-*e#c% o, the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t )he# the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t h!s 0ee# e#!0$e'+ The ,o$$o)i#& t!0$e $ists the s-*!re8)!(e ,re-*e#cies th!t c!# 0e se$ecte' )ith the RS 0its.

I4C D!t! B*s The +&133C supports the *"C protoco$. A device that sends data onto the bus is defined as a trans%itter and a device receiving data as a receiver. The device that contro$s the %essage is ca$$ed a %aster. The devices that are contro$$ed b' the %aster are referred to as s$aves. The bus %ust be contro$$ed b' a %aster device that generates the seria$ c$ock 6&C47D contro$s the bus accessD and generates the &TA!T and &TOP conditions. The +&133C operates as a s$ave on the *"C bus.

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• •

+ata transfer %a' be initiated on$' #hen the bus is not bus'. +uring data transferD the data $ine %ust re%ain stab$e #henever the c$ock $ine is H*1H. Changes in the data $ine #hi$e the c$ock $ine is high #i$$ be interpreted as contro$ signa$s.

Accor'i#&$%2 the ,o$$o)i#& 0*s co#'itio#s h!(e 0ee# 'e,i#e'C Bus not bus'( Both '!t! !#' c$oc3 $i#es re"!i# HIHH+ &tart data transfer( A ch!#&e i# the st!te o, the '!t! $i#e2 ,ro" HIHH to LOW2 )hi$e the c$oc3 is HIHH2 'e,i#es ! START co#'itio#+ &top data transfer( A ch!#&e i# the st!te o, the '!t! $i#e2 ,ro" LOW to HIHH2 )hi$e the c$oc3 $i#e is HIHH2 'e,i#es the STOP co#'itio#+ +ata va$id( The st!te o, the '!t! $i#e represe#ts (!$i' '!t! )he#2 !,ter ! START co#'itio#2 the '!t! $i#e is st!0$e ,or the '*r!tio# o, the HIHH perio' o, the c$oc3 si&#!$+ The '!t! o# the $i#e "*st 0ech!#&e' '*ri#& the LOW perio' o, the c$oc3 si&#!$+ There is o#e c$oc3 p*$se per 0it o, '!t!+ E!ch '!t! tr!#s,er is i#iti!te' )ith ! START co#'itio# !#' ter"i#!te' )ith ! STOP co#'itio#+
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The #*"0er o, '!t! 0%tes tr!#s,erre' 0et)ee# START !#' STOP co#'itio#s is #ot $i"ite'2 !#' is 'eter"i#e' 0% the "!ster 'e(ice Ackno#$edge( E!ch recei(i#& 'e(ice2 )he# !''resse'2 is o0$i&e' to &e#er!te !# !c3#o)$e'&e"e#t !,ter the receptio# o, e!ch 0%te+ The "!ster 'e(ice "*st &e#er!te !# e tr! c$oc3 p*$se )hich is !ssoci!te' )ith this !c3#o)$e'&e 0it+ A 'e(ice th!t !c3#o)$e'&es "*st p*$$ 'o)# the SDA $i#e '*ri#& the !c3#o)$e'&e c$oc3 p*$se i# s*ch ! )!% th!t the SDA $i#e is st!0$e LOW '*ri#& the HIHH perio' o, the !c3#o)$e'&e re$!te' c$oc3 p*$se+ O, co*rse2 set*p !#' ho$' ti"es "*st 0e t!3e# i#to !cco*#t+

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3.0 4*E=*+ C!F&TA4 +*&P4AF(
LCD st!#'s ,or 4i-*i' Cr%st!$ +isp$!%+ LCD is ,i#'i#& )i'e spre!' *se rep$!ci#& LEDs .se(e# se&"e#t LEDs or other "*$ti se&"e#t LEDs/ 0ec!*se o, the ,o$$o)i#& re!so#sC 1+ The 'ec$i#i#& prices o, LCDs+ 4+ The !0i$it% to 'isp$!% #*"0ers2 ch!r!cters !#' &r!phics+ This is i# co#tr!st to LEDs2 )hich !re $i"ite' to #*"0ers !#' ! ,e) ch!r!cters+ 5+ I#corpor!tio# o, ! re,reshi#& co#tro$$er i#to the LCD2 there0% re$ie(i#& the CPU o, the t!s3 o, re,reshi#& the LCD+ I# co#tr!st2 the LED "*st 0e re,reshe' 0% the CPU to 3eep 'isp$!%i#& the '!t!+
6+

E!se o, pro&r!""i#& ,or ch!r!cters !#' &r!phics+These co"po#e#ts !re 9speci!$i1e': ,or 0ei#&
*se' )ith the "icroco#tro$$ers2 )hich "e!#s th!t the% c!##ot 0e !cti(!te' 0% st!#'!r' IC circ*its+ The% !re *se' ,or )riti#& 'i,,ere#t "ess!&es o#! "i#i!t*re LCD+

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4C+ Basic Co%%ands A$$ '!t! tr!#s,erre' to LCD thro*&h o*tp*ts DA8DB )i$$ 0e i#terprete' !s co""!#'s or !s '!t!2 )hich 'epe#'s o# $o&ic st!te o# pi# RSC  RS I 1 8 Bits DA 8 DB !re !''resses o, ch!r!cters th!t sho*$' 0e 'isp$!%e'+ B*i$t i# processor !''resses 0*i$t i# 9"!p o, ch!r!cters: !#' 'isp$!%s correspo#'i#& s%"0o$s+

Re!' ,ro" 1 1 DB DE CHRAM or DDRAM D6 D5 D4 D1 DA

6A*S Disp$!%i#& positio# is 'eter"i#e' 0% DDRAM !''ress+ This !''ress is either pre(io*s$% 'e,i#e' or the !''ress o, pre(io*s$% tr!#s,erre' ch!r!cter is !*to"!tic!$$% i#cre"e#te'+  RS I A 8 Bits DA 8 DB !re co""!#'s )hich 'eter"i#e 'isp$!% "o'e+ List o, co""!#'s )hich LCD reco&#i1es !re &i(e# i# the t!0$e 0e$o)(

)unction I;D S

.a$ue 1 A 1 A

Operation I#cre"e#t 0% 1 Decre"e#t 0% 1 Disp$!% shi,t o# Disp$!% shi,t o,,
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D U B R;L DL N 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1 A F 1 A D;C 1 A Disp$!% o# Disp$!% o,, C*rsor o# C*rsor o,, C*rsor 0$i#3 o# C*rsor 0$i#3 o,, Shi,t ri&ht Shi,t $e,t >80it i#ter,!ce 680it i#ter,!ce Disp$!% i# t)o $i#es Disp$!% i# o#e $i#e Ch!r!cter ,or"!t 7 1A 'ots Ch!r!cter ,or"!t 7 B 'ots Disp$!% shi,t C*rsor shi,t

4C+ Connection Depe#'i#& o# ho) "!#% $i#es !re *se' ,or co##ectio# to the "icroco#tro$$er2 there !re >8 0it !#' 680it LCD "o'es+ The !ppropri!te "o'e is 'eter"i#e' !t the 0e&i##i#& o, the process i# ! ph!se c!$$e' 9i#iti!$i1!tio#:+ I# the ,irst c!se2 the '!t! !re tr!#s,erre' thro*&h o*tp*ts DA8DB !s it h!s 0ee# !$re!'% e p$!i#e'+ I# c!se o, 680it LED "o'e2 ,or the s!3e o, s!(i#& (!$*!0$e I;O pi#s o, the "icroco#tro$$er2 there !re o#$% 6 hi&her 0its .D68DB/ *se' ,or co""*#ic!tio#2 )hi$e other "!% 0e $e,t *#co##ecte'+ 4C+ *nitia$ization O#ce the po)er s*pp$% is t*r#e' o#2 LCD is !*to"!tic!$$% c$e!re'+ This process $!sts ,or !ppro i"!te$% 17"S+ A,ter th!t2 'isp$!% is re!'% to oper!te+ The "o'e o, oper!ti#& is set 0% 'e,!*$t+ This "e!#s th!tC 1+ Disp$!% is c$e!re'
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4+ Mo'e DL I 1 Co""*#ic!tio# thro*&h >80it i#ter,!ce N I A Mess!&es !re 'isp$!%e' i# o#e $i#e F I A Ch!r!cter ,o#t 7 5+ Disp$!%;C*rsor o#;o,, D I A Disp$!% o,, U I A C*rsor o,, B I A C*rsor 0$i#3 o,, 6+ Ch!r!cter e#tr% ID I 1 A''resses o# 'isp$!% !re !*to"!tic!$$% i#cre"e#te' 0% 1 S I A Disp$!% shi,t o,, > 'ots

A$&orith" !ccor'i#& to the i#iti!$i1!tio# is 0ei#& per,or"e' 'epe#'s o# )hether co##ectio# to the "icroco#tro$$er is thro*&h 68 or >80it i#ter,!ce+ A$$ $e,t o(er to 0e 'o#e !,ter th!t is to &i(e 0!sic co""!#'s !#' o, co*rse8 to 'isp$!% "ess!&es+

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Contrast Contro$( To h!(e ! c$e!r (ie) o, the ch!r!cters o# the LCD2 co#tr!st sho*$' 0e !'j*ste'+ To !'j*st the co#tr!st2 the (o$t!&e sho*$' 0e (!rie'+ For this2 ! preset is *se' )hich c!# 0eh!(e $i3e ! (!ri!0$e (o$t!&e 'e(ice+ As the (o$t!&e o, this preset is (!rie'2 the co#tr!st o, the LCD c!# 0e !'j*ste'+

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Potentio%eter V!ri!0$e resistors *se' !s pote#tio"eters h!(e !$$ three ter%ina$s co##ecte'+ This !rr!#&e"e#t is #or"!$$% *se' to var' vo$tage2 ,or e !"p$e to set the s)itchi#& poi#t o, ! circ*it )ith ! se#sor2 or co#tro$ the (o$*"e .$o*'#ess/ i# !# !"p$i,ier circ*it+ I, the ter"i#!$s !t the e#'s o, the tr!c3 !re co##ecte' !cross the po)er s*pp$%2 the# the )iper ter"i#!$ )i$$ pro(i'e ! (o$t!&e )hich c!# 0e (!rie' ,ro" 1ero *p to the "! i"*" o, the s*pp$%+

Presets These !re "i#i!t*re (ersio#s o, the st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistor+ The% !re 'esi&#e' to 0e "o*#te' 'irect$% o#to the circ*it 0o!r' !#' !'j*ste' o#$% )he# the circ*it is 0*i$t+ For e !"p$e2 to set the ,re-*e#c% o, !# !$!r" to#e or the se#siti(it% o, ! $i&ht8se#siti(e circ*it2 ! s"!$$ scre)'ri(er or si"i$!r too$ is re-*ire' to !'j*st presets+ Presets !re "*ch che!per th!# st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistors so the% !re so"eti"es *se' i# projects )here ! st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistor )o*$' #or"!$$% 0e *se'+ :u$titurn presets !re *se' )here (er% precise !'j*st"e#ts "*st 0e "!'e+ The scre) "*st 0e t*r#e' "!#% ti"es .1AF/ to "o(e the s$i'er ,ro" o#e e#' o, the tr!c3 to the other2 &i(i#& (er% ,i#e co#tro$+

4C+ interface #ith the %icrocontro$$er 6,<bit %ode7(
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NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

Chapter , )ir%#are *%p$e%entation

This ch!pter 0rie,$% e p$!i#s !0o*t the ,ir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project+ The re-*ire' so,t)!re too$s !re 'isc*sse' i# sectio# 6+4+ Sectio# 6+5 sho)s the ,$o) 'i!&r!" o, the project 'esi&#+ Sectio# 6+6 prese#ts the ,ir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project 'esi&#+ ,.1 &oft#are Too$s !e@uired

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Dei$ M(52 Pro$o!' !re the t)o so,t)!re too$s *se' to pro&r!" "icroco#tro$$er+ The )or3i#& o, e!ch so,t)!re too$ is e p$!i#e' 0e$o) i# 'et!i$+ ,.1.1 Progra%%ing :icrocontro$$er A co"pi$er ,or ! hi&h $e(e$ $!#&*!&e he$ps to re'*ce pro'*ctio# ti"e+ To pro&r!" the AT>?S74 "icroco#tro$$er the Dei$ M(5 is *se'+ The pro&r!""i#& is 'o#e strict$% i# the e"0e''e' C $!#&*!&e+ Dei$ M(5 is ! s*ite o, e ec*t!0$e2 ope# so*rce so,t)!re 'e(e$op"e#t too$s ,or the "icroco#tro$$ers hoste' o# the Wi#'o)s p$!t,or"+

Bei$ Co%pi$er(
Dei$ co"pi$er is so,t)!re *se' )here the "!chi#e $!#&*!&e co'e is )ritte# !#' co"pi$e'+ A,ter co"pi$!tio#2 the "!chi#e so*rce co'e is co#(erte' i#to he co'e )hich is to 0e '*"pe' i#to the "icroco#tro$$er ,or ,*rther processi#&+ Dei$ co"pi$er !$so s*pports C $!#&*!&e co'e+

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Pro$oad(
Pro$o!' is so,t)!re )hich !ccepts o#$% he ,i$es+ O#ce the "!chi#e co'e is co#(erte' i#to he co'e2 th!t he co'e h!s to 0e '*"pe' i#to the "icroco#tro$$er !#' this is 'o#e 0% the Pro$o!'+ Pro$o!' is ! pro&r!""er )hich itse$, co#t!i#s ! "icroco#tro$$er i# it other th!# the o#e )hich is to 0e pro&r!""e'+ This "icroco#tro$$er h!s ! pro&r!" i# it )ritte# i# s*ch ! )!% th!t it !ccepts the he ,i$e ,ro" the Dei$ co"pi$er !#' '*"ps this he ,i$e i#to the "icroco#tro$$er )hich is to 0e pro&r!""e'+ As the Pro$o!' pro&r!""er 3it re-*ires po)er s*pp$% to 0e oper!te'2 this po)er s*pp$% is &i(e# ,ro" the po)er s*pp$% circ*it 'esi&#e' !0o(e+ It sho*$' 0e #ote' th!t this pro&r!""er 3it co#t!i#s ! po)er s*pp$% sectio# i# the 0o!r' itse$, 0*t i# or'er to s)itch o# th!t po)er s*pp$%2 ! so*rce is re-*ire'+ Th*s this is !cco"p$ishe' ,ro" the po)er s*pp$% 0o!r' )ith !# o*tp*t o, 14(o$ts+

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Features
• • • • • • • • •

S*pports "!jor At"e$ >? series 'e(ices A*to I'e#ti,% co##ecte' h!r')!re !#' 'e(ices Error chec3i#& !#' (eri,ic!tio# i#80*i$t Loc3 o, pro&r!"s i# chip s*pporte' to pre(e#t pro&r!" cop%i#& 4A !#' 6A pi# WIF soc3et o#80o!r' A*to Er!se 0e,ore )riti#& !#' A*to Veri,% !,ter )riti#& I#,or"!ti(e st!t*s 0!r !#' !ccess to $!test pro&r!""e' ,i$e Si"p$e !#' E!s% to *se Wor3s o# 7BEAA spee'

+escription It is si"p$e to *se !#' $o) cost2 %et po)er,*$ ,$!sh "icroco#tro$$er pro&r!""er ,or the At"e$ >? series+ It )i$$ Pro&r!"2 Re!' !#' Veri,% Co'e D!t!2 Write Loc3 Bits2 Er!se !#' B$!#3 Chec3+ A$$ ,*se !#' $oc3 0its !re pro&r!""!0$e+ This pro&r!""er h!s i#te$$i&e#t o#0o!r' ,ir")!re !#' co##ects to the seri!$ port+ It c!# 0e *se' )ith !#% t%pe o, co"p*ter !#' re-*ires #o speci!$ h!r')!re+ A$$ th!t is #ee'e' is ! seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# ports )hich !$$ co"p*ters h!(e+ pro&r!""i#& Li#te$$i&e#ceL is 0*i$t i#to the pro&r!""er so %o* 'o #ot #ee' !#% speci!$ h!r')!re to r*# it+ Pro&r!""er co"es )ith )i#'o) 0!se' so,t)!re ,or e!s% pro&r!""i#& o, the 'e(ices+

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Progra%%ing &oft#are Co"p*ter si'e so,t)!re c!$$e' GPro$oad .,.1G is e ec*te' th!t !ccepts the I#te$ HEG ,or"!t ,i$e &e#er!te' ,ro" co"pi$er to 0e se#t to t!r&et "icroco#tro$$er+ It !*to 'etects the h!r')!re co##ecte' to the seri!$ port+ It !$so !*to 'etects the chip i#serte' !#' 0%tes *se'+ So,t)!re is 'e(e$ope' i# De$phi B !#' re-*ires #o o(erhe!' o, !#% e ter#!$ DLL+

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NOVA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME

Chapter Coding and sche%atic diagra%

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Hinc$udeIreg-1.hJ Hinc$udeIintrins.hJ Hinc$udeIstring.h Hdefine $data P1
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55 P1 =& + )O! 4C+ +ATA 55 !TC CO22 CT*O2 sbit &C4KP"L1M sbit &+AKP"L3M sbit rs KP1L"M 55 ! 1*&T ! & 4 CT of 4C+ sbit en KP1L3M 55 2AB4 O) 4C+ sbit enter K P3L,M sbit dec K P3L-M sbit inc K P3L>M 55sbit $ed K P"L3M sbit buz K P"LCM sbit accessNs# K P3LCM void $cdc%d6unsigned char 7M void de$a' 6unsigned int 7 M void $cddata6unsigned char 7 void %sgdisp$a'6unsigned char bOP7 void start6void7M void #rite6unsigned charDunsigned char7M unsigned char read6unsigned char7 void ptos6unsigned char 7M void stop6void7

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void de$a'6unsigned int 7M void setti%e6void7M unsigned char CO=2TDdatDaddDhrD%inD8Dbinb'teDB1DB"DB3DjK3De%pnoK3DcarddataO1-PDti%efindM unsigned int i void de$a'16unsigned int iti%e7M unsigned char ti%eOCPDte%pti%eOCPDda'K1Dt'peDstarthrDstart%inDendhrDend%inM bit p%K3Dp%1Dda'se$ectM void da'disp$a'6unsigned char7M code unsigned char e%p1OPKQ3 33+/C1 BQM code unsigned char e%p"OPKQ,C33A1ACB)QM code unsigned char e%p3OPKQ,C33A1AC)3Q void serintr6void7 interrupt , R if6!*KK17 R carddataOjPK&B=)M jKjS1M
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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
!*K3M if6jJ1"7 jK3M T T void %ain67 unsigned char $cdco%OPKR38"D38"D38"/D38"/D383>D383cD3831D3TM unsigned char zDcardcountK3M unsigned char 8DaddrsM enterKincKdecK1M da'se$ectK3M for6zK3M$cdco%OzPUK3MzSS7 $cdc%d6$cdco%OzP7M

for6zK3M$cdco%OzPUK3MzSS7 $cdc%d6$cdco%OzP7M %sgdisp$a'6Q#e$co%eQ7

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T:O+K38"3M TH1K38)+M &CO2K38-3M 55 se$ect ti%er 1 in %ode"

55 $oad the ti%er for generating 0>33 baud rate

55 se$ect the seria$ co%%unication /bit data 1 start and 1 stop bit %ode T!1K1M 55 start the ti%er AK1M &K1M zKread637M if6zKK38/37 R start( $cdc%d638317M t'peK>M %sgdisp$a'6Q & T TH T*: Q7M setti%e67M #rite63D37M de$a'6137M #rite61Dte%pti%eO1P7M de$a'6137M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
#rite6"Dte%pti%eO3P7M de$a'6137M for6addK,MaddICMaddSS7 R #rite6addDte%pti%eOadd<1P7M de$a'6137M T da'se$ectK1M de$a'6137M T de$a'6137M $cdc%d638317M ti%edisp( starthrKread638"37M de$a'61337M start%inKread638"17M de$a'61337M endhrKread638""7M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
de$a'61337M end%inKread638"37M de$a'61337M jK3M $cdc%d638317M %sgdisp$a'6Q+t(Q7M #hi4e617 R $cdc%d6383,7M for6addK3MaddICMaddSS7 R ti%eOaddPKread6add7M zKti%eOaddPM if6addKK37 R $cdc%d6383,7M $cdc%d638C07M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
T if6addKK,7 R $cdc%d6383>7M $cdc%d638/,7M T if6addKK"7 R zKti%eO"PV638>37M if6zKK38,37 p%1K3M e$se p%1K1M zKti%eO"PV381fM T B1KzV383fM B"K6zV38f37JJ,M if6addI37

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
R $cddata6B1S,/7M $cddata6B"S,/7M T if6addJ37 R $cddata6B"S,/7M $cddata6B1S,/7M T if6addI"7 $cddata6G(G7M if66addJ37VV6addI>77 $cddata6G5G7M de$a'6-7M $cdc%d638ca7M if6p%17 %sgdisp$a'6Qp%Q7M e$se

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
%sgdisp$a'6Qa%Q7M if6da'se$ectKK17 R $cdc%d63817M %sgdisp$a'6Q& 4 CT +AF( &=2Q7M #hi$e6enterKK17 R $cdc%d638/d7M $cdc%d638e7M if6incKK37 R #hi$e6incKK37M if6da'I/7 da'Kda'S1M da'disp$a'6da'7M T if6decKK37 R

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
#hi$e6decKK37M if6da'J17 da'Kda'<1M da'disp$a'6da'7M T T #rite63Dda'7M #hi$e6enterKK37M da'se$ectK3M $cdc%d6383c7M goto ti%edispM T $cdc%d638/d7M

da'disp$a'6ti%eO3P7M if6jJ137 R carddataO13PKGW3GM

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
$cdc%d617M 55%sgdisp$a'6carddata7M de$a'613337M jK3M 55zKti%eO"PV381fM if66ti%eO"PKKstarthr7VV6ti%eO1PJKstart%in7VV6ti%eO1PIKend%in77 R if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p177 R $cdc%d617M %sgdisp$a'6Q; 4CO: =& !1Q7M de$a'61-337M $cdc%d617M T e$se if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p"77 R $cdc%d617M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
%sgdisp$a'6Q; 4CO: =& !"Q7M de$a'61-337M $cdc%d617M T e$se if6Ustrc%p6carddataDe%p377 R $cdc%d617M %sgdisp$a'6Q; 4CO: =& !3Q7M de$a'61-337M $cdc%d617M T T e$se R buzK3M $cdc%d617M %sgdisp$a'6QACC && T*: O. !Q7M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
de$a'613337M buzK1M goto ti%edispM T T if6accessNs#KK37 R #hi$e6accessNs#KK37M addrsK38"3M $cdc%d638317M t'peK3M 55 to enter upto ti%e on$' 6no date7 for68K3M8I1M8SS7 R $cdc%d638317M %sgdisp$a'6Q 2T ! &TA!T O) Q7M $cdc%d638c37M %sgdisp$a'6QACC && T*: Q7M de$a'61-337M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
$cdc%d638317M setti%e67M #rite6addrsDte%pti%eO3P7M de$a'6137M addrsKaddrsS1M #rite6addrsDte%pti%eO1P7M addrsKaddrsS1M de$a'6-37M $cdc%d638317M %sgdisp$a'6Q 2T ! 2+ O) Q7M $cdc%d638c37M %sgdisp$a'6QACC && T*: Q7M de$a'61-337M $cdc%d638317M setti%e67M #rite6addrsDte%pti%eO3P7M de$a'6137M addrsKaddrsS1M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
#rite6addrsDte%pti%eO1P7M addrsKaddrsS1M de$a'6137M T goto ti%edispM

if6enterKK37 R #hi$e6enterKK37M goto startM T T T void setti%e6void7 R unsigned char ke'countK3DhDgDd1Dd"Dc%dDup$i%itM $cdc%d638C37M if6t'peKK>7

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
%sgdisp$a'6Qhh(%%A: dd5%%5'rQ7M e$se %sgdisp$a'6Qhh(%%A: Q7M $cdc%d6383e7M 55cursor b$inking

#hi$e6ke'countIt'pe7

55 to se$ect a$ar% or current ti%e R hK3M if6ke'countKK37 R c%dK38c3M up$i%itK1"M T e$se if6ke'countKK17 R c%dK38c3M up$i%itK-0M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
T e$se if6ke'countKK"7 R c%dK38c-M up$i%itK1M T e$se if6ke'countKK37 R c%dK38c/M up$i%itK31M T e$se if6ke'countKK,7 R c%dK38cbM up$i%itK1"M

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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
T e$se if6ke'countKK-7 R c%dK38ceM up$i%itK00M T e$seM

#hi$e6enterKK17 R $cdc%d6c%d7M #hi$e66incKK17VV6decKK17VV6enterKK177M de$a'6337M 55#ait ti$$ an' s#itch is pressed

if6incKK37 R de$a'6-37M

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#hi$e6incKK37M if6hKKup$i%it7 hK3M hKhS1M T if6decKK37 R de$a'6-37M #hi$e6decKK37M if6h7 hKh<1M e$se hKup$i%itM T if6ke'countKK"7 R if6h7 R

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%sgdisp$a'6Qp%Q7M p%K1M T e$se R %sgdisp$a'6Qa%Q7M p%K3M T T e$se R gKhM d1Kg513M d"KgX13M $cddata6d1S,/7M $cddata6d"S,/7M gK6d1II,7Y6d"X137M te%pti%eOke'countPKgM

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T T if6ke'countKK"7 $cddata6G G7M ke'countKke'countS1M de$a'6-37M #hi$e6enterKK37M T if6p%7 te%pti%eO3PK te%pti%eO3PY38>3M e$se te%pti%eO3PKte%pti%eO3PY38,3M $cdc%d638317M 55 c$ear the $cd $cdc%d6383c7M 55curser b$ink offM T void #rite6unsigned char addDunsigned char dat7 R start67M

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ptos639d37M 55device addr in #rite %ode55 ptos6add7M 55b'te addr55 ptos6dat7M 55data55 stop67M T 55XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ! A+*21 )=2CT*O2 XXXXXXXXXXXX unsigned char read6unsigned char add7 R unsigned char vDiM start67M ptos639d37M 55device addr in #rite %ode55 ptos6add7M 55b'te addr55 NnopN67M start67M ptos639d17M 55device addr in read %ode55 vK3M &+AK1M
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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME
for6iK3MiIKCMiSS7 R &C4K3M NnopN67M NnopN67M &C4K1M vKvY&+AM if6iIK>7 vKvII1M T &C4K3M de$a'161337M stop67M return6v7M T 55 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH +ATA ! A+*21 )=2CT*O2 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH void da'disp$a'6unsigned char da'7 R
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if6da'KK17 %sgdisp$a'6Q&=2Q7M e$se if6da'KK"7 %sgdisp$a'6Q:O2Q7M e$se if6da'KK37 %sgdisp$a'6QT= Q7M e$se if6da'KK,7 %sgdisp$a'6Q; +Q7M e$se if6da'KK-7 %sgdisp$a'6QTH=Q7M e$se if6da'KK>7 %sgdisp$a'6Q)!*Q7M e$se

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if6da'KKC7 %sgdisp$a'6Q&ATQ7M e$seM T 55ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ &TA!T )=2CT*O2 ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ T &C4K1M &+AK1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &+AK3M T 55aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa +ATA & 2+*21 TO ! A+ :O+ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA void ptos6unsigned char a7 R unsigned char iDcM P!A: *2 void start6void7

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for6iK3MiIKCMiSS7 R cKaV1"/M if6cKK37 &+AK3M e$se &+AK1M &C4K1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &C4K3M aKaII1M T &+AK1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &C4K1M NnopN67M

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NnopN67M &C4K3M

T 55&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &TOP )=2CT*O2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& void stop6void7 R &+AK3M &C4K1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &+AK1M &C4K3M T 55 ..................................... void de$a'6unsigned int s R + 4AF )=2CT*O2

...................................................

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unsigned int iDjM for6iK3MiIKsMiSS7 for6jK3MjIK"-3MjSS7M T 55[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[+ )*2 AT*O2 O) 4C+ CO::A2+ *2 )O=! B*T :O+ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ void $cdc%d6unsigned char va$ue7 R unsigned char nM nKva$ueM va$ueKva$ueV6383f37M $data K va$ueM rs K3M en K1M de$a'6-7M en K3M va$ueKnM va$ueKva$ueII,M va$ueKva$ue V6383f37M
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$data K va$ueM rs K3M en K1M de$a'6-7M en K3M T 55[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[+ )*2 AT*O2 O) 4C+ +ATA *2 )O=! B*T :O+ [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ void $cddata6unsigned char va$ue7 R unsigned char nM nKva$ueM va$ueKva$ueV6383f37M $data K va$ueM rs K1M en K1M de$a'637M en K3M va$ueKnM
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va$ueKva$ueII,M va$ueKva$ue V6383f37M $data K va$ueM rs K1M en K1M de$a'6-7M en K3M T void de$a'16unsigned int iti%e7 R unsigned int iDjM for6iK3MiIiti%eMiSS7 for6jK3MjI3MjSS7M T void %sgdisp$a'6unsigned char bOP7 R for6iK3MbOiPUKGW3GMiSS7 R

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$cddata6bOiP7M T T

Chapter > !esu$ts and +iscussions
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>.1 !esu$ts Asse"0$e the circ*it o# the PCB !s sho)# i# Fi& E+1+ A,ter !sse"0$i#& the circ*it o# the PCB2 chec3 it ,or proper co##ectio#s 0e,ore s)itchi#& o# the po)er s*pp$%+ >." Conc$usion The i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# *si#& "icroco#tro$$er is 'o#e s*ccess,*$$%+ The co""*#ic!tio# is proper$% 'o#e )itho*t !#% i#ter,ere#ce 0et)ee# 'i,,ere#t "o'*$es i# the 'esi&#+ Desi&# is 'o#e to "eet !$$ the speci,ic!tio#s !#' re-*ire"e#ts+ So,t)!re too$s $i3e Dei$ U(isio# Si"*$!tor2 Pro$o!' to '*"p the so*rce co'e i#to the "icroco#tro$$er2 Orc!' Lite ,or the sche"!tic 'i!&r!" h!(e 0ee# *se' to 'e(e$op the so,t)!re co'e 0e,ore re!$i1i#& the h!r')!re+ ;orking procedure( RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# is 0!sic!$$% !# e"0e''e' s%ste" th!t pro(i'es !*the#tic!tio# to the (ehic$es+ The project *ses the )ire$ess tech#o$o&% RFID !#' E"0e''e' s%ste"s to i"p$e"e#t the !pp$ic!tio#+ The (ehic$e2 )hich h!s to e#ter the p!rtic*$!r !re! h!s the RFID t!&2 the '!t! prese#t i# this t!& sho*$' "!tch to &et the !*the#tic!tio#+

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Here the (ehic$e is #othi#& 0*t !# RFID t!& )hich stores the 'et!i$s o, the (ehic$e $i3e the (ehic$e #*"0er+ Whe# the (ehic$e co"es #e!r the RFID re!'er+ The RFID re!'er re!'s the '!t! prese#t i# the t!&+ Si#ce the !i" o, the project is to pro(i'e sec*rit% !#' "!3e the t!s3 e!s%2 the s%ste" i#iti!$$% stores the 'et!i$s o, the *sers )ho o)# this (ehic$e+ Th*s2 the s%ste" !,ter re!'i#& the (ehic$e #*"0er .RFID t!&/2 it co"p!res this '!t! )ith the !$re!'% store' '!t! i# the s%ste"@s "e"or%+ The 'et!i$s prese#t i# the c!r' )i$$ 0e 'isp$!%e' o# the LCD+ I, this '!t! is prese#t i# the s%ste"@s '!t!0!se !#' "!tches )ith !#% o, the 'et!i$s2 the s%ste" reco&#i1es the (ehic$e !s !*thori1e' !#' !$$o)s the (ehic$e to to e#ter+ Here RTC is *se' to &i(e the p!rtic*$!r ti"e s$ot to the p!rtic*$!r (ehic$es+ I, the (ehic$e )i$$ #ot co"e i# th!t ti"e s$ot the# it )i$$ #ot 0e !$$o)e'+ Advantages Cost e,,ecti(e Lo) po)er co#s*"ptio# !eferences 1+ httpC;;)))+!i"&$o0!$+or&;tech#o$o&ies;r,i';)h!tOisOr,i'+!sp 4+ httpC;;)))+r,i'jo*r#!$+co";,!5+ httpC;;)))+tech#o(e$&%+co";ct;Tech#o$o&%8Artic$e+!sp 6+ httpC;;)))+per!'!+e*;'oc*"e#ts;!rtic$es8perspecti(es;!#8i#tro'*ctio#8to8r,i'8 tech#o$o&%+p', 7+ httpC;;csrc+#ist+&o(;p*0$ic!tio#s;#istp*0s;>AA8?>;SP>AA8?>ORFID84AAB+p', E+ )))+ieee+or& B+ httpC;;)))+1#t*+e'*+*!;0!se;$ectio#;rp,;$i0;1h1hA5;>A71Ot*tori!$+p', >+ httpC;;)))+!t"e$+co";'%#;reso*rces;pro'O'oc*"e#ts;'oc1?1?+p', ?+ httpC;;"icroco#tro$$ershop+co";pro'*ctOi#,o+phpXpro'*ctsOi'I1AB>
10. httpC;;)))+t!$tech+co";TALtechO)e0;reso*rces;i#tro8sc+ht"$

11+ httpC;;,oc*s+ti+co";$it;'s;s%"$i#3;"! 454+p', 14+ httpC;;)))+3"it$+!c+th;Y3s)ichit;>?pro&;i#'e +ht"$
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15+ httpC;;)))+"icro'i&it!$e'+co";>A71;So,t)!re;3ei$Ot*tori!$+p',

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