Salary Report

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I>RO>BORJ?IBV
FScKCM>@EB@L
MEFIFMD>IQ?>@E
Center For International Higher Fducation
Lynch School oF Fducation
FKQBOK>QFLK>I
@LJM>OFPLKLC
>@>ABJF@P>I>OFBP
An Fxploratory Study
FKQBOK>QFLK>I@LJM>OFPLK
LC>@>ABJF@P>I>OFBP
An Fxploratory Study
Laura F. Rumbley
Iván F. Pacheco
Philip G. Altbach
Center For International Higher Fducation
6c)6nrv zoo8
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
z
)tnir 6r c6×)r×)s
ExocutivoSunnaiy ........................................................................... ±
Acknowlodgnonts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;
Intioduction.................................................................................o
LitoiatuioRoviow............................................................................ ¡¡
MothodologyandScoµo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡±
Ovoiviow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡±
SalaiyData. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡±
ContoxtualInloination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡¡
PuichasingPowoiPaiity .................................................................. ¡¡
NationalDovoloµnontConsidoiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡8
InconoBonchnaiks ..................................................................... ¡o
Linitations ............................................................................. ¡o
ConµaiativoFindingsandAnalysis.............................................................zo
Entiy-LovolSalaiios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zo
Toµ-LovolSalaiios........................................................................ z¡
OvoiallAvoiagoSalaiios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zz
SalaiyPiogiossions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z¡
GDPConµaiisons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z¡
Sunnaiy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zo
CountiyRoµoits.............................................................................z8
Aigontina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zo
Austialia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡z
Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡±
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡;
Colonlia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±o
Fianco ................................................................................. ±¡
Goinany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±¡
India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±;
Jaµan.................................................................................. ¡o
Malaysia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡¡
NowZoaland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡¡
SaudiAialia............................................................................ ¡;
SouthAliica ............................................................................ ¡o
UnitodKingdon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o¡
UnitodStatos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o¡
SµocialCaso:Palostino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oo
Conclusion .................................................................................o8
Aµµondix:DataTallos ........................................................................;o
Roloioncos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;8
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡
iis) 6r ricuvrs
Figuio¡A.BigMacIndoxvs.WoildBankPPP(Entiy-LovolSalaiiosj .................................. ¡o
Figuio¡B.BigMacIndoxvs.WoildBankPPP(OvoiallSalaiyAvoiagosj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡o
Figuio¡C.BigMacIndoxvs.WoildBankPPP(Toµ-LovolSalaiiosj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡;
Figuioz.AvoiagoMonthlyEntiy-LovolSalaiios(WBPPPSj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . z¡
Figuio¡.AvoiagoMonthlyToµ-LovolSalaiios(WBPPPSj. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zz
Figuio±.OvoiallAvoiagoMonthlySalaiios(WBPPPSj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zz
Figuio¡.ConlinodEntiy-Lovol,Toµ-Lovol,andOvoiallAvoiagoMonthlySalaiios(WBPPPSj . . . . . . . . . . . . z¡
Figuioo.DilloioncoBotwoonToµandEntiy-LovolAvoiagoMonthlySalaiios(WBPPPSj.................z±
Figuio;.PoicontChangoBotwoonEntiyandToµ-LovolAvoiagoMonthlySalaiios(WBPPPSj . . . . . . . . . . . . z¡
Figuio8.OvoiallAvoiagoMonthlySalaiiosConµaiodtoGDPµoiCaµitaµoiMonth(WBPPPSj ..........zo
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
z
iis) 6r )tnirs
Tallo¡.HighostandLowostSalaiios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o
Talloz.CountiyPositionsonthoUNDPHunanDovoloµnontIndox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡8
Tallo¡.AvoiagoAigontinoSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol .......................................... ¡o
Tallo±.KoyAigontinoSalaiyIndicatois ......................................................... ¡¡
Tallo¡.AvoiagoAustialianSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol..........................................¡¡
Talloo.KoyAustialianSalaiyIndicatois.........................................................¡¡
Tallo;.AvoiagoCanadianSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡¡
Tallo8.ConµaiisonolCanadianSalaiyAvoiagos ................................................. ¡o
Talloo.KoyCanadianSalaiyIndicatois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡o
Tallo¡o.AvoiagoChinosoSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡o
Tallo¡¡.KoyChinosoSalaiyIndicatois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡o
Tallo¡z.AvoiagoColonlianSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±¡
Tallo¡¡.KoyColonlianSalaiyIndicatois........................................................ ±¡
Tallo¡±.AvoiagoFionchSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±±
Tallo¡¡.KoyFionchSalaiyIndicatois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±±
Tallo¡o.AvoiagoGoinanSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±o
Tallo¡;.KoyGoinanSalaiyIndicatois..........................................................±o
Tallo¡8.AvoiagoIndianSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol ............................................±8
Tallo¡o.KoyIndianSalaiyIndicatois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±8
Tallozo.AvoiagoJaµanosoSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡¡
Talloz¡.KoyJaµanosoSalaiyIndicatois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡¡
Tallozz.AvoiagoMalaysianSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol......................................... ¡±
Talloz¡.KoyMalaysianSalaiyIndicatois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡±
Talloz±.AvoiagoNowZoalandSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol ......................................¡¡
Talloz¡.KoyNowZoalandSalaiyIndicatois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡o
Tallozo.AvoiagoSaudiAialianSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol ..................................... ¡8
Talloz;.KoySaudiAialianSalaiyIndicatois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¡8
Talloz8.AvoiagoSouthAliicanSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oo
Tallozo.KoySouthAliicanSalaiyIndicatois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oo
Tallo¡o.AvoiagoUnitodKingdonSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .oz
Tallo¡¡.KoyUnitodKingdonSalaiyIndicatois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .oz
Tallo¡z.AvoiagoUnitodStatosSalaiios,lySoctoiandEnµloynontLovol.............................o±
Tallo¡¡.KoyUnitodStatosSalaiyIndicatois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o±
Tallo¡±.AvoiagoPalostinianSalaiios,lyEnµloynontLovol ........................................o;
Tallo¡¡.KoyPalostinianSalaiyIndicatois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .o;
Tallo¡o.ContoxtualInloination,AllStudyCountiios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;¡
Tallo¡;.SalaiyInloination,AllStudyCountiios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;±
Tallo¡8.ConµaiisonolAvoiagoSalaiiosUsingBigMacandWoildBankPuichasingPowoiPaiityIndoxos,
AllStudyCountiios ...................................................................... ;¡
Tallo¡o.zoo;zoo8UNDPHunanDovoloµnontIndox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;o

i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,
rxrcu)ivr suuutvv
Thoionunoiationolthoacadonicµiolossioniscontialtothosuccossolthohighoioducationontoiµiisoovoiy-
whoioandisalsociiticallyinµoitanttoindividualacadonicsaioundthowoild.Thisioµoitattonµtstoµiovidoa
conµaiisonolacadonicsalaiiosinnoiothanonodozondisµaiatocountiiosonallcontinonts.Thisµionooiing
studyisuniouoinitsusoollioadnational-lovoldataanditsolloittoconµaiosalaiioslothaciosscountiiosand
onµloynontianks.Thousoolµuichasingµowoiµaiity(PPPjnoasuiosnakositµossillotoµiovidonoioaccu-
iatoconµaiisons,whilothostudyalsoolloissonousolulgonoializationsandcavoatswithiogaidtoiosoaichon
thiskoytoµic.
Unloitunatoly,noasuiingacadonicsalaiiosislailionscionco.Plaguodlyalackolconsistontdata(oiloi
nanycountiios,anydataatallj,dilhcultiosinconµaiinglivingcosts,andothoiµiollons,thisstudynustlo
soonasahistattonµtiathoithanadohnitivoioµoit.
Thonainolioctivoolthostudyistooxaninohowacadonicsalaiiosconµaioandcontiastacioss¡¡dilloiont
countiios,withsonoconsidoiationolasµocialcaso,Palostino.ThocountiiosincludodinthostudyaioAigon-
tina,Austialia,Canada,China,Colonlia,Fianco,Goinany,India,Jaµan,Malaysia,NowZoaland,SaudiAialia,
South Aliica, tho Unitod Kingdon, and tho Unitod Statos. Tho lasolino ol this study was tho zoo¡zooo
acadonicyoai,accoidingtothoU.S.acadoniccalondai.Howovoi,loisonocountiiosthoavailallodatadidnot
ht this sµocihc µoiiod. Most data aio iolovant lion zoo± to zoo;. Tho salaiy conµaiisons thonsolvos woio
dovoloµodusingthoWoildBankPPPIndox(WBPPPj,althoughwoalsoµiovidosonoconµaiativohndings
usingthoBigMacIndox(BMIj.
Thostudyconµaiossalaiiosinthioodistinctaioas:
- atthoontiyµointstothoacadonicµiolossion,
- atthohighostlovolsolthoacadoniconµloynontladdoi,and
- intoinsolovoiallnationalavoiagos.
Woalsoaintoillustiatohowacadonicsalaiiosconµaioaciosscountiioswhonsotagainsttwokoylonchnaik
indicatoisloinationaldovoloµnont:
- thoHunanDovoloµnontIndox(HDIjolthoUnitodNationsDovoloµnontPiogianno(UNDPjand
- thoWoildBank`sgiossdonosticµioduct(GDPjµoicaµitaostinatos.
Wolocusodontholollowinghvonaioiconµononts:
- salaiydata,
- contoxtualinloinationiolovanttooachcountiy`shighoioducationsystonandacadonicµiolossionstiuc-
tuio,
- µuichasingµowoiµaiity,
- nationaldovoloµnontconsidoiations,takingintoaccountlundanontalstandaidollivingindicatoisinoach
countiy,and
- koysalaiy{inconolonchnaiksloioachcountiy.
Data colloction consistod µiinaiily ol ioviowing µullicly availallo govoinnont docunonts and datalasos
(laigolyonlinoj,aswollasioµutallostudiosolthoacadonicµiolossioninthocountiiosinvolvodinthostudy.
In-countiy oxµoits woio also contactod to µiovido inloination and loodlack on µiolininaiy hndings. Tallo ¡
sunnaiizosthokoyhndingslionthisstudy.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
6
1ab|e ¡.
Highest and Lowest Salaries
Fmployment Level Comparative Standing Country Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level Highest
Lowest
Canada
China
,,zo6
68z
Overall Average Highest
Lowest
Saudi Arabia
China
6,6··
·,·8z
1op level Highest
Lowest
Saudi Arabia
China
8,zjo
·,8z,
Additionalhndingsolintoiostincludotholollowing:
- Entiy-lovolsalaiiosavoiagoSz,888µoinonth(inWoildBankPPPSjaciosstho¡¡countiiosinvolvodintho
study.
- Toµ-lovolsalaiiosavoiagoS¡,¡¡8µoinonth(inWoildBankPPPSj.
- ThoovoiallavoiagoacadonicsalaiycalculatodinthostudyisS±,o¡oµoinonth(inWoildBankPPPSj.
- Tho lost µiosµocts loi iaising a salaiy ovoi a caiooilion tho ontiy-lovol avoiago to tho toµ-lovol avoi-
agoaioinSaudiAialia,whoiothoalsolutodilloioncoinnonthlysalaiioslionthotoµtotholottonol
thoscaloisS¡,¡z8(inWoildBankPPPSj.
- Tho countiy with tho woist µiosµocts loi salaiy µiogiossion in alsoluto toins is India, with an avoiago
incioasoolSozo(inWoildBankPPPSjovoithocouisoolacaiooi.
- Intoinsolaµoicontagoincioasoinsalaiylionontiy-thioughtoµ-lovolsolthosalaiyscalo,Chinosoaca-
donicsalaiiosiogistoithonostiolustgiowthinthogiouµ,at¡;oµoicont,whiloGoinanyshowstholowost
incioaso in salaiios noving uµ tho onµloynont laddoi, at ¡o µoicont. Tho avoiago chango lion ontiy- to
toµ-lovolsalaiiosloithisgiouµolcountiiosiso±µoicont.
- Indianacadonicsnako,onavoiago,8.;¡tinosthoiicountiy`sostinatodnonthlyGDPµoicaµitahguio,
whiloFionchlacultynako,onavoiago,¡.¡8tinosthoGDPµoicaµitaµoinonthostinatoloithoiicountiy.
Thosoioµiosontthohighostandlowostoutconos,iosµoctivoly,loithisstatistic.Onavoiago,thosalaiydata
lion oui study indicato that acadonics in tho study countiios can oxµoct to nako ¡.z tinos tho nonthly
GDPµoicaµitaostinatoloithoiicountiy.
- China and India consistontly iogistoi tho lowost salaiy avoiagos, whilo Saudi Aialia, Canada, tho Unitod
Statos, and Austialia hovoi noai tho toµ ol tho sµoctiun acioss tho thioo salaiy lovols analyzod in this
study.
- ColonliaandAigontinaalsoµiosontlowoisalaiyavoiagosthanthonaioiityolthoothoicountiios,tyµically
outµoiloiningonlyIndiaandChinaintoinsolalsolutosalaiyavoiagosandnotlailohindMalaysia.How-
ovoi, thoso two Latin Anoiican countiios do iogistoi laigoi alsoluto dilloioncos lotwoon thoii ontiy- and
toµ-lovolsalaiiosthandoFiancoandGoinany.
- NowZoalandhovoisinthoniddloolthoµackaciossnucholthoanalysis,asdoosJaµan.
- SouthAliicaolloissonosuiµiisosinthisstudy,sittingin¡othµositiononthoiankingolontiy-lovolsalaiios
lutiisingtothohlthµositionintoinsoltoµ-lovolsalaiyavoiagos.Thissignihcantsµioadinsalaiylovols
lotwoonthoontiyandtoµµositionsonthoacadoniconµloynontladdoiisoutdonoonlylySaudiAialia.
- MoiodovoloµodcountiiosasdohnodlythoiiµositionsonthoUNDP`sHunanDovoloµnontIndoxand
thoiiiolativoGDPµoicaµitaostinatostondtoonioyhighoisalaiiosthanthosoconsidoiodtololossdovol-
oµodlythososanotwociitoiia.Howovoi,thoioisnolockstoµiolationshiµlotwoonthosotwovaiiallos.
- Inloss-dovoloµodcountiios,thoiatiosolsalaiiostoGDPµoicaµitainconosiankhighoithaninnoio-dovol-
oµodcountiios,andthosµioadlotwoonontiy-andtoµ-lovolcountiiostondstologioatoi.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
)
tcx×6wirocur×)s
Woaioindoltodtoasignihcantnunloiolindividualsaioundthowoildwhosovoiygonoiousassistanconado
itµossilloloiustoconµlotothiswoik.
- LoslioBozonan,DavidFiolds,andJulioMaigottagiaduatoiosoaichassistantsatthoBostonCollogoCon-
toiloiIntoinationalHighoiEducationµiovidodanoutstandingµiolininaiyscanolthoholdolinloina-
tioniolovanttothistoµic.
- InAigontina,PodioKiotsch,oditoiolPcnsunicntc Univcrsituric,connoctoduswithMaicoloPiati,anadiunct
µiolossoiinsociologyatthoUnivoisidadNacionaldolaPlata,whoµiovidoduswithoutstandingloodlack
andadvicoonouiµiolininaiyhndingsthoio.
- Anthony Wolch, associato µiolossoi in tho Faculty ol Education and Social Woik, Univoisity ol Sydnoy,
holµodustoclaiilyvaiiousdotailsinloththoAustialianandMalaysiancontoxts.
- JanoKnight,adiunctµiolossoiinthoConµaiativoandIntoinationalDovoloµnontEducationContiooltho
Univoisity ol Toionto`s Ontaiio Instituto loi Studios in Education, shaiod insight into tho µiivato highoi
oducation syston in Canada. Glon Jonos, who is tho Ontaiio Rosoaich Chaii in Postsocondaiy Education
PolicyandMoasuionont,alsoatthoOntaiioInstitutoloiStudiosinEducationolthoUnivoisityolToionto,
µiovidoduswithinvalualloassistancoiniohningouiµiolininaiyhndingsonCanadianacadonicsalaiios
andonµloynontianks.
- Yan Wu ol Shanghai Jiao Tong Univoisity`s Giaduato School ol Education gavo us usolul statistics on
thoChinosohighoioducationsyston,alongwithaiticlosaloutsalaiiosinChina,whiloChonziWang(a
nastoi`sstudontatBostonCollogojholµodtotianslatoandoxµlainvaiiousnatoiialsinChinoso.Wan-
huaMaolPokingUnivoisity`sGiaduatoSchoololEducationalsosoivodasaholµlulsoundingloaidloi
ouiwoik.
- GuilloinoLondoño,vico-ioctoiatthoUnivoisidaddoAntioouiaandanonloiolCONACES,thoColon-
lianconnissionloithoovaluationandauthoiizationolhighoioducationµiogians,guidodustoinloina-
tioniolovanttoColonlia,whiloJavioiBotoio,loinoiviconinistoiolhighoioducationandcuiiontlyioctoi
olthoEscuolaColonlianadoIngonioiia,holµodustoµutthosodataintoµoisµoctivo.
- Gaölo Goastolloc ol tho Univoisité do Lausanno in Switzoiland, and Chiistino Mussolin ol Scioncos Po
andthoContioNationaldolaRochoichoSciontihouoinFiancoµiovidodinciodillyusolulinloinationon
FionchacadonicsalaiiosandthohighlyconµloxFionchhighoioducationsyston.
- JuigonEndoisolthoContoiloiHighoiEducationPolicyStudiosinthoNothoilandsioviowodouiwoikon
Goinanyandsuggostodadditionaldatasouicosoliolovanco.
- PawanAgaiwalolthoDoµaitnontolScioncoandTochnologyolthoGovoinnontolWostBongal,andN.
Jayaian,DoanolthoFacultyolSocialScioncosatthoTataInstitutoolSocialScioncosinIndia,woioinstiu-
nontalinµiovidingiolovantdatalionIndia,aswollasoxcollontloodlackonouiµiolininaiyhndings.
- ChailosJannuzi,anassociatoµiolossoiatthoUnivoisityolFukuiinJaµan,lodustoinµoitantsouicosol
inloinationandalsoµiovidodawoaltholdotailsalouttholioadoihighoioducationcontoxtinthatcoun-
tiy.ToiuUnakoshi,aµiolossoiolhighoioducationinthoGiaduatoSchoololOliiinUnivoisity,Tokyo,a
loinoiµiolossoiolconµaiativooducationatNagoyaUnivoisity,Jaµan,andloundingdiioctoiolthoContoi
loithoStudiosolHighoiEducation,alsoiosµondodtoouiioouostloiloodlackonouiwoik.
- MollyLooolthoUNESCOBangkokioadandconnontodonaµiolininaiydialtolthocountiyioµoiton
Malaysia.Hoisuggostionsallowodustoinµiovosignihcantlythohnalvoision.MuhanadJantanµiovidod
uswithadditionalinloinationaloutsalaiios,iotiiovingitlionthooiiginalsouicosinBahasaMalaysiaand
holµingustonakosonsoolthosodata.
- RogoiSnyth,olthoNowZoalandMinistiyolEducation,wasoxcoodinglyholµlulintoinsoliosµondingto
ouiinitialhndingsonNowZoaland,aswollasoxµandingouiundoistandingollacultyonµloynontinthat
contoxt.
- HalaTawool,µiosidontolthoUnivoisityolthoMiddloEastPioioct,intioducodustothoacadonicµiolos-
sioninPalostino,whiloMohannadZiadAlJalaii,olHolionUnivoisityµiovidodanostholµlulµoisµoc-
tivoonthogioundthoio.
- MohannadAl-Ohali,DoµutyMinistoiolEducationalAllaiisolthoSaudiAialianMinistiyolHighoiEdu-
cation,shaiodkoydataandµoisµoctivoslionthoSaudiAialiancontoxt.
- InSouthAliica,wowoionostkindlyassistodlyChikaSohoolo,anassociatoµiolossoioloducationµolicy
atthoUnivoisityolPiotoiia.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
8
- WillianLocko,lionthoContioloiHighoiEducationRosoaichandInloinationatthoOµonUnivoisity,UK
holµodustolottoiundoistandandcontoxtualizoouihndingsinthoUnitodKingdon.
- MaitinFinkolstoin,µiolossoiolhighoioducationatSotonHallUnivoisity,shaiodwithushisoxµoitisoon
thoU.S.acadonicµiolossionandholµodustoioconsidoiouiwoikinsignihcantways.
Woaiooxcoodinglygiatolulloithowaysinwhichthosoindividualsholµodustonovothisµioioctloiwaid.Any
oiioisoionissionsinthiswoikaiosololyouiiosµonsilility.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
j
i×)v6ouc)i6×
Thoacadonicµiolossionisatthocontoiolthounivoisity.Noacadonicinstitutioncanlosuccosslulwithouta
stiong,allo,andconnittodµiolossoiiato.Thounivoisityitsollisatthocontoiolthoglolalknowlodgooconony,
tiainingthoµiolossionalsnoododloithonowoconony,conductingnucholthoiosoaichioouiiodloiinnova-
tion,andµiovidingavitalglolallinktothowoild`sknowlodgosyston.Itissuiµiising,thoioloio,thatsolittlo
isknownaloutthoacadonicµiolossion.Innostcountiios,viituallynoinloinationisavailalloonthocadiool
µiolossionalswhoaiothotoachingandiosoaichstallinµostsocondaiyoducation.Whoiosonothingisknown
nainlyintholaigoiandwoalthioiacadonicsystonsthoiosoaichhaslocusodonacadoniccultuioandontho
attitudosolthoµiolossoiiato.
Contialtothowoikingconditionsolthoµiolossoiiatoisionunoiation.Thoioaiosovoialkoyouostionsthatßow
lionthislundanontallact.Whataiothosalaiiosµaidtoacadonics?Howdothososalaiiosconµaiotoionunoiation
olothoisinthosociotyandtothoµiolossoisinothoicountiios?Aioacadonicsµaidonoughtolivoanaµµioµiiato
niddlo-classlilostylointhoiicountiy?Aiothoyµaidonoughsothatthoyaionottonµtodtodocanµtounivoisitiosin
othoicountiiosthatµayhighoisalaiiosinanincioasinglyglolalizodacadonicnaikotµlaco?
Whiloacadonicsaionovoiatthotoµolthoinconoiangosinanycountiy,thoynustloadoouatolyµaidto
attiact liight µooµlo into tho µiolossion and to iotain thon onco thoy havo oltainod tho ioouiiod acadonic
oualihcationsandaioaµµointodtoaµositioninaunivoisity.Woaioconvincodthatsuccosslulunivoisitiosand
acadonicsystonsnustolloithoiiacadonicstalladoouatoandassuiodsalaiios,alongwiththooµtiontoµuisuo
a lull-tino caiooi µath with aµµioµiiato guaiantoos ol long-toin onµloynont. Without thoso conditions, no
acadonicinstitutionoisystoncanlosuccosslullotalonoachiovowoild-classstatus.
Thisstudyhasinvostigatodthoavoiagosalaiiosolacadonicsaioundthowoild,tooltainasonsoolthooco-
nonichoaltholthoacadonicµiolossion.Wolocusonontiy-lovolacadonicµositions,avoiagoacadonicsalaiios,
andionunoiationloisonioiacadonics.Woconµaiowhatthoµiolossoiiatooainsatdilloiontonµloynontlovols
withinoacholtho¡¡caso-studycountiios:woalsoconµaionationalsalaiyavoiagos.WohavousodthoWoild
Bank`sPPPIndoxasawayolconµaiingacadonicsalaiiosaciosscountiios.PPPtoolsµoinitintoinationalcon-
µaiisonsolionunoiationinwaysthatstiaightcuiioncyconvoisionsdonot,whichiscontialtoanundoistanding
olaglolalacadoniclaloinaikot.
Atthostaitolthisstudyinzooo,wohoµodthatdatawouldµoinitconµaiisonsanonguµto±ocountiios.
Inthoond,only¡¡countiioswoioincludod,inlaigoµaitduotoaµaucityoldata.Moioovoi,thodilloionttyµos
oldataacouiiodiostiictodthoconµaiativoanalysistosonodogioo.Alowcountiiosioµoitnationaldatalion
govoinnontalsouicosoioiganizationssuchasµiolossionalgiouµsandunions.Foisonocountiios,salaiydata
woioonlyoltainodloiasnallsoloctionolunivoisitios.Thus,thisstudyioµiosontsanoxµloiatoiyhiststoµintho
dovoloµnontolnoioconµlotoiosoaichonthisinµoitanttoµic.
Sovoial chaiactoiistics ol tho acadonic µiolossion woildwido inµingo on salaiy issuos lut aio not diioctly
iolatod.Foioxanµlo,tholastost-giowingsoctoiolµostsocondaiyoducationwoildwidoisµiivatohighoioduca-
tion.Salaiiosingonoialvaiylotwoonthoµullicandµiivatosoctois.Mostolthodataioµoitodhoioaioliontho
µullic soctoi. A laigo µioµoition ol tho acadonic µiolossion woildwido toachos µait tino: in nany countiios
a naioiity do so. In Latin Anoiica, loi oxanµlo, nost acadonics woik µait tino. Evon in tho Unitod Statos,
onlyhallthonowaµµointnontstocollogosandunivoisitiosaiolull-tinotonuio-tiackacadonicµositions.This
iosoaichlocusosonlyonlull-tinoacadonicstall.Fuithoinoio,wodonothavodataonthooualihcationsoltho
µiolossoiiato.Alaigoµioµoitionolthowoild`sacadonicshavoonlyalacholoi`soinastoi`sdogiooiathoithana
toininaldogioo(usuallythodoctoiatoj.Whilooducationaloualihcationsnayalloctsalaiios,itisuncloaitowhat
oxtontthisnightlothocaso.Insonocountiios,thoioaiosalaiydilloiontialslyholdoltoachingµiolossoisol
law,nanagonont,oitholiloscioncosingonoialoltonoainhighoisalaiiosthanthosointhohunanitios.Ronu-
noiationnaylohighoiiniosoaich-intonsivounivoisitiosthanintoachinginstitutions,lutthisdilloiontiation
lallsoutsidothoµaianotoisolthisstudy.Sinilaily,vaiiationsinsalaiioslasodongondoiaionotoxµloiodin
thisioµoitnoi,loithatnattoi,isthoinµactolagiowingloninizationolthoµiolossoiiatoinsonocountiioson
acadonicionunoiation.Itiscloai,howovoi,thatinsonocountiios,suchasthoUnitodStatos,wononaioµaid
sonowhatlossthannonloiconµaiallowoikinconµaiallodisciµlinosandinstitutions.
Thisiosoaichdoosnotioµoitliingolonohtsµaidtoacadonicsinnostcountiiossuchasµonsionschonos,
insuiancoµolicios,oihoalthinsuianconoidoositincludothoolloctoltaxosonacadonicsalaiios.Inconotax
iatos, loi oxanµlo, vaiy considoially acioss countiios. At loast ono ol oui caso-study countiios, Saudi Aialia,
inµososnoinconotaxatall.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
·o
Signihcantly, salaiios nay lo only ono µait ol tho total conµonsation µackago loi tho acadonic µiolossion.
Innanyolthocountiiosinthisstudy,µiolossoisoainoxtiaionunoiationlytoachingnoiocouisosthanthoy
nayloioouiiodtotoach,oltainingiosoaichgiantswithoxtiaconµonsation,µullishingaiticlosinµiostigious
iouinalsandµoihaµsyioldinglonusoslionthoiiunivoisity,doingoutsidoconsulting,aµµoaiingontolovision
oiwiitingaiticlosinnowsµaµois,oiovonholdingnoiothanonoacadoniciolatatino.Insovoialcountiios,
µiolossoisaioµaidoxtialoigiadingoxaninations,sittingonsµocialconnittoos,suµoivisingdoctoialstudonts,
anddoingothoiacadonictasks.Thisstudydoosnottakosuchoxtiaionunoiationintoaccount.
Dosµitothosolinitations,thisiosoaichµiovidosoxtiaoidinaiilyiolovantdataandanalysis.Salaiyandionu-
noiationholµshaµoglolalacadonicnolilityincludingsuchissuosasliaindiainandliaingain.Moanwhilo,
sooinghowacadonicstallsalaiiosiolatotonationalinconoindicatoisiovoalsthovaluoindividualsociotiosgivo
tothoacadonicontoiµiiso.Indood,withlowoxcoµtions,thostoiyolhowthoacadonicµiolossionconµaioswith
othoiiolswithinthonationallaloinaikotsisnotavoiyhaµµyono,withsignihcantinµlicationsloitholutuio
olthoµiolossion.
Whiloµaitolanationalandintoinationaliolnaikot,thoacadonicµiolossionisindoodadilloiontlinoolwoik.
Thoattitudosandconnitnontsolacadonicsinsovoialcountiiosshowthatµooµloaioattiactodtoacadonoloi
avaiiotyolioasonsloyondhnancialionunoiationsuchasaconnitnonttoscioncoandscholaishiµ,intol-
loctualintoiosts,lilostyloissuos,anongothoilactois.Butsalaiyandionunoiationaiocontialtoanyacadonic
caiooiandaiothusolgioatinµoitanco.

i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
··
ii)rvt)uvr vrvirw
Tholitoiatuioonthoacadonicµiolossionisoxtonsivolutalsoinconµlotosuiµiisingintoinsolthisinßu-
ontialµiolossionalgiouµ.Mostolthoiosoaichisconcoinodwiththoattitudosandvaluosolµiolossoisand
locusosonasnallnunloiolindustiializodcountiios.Littloisknownaloutthoµiolossoiiatoindovoloµing
oiniddlo-inconocountiios(Altlach,zoozj,andthoioisnininaliosoaichonconµaiativooiintoinational
thonos. Woik dono ly Altlach (¡oooj and Cunnings (loithconingj aio anong tho nost inµoitant intoi-
national studios ol tho acadonic µiolossion that havo loon conductod to dato. Thoso conµaiativo iosoaich
studios did not colloct salaiy data in a systonatic way, howovoi, although acadonics woio askod alout thoii
oµinionsiolatingtothoiiionunoiation.
Thislitoiatuioioviowlocusosoxclusivolyontholowiosoaichstudiosavailalloconcoiningsalaiios.Foialow
countiios,sonodatalasosaioavailalloconcoiningacadonicsalaiios.Anunloiolthososouicoswoiostudiod
inouiiosoaichandaioalsonotodindiscussionsolindividualcountiios.
Mucholtholitoiatuioonsalaiyconµaiisonsinthoholdoloducationcontainsiogionalandsuliogionalstudios
onµiinaiyandsocondaiytoachois`salaiios.Agoodµoitionolthiswoikonoigodintholato¡o8osand¡ooosand
hasloonhnancodlythoWoildBank.KoyoxanµlosolsuchstudiosincludoCox(¡o8oj:ZynolnanandDoSto-
lano(¡o8oj:Faiioll,Olivoiia,andBatistaAiauio(¡oo¡j:andPsachaioµoulos,Valonzuola,andAionds(¡oooj.
Bytholato¡ooos,toachoi-salaiyconµaiisonsstaitodtogainwidoiattontion.ThoOiganisationloiEcononic
Co-oµoiationandDovoloµnont`s(OECDj¡oo8Educuticn ut u C|unccµullication,loioxanµlo,includodanong
itsindicatoisºstatutoiysalaiiosoltoachoisinµullicµiinaiyandsocondaiyschools."Thosodataioßocttoachoi
ionunoiation,usingµuichasingµowoiadiustnontsandconµaiisontothoiolativoGDPµoicaµita.Inaddition,
thoOECDhasloonconµaiingtoachois`salaiioswithothoiwoikois`salaiiostodotoininothoºiolativoattiactivo-
nossoltoachingconµaiodtoothoioccuµations"(OECD,¡oo8,zoo;j.
Moanwhilo,a¡oooWoildBankStudy(Liang,¡oooj,lasodoninloinationcolloctodthioughlanilysuivoys,
conµaiod tho ionunoiation lovol loi toachois lion µiinaiy thiough highoi oducation in ¡z Latin Anoiican
countiioswiththosalaiiosoainodinconµaialloµiolossions.Thostudyconcludodthatovonthoughtoachois`
inconolovolsaiolowoi,thoywoiklowoihouis:honco,whonthoconµaiisonislasodonlaloihouis,toachois`
conµonsationµiovoslottoithanthatloundinothoioccuµations.
Intoinsolhighoioducation,OngandMitcholl`s(¡oo8,zooojºPiolossoisandHanluigois"studyµiovidod
thohistloinaliocognitionolthoinµoitancoolusingaPPPconvoisioniato,inµaiticulaithoBMI,loiintoina-
tionalconµaiisonolacadonicsalaiios.DovoloµodlythoEccncnist nagazino,thoºBigMacIndoxislasodontho
conµaiisonolitscostlotwooncountiiosconµaiodtoitscostinthoUS"(Vogol,zoo¡,µ.¡j.Thiswasaµionooi
studyinsovoialways.InadditiontoadvocatingloithousoolPPPindoxostonoasuioacadonicsalaiios,Ongand
Mitcholl(¡oo8,zooojalsoanalyzodthoinµactoltaxationonsalaiyconµaiisonslyusinggiosssalaiiosandnot
salaiioslasodoninloinationlionPriccs und Eurnings urcund tnc C|cbc,asuivoyµullishodovoiythiooyoaisly
UBSWoalthManagonontRosoaich.Thoyalsoconsidoiodouality-ol-lilolactoisloidilloiontcountiios,lasodon
thoEccncnist`sºPlacostoLivo"ianking.Thonainlinitationolthisstudywasthooxclusivolocusoncountiios
whoioEnglishisthonainlanguagoolinstiuctionatthotoitiaiylovol.
ThoAssociationolConnonwoalthUnivoisitios(ACUjhasloonstudyingthoovolutionolacadonicsala-
iiosinsoloctcountiiosolthoBiitishConnonwoalthsinco¡oo;,initiallyconductingWol-lasodiosoaichand
latoigathoiingdatathioughsuivoys(Kulloi&Roloits,zoo¡:Kulloi&Lonnon,zoo;:Lund,zooo:Maxwoll
&Muiµhy,zoo¡:Piovan,zoo¡j.Thosostudioscovoilotwoonhvotosovoncountiiosand±¡to¡ounivoisi-
tios(doµondingonthoyoaijandanalyzohvostandaidizodiankinglovols:associatoloctuioi,loctuioi,sonioi
loctuioi,associatoµiolossoi,andµiolossoi.Moioovoi,thosostudiosincludoºconµaiisonsolacadonicsalaiy
scaloavoiagoswithaiolovantgiouµolµiolossionalsalaiiosscaloavoiagosinthoµiivatosoctoi"(Kulloi&
Roloits,zoo¡,µ.¡j.
Eaily in this soiios ol ioµoits, tho authois notod that ºa sinµlo cuiioncy convoision doos not µiovido an
adoouato lasis ol conµaiison, as cuiioncy valuations ßuctuato lion day-to-day and do not tako into account
thodilloiontcostsolliving"(Kulloi&Roloits,zoo¡,µ.¡j.Toooualizothoµuichasingµowoianongcountiios,
ACUioµoitshavousodPPPindoxos.ThoioµoitslyLund(zooojandPiovan(zoo¡jusothoWoildBankPPP
iato:thostudioslyMaxwollandMuiµhy(zoo¡j,KulloiandRoloits(zoo¡j,andKulloiandLonnon(zoo;juso
thoBMI.Allthosostudioscontaininloinationaloutlonohtsaswollassalaiios,andtholasttwostudiosincludo
inloinationaloutthoGDPµoicaµitaloioachcountiyºtoillustiatooainingsagainstovoiallwoalth"(Kulloi&
Lonnon,zoo;j.Whilothozoo¡ioµoitincludosanaµµondixconµaiingthosalaiiosconvoitodlyusingthoBig
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
·z
MacandthoOECDPPPindoxos,thozoo;ioµoitincludosanaµµondixconµaiingthoBMIandthozoo±Woild
Bankconvoisionlactoi.
Dosµitoincludingavoiylinitodnunloiolcountiios,thosoioµoitsaioanongthonostconµlotoandciod-
illostudiosonconµaiativoacadonicsalaiiosµioducodtodato.Covoiingnoiothan¡oyoais,thoACUisnow
ovaluatingtiondswithincountiiosthathavoconsistontlyiosµondodtothosuivoys.Thozoo±zoo¡ACUstudy
(Kulloi&Roloits,zoo¡jwasioloioncodoxtonsivolyinouiwoik.
AdditionaldataolintoiostlionthoBiitishConnonwoalthcontoxtcanloloundinaiocontioµoit(Rolin-
son,zooojµioµaiodloiEducationIntoinational(EIj,anoiganizationthatioµiosontssono¡onilliontoachois
andoducationwoikoisin¡;¡countiiosaioundthowoild(EI,n.d.j.Thiswoikµiovidosaconµlotoovoiviowon
onµloynont status, colloctivo laigaining iights, salaiios, acadonic lioodon, and tonuio in Austialia, Canada,
Now Zoaland, and tho Unitod Kingdon, as woll as tho Unitod Statos. Tho study contains a liiol soction ol
acadonic salaiy conµaiisons and addiossos iolatod woiking-condition issuos, such as tho incioasing uso ol
contingontlacultyandthoiisoolstudont{lacultyiatios.ItnotosthatºAcadonicsalaiiosinnostcountiioshavo
oxµoiioncodalong-toindoclino.Thoioissonosign,howovoi,thatconµonsationlovolshavolooniocovoiing
iocontly,µaiticulailyinAustialiaandthoUnitodKingdon"(Rolinson,zooo,µ.¡j.
A noio iocont woik was connissionod ly tho Now Zoaland Vico-Chancollois Connittoo (Doloitto, zoo8j
toconµaiothoacadonicsalaiiosolthiscountiywithAustialia,Canada,England,andthoUnitodStatos.This
ioµoitwaslasodonthocuiiontsalaiyscalosolanaiiownunloiolinstitutionsconsidoiodconµaiallolytho
consulting hin iosµonsillo loi conducting tho analysis. Data cano lion µullic souicos and woio oiganizod,
whonavailallo,aciosslouionµloynontianks:loctuioi,sonioiloctuioi,associatoµiolossoi,andµiolossoi.Tho
study µiosontod a liiol ioµoit on oach countiy including an ovoiviow, acadonic stall salaiios, and acadonic
stallnonsalaiylonohts.Toconµaiothoacadonicsalaiiosanongthohvocountiios,thostudygonoiallyusodan
avoiagoolthothioonostconnonlyioloioncodPPPtools:thoEccncnist´sBMI,thoWoildBankPPP,andtho
OECDPPP.ThisstudyalsodovotodachaµtoitothoinµlicationsloiNowZoaland.Italsoconµaiodthoiosults
lionzoo8withthosolionasinilaistudyconductodlythosanoconsultinghininzoo¡.Onoolthonain
conclusions ol tho study is that ºwhilo Now Zoaland acadonic salaiios havo incioasod ovoi tho couiso ol tho
µioviousthiooyoais,thoyaiostillsignihcantlylowoiinPPPtoinsthaninAustialia,CanadaandUSA,lutaio
sinilaitoEngland"(Doloitto,zoo8,µ.zj.
In sono othoi studios, intoinational acadonic salaiios aio not tho contial issuo lut tho toµic is notally
covoiod. Ono ol thoso, Tnc Acudcnic Prcjcssicn. An !ntcrnuticnu| Pcrspcctivc (Boyoi, Altlach & Whitolaw,
¡oo±j,isasuivoyconnissionodlythoCainogioFoundation,ainodatovaluatingthoacadonicµiolossion
in an intoinational contoxt. Although laculty conµonsation ioµiosonts iust a snall µait ol this study (iust
onool±oouostionsiolatodtolacultyconµonsationj,thiswoikwasinµoitantloiouistudyinthowaythatit
µullodtogothoidatalion¡±countiios,nostolwhichdonotusoEnglishasthonainlanguagoolinstiuction.
Tnc Dcc|inc cj tnc Curu. Tnc Acudcnic Prcjcssicn in Dcvc|cping und Midd|c-!nccnc Ccuntrics(Altlach,zoozjis
anothoivoiyiolovantwoik.Thiscolloctionolcountiyioµoitslackodaunihoddatacolloctionnothodology
aciossoachcountiychaµtoi,lutµiovidodusolul,alloitµioconoal,inloinationaloutdilloiontissuosiolatod
tolacultysalaiios.
Avoiydynanicsouicoolcontinuallyuµdatodinloination,usodasaninµoitantioloioncoinouiwoik,istho
AcadonicCaiooisOlsoivatoiyolthoMaxWoloiPiogianno,housodwithinthoEuioµoanUnivoisityInstituto.
ItµiovidosinloinationaloutacadoniccaiooisinEuioµoanandsononon-Euioµoancountiios.ThoMaxWoloi
Piogianno`sºAcadonicCaiooiConµaiisons"Wolsitoolloisasoctiononsalaiios,includingindividualcountiy
dosciiµtionsandsonoconµaiativodata.Tholocusonacadoniccaiooisinthohunanitiosandsocialscioncosis
onolinitationtothisothoiwisooxtionolyusoluliosouico.
Tho Max Woloi Piogianno`s zoo8 ioµoit, Tcwurds un Opcn und Ccnpctitivc Eurcpcun Arcu jcr Rcscurcn
Curccrs,ºµiovidosanovoiviowoldilloiontnationalacadonicsystonsandacadoniccaiooiµattoinsinEuioµo"
(µ.zjandincludosaconµaiisonolsalaiiosaciossdilloiontcountiios.Thostudyclassihosthocountiiosundoi
considoiationintolouidilloiontgiouµslasodonionunoiationavoiagos,ianginglionlowtonodiun,high,
andvoiyhigh.ThoioµoitconcludosthatthocountiiosolsouthoinEuioµoµiosontlowandnodiunionunoia-
tionlovols,whilothoNoidiccountiiosµlusFiancoandSwitzoilanddononstiatohighandvoiyhighlovolsol
ionunoiation. Tcwurds un Opcn und Ccnpctitivc Eurcpcun Arcu jcr Rcscurcn Curccrs (Max Woloi Piogianno,
zoo8jalsoincludosaconsidoiationolhowEuioµoaniosoaichoisalaiiosconµaiotothosointhoUnitodStatos.
Thoioµoithndsthatºtho'attiactivonoss`olEuioµoansalaiiosloiiosoaichoisisstillnuchinloiioiconµaiod
totholovololthoUSA"(µ.¡;j,withiosoaichoisinthoEuioµoanUnionoainingonavoiago±o,¡zoouioµoi
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
·¡
yoaiagainstoz,;o¡ouioµoiyoaiinthoUnitodStatos.Ouistudydataalsosuµµoitthohndingthatacadonics
inthoUnitodStatosoainnoiothanthoiiEuioµoancountoiµaits.Howovoi,dilloioncosinthosµocihchguios
calculatodinthisioµoitandthosoµullishodlythoMaxWoloiPiogianno(zoo8jnaystonliontholactthat
tholattoistudylocusosonlyoniosoaichoisandioµoitsonlyaltoi-taxoainings.
AlsoiolovanttothostudyolacadonicsalaiiosinEuioµoisthoEuioµoanConnission`s(zoo;jºStudyontho
RonunoiationolRosoaichoisinthoPullicandPiivatoConnoicialSoctois."Thisstudydohnodaiosoaichoias
anyonoºwhodovotosatloast¡o%olhoi{histinotocaiiyoutiosoaichactivitios"(EuioµoanConnission,zoo;,
µ.¡oj.Anoxclusivolocusonthoiosoaichµiolossiondoosnotcovoithonanyothoiasµoctsolacadonicwoik
includodinthonoiolioadlydohnodºacadonicµiolossion"thatistholocusolouiwoik.Howovoi,thoEuioµoan
Connission`sintoiostinconµaiingthoºdilloioncoslotwooniosoaichoiswoikinginEuioµoandthosoinAus-
tialia,China,India,Jaµan,andthoUnitodStatos"(EuioµoanConnission,zoo;,µ.¡ojsµoakstothogiowing
dosiiotonaµthowoikingconditionsandconµonsationolµiolossionalsaioundthowoildwhoactivolyongago
inknowlodgocioationanddissoninationactivitios.
Thooxaninationolsalaiyandonµloynonttiondsintholioadostsonsoisalsoiovoalodinthowoikolsuch
oiganizations at tho Woild Salaiios Giouµ. This giouµ naintains a lioo, onlino ºIntoinational Avoiago Salaiy
InconoDatalaso,"whichlistsnonthlysalaiyinloination(inPPPdollaisjlion¡¡onoigingnaikotcountiios
andz¡advancodocononios,iolovanttozodilloiontoccuµationsianginganongchanloinaids,ßightatton-
dants, luinituio hnishois, ninois, salosµoisons, nuisos, µhysicians, toachois, and µiolossois. Woild Salaiios
Giouµdataaioconµilodlionnanyolthosanoolhcialgovoinnontsouicostaigotodinouistudy.Thodatalaso
nakos an inµoitant contiilution to tho noio tochnical sido ol salaiy conµaiisons ly listing tho conµulsoiy
doductionsthatalloctwoikois`ioaltako-honoµay.Thodatalasoalsoµiovidosaccosstonationalsuivoyinloi-
nation iolovant to avoiago annual onµloynont incono lovols loi tho vaiious countiios undoi considoiation.
Howovoi,thoWoildSalaiiosGiouµdatadonotshodnuchlightonthoouostionolwhatsalaiioslooklikoattho
ontiyandtoµlovolsolthooccuµationsthoyincludointhodatalaso,noidothoyµiovidonucholacontoxtual
µictuioolthoindustiiosinwhichthosoµiolossionalswoik.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
·z
ur)i6o6i6cv t×o sc6vr
Overview
Piolininaiyiosoaichiolatodtothisstudywaslogunintholallolzooolystudontsinagiaduatocouisoontho
acadonicµiolossionatBostonCollogo`sLynchSchoololEducation.RosoaichassistantsatthoBostonCollogo
ContoiloiIntoinationalHighoiEducationnovodthiswoikalonginsµiingzoo;lycolloctingasoiiosoldata
lactoisinhighoioducationsystonsandthoacadonicµiolossioninsono±ocountiiosaioundthowoild.Duiing
thozoo;-zoo8acadonicyoai,thoauthoisolthisstudyiohnodthoiosoaichouostionandµaianotois,conµilod
asignihcantouantityolnowdata,andconµlotodthoanalysisthatloinstholasisloithisioµoit.
Thostudy`sµiinaiyiosoaichouostionislianodaslollows:
!cw dc cntry-|cvc|, tcp-|cvc|, und cvcru|| nuticnu| su|ury uvcrugcs jcr ucudcnic stujj ccnpurc und ccntrust, in Wcr|d
Bunk PPP dc||urs, ucrcss )¡ dijjcrcnt ccuntrics?
Thotaigotcountiioswoioultinatolynaiiowoddownliontholioadoiholdto¡¡µlusPalostino,whichioµio-
sontsasonowhatsµocialcaso.Tho¡¡countiioswoio:Aigontina,Austialia,Canada,China,Colonlia,Fianco,
Goinany,India,Jaµan,Malaysia,NowZoaland,SaudiAialia,SouthAliica,thoUnitodKingdon,andthoUnitod
Statos. Thoso countiios woio soloctod loi inclusion in tho study loi a vaiioty ol ioasons. Tho olioctivo was to
oxµloioacadonicsalaiyconµaiisonsaciossasnanyandasvaiiodaiangoolcontoxtsaioundthowoildasµos-
sillo.Tothisond,thisgiouµolcountiiosioµiosontsawidogoogiaµhicdistiilution,vaiyinglovolsolnational
woalthanddovoloµnont,anddilloiontsizosandconhguiationsolhighoioducationsystons.Atthosanotino,
wowoiosonsitivotoissuosonwhichwoalioadyhadoicouldioasonallyoltainaccosstodata.Inaddition,
dosµitosignihcantdatacolloctionchallongos,wowoiokoontoincludoIndiaandChinainthosuivoy,givontho
connonsonsothatthosocountiioshavoovolvinghighoioducationsystonsthataioinµoitanttoolsoivo.
Rogaidingnothodology,conductinganintoinationalconµaiativostudyollacultysalaiiosisanostdaunting
task.Fionthooutsot,woovaluatodanultitudoolouostionsandissuosiolatingtothoµioioctandsoughtways
tocolloctandundoistandvoiydisµaiato(andoltoninconµlotojµiocosoldatalionoxtiaoidinaiilyuniouohighoi
oducationsystonsaciossthoglolo.Ultinatoly,woconcludodthatanystudyattonµtingtoaddiossthosoiosoaich
ouostionsnustconsidoi(atloastjtholollowinghvonaioiconµonontsolanalysis:
- salaiydata,
- contoxtualinloination,
- µuichasingµowoiµaiity,
- nationaldovoloµnontconsidoiations,and
- othoisalaiyoiinconolonchnaiks.
Sa|ary Data
Salaiyinloinationloinsthohoaitolthisstudyandioouiiodthonostolloittoidontily,standaidizo,andanalyzo.
Akoyissuoindosigningthoµioioctwastocioatoacloaisotolsalaiyciitoiiatoaµµlyaciossalaiilylaigogiouµ
olhighoioducationsystonsaioundthowoild.Tothisond,ouiµiinaiyolioctivoloioachcountiywastocolloct
nonthly laso salaiy inloination loi lull-tino acadonic stall, loi tho zoo¡zooo µoiiod. Oui docision was to
includodatalionlaccalauioato(loui-yoaioithooouivalontjinstitutionsthioughdoctoialinstitutions,andnoio
olton than not wo woio linitod to data iolovant to tho µullic highoi oducation soctoi within oach countiy. As
nuchasµossillo,woattonµtodtoincludosalaiyinloinationonlyloionµloynontianksconsidoiodµaitoltho
loinalacadonicµiolossion.Sµocihcally,wowoiointoiostodinincludingsalaiydotailsloiontiy-lovolianksin
oachcountiythatioµiosontthohistioalaµµointnontloianacadonicµiolossionalwhoisoualihod,oiontiack
to attain tho aµµioµiiato oualihcations, to novo uµ thiough tho ianks ol tho acadony. Foi oxanµlo, wo choso
nottoincludosalaiyinloinationloiloctuioisinthoUnitodStatos,givonthatnostyoungacadonicsloginning
thoiicaiooisaioconsidoiodtohavoachiovodthoiihistioalµiolossionalaµµointnontwhongainingthoiankol
assistantµiolossoi.
To oltain tho nocossaiy iank and salaiy dotails, wo ioliod in laigo noasuio on ono oi two ioliallo, nostly
µullicly (and oloctionicallyj availallo iosouicos loi oach countiy. Thoso natoiials tyµically includod olhcial
ioµoitsand{oiWolsitossµonsoiodlynationalninistiiosoiµioninontintoinationaloiganizations.Woalso
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
·,
accossodinloinationlioniolovantandciodilloiosoaichcontois.Inalnostallcasos,wocalloduµonin-countiy
oxµoitstoholµguidoustohaid-to-hnddata,tolottoiundoistandinloinationwohaduncovoiodonouiown,
andtoµiovidouswithciiticalloodlackaloutouiµiolininaiyhndings.Alsoossontialtonotohoioisthatwo
onµloyodvoiysinµlonathonaticalaµµioachostoconvoitannualsalaiiostononthlysalaiiosandtocalculato
salaiyavoiagos.
Thoindividualcountiyioµoitsincludodinthishnalioµoitlistouikoysouicosandoxµlaininnuchgioatoidotail
howwoisolatodontiy-andtoµ-lovolsalaiylovols,aswollascalculatodiolovantavoiagos.Mostinµoitanttonotohoio
isthatwodidhndonoinousvaiiationsaciossthodozon-µluscountiiosincludodinthisstudyintoinsolavailallo
salaiydata,thoiilovololdotail,thoiinannoiolµiosontation,andthoiiconµaialilitytoouilasolinociitoiia.Evoiy
olloitwasnadotoidontilyandusothonostconµlotoandaccuiatoinloinationanddatathatconloinodtooui
ciitoiiaasclosolyasµossillo.Gaµsandinconsistoncioswoioinovitallo,howovoi,givonthoanlitiousscoµoolthis
µioioct.Wohavoondoavoiodtoloasoµonaloutthosolinitationsasµossillothioughoutthisioµoit.
Contextua| InFormation
Acadonicsalaiystiuctuiosdonotoµoiatoinavacuun.Althoughthisstudyis,atitshoait,aouantitativooxoi-
ciso,wololiovothatlianingtholacultysalaiynunloisloioachcountiywithsonocontoxtualdotailsaddsan
inµoitantolononttothoovoiallanalysis.Wotookaiolativolystiaightloiwaidaµµioachtothiswoik,againusing
loioachcountiyalinitodnunloioliolialloµullicsouicosolinloination(andsonotinosin-countiyoxµoitsj
todocunontthosizoandscoµoolthonationalhighoioducationsyston.Foioachcountiy,wohavocolloctodand
µiosontodinthishnalioµoitkoydataµointsdosignodtogivoalioadoisonsoolthoµostsocondaiylandscaµo
in oach contoxt. Whoio availallo, wo havo includod dotails alout tho nunloi and tyµos ol highoi oducation
institutions:thonunloiolstudontsandthoiiiolativodistiilutionaciossgiaduatoandundoigiaduatolovolsol
oducationandinthoµullicandµiivatosoctoi:aswollasthonunloiollull-andµait-tinoacadonicstalland
thoiionµloynontµattoinsaciossµullicandµiivatohighoioducation.
Purchasing Power Parity
Anynoaninglulconµaiativosalaiystudynustattonµttogivoinsightintothoiolativovaluoolconµonsation
aciossdilloiontcuiionciosandcontoxts.Itisnotonoughtousoastiaightcuiioncyconvoision,asthisdoosnot
µiovidoonoughinloinationaloutthostandaidollivingthatacconµaniossalaiylovolsindilloiontcountiios.
Aµuichasingµowoiµaiityaµµioach,howovoi,olloisawaytogotatthosokindsolinsights,asPPPsaioºaloin
oloxchangoiatolasoduµonaconµaiisonolµiicoslotwooncountiios"(Vogol,zoo¡,µ.¡j.PPPsºaioµioµaiod
using iolativo µiicos loi a voiy laigo nunloi ol conµaiallo goods and soivicos" (Vogol, zoo¡, µ. ¡j. Foi this
ioasonºPPPsshouldlousodinstoadoloxchangoiatosloiconµaiisonµuiµosos,"(Vogol,zoo¡,µ.¡j,andindood
aioºoltonusodtoconµaiothostandaidsollivinglotwooncountiios"(Wikiµodia,n.d.j.
AlthoughnuchhasloonwiittonaloutthoµitlallsolusingPPPaµµioachostonakothosokindsolanalysis,
this adnittodly oxµloiatoiy study ioouiiod a lasic nochanisn to answoi tho lundanontal iosoaich ouostion.
Oui initial idoa was to onµloy tho so-callod Big Mac Indox. Although tho BMI has loon usod in othoi salaiy
studios, it µiosontod vaiious diawlacks to oui woik. On tho ono hand, Indiaono ol tho countiios includod
inouistudyisnotincludodinthoBMI.Woalsoinitiallyhoµodtoincludosalaiydatalionatloastonoothoi
sul-SahaianAliicancountiyaµaitlionSouthAliica,lutthoBMIwouldnotaµµlyinthosocontoxts.Poihaµs
noio inµoitantly, tho uso ol tho BMI has loon ciiticizod as ºa long way shoit ol an aµµioµiiato noasuio ol
µuichasingµowoi"(Stovons,zoo±j.Foitunatoly,thoanalysisµhasoolouistudycoincidodwiththoioloasooltho
WoildBank`s(zoo8j.cc¡ !ntcrnuticnu| Ccnpuriscn Prcgrun. Tub|cs cj Finu| Rcsu|ts.Thisµiovidodwhatwololt
toloanuchnoioconµiohonsivoandlalancodPPPtoolloiouiµuiµososandonothatalsocoincidodwithoui
lasolinoyoaiolintoiost,zoo¡.
Ol couiso, no singlo PPP tool is considoiod inlallillo. Tho hguios lolow illustiato how tho uso ol ono oi
anothoiindoxcanalloctthoiolativoµositionolacountiyinouisalaiyconµaiisonoxoiciso.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
·6
world bank big mac
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Figure ¡A. Big Mac Index vs. vorld Bank PPP {Fntry-Level Salaries)
world bank big mac
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Figure ¡8. Big Mac Index vs. vorld Bank PPP {Overall Salary Averages)
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
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world bank big mac
Figure ¡C. Big Mac Index vs. vord Bank PPP {1op-Level Salaries)
Figuios¡A,¡B,and¡Calovoindicatothatthotwoindoxosµaiallolonoanothoilaiilyconsistontly.Foioxanµlo,
inthocasoolsuchcountiiosasChina,Malaysia,Goinany,Fianco,andCanada,thoioaioiolativolyninoi
dilloioncosinthosalaiyvaluoscalculatodusingoithoithoBMIoithoWBPPP.
Howovoi, thoso sano giaµhics iovoal tho µiosonco ol inµoitant incono dilloioncos loi a nunloi ol othoi
nations,doµondingonthotyµoolindoxonµloyod.Jaµanµiovidosµoihaµsthonostdianaticcasointhisiogaid.
UsingthoBMI,Jaµanconsistontlyiogistoisonoolthohighostsalaiyavoiagos,inclosoconµotitionwithsuch
countiiosasAustialia,Canada,SaudiAialia,andthoUnitodStatos.Howovoi,switchingtothoWBPPPtocal-
culatoavoiagosalaiyPPP,Jaµanionainsinoighthoininthµlacointhointoinationalconµaiisons,outµacodly
ovonSouthAliicawhonconsidoiingtoµ-lovolsalaiyavoiagos(Figuio¡Cj.
Moanwhilo,Austialiaionainsconµotitivononattoiwhichindoxisaµµliod,althoughthoBMIcalculations
tondtooxacoilatothosoµositivoiosults.Sinilaily,itisouitointoiostingtoconµaiothosalaiylovolsolthoLatin
Anoiicannationsinthisstudyusingthotwodilloiontindoxos.Hoio,salaiyavoiagosinColonliaandAigontina
conooutlookingconsistontlylowoiwhoncalculatodusingthoBMIasoµµosodtothoWBPPP.
ThoconßictingtiondsioßoctodinthousoolthotwoPPPindoxosiaisosnanytioullingouostions.Aµiolini-
naiythooiynightsuggostthatindovoloµingnations,thoiolativostatusolthoBigMacassonothingolaºluxuiy"
itonundoininostholocalvaluoolthocuiioncyinPPPtoins.Unloitunatoly,ouilackolocononicsoxµoitiso
µutsusinnoµositiontowoighindohnitivolyonthisouostion.Ultinatoly,wooµtodtousothoWoildBank`sPPP
inloinationtoconvoitthosalaiyhguioswoconµilodinlocalcuiionciosintoWoildBankPPPdollais.Within
thovoiylasiclianowoikolouiundoistandingolintoinationalocononicsandcuiioncyconvoisions,woiudgod
thoWBPPPtoloanoionoaninglulandaµµioµiiatotoolloiintoinationalconµaiisonloithoµuiµososolthis
µaiticulaiµioioct.Howovoi,woaiokoonlyawaiothatdilloiontPPPindoxosyioldsignihcantlydilloiontiosults
andoµonlyacknowlodgothoinhoiontlinitationsinthosokindsolcalculations.ToillustiatohowPPPindoxdil-
loioncosnayalloctconµaiativowoik,wohavoincludodaconµaiisonolouisalaiyhndingsusingloththoWB
PPPandthoBMI,whichcanloloundinTallo¡8,inthoAµµondixatthoondolthisioµoit.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
·8
Nationa| Deve|opment Considerations
This study takos a voiy naciolovol aµµioach to acadonic salaiy conµaiisons. Rathoi than onµloying a noio
localizod µoisµoctivo to undoistand laculty salaiy issuos at tho lovol ol individuals oi µaiticulai institutions,
ouiintoiostisindovoloµingsonosonsoolhowlacultyconµonsationdilloisaciosscountiios.Toonhancothis
analysis,wololtitwasinµoitanttoacknowlodgohowthocountiiosinthisstudydilloiliononoanothoiacioss
koydinonsions.
Onolasicassunµtiononloddodinouiwoikisthathighoioducationistightlyconnoctodtonationaldovoloµ-
nontµotontialandµoiloinanco.Thoioloio,wooµtodtoincludointhisanalysisanationaldovoloµnontvaiiallo.
Sµocihcally,woioliodonthoHunanDovoloµnontIndox(HDIj,asdovoloµodlythoUnitodNationsDovoloµ-
nontPiogianno(UNDP,zoo;j.ThoHDIºisasunnaiyconµositoindoxthatnoasuiosacountiy`savoiago
achiovonontsinthioolasicasµoctsolhunandovoloµnont:hoalth,knowlodgo,andadocontstandaidolliving"
(UNDP,n.d.j.Althoughanysuchindoxcanonlyloconsidoiodaioughanalyticaltool,woloundthatthoHDI
µiovidodaholµlulandintoinationallyiocognizallowaytoclassilythodovoloµnontlovolsolthovaiiouscountiios
inouistudyandtoillustiatoouisalaiyhndingsintholioadoicontoxtolnationaldovoloµnontconsidoiations.
TallozlolowgivosanovoiviowolwhoiothocountiiosinouistudylallalongthoHDIcontinuun.Aconµloto
listolthoHDIiankingsloi¡;;countiiosaioundthowoildcanloloundinTallo¡o,inthoAµµondixatthoond
olthisioµoit.
1ab|e z.
zoo)zoo8 UNDP Human Development Index, All Study Countries
Country HDI Ranking HDI Level
Australia ¡ High
Canada z High
Iapan 8 High
France ·o High
United States ·z High
United Iingdom ·6 High
New Zealand ·j High
Germany zz High
Argentina ¡8 High
Saudi Arabia 6· High
Malaysia 6¡ High
Colombia ), Medium
China 8· Medium
Palestine` ·o6 Medium
South AFrica ·z· Medium
India ·z8 Medium
'PalostinoislistodlyUNDPinthoHDIiankingsasthoºOccuµiodPalostinianToiiitoiios."
Scurcc. Unitod Nations Dovoloµnont Piogianno (UNDPj. (zoo;j. .cc;,.cc6 !unun Dcvc|cpncnt Rcpcrt, !unun Dcvc|cpncnt Runkings
(httµ:{{hdi.undµ.oig{on{statisticsj.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
·j
Income 8enchmarks
Inoidoitoluithoilianothonationalonviionnontsoutolwhichouisalaiyinloinationwasdiawnandacioss
whichwosoughttonakonoaninglulconµaiisons,wololtitwasciiticaltoostallishalasicinconolonchnaik
loi oach countiy. This allowod us to µut oui salaiy hndings into sono µoisµoctivo, loth within tho individual
countiiosolintoiostandinanintoinationalcontoxt.
Conµaiingthoacadonicsalaiydatawithsalaiyinloinationloiothoiµiolossionalswithinoiaciosscountiios
wouldhavoloonidoal.Conµaiingtholacultysalaiyinloinationwithnationalsalaiyavoiagosdiawnlionan
analysisolioalionunoiationdatawouldalsohavoloonoxtionolyusolul.Wowoionotallotoidontilythiskind
ol inloination in any systonatic way, howovoi. In its alsonco, wo choso to iocui to tho Woild Bank`s (zoo8j
.cc¡ !ntcrnuticnu| Ccnpuriscn Prcgrunnatoiials,whichincludodaGDPµoicaµitaostinatoinWoildBankPPP
dollaisolviituallyovoiycountiyinthowoild.Dividingthisanountly¡zgavousanonthlyGDPµoicaµitaosti-
natoloioacholthocountiioswooxaninod,whichisusodasaµointolconµaiisonagainstthononthlysalaiy
hguiosloilacultythioughoutthisstudy.
Limitations
Itisouihoµothatioadoisolthisioµoitwillhndnuchusolulinloinationandnoaninglulloodloithought,lut
ouistudy`snanylinitationsnustlooµonlyacknowlodgod.Sonoolthosoconcoinshavoloondiscussodalovo.
Anadditionalsotolconsidoiationsincludostholollowing:
- Thisisanoxµloiatoiystudydovoloµodwithouttholonohtolanocononist`soxµoitiso.Itainstoµiovidoa
ioughconµaiativoostinatoollacultyconµonsationaciossthioolioadlydohnodlovolsolonµloynont,in
vastlydilloionthighoioducationsottings,usingdilloiontcuiioncios,innanyvaiiodocononicanddovoloµ-
nontalcontoxts.Thisistiulyanoxoicisoinºconµaiingaµµlosandoiangos,"althoughwohavoalsosoonht
toincludolananas,stiawloiiios,kiwis,choiiios,andµluns,anongothois.
- Thisstudydoosnotnocossaiilyioßoctwhatacadonicsioallynako.Bylocusingnoailyoxclusivolyonlaso
salaiydata,wohavoolininatodlionconsidoiationinnostcasosallnannoiollonusos,inconolionaddi-
tionalonµloynont,andothoilonohtsthatloinaninµoitantµaitolacadonicsalaiiosinnanyouaitois
ol tho woild. Wo also do not tako into account tho tax stiuctuios within countiios, which can also havo a
signihcantinµactonlacultytako-honoµay.
- Thisstudydoosnotconµaioacadonicsalaiiostothoconµonsationiocoivodlyothoiµiolossionalswithin
oiaciosscountiios.
- Thosalaiyavoiagosµiosontodhoioaionotwoightodinanyway.
- Thisstudylocusosonlull-tinolaculty,nostlyinthoµullichighoioducationioaln.Thisoxcludosthosalaiy
inloinationiolovanttoµait-tinoacadonicstall,andthosowoikinginµiivatoinstitutions,whosonunlois
aµµoaitologiowingsignihcantlyinnanyµaitsolthowoild.
- Thisstudylocusosonthosoacadonicstallwhoaioioughlyconsidoiodtoloonthooouivalontolthoºtonuio
tiack"inthoUnitodStatosthatis,withthooualihcations(oioxµoctationjtonovouµthioughthoonµloy-
nontiankswithinthoacadony,asthisisundoistoodinoachnationalcontoxt.
- This study doos not attonµt to disaggiogato salaiy inloination acioss tho vaiious acadonic disciµlinos,
whichaioknowntolovoiydilloiontlyconµonsatodinnanynationalandinstitutionalcontoxts.
- This study involvos only ºhigh hunan dovoloµnont" and ºnodiun hunan dovoloµnont" countiios, as
chaiactoiizodlythoUNDP`sHDI(zoo;j.Noºlowhunandovoloµnont"countiioswoioincludodintho
µioioct,duoinlaigoµaittoissuosollackolaccosstogoodlacultysalaiydataloisuchcountiios.
- Ultinatoly,thisstudydoosnotcaµtuiohowacadonicsloolaloutwhatthoynakoandtholioadoicontoxts
inwhichthoylivoandwoikatµaiticulaiinconolovols.
Insµitoolthosolinitations,wololiovothatouiwoikasioµoitodhoioioµiosontsauniouoandwoithwhilo
contiilution to tho ouostion ol how acadonic salaiios conµaio to ono anothoi intoinationally. Tho lollowing
soctionoutlinosouikoyhndings.

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zo
c6uvtvt)ivr ri×oi×cs t×o t×tivsis
Asstatodµioviously,thisstudy`sµiinaiyolioctivoistoµiovidoaµiolininaiyundoistandingolhowlacultysala-
iiosconµaioaciossnoiothanonodozoncountiiosonsixcontinonts.Woaioµiinaiilyintoiostodinlookingat
ovoiallnationalnonthlysalaiyavoiagosandatconµonsationloilacultyatthoontiyµointsandthonostadvancod
lovols ol tho µiolossional laddoi. Boyond a stiaight conµaiison ol salaiy hguios, this µioioct also oxµloios tho
dilloioncosinsalaiyµiogiossions(i.o.,howsalaiiosovolvolionthostaitolanacadoniccaiooithioughitslatoi
stagosj and how thoso salaiy hguios conµaio to lasolino incono data loi tho countiios involvod in tho study.
Thointoisoctionlotwoonsalaiyavoiagosandhunandovoloµnontiankings(UNDP,zoo;jloithosocountiios
isalsoconsidoiod.Unlossothoiwisoindicatod,allsalaiyhguioslolowaioµiosontodinWoildBankPPPdollais.
ConµiohonsivodatatalloscanloloundinthoAµµondix.
Entry-Leve| Sa|aries
AsindicatodinFiguiozlolow,ontiy-lovolsalaiiosloitho¡¡
¡
countiiosincludodinthisanalysisiangolionSo8z
µoinonthinChina,toanonthlylasoµayolS¡,zooinCanada.Thoavoiagoontiy-lovolsalaiyloiacadonicsin
thososoloctodcountiiosisSz,888µoinonth.Thodilloioncolotwoonthohighostandlowostontiy-lovolsalaiios
isS±,¡z±.Attholowostondolthosµoctiun,inChina,ontiy-lovollacultyoainaµµioxinatoly;.otinoslossthan
thoiiCanadiancountoiµaits.
In gonoial, tho ºnodiun hunan dovoloµnont" countiios in oui studyaccoiding to tho HDI (UNDP,
zoo;joxhilit tho lowost ontiy-lovol salaiy hguios, whilo thoso countiios dosignatod as having ºhigh hunan
dovoloµnont"µoµulatothotoµondolthischait.Itisintoiostingtonotohoio,howovoi,thatthoioisnotalockstoµ
coiiolationlotwoonHDIiankingandontiy-lovolsalaiy.Foioxanµlo,FiguiozlolowindicatosthatSaudiAia-
lia`sontiy-lovolsalaiyavoiagoinWoildBankPPPdollaisisslightlyhighoithanthatsooninNowZoalandand
Jaµan.YotlothJaµanandNowZoalandsitnuchhighoionthoHDIianking(#8and#¡o,iosµoctivolyjthandoos
SaudiAialia(#o¡j.Sinilaily,Malaysiaisconsidoiodacountiyolºhighhunandovoloµnont"andisiankod#o¡
onthoHDI,yotSouthAliica,iankod#¡z¡anddosignatodacountiyolºnodiunhunandovoloµnont,"iogistois
aslightlyhighoiontiy-lovolsalaiyloiitslaculty.EvonnoiointoiostingisthosituationolAigontina,withanHDI
iankingol¡8,showingonooltholowostontiy-lovolsalaiyavoiagosinthogiouµ.
Olviously, tho HDI is not dosignod as a standaid indicatoi ol what to oxµoct in toins ol acadonic salaiios
aioundthowoild.Still,usingthisindicatoiasastandaidµointolioloionco,itisintoiostingtonotothosonowhat
unoxµoctodwaysinwhichcountiioswithostonsillysinilaioidilloiontºhunandovoloµnont"chaiactoiistics
conµonsatothoiiontiy-lovollaculty.
· Although we do include a country report on Palestine in this study, it was necessary to exclude data From Palestinian Faculty salaries
in this comparative Fndings section, as the vorld Bank report From which we drew our PPP dollar Fgures did not include a PPP conver-
sion For Palestine.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

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5,206
4,589
3,810
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3,345
3,259
3,162
3,114
2,979
2,560
2,049
1,987
1,751
1,151
682
Figure z. Average Monthly Fntry-Level Salaries {vB PPPS)
1op-Leve| Sa|aries
Thoavoiagononthlylasoµayloitoµ-lovolacadonicsinthocountiiosincludodinthisstudyisS¡,¡¡8,withadil-
loioncolotwoonthohighostandlowosttoµ-lovolsalaiiosolSo,o±¡.Inalsolutonunlois,thodilloioncolotwoon
thohighostandlowostlasoµayhguiosloithonostsonioiacadonicsisgioatoithanthatlotwoonthohighost
andlowostµayloiontiy-lovolacadonics.Howovoi,thohighosttoµ-lovolsalaiy(S8,±ooinSaudiAialiajisonly
±.otinosgioatoithantholowost(S¡,8±¡inChinajandioµiosontsasnalloisµioadlotwoonthonostgonoiously
andloastgonoiouslyconµonsatodlacultyatthislovolthanwhatwascalculatodloithoontiy-lovolsalaiios.
Manyolthoºhighhunandovoloµnont"countiios,asindicatodlythoHDI,loadthogiouµintoinsolcon-
µonsation loi toµ-lovol acadonics. As was soon in tho analysis ol tho ontiy-lovol salaiy hguios, howovoi, thoso
iankingscannotlousodasaµioxyloiiolativostandingonthotoµ-lovolsalaiycontinuun.Foioxanµlo,Saudi
Aialia(alowoi-iankodºhighhunandovoloµnont"countiyjiogistoisthonostiolusttoµ-lovolsalaiios.Moan-
whilo,SouthAliica(acountiyolºnodiunhunandovoloµnont,"standingat#¡z¡onthoHDIiankingsj,shows
highoitoµ-lovolsalaiyavoiagosthanawidovaiiotyolhighlydovoloµodcountiios,includingNowZoaland,tho
Unitod Kingdon, Jaµan, Goinany, and Fianco. At tho othoi ond ol tho scalo, India and China stand out with
notallylowsalaiyhguiosloilacultyatthosohighoiianks.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
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8,490
7,992
7,385
6,570
6,105
6,061
5,589
5,546
5,108
4,551
4,422
4,079
3,950
2,071
1,845
Figure ¡. Average Monthly 1op-Level Salaries {vB PPPS)
Overa|| Average Sa|aries
Accoidingtoouianalysis,ovoiallavoiagononthlysalaiiosloithocountiiosincludodinthisstudyiangolion
S¡,¡8zinChinatoSo,o¡¡inSaudiAialia.ThisµioducosanintoinationalavoiagoolS±,o¡oµoinonth,with
Saudiacadonicsoainingonavoiago¡.otinosnoioonanonthlylasisthanthoiiChinosocountoiµaits.Foitho
nostµait,countiioswithhighoiHDIiankingsoxhilithighoiovoiallnonthlysalaiyavoiagos.Itisagainsono-
whatstaitlingtosooSouthAliicaiogistoiingclosoalignnontwithsalaiylovolsloundincountiioswithnuch
highoiHDIiankings,suchasFiancoandJaµan.Consistontwiththoanalysisloithoontiy-andtoµ-lovolsalaiios,
IndiaandChinashowtholowostsalaiyavoiagos.
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6,611 6,548
5,816
4,795
4,490
4,343 4,333
4,112
4,076
3,905
3,107
3,054
2,826
1,547
1,182
Figure a. Overall Average Monthly Salaries {vB PPPS)
Itisinµoitanttonotohoiothatthisstudydoosnotaddiossthoissuoolhownanyoi(whatµoicontagojoltho
lacultyinoachcountiyoccuµyoachlovololonµloynont.Foioxanµlo,inthoUnitodStatos,thoioisanunwiitton
oxµoctationthatnanycaiooiacadonicswillovontuallyioachtholullµiolossoiiank,whoioasinsuchµlacosas
thoUnitodKingdon,Goinany,Fianco,andIndia,onlyavoiysnallµioµoitionolthoµiolossoiiatohllsthonost
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

sonioiianks.Inastiaightconµaiisonoltoµ-lovolsalaiios,thisisnottoiiillyinµoitant.Howovoi,whonsuch
toµ-lovolsalaiiosaionotwoightodwiththislactinnind,nationalsalaiyavoiagosnayloinaccuiatolyinßatod.
Figuio¡lolowolloisaconµositoµictuioolthosalaiyconµaiisonsatthothioolovolsolonµloynontacioss
allolthocountiiosinouistudy.Thisgiaµhicgivosagoodsonsoolhowthogiouµstandingsßuctuatodoµonding
onthoonµloynontlovol.Italsohintsatsonoolthodilloioncosinsalaiyµiogiossionsovoithocouisoolacaiooi
inthovaiiouscountiios,whichisthosulioctoltholollowingsoction.
overall top level entry level
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Figure ¶. Combined Fntry-Level, 1op-Level, and Overall Average Monthly Salaries {vB PPPS)

Sa|ary Progressions
Althoughinµoiloctly,ouistudyhndsthatsalaiyhguiosloiacadonicsatthothioolovolsolonµloynontincludod
inthisanalysisioughlyµaiallolthoHDIiankingsandiolativoGDPµoicaµitainconoostinatosloitho¡¡coun-
tiiosincludodinthisconµaiativohndingssoction.Thatistosay,countiiosolºhighhunandovoloµnont"and
gioatoiwoalthtondtohavohighoiiolativosalaiiosinWoildBankPPPdollaitoins,andvicovoisa.
Changosinnonthlysalaiyasacadonicsnovothioughthoiicaioois,howovoi,showasonowhatlossµiodict-
alloµattoinwhonsotagainstthosonaikois.Itisintoiostingtoconsidoithosodatalionthoµoisµoctivoolloth
alsolutonunloisandasµoicontagochangos.FiguioololowindicatosthatacadonicsinSaudiAialiacanoxµoct
to oxµoiionco tho highost alsoluto incioaso in thoii nonthly salaiios (S¡,¡z8j whon noving lion ontiy to toµ
lovolsolonµloynont.Thisisunouostionallytholaigostloaµinsalaiyoainingsaciossthocaiooi,asdotoininod
lyouistudy.Moanwhilo,SouthAliicasitsinthonunloi-twoµositiononthisscalo.Dosµitoloingthocountiy
inouistudywiththosocond-lowostHDIianking(#¡z¡j,itµiosontsinalsolutotoinsgioatoiµotontialloian
incioasoinsalaiylionontiytotoµlovolsthanNowZoaland,thoUnitodStatos,Canada,Austialia,Jaµan,tho
UnitodKingdon,Goinany,andFianco,countiiosolostonsillynuchhighoihunandovoloµnont.Intoiostingly,
Malaysia(withanHDIiankingolo¡jisonaµaiwithJaµan(#8onthoHDIjandthoUnitodKingdon(#¡oon
thoHDIjaciossthisunitolanalysis,andoutµoiloinsGoinany(#zzjandFianco(#¡ojinthisaioa.Alsonotallo,
Colonlia(withanHDIiankingol;¡jclosolytiailsthoUnitodKingdonhoio(outµacodonlylyAigontina,with
anHDIiankingol¡8j,andiogistoisgioatoiµotontialloiitsacadonicstogiowthoiinonthlyµaychocksthan
noiohighlydovoloµodcountiiossuchasGoinanyandFianco.Thoavoiagodilloioncoinµaylotwoonthoontiy-
andtoµ-lovolsalaiyavoiagosloithisgiouµisSz,±zo.
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Figure 6. DiFFerence Between 1op- and Fntry-Level Average Monthly Salaries {vB PPPS)

Figuio;allowsloithoconsidoiationolthosodatalionanothoiµoisµoctivo,lookingatthoµoicontincioasoin
nonthlysalaiiosovoitinolionontiytotoµlovolsolonµloynont.Woloundthatonavoiagononthlysalaiios
giowlyaioundo±µoicontlotwoonontiyintothoacadonicµiolossionandioachingitshighostianks.Hoio,too,
thoioisasignihcantshiltinthowaythatcountiios`HDIstandingsconµaiotosalaiyconsidoiations,withsovoial
countiiosolºnodiunhunandovoloµnont"laioutµoiloiningnationswithhighoiHDIiankings.Foioxanµlo,
China,SaudiAialia,SouthAliica,Aigontina,Malaysia,andColonliaiogistoisalaiyincioasosolnoiothan¡oo
µoicontovoithocouisoolacaiooi.Indood,thodataloiChinasuggostthoµotontialloiacadonicstogiowthoii
salaiiosovoi¡;oµoicontlionontiythioughtoµlovols.
ItisalsointoiostingtonototholaiilylowµoicontagoincioasosinsalaiydononstiatodlyFiancoandGoinany,
at±oµoicontand¡oµoicont,iosµoctivoly.Thocivilsoivantstatusolthoµiolossioninthosocountiiosnayoxµlain
whythoydonotshownaikodµoicontincioasosinsalaiyovoitinoalthoughthoSaudiAialianandColon-
liandata,whoiothoioaioiolustsalaiyµiogiossionµossililitiosloicivilsoivantacadonics,donotsuµµoitthis
thooiy.Convoisoly,thocontoxtsinwhichhighoioducationoµoiatosinanoionaikotizodonviionnontoiin
countiiosinwhichagioatdoalolonµhasisiniocontyoaishasloonµlacodonincioasingthoconµotitivonossol
thosoctoi,suchasinChinaandSouthAliicanayµiovidosonooxµlanationloiwhythososalaiiosshowsig-
nihcantµotontialtoincioasoasacadonicsiisothioughthoµiolossionalianks.Finally,itisinµoitanttonotothat
ouistudyattonµtodtoisolatothosoonµloynontianksthataiodiioctlyinµlicatodinthoºacadonicµiolossion."
Thovaiialilityinsalaiyµiogiossionsnayalsoloalunctionolthodilloiontwaysthatthoacadonicµiolossion
isstiuctuiodindilloiontcountiios,µaiticulailywhonitconostothoinclusionollowoioinoioonµloynont
ianksinacadonia.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
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Figure ¡. Percent Change Between Fntry and 1op-Level Average Monthly Salaries {vB PPPS)

CDP Comparisons
InadditiontolookingathowlasoµayanountsinWoildBankPPPdollaisconµaioaciosscountiios,woalso
thoughtitwouldloholµlultoµiovidosonosonsoolhowthosohguiosconµaiotoavoiagoinconolovolswithin
oachcountiy.Thistyµoolanalysiscanshodsonolightonthoiolativovaluoassignodtothoacadonicµiolossion
withinoachsocioty,althoughthisanalysisisolviouslyinconµlotowithoutaconµaiisonolthoacadonicµiolos-
sionagainstothoiµiolossionalsalaiyavoiagoswithinthososanocountiios.
OuilasolinoinconoinloinationconoslionthoWoildBank(zoo8jostinatosolGDPµoicaµita,oxµiossod
inPPPdollaisandcalculatodasanonthlyhguio.Figuio8ioµiosontsouihndingsinthisaioa,whichindicato
that, on avoiago, acadonics in tho countiios wo studiod can oxµoct to nako ¡.z tinos tho avoiago GDP µoi
caµitaµoinonthostinatoloithoiinations.Hoiowosooatondoncyloithonoio-dovoloµodcountiios(oxcluding
Aigontinajtoµiosontlacultyinconosontholowoiondolthosµoctiun,ianginglion¡.¡8toz.z±tinosthoii
countiy`sGDPµoicaµitaµoinonthhguios.Moanwhilo,India`sdataindicatothatavoiagolacultysalaiiosaioa
whoµµing8.;¡tinosnoiothanthatcountiy`savoiagoGDPnonthlyµoicaµitaostinato.Whilonotasdianatic,
thohndingsloithosuivoy`sothoiºnodiunhunandovoloµnont"countiiosalsoiogistoiationdtowaidnoio
iolustlacultyincono-to-GDPµoicaµitaµoinonthiatios.
Thoionaylosovoialoxµlanationsloithosoinµoitantdistinctions.Insonooltholoss-dovoloµodcountiios,
thonoiostiikingdilloioncoslotwoonlacultysalaiyavoiagosandnationalinconoavoiagosnayloalunction
ol high ovoiall µovoity lovols and sulstantial gaµs lotwoon tho incono lovols ol iich and µooi. It could also
indicatothatthoioisahighsocialandhnancialvaluoµlacodonthoacadonicµiolossion.Inthonoio-dovoloµod
countiios,lowoiiatioslotwoonwhatlacultyandthogonoialµullicoainnaysuggostthatthoacadonicµiolos-
sionisnotosµociallyvaluod,atloastinstiaighthnancialtoins.Oiitcouldloanindicationolanoioogalitaiian
socialandocononiconviionnontinsononationalcontoxts.Moioiosoaichnoodstolodonotoaddiossthoso
inµoitantouostionsandtolottoiundoistandthowaythatdilloiontsociotiosviowthoacadonicµiolossionand
conµonsatoitthioughsalaiystiuctuios.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
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1.75 1.68 1.67 1.65 1.63 1.58
Figure 8. Overall Average Monthly Salaries Compared to GDP per Capita per Month {vB PPPS)

Summary
Thisstudyhndsthatthoioaiosignihcantdilloioncosinlacultysalaiiosaioundthowoild.Thisistiuolothin
PPPtoinsandintoinsolhowacadonicsalaiiosconµaiotonationalinconoavoiagosinthovaiiouscountiios
involvodinthisstudy.
Ouianalysisindicatosthattholost-µayingcountiiosloiontiy-lovolacadoniconµloynontaioCanadaandtho
UnitodStatos.Atthotoµlovolsolonµloynontandintoinsolovoiallnationalsalaiyavoiagos,SaudiAialiaand
Canadadononstiatothohighostlovolsolionunoiation.IndiaandChinaaioconsistontlythocountiiosshowing
tho lowost acadonic salaiy avoiagos. Moanwhilo, oui analysis ol how acadonic salaiios conµaio to GDP µoi
caµita ostinatos yiolds voiy dilloiont iosults. India, lollowod ly South Aliica and Colonlia, aio tho countiios
whoiolacultysalaiiosconµaionostlavoiallytothonationalGDPµoicaµitahguios.Inthosocountiios,acadon-
ics`inconoswouldaµµoaitolosignihcantlyhighoi,onavoiago,thanthoºavoiago"citizon`s.Moanwhilo,Fianco,
Jaµan,thoUnitodKingdon,UnitodStatos,Goinany,andAustialiaallhovoiattholottonondolthosµoctiun,
nakinglotwoon¡.oand¡.8tinosthonationalGDPµoicaµitaostinatosinthoiiiosµoctivocountiios.
Ovoiall,thon,ouiµioioctsuggoststhatnoio-dovoloµodcountiiosasdohnodlythoiiµositionsonthoUNDP`s
(zoo;jHunanDovoloµnontIndoxtondtoonioyhighoisalaiiosthanthosoconsidoiodtololossdovoloµodly
thoHDI.Atthosanotino,thoytondnottonakodianaticallynoiothanthoiilollowcitizons.Thooµµositois
tiuoinnanyoltholoss-dovoloµodcountiiosinouistudy.
Thisisnotasuiµiisingiovolation,lutitdooshavoinµoitantianihcationsloilothgiouµsolcountiios.Fiist,
loithowoild`slossoi-dovoloµodcountiios,thoioisanolviousµiollonintoinsolattiactinghigh-oualityloioign
talont and kooµing talontod nationals at hono. In a woild in which advancod tochnical knowlodgo and ßoxillo,
skillodlaloiloicoscontiilutodiioctlytonationaldovoloµnont,loss-dovoloµodcountiiosoltonstiugglotoongago
andlovoiagotholonohtsolthoso-callodºglolalknowlodgosocioty."Highoioducationinstitutionsµlayakoyiolo
indovoloµingnowknowlodgoandtiainingskillodwoikoisandµiolossionals.Facultysitontholiontlinosolthoso
olloitsanditwillloincioasinglyinµoitantloiloss-dovoloµodcountiiostoattiactandiotainoualihodacadonic
stall. Whilo oui study indicatos that laculty in at loast sono loss-dovoloµod countiios aio not nocossaiily µooily
conµonsatodinconµaiisonwiththoiiownnationalGDPµoicaµitainconoostinatos,conµotitivosalaiylaculty
µackagosnayloasnalllutinµoitanttoolinadvancingandsustainingnationaldovoloµnontinthoz¡stcontuiy.
Thisisalsotiuowhononoconsidoisthattholiightostscholaisandiosoaichoisaioundthowoildaioincioasingly
awaioolthoglolalnatuioolthohighoioducationonµloynontnaikot.Ilsalaiiosathonocannotconµotowith
ovoisoasonµloynontollois,liaindiainwillcontinuotololoaguoinanyalioadystiugglingµooioinations.
Thoso kinds ol considoiations aio also inµoitant, lut in a dilloiont way, loi tho noio-dovoloµod countiios
includodinouistudy.Itistiuothatlacultyinºhighhunandovoloµnont"countiiosonioylottoisalaiiosthan
thoiicolloaguosinothoiµaitsolthowoild.Howovoi,ouiGDPconµaiisonoxoicisoindicatosthatthoacadonic
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
z)
salaiios in noio-dovoloµod countiios aio not nuch highoi than thoii avoiago µoi caµita incono ostinatos. In
countiioswhoioanogalitaiianaµµioachtoionunoiationaciosssociotyisaninµoitantcultuialnoin,thisnay
not lo an issuo. But in contoxts in which acadonics nay hnd thonsolvos naking an ºavoiago" salaiy lollow-
ing nany noio yoais ol schooling than tho avoiago citizonoi naking lai loss than othoi µiolossionals (loi
oxanµlo,inthologal,nodical,oitochnologyholdsjitnaylodilhculttoiotaintoµtalontinhighoioducation.
Olcouiso,thisstudydoosnotconµaiolacultysalaiiostothosoolothoiµiolossions,andnoiowoikinthisaioa
cloailynoodstodono.
Oui linitod iosouicos µiovontod us lion including a noio oxtonsivo nunloi ol countiios in this study,
and indood it would havo loon ouito holµlul and inloinativo to havo ioµiosontod nany noio countiios hoio.
This is µaiticulaily tiuo il wo considoi tho µossilility that thoio nay lo sono uniouo iogional µhononona in
toinsollacultysalaiios.Foioxanµlo,ouianalysisloundthatthocontinontalEuioµoancountiiosFiancoand
Goinanylioouontlyµaiallolodonoanothoiaciossthohndings.Asinilaitondoncynaylonotodwhoncon-
sidoiingthoiolativoµositionsolColonliaandAigontina,aswollasIndiaandChina,aciosssovoialdinonsions
olanalysis.Thisouostionolwhothoithoioaiosonoinµoitantiogionaltiondsloilacultysalaiiosiswoithyol
closoi considoiation, and it would lo woithwhilo to oxµloio how a laigoi nunloi ol countiios within iogions
noasuiouµtoonoanothoiintoinsollacultyconµonsation.
Finally,wonotothatSaudiAialiaandtosonooxtontSouthAliicaioµiosontsasignihcantandintoiosting
anonalyintoinsolitshighoi-than-oxµoctodsalaiylovolswhonconµaiodtoitsHDIiankingandGDPµoicaµita
hguio.Moiowoiknoodstolodonotolullyundoistandthociicunstancosinthosocountiios,aswollastotoaso
outthoinµlicationsolsuchiolustsalaiytiondsinthosoiathoisuiµiisingcontoxts.
Although tho µiolininaiy and oxµloiatoiy natuio ol this study and its hndings cannot lo ovoistiossod, wo
loliovothatouiwoikµiosontsvaluallodatathat,withluithoiiohnonontandoxtonsivotiiangulation,canlogin
totollanoaninglulstoiyaloutlacultyconµonsationaioundthowoild.

i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
z8
c6u×)vv vrv6v)s
Tholollowingsoctiontakosaclosoilookatoachuniouosotoldataandhndingsloitho¡¡countiios(andono
sµocialcasojincludodinthisstudy.Eachcountiyioµoitaddiossoslouinainaioasolconsidoiation:
- lonchnaikinloination,
- datacolloction,
- thohighoioducationcontoxt,and
- salaiyinloination.
Tholonchnaikinloinationsoctionµiosontsoachcountiy`sµositiononthoUNDP`s(zoo;jHunanDovol-
oµnontIndox.Italsoµiovidosdotailsonthocountiy`sgiossdonosticµioductµoicaµita.ThoGDPhguiosaio
µiosontodaslothannualandnonthlyinconoostinatos.Inthodatacolloctionsoction,woµiovidoinsightinto
thoµiinaiysouicosloiouicountiydataandattonµttooxµlainanyuniouochallongoswolacodoiconsidoiations
wolooltolonostiolovantinouiolloittoaccuiatolyioµiosontcontoxtualandsalaiyinloinationinthocontoxt
oloachcountiyioµoit.
Eachcountiyioµoit`shighoioducationcontoxtsoctionattonµtstoµiovidoaouick,nostlystatisticalovoiviow
olthonationalhighoioducationlandscaµoinouostion.Koydotailstyµicallyincludostudontµoµulationnunlois
and lioakdowns ol µullic voisus µiivato, as woll as giaduato voisus undoigiaduato, oniollnont lovols. Tho
nunloiandtyµosolinstitutionsaioµiosontodhoio,alongwithdataiolovanttolacultynunloisandonµloy-
nontchaiactoiistics(i.o.,µullicvoisusµiivatoandlulltinovoisusµaittinoj.
Tho salaiy inloination soction µiovidos a dotailod dosciiµtion ol how wo dotoininod which data to uso
loiontiy-andtoµ-lovolsalaiyavoiagosandhowwocalculatodnationalsalaiyavoiagos.Woµaysµocialatton-
tion hoio to any discioµancios in oui olloits to naintain a standaidizod nothodology loi tho calculations
andanalysis.Inoachcaso,woµiosontaliiolsunnaiyolouiavoiagosalaiyhndings,includingasotolkoy
indicatois,suchasthoiatioolontiy-totoµ-lovolsalaiiosandthoiatioolovoiallavoiagosalaiytononthly
GDPµoicaµitaostinatos.
Tho countiy ioµoits aio dosignod to givo a slightly noio dotailod µictuio ol tho laculty salaiy situation and
iolatod issuos in oach countiy, as woll as to onhanco undoistanding ol tho lioadoi conµaiativo hndings µio-
sontodinthisioµoit.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
zj
Argentina
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Aigontinaisconsidoiodacountiyolºhighhunandovoloµnont,"accoidingtothoUnitodNationsDovoloµnont
Piogianno (UNDPj. Tho UNDP`s (zoo;j zoo;zoo8 Hunan Dovoloµnont Indox (HDIj iankod Aigontina
¡8thoutoltho¡;;totalcountiiosincludodinitsconµaiativolookatsocialandocononicdovoloµnontindica-
toisaciossthoglolo.ThoavoiagoannualGDPµoicaµitaostinatoloiAigontinaisS¡¡,oo¡(inWoildBankPPP
dollaisj,whichwoiksouttoloSozzµoinonth.
Data Collect|on
DataloiAigontinawoiooltainodthioughononainsouico,thoAigontinoMinistiyolEducation.Thoninistiy`s
SociotaiiatolUnivoisityPolicios,andsµocihcallyitszoooyoailookµullication(AigontinoMinistiyolEduca-
tion,zoooj,µiovidodtholulkolthoinloinationiolatingtothonunloiandtyµosolinstitutions,studonts,and
acadonicstallinthoAigontinohighoioducationsyston.Facultysalaiyinloinationwasconµilodlionsovoial
µagosolthoninistiy`sWolsitolocusodonthoovolutionollacultyionunoiation(AigontinoMinistiyolEduca-
tion,n.d.-l,n.d.-c,n.d.-d,n.d.-o,n.d.-lj.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
HighoioducationinAigontinaisconµiisodollothaunivoisitysulsoctoiandanonunivoisitysulsoctoi.Piivato
andµullicinstitutionsoµoiatoinlothcontoxts.Thoioaionanynoiononunivoisityinstitutions(aµµioxinatoly
¡,;oojthanunivoisityinstitutions,lutthononunivoisityinstitutionstondtolosnalloiandoniollaninoiity
(aioundz¡µoicontjolthocountiy`sµostsocondaiystudonts(FoinandozLanaiia,zoo¡j.
Tho univoisity soctoi in Aigontina is nado uµ ol slightly noio than ¡oo µostsocondaiy institutions. In tho
µullicsoctoi,thoioaio¡8nationalunivoisitiosandonoµiovincialunivoisity,alongwithsixstato-iununivoisity
institutos.ThoioaioasignihcantnunloiolµiivatoinstitutionsinAigontina,aswoll,althoughµiivatoonioll-
nontisnuchlowoithanthatinµullichighoioducation.Sono±¡µiivatounivoisitiosand¡¡µiivatounivoisity
institutosaioactivointhocountiy.Thoioisalsoonoolhciallyiocognizodintoinationalunivoisityandonoloioign
univoisityoµoiationalinAigontina(AigontinoMinistiyolEducation,n.d.-aj.
Inzoo¡zooo,thoiowoiosono¡,o±o,z±ostudontsoniollodinAigontina`sunivoisitios.Aµµioxinatolyoo
µoicont(oi¡,¡8¡,¡;ojwoiooniollodatthoundoigiaduatolovol,and±µoicont(oioz,8;ojingiaduatooducation.
ThonaioiityolAigontinostudontsstudyinµullicinstitutions,asindicatodlytholactthatinzoo¡zoootho
µullicsoctoicaµtuiod8zµoicontolallstudonts,withthoionaindoi(ioughly¡8µoicont,oizo¡,o¡zstudontsj
studying in µiivato collogos and univoisitios. Ol thoso in µiivato highoi oducation, o¡ µoicont µuisuo undoi-
giaduatostudios(AigontinoMinistiyolEducation,zoooj.
AnothoivoiyinµoitantchaiactoiisticolthoAigontinounivoisitysystonisthoiolativolyhighconcontiationol
studontsandlacultyinasnallnunloiolinstitutions(Piati,µoisonalconnunication,July±,zoo8j.Sonoo¡
µoicontolthoµullicunivoisityoniollnontisconcontiatodiniustsovonnationalunivoisitios,withasignihcant
µioµoitionolthosostudontsoniollodiniustonogiantinstitution,thoUnivoisidaddoBuonosAiios(Aigontino
MinistiyolEducation,zoooj.Facultyonµloynontµattoinsniiioithissanokindolclustoiingolnunloisin
thosanosovonnationalunivoisitios.
Tho Aigontino Ministiy ol Education (zoooj ioµoits that in zooo thoio woio ¡;,o¡o lull-tino laculty µosi-
tionsinthocountiy`snationalunivoisitios.Thishguioioµiosontsiust¡±.¡µoicontolthoacadonicstallinthis
soctoi. Full-tino status (known as dcdicuciún c×c|usivu oi dc p|untuj in this contoxt inµlios a iolativoly stallo,
longoi-toin,±o-houis-µoi-wookonµloynontaiiangonont,whichnaylosocuiodthioughaconµotitivohiiing
µiocoss(Piati,µoisonalconnunication,July±,zoo8j.Thishguioolviouslyloavosoutinµoitantinloination
iolovanttothoµiivatosoctoiinAigontinaandtothosolull-tinolacultyonµloyodinothoityµosolµullicinstitu-
tions.Fuithoinoio,thisstudy`slocusonthosalaiyissuosiolovanttolull-tinolacultyonlyµiosontsasignihcant
diawlackloianalysisolsalaiyconµonsationinAigontina,whoioalaigoµoitionolacadonicstallaioonµloyod
inaµait-tinooihouilycaµacity.Indood,anothoi¡oo,¡¡±lacultyµositionsµiovidodonµloynontlasodonsono
µait-tinoaiiangonontinzooo,accountingloisono8¡.±µoicontolthototal¡¡;,¡o¡acadonicµositionsintho
countiy`snationalunivoisitios(AigontinoMinistiyolEducation,zoooj.
ItisinµoitanttonotothatthoolhcialstatisticsononµloynontinAigontina`sunivoisitysoctoiioßoctnunlois
olpcsiticnsiathoithannunloisolpccp|cactuallyonµloyod.InAigontinaitisaccoµtallotoloonµloyodinany
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡o
conlinationolacadonicµositions,aslongasonoindividualdoosnotoxcood¡ohouisolwoikµoiwook,and
indooditisouitoconnonloionoµoisontoholdnultiµloµait-tinolacultyµositionsoisonoconlinationol
lull-andµait-tinoonµloynontthatdoosnotoxcood¡ohouisµoiwook.Inzoo±,loioxanµlo,thoAigontino
statisticalyoailooknotodthatºtho¡¡;,¡¡±lacultyµositionscoiiosµondto8¡,¡zoacadonicstall,thatis,thoiatio
olµositionstoµooµlois¡.¡8"(Piati,µoisonalconnunication,July±,zoo8j.
Tho acadonic µiolossion in Aigontina is conµiisod ol loui nain onµloynont ianks, µiosontod hoio in
dosconding oidoi, in toins ol tho µiolossional and salaiy hioiaichy: lull µiolossoi (prcjcscr titu|urj, associato
µiolossoi,adiunctµiolossoi,jcjc dc trubujcs pructiccs(oi]TPj,anduyuduntc dc princru,whichisconsidoiodtho
histioalµiolossionalaµµointnontloianasµiiingyoungacadonicinAigontina.Thoioisanovonnoioontiy-
lovoldosignation,knownasuyuduntc dc scgundu,lutthisisiosoivodloistudontsandnayonlyinvolvoµait-tino
onµloynont(dcdicuciún sinp|cjol¡ohouisµoiwook(Piati,µoisonalconnunication,July±,zoo8j.
Salary |njornat|on
ThosalaiyinloinationusodloithisstudyconoslionhvoAigontinogovoinnontWolsitos(AigontinoMinistiy
olEducation,n.d.-l,n.d.-c,n.d.-d,n.d.-o,n.d.-lj.AlthoughthoHighoiEducationLawol¡oo¡did,inthooiy,intio-
ducoasalaiydocontializationschonoloithonationalunivoisitiosolAigontinawhoiolyindividualinstitutions
could ºdohno thoii own salaiy scalos, within coitain µaianotois"viitually nono ol tho national univoisitios
havonadonovostodoso,loyondalownowoiandsnalloiinstitutions(Piati,µoisonalconnunication,July±,
zoo8j.Thosµocihcsalaiyhguiosincludodinthisanalysisaiothosoloilull-tinolacultyinµullicunivoisitios,at
tholovolsoluyuduntc dc princru,]TP,adiunctµiolossoi,associatoµiolossoi,andlullµiolossoi.
ItisintoiostingtonotothatthogovoinnontWolµagosµiovidingthosalaiyinloinationaiotitlodRccupcruciún
dc| Suc|dc Dcccntc Univcrsituric,oi,inEnglish,RocovoiyolUnivoisityToachingStallSalaiios.Thisioßoctstho
lactthatthoiohasloonadianaticincioasoinnonthlysalaiiosloiAigontinoacadonicssincothooailyzooos,a
µoiiodduiingwhichAigontinahasoxµoiioncodaµaiticulailytunultuousocononicsituation.
z
Indood,accoid-
ingtothososouicos,nonthlysalaiiosloithohvoacadonicianksconsidoiodhoiohavogiownlyanywhoiolion
¡±oµoiconttozo±µoicont,lotwoonMayzoo¡andSoµtonloizoo;.Althoughthisstudyhasattonµtodtodiaw
dataonlylionthoyoaiszoo¡zooo,inthocasoolAigontina,wochosotousothosalaiyhguioslionSoµtonloi
zoo;,toioßoctthonostiocontinloinationinthisiaµidlychangingcontoxt.
Calculatingthosalaiyavoiagosloiouistudyinvolvodsovoialstoµs.Thoontiy-lovolhguioisnotacalculatod
avoiago,lutissinµlytholowostsalaiyhguioloithoºayudantodoµiinoia"onµloynontiank.Inoidoitocalcu-
latothosalaiyavoiagosloitholouiothoionµloynontianksinAigontina,wotookthosalaiyhguiosavailalloloi
lacultyinthosoµositionswithºnosonioiity,"ºavoiagosonioiity,"andºnaxinunsonioiity,"addodthosotogothoi,
anddividodlythiooinalllouicasos,yioldinganovoiallavoiagononthlysalaiyloioachlovololonµloynont.
Thoovoiallavoiagowasthoncalculatodlyavoiagingthoavoiagosalaiiosloihvolovolsolonµloynont.Wothon
convoitodthosoanountstoWoildBankPPPdollais,asindicatodinTallo¡lolow.
1ab|e ¡.
Average Argentine Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: peso)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {ayudante de pr|nera) z,zzz ·,),·
Overall average ¡,8)j ¡,o,z
1op level {projesor t|tular) ,,o·6 ¡,j,o
z 1he C|/ vorld |actbook {zoo8) provides a nice summary oF these developments, with the Following details: º1he |Argentinel econ-
omy bottomed out.|in zoozl, with real GDP ·8% smaller than in ·jj8 and almost 6o% oF Argentines under the poverty line. Real
GDP rebounded to grow by an average j% annually over the subsequent Fve years.. InFation, however, reached double-digit levels in
zoo6.... Multi-year price Freezes on electricity and natural gas rates For residential users stoked consumption and kept private invest-
ment away, leading to restrictions on industrial use and blackouts in zoo)º {CIA, zoo8, n.p.).
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡·
AdditionalanalysisolthososalaiyhndingsisµiosontodinTallo±.
1ab|e a.
Iey Argentine Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) ·,·)· : jzz
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary z.¡
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ¡.¡
Boloioontoiingintoanyanalysisolthisinloination,itisinµoitanttonotohoiosovoialinµoitantlinitations
andoxclusions.Fiist,thosalaiydatawoaiousingconolionsalaiytallosanddonotnocossaiilyioßoctwhat
lacultynonloisactuallynako.Thisistiuoloiouistudyasawhololutnustlocaiolullyµointodoutagainin
contoxtslikoAigontina,whoiothoincidoncoolindividualacadonicsholdingnultiµloaµµointnontsinsidoand
outsido ol acadoniaand thoioloio µotontially oaining alovo and loyond what is indicatod in a givon salaiy
talloisosµociallyhigh.
BonusosolvaiioussoitsioµiosontanothoiinµoitantdotailinAigontina.Whiloacadonicsatalllovolsnay
lonoht lion outsido onµloynont, highoi-lovol laculty in µaiticulai can tako advantago ol lonusos dosignod
tooncouiagoiosoaichoitochnologytiansloiactivitios.Moanwhilo,asolnid-zoo8,lacultyholdingadoctoial
dogioonaylooligilloloialonusoluµto¡¡µoicontoltholasosalaiy.Andhnally,µulliclyonµloyodlull-tino
laculty,likothonaioiityollull-tinoonµloyoosinAigontina,iocoivooachyoaithooouivalontola¡¡thnonthol
salaiy.Thislonus(knownasthouguinu|dcoisu|uric unuu| ccnp|cncnturicjisdistiilutodintwoµaitshallin
oailyJulyandthoothoihallinoailyJanuaiy(Piati,µoisonalconnunication,July±,zoo8j.
Tholackolwoightodavoiagosisalsoaconcoin,givonthatthosalaiydataolsonoiankswhoioiolativolylow
µooµloaioonµloyodoxoitaninoidinatoinßuoncoovoithohndings.Foioxanµlo,lothuyuduntcs dc princru and
associatoµiolossoisonlyioµiosont¡oµoicontoacholtholull-tinoianksinAigontina,whoioaslullµiolossois
nakouµz¡.¡µoicontolthisgiouµ,adiunctµiolossois¡¡µoicont,and]TPszo.±µoicont(AigontinoMinistiyol
Education,zoooj.
Thoso cavoats asido, howovoi, tho data on lull-tino laculty salaiios in Aigontina givo iiso to two intoiosting
considoiations.Thohististhatlull-tinoacadonicscanoxµoct,onavoiago,tonakonoiothanthiootinostho
avoiago GDP nonthly salaiy in Aigontina, as indicatod in Tallo ± alovo. In gonoial toins, this suggosts that
lull-tinoacadoniconµloynontµiovidosalaiilyconloitallooxistonco,whonconµaiodtoovoiallinconoavoi-
agosinthocountiy.Thisnotionisioinloicodwhonsotagainsttholactthatnonthlysalaiiosloithohvolovols
olonµloynontstudiodhoiogiowlyanavoiagool¡;zµoicontlionzoo¡tozoo;,whilothocostollivingin
Aigontina duiing this sano µoiiod ioso at a signihcantly snalloi (though inaigually still dianaticj µaco, iust
undoi±oµoicont(AigontinoMinistiyolEducation,n.d.-l,n.d.-c,n.d.-d,n.d.-o,n.d.-lj.
Socondly,thononthlysalaiygiowthovoitinoisnotinsignihcantinAigontina,µaiticulailywhonµlacodintho
conµaiativocontoxtolthisstudydoµondinguµonthodogiooolsonioiity,alullµiolossoicanoxµocttonako
anywhoiolion¡.¡tonoailyz.8tinosthatolhisoihoiontiy-lovolcolloaguos.
Olcouiso,anynoiodotailodstudyollacultysalaiiosinAigontinawouldhavototakosoiiouslyintoaccount
tho issuo ol µait-tino acadonic onµloynont and tho ºnoonlighting" µhonononon, whoioly ono individual
holdsnoiothanonoiol.Anuchnoiosoµhisticatodanalysiswouldalsoincludoaconsidoiationolhowlaculty
salaiios havo hold uµ against tho ionunoiation lovols ol othoi µiolossionals in Aigontina, µaiticulaily in tho
contoxtolthoosµociallyvolatiloocononiconviionnontthathaschaiactoiizodthocountiyiniocontyoais.

i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡z
Austra|ia
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Accoiding to tho Unitod Nations Dovoloµnont Piogianno (UNDP, zoo;j, Austialia is a considoiod a ºhigh
hunan dovoloµnont" countiy, iankod thiid anong ¡;; ly tho UNDP`s (zoo;j zoo;zoo8 Hunan Dovoloµ-
nontIndox.ItsannualGDPµoicaµitaisostinatodinWoildBankPPPdollaisatS¡z,;o8(WoildBank,zoo8j,
whichisSz,;¡¡µoinonth.
Data Collect|on
StatisticsandcontoxtinloinationaloutAustialianhighoioducationwoiooltainodnainlylionthoAustialian
Doµaitnont ol Education, Scionco and Tiaining. Salaiy inloination cano lion tho .cc±c¡ Acudcnics Stujj
Su|ury Survcy(Kulloi&Roloits,zoo¡j.FoiAustialia,KulloiandRoloits`(zoo¡janalysiswaslasodonasuivoy
aµµliodto¡ounivoisitios,allnonloisolthoAssociationolConnonwoalthUnivoisitios(ACUj.Wodocidodto
woikollolthiszoo±zoo¡inloinationinsµitooltholactthattholasolinoyoailoiouistudyiszoo¡-zooo,
locausothoKulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jsuivoywasthonostconµlotosalaiysuivoyinvolvingAustialiathatwas
availalloatthotinoolouidatacolloctionandanalysiswoik.
¡
Woaiocognizantoltholactthatthisdocisionnay
alloctslightlythoAustialiansalaiios`conµaiativoµositionsinouistudy,whichnightaµµoaialittlolowoithan
thoywouldintholasolinoyoaiolzoo¡zooo.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
ThoAustialianhighoioducationsystonisnostlyµulliclylundod.Inzoo;,thoiowoioalout¡ozhighoiodu-
cation ºµiovidois," including ¡; µullic univoisitios, ono Austialian lianch ol an ovoisoas univoisity, loui soll
accioditinginstitutions,andnoiothan¡¡onon-sollaccioditinginstitutions(AustialianDoµaitnontolEduca-
tion,EnµloynontandWoikµlacoRolationshiµs,n.d.j.
In zoo¡, thoio woio ozo,o¡o
±
highoi oducation studonts: ¡o µoicont (zo¡,¡o±j in giaduato µiogians and
oo¡,¡zoinundoigiaduatoµiogians.Inthissanoyoaithoiowoio¡8,o¡zµiolossoisinµullicinstitutions(Aus-
tialianDoµaitnontolEducation,ScioncoandTiaining,zoo;j.Inloinationaloutstudontsandlacultyinµiivato
institutions was not availallo, noi was inloination on µait-tino laculty. Honco, tho total nunloi ol toachois
indicatodhoiocovoisonlylull-tinolacultyinµullicinstitutions.Howovoi,availalloinloinationsuggoststhat,
niiioiingthotiondinnanyothoicountiios,lull-tinoandliactionallull-tinoµositionshavoionainodviitually
unchangod in Austialia, whilo ºcasual" (i.o., non-lull tinoj acadonic onµloynont has loon giowing. Indood,
lotwoon¡oooandzoo¡thonunloiollacultyonµloyodonacasuallasisgiowlionoµoiconttozoµoicontol
thototalacadonicwoikloico(Rolinson,zoooj.
Salary |njornat|on
Salaiios and lonohts in Austialia aio not dotoininod ly a national authoiity oi thiough individual nogotia-
tion,lutiathoithioughontoiµiisolaigaining.AlthoughKulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jconcludodthatAustialian
acadonic salaiios woio tho nost attiactivo salaiios anong tho Connonwoalth nations, a doclining tiond in
noninalacadonicsalaiioshasloonioµoitod.Thishasloicodthocioationolvaiioussuµµlonontaiyconµonsa-
tionstiatogiossuchashousingsulsidios,housingloans,iosoaichsuµµoit,ßoxillowoikµiogians,µaiontal
loavo,otc.toattiactandiociuitthoaµµioµiiatostall(Hoisloy,Gayo,&Woodluino,zoo¡j.
ThoAustialianacadoniconµloynontianksconsistolhvocatogoiios:associatoloctuioi,loctuioi,sonioiloc-
tuioi,associatoµiolossoi,andµiolossoi.Sincoouistudyainodtoconµaiononthlyinconos,wotookthoannual
inconoasµiovidodlyKulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jloioachcatogoiyanddividodly¡z.Entiy-lovolsalaiioswoio
calculatodasanavoiagooltholotton,niddlo,andtoµolscaloavoiagosalaiioscoiiosµondingtotholoctuioi
lovol.Dosµitohavinginloinationaloutthoassociatoloctuioilovol,wodidnotincludoitinouicalculationsgivon
ouiundoistandingthatitisnotnocossaiilyconsidoiodtholoinalontiyµointtothoAustialianacadonicµiolos-
sion.InAustialia,whiloitisµossillotoµiocoodlionassociatoloctuioitoµiolossoiialianks,itisunconnon
(Wolch,µoisonalconnunication,Julyzo,zoo8j.
¡ For those interested in Commonwealth country salary issues, a new version oF the Commonwealth salary study has since been released.
z Students From nonaward courses, enabling courses, other undergraduate award courses, diploma, advanced diploma, and associate
degree programs were not included in this number.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡¡
Tho toµ-lovol avoiago salaiy was oltainod lion tho only valuo availallo loi tho µiolossoi iank. Using tho
standaidµiocoduioinouistudy,thoovoiallavoiagosalaiywasoltainodlycalculatingasinµloavoiagoliontho
availallosalaiioscoiiosµondingtothoacadoniccaiooiianks.ThoiosultsaioµiosontodinTallo¡lolow.
1ab|e ¶.
Average Australian Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: Australian dollar)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {lecturer) ,,zj, ¡,8·o
Overall average 6,666 z,)j,
1op level {proFessor) j,·¡z 6,,)o
TallooµiosontsasunnaiyolthoacadonicsalaiiosconµaiodtoGDPµoicaµita.Howovoi,loithisconµaii-
sonitnustlotakonintoaccountthatwoaiocontiastingthoacadonicsalaiiosloithoyoaizoo±zoo¡withtho
GDPµoicaµitaloithoyoaizoo¡.
1ab|e 6.
Iey Australian Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) ¡,)jj : z,)¡¡
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary ·.)
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ·.8
Inouiovoiallconµaiativostudy,Austialiahasthothiid-highostontiy-lovolsalaiy,andtholouith-highosttoµ-
lovolandovoiallsalaiyavoiagos,iustlohindCanadaandthoUnitodStatosinthosostandings.Intoinsoltho
iatio ol toµ-lovol salaiy to ontiy-lovol salaiy, Austialia iogistois a iosult ol ¡.;, which is iust lolow tho avoiago
hguioloithisstudyol¡.o.

i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡z
Canada
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Rankod louith anong ¡;; countiios on tho UNDP`s Hunan Dovoloµnont Indox, Canada is a considoiod a
ºhighhunandovoloµnont"nation(UNDP,zoo;j.Foithoyoaizoo¡,Canada`sGDPµoicaµitawasostinatodat
S¡¡,¡;¡inWoildBankPPPdollais(WoildBank,zoo8j.ThistianslatostoSz,oz¡µoinonth.
Data Collect|on
Contoxt inloination (nunloi ol institutions, studonts, and toach-
oisjwasdiawnlionStatisticsCanada,thoolhcialstatisticsagoncy
olthocountiy.UnlikoouiaµµioachtothodataloithoothoiBiitish
Connonwoalth countiios includod in this iosoaich, wo docidod
nottousoKulloiandRoloits`(zoo¡jstudyasouinainsouicool
inloination loi Canada. Instoad, wo onµloyod data lion a study
lythoCanadianAssociationolUnivoisityToachois(CAUT,zoo;j
locausoitcovoiodthosanoµoiiodolouistudy(thoacadonicyoai
zoo¡zoooj,aswollasioßoctodinloinationlionalaigoinunloi
ol institutions acioss Canadao± voisus ¡o in tho Kulloi and
Roloits(zoo¡jstudy.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
HighoioducationinCanadaisalnostoxclusivolyµullic(Snallnan,
zoooj, howovoi, ºunivoisitios aio logally incoiµoiatod as not-loi-
µioht µiivato coiµoiations" (Jonos, µoisonal connunication, Juno
z¡,zoo8j.Piivatoµiovidoisaionainlyioligiously-alhliatodunivoi-
sitiosand,inaddition,thoioaioalowµiivatoloi-µiohtinstitutions
(Knight,µoisonalconnunication,Maichzo,zoo8j.
CountinghighoioducationinstitutionsinCanadaisnotanoasy
taskduotosovoiallactois,includinganliguityinthowaythatuni-
voisitios aio classihod and countod, tho oxistonco ol a nunloi ol
nonunivoisityinstitutionsthatolloilaccalauioatodogioos,andtho
lactthat,anongothoiioasons
thoio aio ouito a nunloi ol institutions that havo tho logal
authoiitytogiantdogioos(andthoioloioaiocountodasunivoi-
sitiosj lut havo docidod not to uso this authoiity locauso thoy
aio oµoiating in a lodoiation oi alhliation aiiangonont with
anothoiinstitution(Jonos,zoo8j.
Contoxtual lactois ol this natuio aio oxtionoly inµoitant in
nakingsonsoolCanadianacadonicsalaiiosloitwonainioasons.
Thohististhatµullicunivoisitysalaiiosaiohighoithanthosalaiios
in tho snall soctoi ol µiivato univoisitios, in tho connunity-col-
logo soctoi, and in tho µiivato-ioligious-collogo soctoi. Il a lioadoi
dohnition ol univoisity woio onµloyod (to includo, loi oxanµlo, othoi tyµos ol laccalauioato dogioo-gianting
institutionsjthonthoavoiagolacultysalaiylovolswoulddoclino.Thosocondlactoiisthatthoioisonlyanodost
lovololinstitutionaldivoisitywithinthoCanadianunivoisitysoctoi(asdohnodalovojinthatnostunivoisitios
aio conµiohonsivo dogioo-gianting institutions that olloi a conlination ol undoigiaduato, µiolossional, and
giaduatooducation.Allolthosoinstitutionshavonissionsthatincludotoaching,iosoaich,andsoivico.Thoio
aiocoitainlydilloioncosintholovololiosoaichactivitylyinstitution,lutitisinµoitanttonotothatthoioaiono
toaching-only(oiµiodoninantlytoachingjinstitutionsthatnighthavoaouitodilloiontacadonicsalaiystiuc-
tuio(Jonos,zoo8j.
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
Canadian universities are created as
independent corporations and Faculty
are employees oF the university. Full-time
Faculty at the vast majority oF public uni-
versities have created unions operating
under provincial labour laws, and salary
levels at these institutions are determined
by collective bargaining. Fven at those
universities where Full-time Faculty are
not unionized, salary increases tend to be
determined through negotiation between
a Faculty association leadership and the
university administration . . . 1here are diF-
Ferences in salary structure by institution
. . . 1his becomes an important Factor in
interpreting the comparative data because
while some systems have national salary
structures, rank deFnitions, and condi-
tions oF employment, these issues are
dealt with on an institutional basis in
Canada. Focusing on national average
salaries in the Canadian case essentially
hides diFFerences by institution in salary
levels, and there are Fairly large diFFerences
which means that junior salaries are much
lower and senior salaries are much higher
at some institutions than the national
data might imply. It is also important to
recognize that there are diFFerences in the
cost-oF-living within a very large country
like Canada, and these diFFerences may {or
may not) inFuence Faculty salary levels.
cir× ì6×rs,
Ontar|o |nst|tute jor Stud|es |n Educat|on.
Un||ers|ty oj Toronto
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡,
Basod on olhcial data loi tho acadonic yoai zoo¡zooo thoio woio ±¡¡ highoi oducation institutions in
Canada:¡z¡univoisitios(ooµoicontµullicjandzozcollogos(¡8µoicontµullicj.Thototaloniollnontloi
thosanoyoaiwas¡,o±;,;oostudonts:8o¡,¡ooundoigiaduatos(8±µoicontj,¡¡¡,ooogiaduatos(¡oµoicontj,
and tho ionaining oo,ooo studonts coiiosµondod to tho catogoiy ol ºothoi µiogians" (Statistics Canada,
zoo8,Foliuaiy;j.
Inthosanoµoiiod,thoiowoio¡±,o¡;lull-tinotoachois.Asinnanyothoicountiiosinouistudy,inloina-
tion alout µait-tino laculty was not availallo: thoioloio oui data aio linitod to lull-tino laculty lion µullic
univoisitios.Pait-tinolacultyioµiosontasignihcantsognontolCanadianlaculty,howovoi.In¡oozthoyalioady
accountodloinoiothanono-thiidolthoµiolossoiiato(Raiagoµal&Faii,¡oozj,andduiingtholastdocadooltho
zothcontuiyationdtowaidanincioasoinµait-tinonunloisandadocioasointhonunloiollull-tinolaculty
hasloonnotod(Oniocinski,zoo¡j.Still,ioliallostatisticsaionotavailallo,ovonthoughºanocdotalovidonco"
suggosts that tho incionontal uso ol ºcontingont acadonic laloi"which includos µait-tino and non-tonuio
tiackaµµointnontsissinilai,althoughnotasdianatic,asinthoUnitodStatos(Snallnan,zoooj.
Salary |njornat|on
Anongthoµiinciµallactoisthatcannakoadilloioncointhoionunoiationscalosliononounivoisitytoanothoi
aiolacultios`ciodontials,acadonics`nunloiolyoaistoaching,andtholactthatºsonounivoisitiosinµosoda
naxinunsalaiyiangoloioachiankwhiloothoishavooµonondodscalos"(StatisticsCanada,zoo8j.
BasodonCAUT(zoo;jdataloiavoiagosalaiiosollull-tinounivoisitytoachoisloithoyoaizoo¡,ouiontiy-
lovol salaiy was takon diioctly lion tho avoiago salaiy loi assistant µiolossoi: oui toµ-lovol salaiy was takon
diioctly lion tho avoiago salaiy loi lull µiolossois: and tho ovoiall avoiago was calculatod as tho avoiago ol
thosalaiioscoiiosµondingtothothiooacadonicianks:lullµiolossoi,associatoµiolossoi,andassistantµiolos-
soi.Wodidnotincludoinouicalculationsalaiioscoiiosµondingtothoiankolloctuioiloisovoialioasons.In
Canada,thothiooianksconsidoiodtoconµiisothoacadonicµiolossionaiothosoincludodinouicalculations,
whilo tho dononination ºloctuioi" has voiy anliguous usos (Jonos, µoisonal connunication, Juno z¡, zoo8j
and,ingonoial,itisnotconsidoiodanontiylovolµositiontothoacadonicµiolossion.Thohnaliosultsoloui
calculationsaiosunnaiizodinTallo;.
1ab|e ¡.
Average Canadian Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: Canadian dollar)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {assistant proFessor) 6,¡oo ,,zo6
Overall average ),jz¡ 6,,z8
1op level {Full proFessor) j,6)o ),jjz
Asindicatodinthoconµaiativohndingssoctionolthisioµoit,Canadaiogistoissonoolthohighostacadonic
salaiiosinouistudy.Inthointoiostoltiansµaioncy,wonotohoiothatthoovoiallavoiagovaluowooltainodwas
slightlyliggoithanthovaluoioµoitodlyCAUT(zoo;jasºallianksconlinod,"sincowodidnotincludotho
salaiydataloiloctuiois.
ThodocisiontousothoCAUTdatanayinµactouistudy`sconµaiativoanalysisintwonainways.Fiist,
thoCAUTstudy(zoo;jioµoitsinloinationlionanoioiocontyoaizoo¡thanthoKulloiandRoloits
(zoo¡jdataloiConnonwoalthunivoisitios,whichconoslionzoo±zoo¡.Thisnoansthatinouistudy,
CanadaiogistoisnoioiocontsalaiydatathansonoothoicountiioslionthoConnonwoalththatwoana-
lyzodusingthoKulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jdata.Thiscioatossonolovololconcoinintoinsolthoanalysis
involvingthoothoiConnonwoalthcountiios,lutdoosµiovidoalottoiconµaiisonolCanadaagainstnany
olthoothoinon-Connonwoalthcountiiosinthostudy,nostolwhichµiosontdatalionouilasolinoyoai
olzoo¡zooo.
Socondly,asoµµosodtothowaythatwocalculatodavoiagosloinanyolthoothoicountiiosinthisstudy,in
thocasoolCanadawodidnotcalculatothotoµ-lovolandontiy-lovolsalaiiosasavoiagoslionascaloolsalaiy
valuos.Rathoi,wosinµlyusodasthoontiy-lovolavoiagosalaiythonationalavoiagoloiassistantµiolossoiand,
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡6
asthotoµ-lovolavoiago,thonationalavoiagoloiaµiolossoi.Sinilaily,thoovoiallavoiagowascalculatodlion
thosinglosalaiyavoiagoscoiiosµondingtothothiooianksincludodinouistudy:assistantµiolossoi,associato
µiolossoi,andµiolossoi.
AconµaiisonolthovaluosthatwooltainodlasodonthodatalionKulloiandRoloits`(zoo¡jstudyinvolving
thoAssociationolConnonwoalthUnivoisitios,andthonunloisµullishodlythoCAUT(zoo;j,aioµiosontod
inTallo8lolow.
1ab|e 8.
Comparison oF Canadian Salary Averages
Fmployment Level Average Annual Salaries, ACU
{zoozzoo,)
Average Annual Salaries, CAU1
{zoo,zoo6)
Lecturer ,z,)zj 6,,zz,
Senior Lecturer 6,,z,z ),,,jz
Associate ProFessor )j,)68 j¡,,jj
ProFessor 88,··o ··6,ozo
Nctc.ThoACUannualsalaiyavoiagoswoiocalculatodlyuslionthoioµoit`snonthlysalaiyhguios.Allhguios(ACUandCAUTjaioin
Canadiandollais.
Scurccs.CAUT(zoo;j:KulloiandRoloits(zoo¡j.
Ono inµoitant inµlication ol this dilloionco in valuos is that whilo, accoiding to Kulloi and Roloits` (zoo¡j
study,AustialiahadtholottoiµaidlacultyanongthoConnonwoalthcountiios,inouistudyCanadaµoiloins
lottoithatanyothoiConnonwoalthcountiy.Moanwhilo,althoughouistudyloundthatacadonicsalaiiosnay
giow, on avoiago, o± µoicont lion ontiy to toµ lovols, salaiios in Canada iogistoi iust a ¡± µoicont incioaso
ovoithocouisoolacaiooi.TallooµiovidosthostandaidsalaiyµiogiossionandGDPconµaiisonhndingsloi
Canada.
1ab|e ç. Iey Canadian Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) ¡,,¡) : z,jz¡
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary ·.,
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita z.z
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡)
China
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Widolyiocognizodasonoolthonostdynanicocononiosinthowoild,Chinaisconsidoiodaºnodiunhunan
dovoloµnont" countiy ly tho UNDP Hunan Dovoloµnont Indox, which iankod it 8¡ anong ¡;; countiios
(UNDP,zoo;j.ChinahastholaigostµoµulationandthosocondsnallostGDPµoicaµitaanongthocountiios
inouistudy.Byzoo¡,itsannualGDPµoicaµitainconowasS±,oo¡inWoildBankPPPdollais(WoildBank,
zoo8j:which,dividodly¡z,yioldsS¡±¡µoinonth.
Data Collect|on
Collocting inloination lion China was not an oasy task. Whilo statistics on nunloi ol studonts, laculty, and
institutionswoiooltainodlionthoEducuticn Stutistics Ycurbcck cj Cninu(zooozoo¡j(MinistiyolEducation
olthoPooµlo`sRoµullicolChina,zoooj,inloinationaloutsalaiioswasnoiodilhculttooltainandwohad
tousodatalionsovoialsouicos.WoikdonolyWoiµingWang(zoo¡jwasthonostiocontandconµiohonsivo
aµµioachtosalaiiosthatwocouldhnd.Howovoi,itislinitodtothiooschoolsinonoµiivatoinstitution(Zhoii-
angShuRonUnivoisityjandtwoµullicunivoisitios(BUnivoisityandWUnivoisityj,andwaslasodonsnall
suivoyswithinthosoinstitutions.AstudylyC.Wang(zooojµiovidodinloinationaloutthoSchoololSociology
atNankaiUnivoisity,loithoyoaizooo.Howovoi,thoagoolthodataloicodustokooµthisstudyonlyasaioloi-
oncoµoint,anddidnotallowustoincludothoninouiavoiagosalaiycalculations.Woloundsovoialscattoiod
ioloioncos to salaiios in acadonic aiticlos and nowsµaµois. Most ol tho data coning lion thoso souicos woio
lionyoaisµiioitothoµoiiodolouistudy.Howovoisonoolthonostiocontinloinationiscitodinthisioµoit
toµiovidosonocontoxt.
Sinco wagos in µullic univoisitios aio dohnod ly tho contial govoinnont wo loliovo that tho inloination
µiosontod hoio nay soivo to illustiato ioughly tho gonoial situation ol Chinoso laculty in µullic institutions.
Nonotholoss,itnustlotakonintoaccountthatiocontchangosinChinosoiogulationsallowthosoinstitutions
toinµiovotoachois`salaiioswithnonioslionothoisouicos,whichcancioatoinµoitantdilloioncoslionono
institutiontoanothoioiovonanongschoolsinthosanounivoisity.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
Altoialongµoiiodolisolationlionthoiostolthowoildandaninµosoddivoicolotwoontoachingandiosoaich,
liontho¡o8osonChinastaitodasoiiosolchangosthatwouldµositivolyallocthighoioducationinthiscountiy.
Eniollnonthguioshavolooniisingatanastonishingiatosinco¡oo8,andthoacadonicµiolossion,whichin
loinoiyoaiswashighlyaµµiociatodlutµooilyµaid,haslocononoioattiactivoloiyoungµiolossionals.
Inzoo¡,Chinahadz,z;¡highoioducationinstitutions,olwhich¡,;ozwoioiogulailull-tinoinstitutions,and
thoiostwoioµullicadulthighoiloaininginstitutions.Anongthoiogulailull-tinoinstitutions,8oµoicontwoio
µullicwhiloonly¡±µoicontwoioµiivato:¡oµoicontwoiounivoisitios,ando¡µoicontwoionon-univoisitios.In
thosanoyoai,thiscountiyioµoitodz¡,ooo,;o¡oniollodstudonts:o;8,o¡oatthogiaduatolovolandzz,o¡¡,¡¡¡
undoigiaduatos(including±,¡oo,;o¡adultstudonts,andz,o¡z,o;oWolstudontsj.Thosystonalsoiogistoiod
¡,o¡o,oo¡ laculty: ¡,o;z,ooz lull-tino and 8oo,±o¡ µait-tino acadonic stall (Wu, µoisonal connunication,
Doconloi¡z,zoo;,lasodonMinistiyolEducationolthoPooµlo`sRoµullicolChina,zoooj.
Salary |njornat|on
Accoidingtoaiticlo±;olthoChinosoLawolHighoiEducation(MinistiyolEducationolthoPooµlo`sRoµullic
ol China, ¡oo8j, thoio aio loui ianks loi toachois in highoi oducation: assistant, loctuioi, associato µiolossoi,
andµiolossoi.Asindicatodµioviously,thosalaiydataloithisstudycanolioniustthioounivoisitios.Inthoso
institutions,inloinationwasavailalloloitholollowingianks:
- BUnivoisity:assistantloctuioi,loctuioi{associatoµiolossoi,andlullµiolossoi:
- WUnivoisity:assistantloctuioi,loctuioi,associatoµiolossoi,andlullµiolossoi:and
- ZhoiiangShuRonUnivoisity(µiivatoj:loctuioi,associatoµiolossoi,lullµiolossoi.
Wo thon calculatod avoiagos loi tho ontiy-lovol, toµ-lovol, and ovoiall sµoctiun using tho sano nothodology
onµloyodloithoiostolthocountiiosinthisstudy.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡8
Thosnallsizoolouisanµlodonandodthatwolovoiycautiousaloutanykindolgonoialization.Howovoi,
inloinationlionacadoniciouinalsandnowsµaµoihasloonconsistontwithouihndings.Foioxanµlo,accoid-
ingtoouicalculationslasodonthoinloinationµiovidodlyW.Wang(zoo¡j,thoovoiallavoiagoacadonicsalaiy
wasRMB±,o;;.ThisanountisioasonallyclosotothoinloinationµiosontodlyP.Chon(zoooj,whoillustiatos
tho oxanµlo ol an assistant µiolossoi who ºonly nakos alout RMB ±,;8o µoi nonth" (including laso salaiy,
sundiystiµonds,andioinluisonontsj.AccoidingtoP.Chon(zoooj,ºThoolhcialnationalsalaiygivontoalull
µiolossoiinChinatodayassotoutlythoMinistiyolEducationisanoioRMB±,ooo(S¡oojanonth"(n.µ.j.
LaiandLo(zoo;jillustiatodhowaiogionalunivoisityhaslooninµlonontinganowionunoiationsyston
lasodon¡¡µositionsoiianks.UndoithissystonthoioisalasicsalaiyolaloutRMBz±,oooµoiyoai.Inaddi-
tion,lacultynonloisiocoivoasulsidydoµondingonthoiiiank.ThoioisanincionontolRMB¡,oooµoiyoai
lotwoonianks,soaµiolossoiinthohistcatogoiywouldhavoalasicconµonsationolRMBz±,oooµlustho
sulsidyolRMB¡,ooo,whiloaµiolossoiinatoµµositionwouldhavothosanolasicsalaiy(RMBz±,ooojµlus
asulsidyolRMB¡o,ooo.Undoithonowsyston,µiolossois`ianksandinconolovolsdoµondonthoiiµullica-
tions,thoiitoachingloads,andthoiiiosoaichµioiocts.Thisisdianaticallydilloiontlionthooldoisystonstill
aµµlicalloinnanyunivoisitioswhichislasodnostlyonyoaisolwoikandsonioiity(Lai&Lo,zoo;j.This
systonwashistintioducodin¡oo8inPokingUnivoisityandTsinghuaUnivoisityandhasloonioµlicatodin
sovoialothoiinstitutions(P.Chon,zoooj.
AnadditionalolstacloindotoininingthoioalinconoolChinosolacultyisthowaysalaiiosaioconµoundod,
which is uniouo to this countiy, although µoihaµs sinilai to tho salaiy conµositions loi toµ iosoaichois in
Moxico.Salaiiosaionadouµolµaynontslionthioonainsouicos:thogovoinnont,tholocalauthoiity,andtho
univoisity. Faculty salaiy conµosition ly souico nay vaiy aiound thoso µoicontagos: govoinnont, ¡o µoicont:
µositionallowancoinunivoisity,¡¡µoicont:localallowanco,z¡µoicont:wollaioincono,¡oµoicont(R.Chon,
Liu,&Lin,zoooj.
ThogovoinnontµaitolthoacadonicsalaiyinChinaiscalculatodlasodonyoaisolsoivico,titlo,andadnin-
istiativoµositionoltholacultynonloi.ThoµositionallowancoisinthoiangoolRMB¡o,oooto¡o,ooo.(Tho
conµlotoiangoisRMB¡,oooto¡o,ooo,sincoallunivoisityµoisonnoliocoivothistyµoolconµonsation,luttho
lacultyconµonsationhguiosstaitatRMB¡o,ooo.jThoconµonsationµiovidodlythoschooloidoµaitnontis
thonostvaiialloconµonont,anditdoµondsonthounivoisity`sandthoschool`swoalth.Whilowoalthyschools
willhavoagoodanountolnonoytoµaythoiilaculty,µooischools(ovoninthosanounivoisityjnaynothavo
anyiosouicosatallloithatsanoµuiµoso.Inaddition,lacultywhohavoiosoaichgiantsnaygotaµoicontago
olthogiantianginglotwoonhvoandzoµoicont.Thissouicoolinconohascoitainlinitations.Foioxanµlo,
govoinnontalgiantsusuallycannotlousodtoµaysalaiiosoiµayloiiosoaichwoik.Thoacadonicholdoidisci-
µlinoalsonattois:nostolthoiosoaichiosouicosaiooiiontodtowaidaµµliodiosoaich,whiloothoiholds(o.g.,
µuioscioncosandoducationjaiolosslikolytogainaccosstothosononios(Ma,µoisonalconnunication,Juno
zo,zoo8j.
Bonusosioµiosontanothoiinµoitantµaitolsalaiios.AtShuRonUnivoisity(aµiivatoinstitutionj,loioxanµlo,
atoachoiwithalasosalaiyolRMB¡,8oocangotanadditionalRMBz,z±ointoachinglonusos.Thiscalculation
islasodonRMB¡¡µoitoachinghoui,at¡ohouisµoiwook(W.Wang,zoo¡j.Sonothingsinilaihaµµonsintho
µullicsoctoi.AµiolossoilionaµullicunivoisityinBoiiingµutitinthosotoins:ºIdonotcounttholasosalaiy,
itistoolow.IonlycountwhatIcanoainliontholonus.Bonusoscanlonuchhighoithanthosalaiy"(W.Wang,
zoo¡j.Thissituationnakosintoinationalsalaiyconµaiisonsµaiticulailyconµlox.
Acadonicsuµoistaiswoioachallongoloiouistudy.Thoyhavoiocoivodacoitainanountolattontionlytho
nodiainChina(Bcijing Dui|y,zoo¡:Li,zoo±j,lutwowoionotallotohndsµocihcsalaiyinloinationloithis
soloctgiouµollacultyinawaythatwouldallowustoconµaioitwithothoiacadonicsalaiydata.Foithisioason
wodocidodnottoincludoinouicalculationsthosonotinosoxoilitantanountsioµoitodlythonodia,lutwo
loolitisinµoitanttonontionthoacadonicsuµoistaiµhononononasaµaitolthosalaiylandscaµoinChina.
Sonounivoisitiosaiotiyingtoattiacttoachoislionothoicountiios.Foioxanµlo,alullµiolossoiwithadoc-
toialdogioolionaµiostigiousunivoisityovoisoascanloµaidSoo,oooayoai(Aiyai,zoo8joinoio(Li,zoo±j.
Howovoi,sonounivoisitiosaiotiyingtoattiactloioignlacultywithsalaiiosclosoitothostandaidconµonsation.
Foioxanµlo,aiolµostinglionBoiiingUnivoisityolPostsandToloconnunications(n.d.joiiontodtointoi-
nationalEnglishsµoakoislionthoUnitodStatos,thoUnitodKingdon,Austialia,andCanadaolloissalaiios
lotwoonRMBz,ooo,loilacholoi`s-dogioo-holdoiswithnininaltoachingoxµoiionco,andRMB¡,±oo,loiPhD-
dogioo-holdoiswithnininaltoachingoxµoiionco.ExµoiioncodtoachoisnaylooligilloloianadditionalRMB
zoo±oo,andthoioaiosonoadditionallonohtsloiallolthon.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
¡j
Ultinatoly,ouiinloinationonacadonicsalaiiosinChinayioldodthoiosultsindicatodinTallo¡ololow.
1ab|e ¡o.
Average Chinese Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: RMB yuan)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level z,¡,z 68z
Overall average z,o)) ·,·8z
1op level 6,¡66 ·,8z,
Tallo ¡¡ µiosonts a sunnaiy ol tho acadonic salaiios conµaiod to tho nonthly GDP µoi caµita ostinato
loi China. Foi this conµaiison, it should lo notod that wo aio contiasting tho acadonic salaiios loi tho yoai
zoo±zoo¡withthoGDPµoicaµitaloithoyoaizoo¡.
1ab|e ¡¡.
Iey Chinese Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) ·,·)6 : ¡z·
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary z.)
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ¡.,
InloinationlionChinaisconµlox,unovon,andcoitainlyinconµloto.Figuiosaloutsalaiiosandkoyindica-
toisnustloanalyzodconsidoiingthatinnanycasossalaiyisnotthonainsouicoolinconoloitoachois,whilo
lonusos,whichaionotincludodinouistudy,µlayaninµoitantiolo.Howovoi,aconµaiisonlotwoonthoovoiall
avoiagosalaiyandthononthlyGDPshowsthatthogovoinnontolloittoinµiovoacadonicsalaiiosinioconthas
loonsuccosslul,withanavoiagolull-tinohighoioducationtoachoioaininginzoo¡noiothan¡.¡tinosnoio
thanthoavoiagoChinosocitizon,lasodonthoGDPµoicaµitaloithatyoai.Thisisconsistontwithouiavoiago
hndingloithisstatistic,whichstandsat¡.z.
ItisalsoouitoinµoitanttonotothatthoChinosoiatiooltoµ-lovoltoontiy-lovolsalaiy,whichstandsatz.;,is
tholaigosttiodwithSaudiAialiaanongthocountiiosstudiodinouiiosoaich(aµaitlionPalostino,whichis
considoiodasasoµaiatosµocialcasoj.Thistianslatosintoanincioasoolsono¡;oµoicontlionavoiagoontiy-to
avoiagotoµ-lovolincono.Howovoi,thoioaioioasonstooxµoctanoiodianaticdilloionco.Thonowionunoia-
tionnodol,inµlonontodhistinPokingandTsinghuaUnivoisitiosandthoninsonoothoiinstitutions,consists
olninoiankswiththioocatogoiios(A,B,Cj.Sulsidiosloioachiankaiodotoininodlyoachunivoisityandtho
dilloioncoscanloasligasRMB¡o,ooo(So,zoojatthohighostlovol,andRMB¡,ooo(S¡;ojattholowost.This
ioµiosontsastiiking¡;-lolddilloionco(X.Chon,zoozj.
Chinoso govoinnont olloits to inµiovo acadonic ionunoiation havo alioady µioducod a signihcant iaiso
in laculty salaiios, which now aio liggoi than tho national GDP µoi caµita, as illustiatod alovo. Tho Chinoso
acadonicionunoiationsystonisovolvinglionavoiycontializodnodoltoonoinwhichunivoisitiosandthoii
schoolsaiogainingautononytodohnoandnogotiatoacadonicsalaiios.Thointioductionolthonowionunoia-
tion syston is µioducing inµoitant changos in tho Chinoso acadonic woild: nuch ionains to lo soon alout
howdovoloµnontsinthisaioawillunlold.Finally,itaµµoaisthatChinosoolloitstoluiolacultylionalioadnay
inµiovosalaiyconditionsloiavoiythintioiolintoinationalµiolossoiswhiloincioasinginooualitydonostically
inthoacadonicµiolossion.

i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
zo
Co|ombia
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Basodonthozoo;zoo8HunanDovoloµnontIndoxiosults,thoUnitodNationsDovoloµnontPiogiancon-
sidois Colonlia a ºnodiun hunan dovoloµnont" countiy, and iankod it ;¡th anong ¡;; countiios (UNDP,
zoo;j. In zoo¡, Colonlia`s GDP µoi caµita was So,¡oo (in Woild Bank PPP dollaisj µoi yoai (Woild Bank,
zoo8j:thatistosay,S¡z¡µoinonth.
Data Collect|on
ThonainsouicoloicontoxtualinloinationloiColonliawasthoNationalInloinationSystononHighoiEdu-
cation(oiSNIES,SistonaNacionaldoInloinaciondolaEducacionSuµoiioij,whichisiunlythoColonlian
Ministiy ol National Education (n.d.j. Inloination alout oniollnont, nunloi ol laculty, and donogiaµhics is
µiovidod diioctly ly tho highoi oducation institutions to tho govoinnont and thon µiocossod ly SNIES. Both
µullicandµiivatoinstitutionsaioolligodtoioµoitthoiiinloinationtothosyston.
Inloinationaloutsalaiioscanolionadilloiontsouico,sincoSNIESnoithoicolloctsnoianalyzosinloina-
tiononsalaiios.Instoad,wousodadocunontµioducodlyagiouµolunivoisitiosduiinganogotiationµiocoss
withthocontialgovoinnontainodatinµiovingsalaiiosloilacultyatµullicunivoisitios(Londoñootal.,zoo¡j.
Thisdocunontµiovidoddataaloutthioounidontihodµullicinstitutions,twoolthonwithinloinationalout
salaiiosµoionµloynontlovolandonoolthonwithiustaninstitutionalovoiallavoiagosalaiy.Salaiydotailslion
anothoiµulliciosoaichunivoisitywoiolatoiincludodtoinµiovoouisanµlo.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
Altoidocadosinwhichµiivatohighoioducationaccountodloinoiothanooµoicontolthototaloniollnontin
thocountiy,inzoo¡µiivatoandµullicoducationshaiodthooniollnontalnostooually.Still,intoinsolnunloi
olinstitutionsµiivatoonosaiothonaioiity.Thoioaionoiothantwoµiivatoinstitutionsloiovoiyµullicono(in
total,¡o¡µiivatovoisus8¡µullicj(ColonlianMinistiyolNationalEducation,n.d.j.
ThooniollnontiatioingiaduatoµiogiansinColonliaisiolativolylow.Moststudontsaioinlaccalauioato
(loui-oihvo-yoaijµiogiansandiust±.;µoicontolthototaloniollnontcoiiosµondstogiaduatostudonts,which
issinilaitocountiioslikoAigontina(¡.8µoicontj,China(±.¡µoicontj,oiSaudiAialia,lutlowoithanIndia(¡¡
µoicontj,SouthAliica(¡oµoicontj,oithoUnitodStatos(¡±µoicontj.
Full-tinolacultyaioaninoiitylothinµiivatoandµullicinstitutions.Mostlacultyaiohiiodthioughhouily
contiactsanditisconnonthataninstiuctoitoachosattwooinoioinstitutionssinultanoously.Inzoo¡,lion
atotalol8¡,ooolaculty,¡z,o;8woiohiiodundoihouilylasodcontiacts,o,oz¡undoihall-tinocontiacts,and
zo,¡o¡ woio lull-tinois (Colonlian Ministiy ol National Education, n.d.j. Tho nunlois loi houily lasod and
hall-tinocontiactsnustloconsidoiodwithsonocaution,howovoi,sincothosanoµoisonwoikingattwooi
thiooinstitutionscanlocountodtwooithiootinos.
Salary |njornat|on
Thoio aio inµoitant dilloioncos lotwoon tho contiact nodols loi µullic and µiivato univoisitios in Colonlia.
Whiloasµocihclawiogulatosthohistgiouµ,tholattoiaioiogulatodlythogonoiallaloilaw.Facultysalaiiosin
µullicunivoisitiosaiocalculatodontholasisolµointsallocatodnainlyintoinsoliank,sonioiity,andµioduc-
tivity.Thoconµonsationµoiµointisdohnodovoiyyoailythogovoinnont,andthohnalsalaiyisthoiosultol
nultiµlyingthonunloiolµointslythoiiassignodvaluo.Nonotholoss,µullicunivoisitioshavoacoitaindogioo
ollioodoninthisaioa,whichallowsloithooxistoncooldilloioncosinconµonsationliononoinstitutionto
anothoi.Incontiast,µiivatounivoisitioshavoanovonlioadoidogiooollioodonandsalaiiosaiodohnodthiough
individualnogotiation.
ThoioaiolouilacultycatogoiiosinColonlianµullicunivoisitios:auxiliaiyµiolossoi(prcjcscr uu×i|iurj,assistant
µiolossoi(prcjcscr usistcntcj,associatoµiolossoi(prcjcscr uscciudcj,andtitulaiµiolossoi(prcjcscr titu|urj,asdotoininod
lythonationalCongioss,thioughLaw¡ool¡ooz (CongiosodolaRoµullicadoColonlia,¡oozj.Thoontiy-lovol
salaiyinouistudywascalculatodasanavoiagoolthoavoiagosalaiiosloiauxiliaiyµiolossois.Inthosanoway,tho
toµ-lovolsalaiywascalculatodasanavoiagoolthosalaiiosloititulaiµiolossois.Foioachonoolthosanµlounivoisi-
tiosloiwhichwohaddotailodinloination(thiooinallj,wocalculatodanovoiallinstitutionalavoiagosalaiy.Wodid
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

thislyaddingthoavoiagosalaiyloioacholtholouionµloynontcatogoiiosanddividingthosovaluoslyloui.Tho
ovoiallavoiagosalaiyloithocountiywasthoavoiagoolthoovoiallavoiagosloioachunivoisity,includingthodata
lionthoonoadditionalµulliciosoaichunivoisityloiwhichwohadanovoiallavoiagosalaiyostinato.
Thoinloinationµiosontodhoiocovoisonlylull-tinolacultylionµullicunivoisitios,whichisasnallµaitol
thoColonlianµiolossoiiato.Thosanµlosizoisalsosnall:only±ol;;univoisitios.Howovoi,considoiingthat
thosalaiydohnitionµiocossloithosokindsolunivoisitiosiscontializod,itµiovidosagoodidoaolsalaiiosin
µullicunivoisitios.Tallo¡zsunnaiizosouiColonliansalaiyhndings.
1ab|e ¡z.
Average Colombian Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: Colombian peso)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {auxiliary proFessor) z,·zj,6o) ·,j8)
Overall average ¡,o,),8zj z,8z6
1op level {titular proFessor) z,z·¡,z,8 z,o)j
IntoinsolWoildBankPPPdollais,Colonlianacadonicsaioanongthonostµooilyµaidwhonconµaiodto
thoacadonicstallinthoothoicountiiosinthisstudy.Thoyconsistontlysitinaµositionthioooilouilovolsliontho
lottonolthoscalo,ahoadonlyolIndiaandChina,aswollasAigontinaatthoontiyandtoµlovolsolonµloynont.
Howovoi,whonconµaiodtoGDPµoicaµitaostinatos(assooninTallo¡¡j,thosituationisouitodilloiont.
Tho Colonlia data dononstiato tho thiid-laigost iatio ol avoiago salaiy to GDP µoi caµita anong tho studiod
countiios,lohindonlyIndiaandSouthAliica.
1ab|e ¡¡.
Iey Colombian Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) ,68,,¡8 : ,z6
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary z.·
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ,.z
Sinilaiiosultswoiooltainodwhonwoconµaiodthoontiy-lovolsalaiyloiaµiolossoiaµµointodataµullic
univoisitywiththonininunwagoinColonlia.Whiloloithoyoaizoo¡thonininunwagowas¡8¡,¡ooµosos
(oxcludingatiansµoitationsulsidyj,thoontiysalaiywasz,¡±o,oo;µosos,oi¡.otinosnoiothanthoolhcial
nininunwago.Thisnaysuggostthatlacultylionµullicunivoisitioshavoaconloitalloliloconµaiodtotho
avoiagoColonlian.Howovoi,itisnocossaiytostiosstholinitationsolouistudytoavoidanyinaccuiatoconclu-
sions,aswollastonotothatthosalaiyavoiagoslionthisstudywoionotconµaiodwiththosalaiiosloiothoi
µositionsinColonliadonandingsinilaioualihcations.
Intoinsolsalaiygiowthovoithocouisoolacaiooiµiosontodinthisstudyasasinµloiatiolotwoontoµ-
lovolandontiy-lovolsalaiioswoloundthatthoColonliandataiogistoiodiosultsslightlyalovothonodianol
¡.8loiallolthocountiiosincludodinthisµioioct.Thosoiosultsnaynottollthowholostoiy,howovoi.AColon-
lianoxµoitwhoioviowodouidataaloinoiviconinistoiloihighoioducationwhoiscuiiontlyaioctoiola
µiivatoinstitutioninColonlialoltthatouitoµ-lovolsalaiyiosultswoiotoolow(Botoio,µoisonalconnunica-
tion,August¡¡,zoo8j.Moioinµoitantly,Botoiosuggoststhat
TonakoastudyonacadonicsalaiiosloiColonlianoioiolialloitwouldlonocossaiytoincludoµiivato
institutions and µoihaµs considoi dilloiont soctois in toins ol location, tyµo ol institution, acciodita-
tionlovolandthoµullicoiµiivatonatuioolthoinstitutions.Iundoistandthatthisinloinationisvoiy
linitod,lutIthinkitwouldlowoiththoolloit(Botoio,µoisonalconnunication,August¡¡,zoo8j.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
zz
Tho linitations µointod out ly Botoio aio logitinato, and this study oµonly acknowlodgos thoso concoins.
Indood, it is voiy instiuctivo to noto that a govoinnont docioo iolatod to salaiios loi acadonic stall in µullic
univoisitios in zooz sot tho highost µossillo toµ-lovol salaiy at S8,o8¡,¡o; Colonlian µosos (Doµaitanonto
AdninistiativodolaFuncionPullica,zoozj.Thishguioisalnosttwicothotoµ-lovolavoiagosalaiywocalculatod
loiColonlianacadonics.Fuithoinoio,ilwotakointoaccountthoolhcialµayincionontsthataµµliodintho
µoiiodzoozzoo¡,thotoµ-lovolsalaiylionzoozcouldhavogiowntoaioundSo,ooo,oooColonlianµososin
zoo¡,whichtianslatosintoasignihcantanountS8,8;¡inWoildBankPPPdollais.
Thisinloinationcloailylogsloiluithoidiscussion.Onthoonohand,itisdilhcultloiustousothisdatain
anynoaninglulway.Thozoozgovoinnontdocioodoosnotµiovidoinloinationonthoonµloynontianksto
which tho salaiios aµµly, and oui study is lasod lundanontally on salaiy avoiagos loi onµloynont lovols, not
individuals. In addition,givon that thoso data aio valid loi zooz, wo do not know to what oxtont thoy (loi tho
toµsalaiiosinµaiticulaijcoiiosµondtoactualsalaiiostodayoitotholasolinoµoiiodloiouistudy,zoo¡zooo.
Whatiscloailionthisinloination,howovoi,isthatthoiangoolsalaiiosloiColonlianacadonicsisµiolally
lioadoithanwhatouianalysishndshoio,andagioatdoalnoiowoiknoodstolodonotoclaiilytholinitsol
lacultyionunoiationinthiscountiy,µaiticulailyinaconµaiativosonso.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

France
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Tho Unitod Nations Dovoloµnont Piogianno considois Fianco ono ol tho toµ ton countiios ol ºhigh hunan
dovoloµnont"aioundthowoild.Indood,UNDP`s(zoo;jzoo;zoo8HunanDovoloµnontIndox,µlacostho
countiyatnunloi¡o,outolatotal¡;;nations.ThoWoildBank(zoo8jostinatosavoiagoGDPµoicaµitaloi
FiancoatSzo,o±±(PPPSj.Dividodly¡z,thisyioldsanavoiagoGDPµoicaµitaµoinonthinFiancoolSz,±;o.
Data Collect|on
ThoµiocossolgathoiingdataonthoFionchhighoioducationsystonwasionaikallychallonging,insµitool
tholactthatthosystonisknownloiitshighlycontializodnatuio.Indood,long-tinoscholaisolFionchhighoi
oducationadnitthat"dosµito|tholactthat|Fiancoisalwaysµiosontodasacontializodcountiy,thoouality,tho
iolialilityandthoaccossililityolthocontializoddata,whonthoyoxist,aiounloitunatolynotvoiyhigh"(Mus-
solin,µoisonalconnunication,Novonloiz±,zoo;j.Still,nostolthodataloithisstudycanolionthoFionch
NationalEducationMinistiy.ThiswassuµµlonontodlysonoinloinationlionSNESUP,thoFionchNational
Highoi Education Union (Syndicat National do l`Ensoignonont Suµéiiouij. Two woll-µositionod scholais ol
Fionchhighoioducationalsoµiovidodinvalualloadvicoandloodlackduiingthodatacolloctionµiocoss.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
Tho Fionch highoi oducation syston is nostly µullic in natuio, with µiinaiy ovoisight oxoicisod ly tho
national govoinnont (Max Woloi Piogianno, n.d.j. In zoo¡zooo, tho lasolino yoai loi this study, sono
z,z;¡,o±±studontswoiooniollodaciossallolFianco`sconµloxhighoioducationsyston,includingthocoun-
tiy`sovoisoastoiiitoiios.Noailyo¡µoicontolthosostudonts(¡,±z¡,;¡ointotaljwoiooniollodinunivoisitios
(MinistòioÉducationNationalo,zoo;aj.Pullichighoioducationcaµtuiosioughly8oµoicontolthonation`s
highoioducationoniollnont(MinistòioÉducationNationalo,n.d.-lj.Thoioaio8¡univoisitiosinFianco,two
nationalµolytochnicinstitutos,and¡8grund ctub|isscncnts(thoso-callodgrundcs ccc|csj.Inaddition,thoioaio
¡±onginooiinggrundcs ccc|cs,louitoachois`collogos,andhvoFionchschoolsthatoµoiatoovoisoas(Ministòio
ÉducationNationalo,n.d.-aj.
AlthoughthisstudylocusosonthatsognontolthoFionchhighoioducationsystonthatisovoisoonlytho
Ministiy ol Education, it is oxtionoly inµoitant to noto that thoio aio a signihcant nunloi ol highoi oduca-
tioninstitutionsthatoµoiatoloyondthoµuiviowolthoMinistiyolEducation.Foioxanµlo,thoninistiiosol
dolonso, industiy, and agiicultuio oxoiciso ovoisight ovoi vaiious µullic grundcs ccc|cs that µiovido tiaining in
holdsiangingliononginooiingtovotoiinaiystudios.Thoioaioalsoºnon-µullic"grundcs ccc|cs,includingsono
onginooiingschoolsandthogrundcs ccc|cs dc nunugcncnt.Thonostµiostigiousanongtholusinossschoolsaio
iunlythoFionchChanloisolConnoicoandIndustiy.Littlotonoµiocisoinloinationisavailalloalouttho
nunloiolstallonµloyodinthosoinstitutionsnotovoisoonlythoMinistiyolEducation,oithosalaiyscalosthat
aµµlytothon.Finally,thoMinistiyolEducationdatadonotµiovidoanyinsightintoºoithoithoCNRS|Contio
NationaldolaRochoichoSciontihouo,oiNationalContoiloiSciontihcRosoaich|iosoaichois(alout¡¡,oooindi-
vidualsjoiothoistallolthodilloiontnationaliosoaichinstitutions(INRA,INSERM,IRDotc.jThosoioµiosont
aiathoiinµoitantshaioolthoFionchacadonics.aloutwhichvoiylittloisknown"(Mussolin,µoisonalcon-
nunication,July¡¡,zoo8j.
Inzoo¡zooo,NationalMinistiyolEducationdataindicatothatsono8o,¡oolull-tinolacultywoioonµloyod
inFionchµullichighoioducation(MinistòioÉducationNationalo,zoo;lj.Rogiottally,
thisdoosnotincludothosoonµloyodinµost-socondaiyschoolswhichaionotµaitolthis|thonational
oducation| ninistiy, noi tho laculty in µiivato institutions (nany lusinoss schools loi instancoj, noi
tho laculty toaching µioµaiatoiy classos (CPGEj to ontoi a grundc ccc|c oi toaching in 'STS` (sccticn dc
tccnnicicn supcricurjlocausothoyaiosocondaiyschooltoachoistoachingµost-laccalauioatstudontsand
thusnotconsidoiodasµost-socondaiylacultyovonilthoytoachµost-socondaiyclassos(Mussolin,µoi-
sonalconnunication,Novonloiz±,zoo;j.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
zz
Salary |njornat|on
MostolthosalaiyinloinationloiFiancocanolionthoNationalMinistiyolEducation(MinistòioÉducation
Nationalo,n.d.-c,n.d.-dj.Thoioaiotwonaincatogoiiosollull-tinoacadonicstallinFianco,thoprcjcsscur dcs
univcrsitcs (which can lo considoiod tho oouivalont ol a µiolossoi in tho Unitod Statosj and tho nuîtrc dc ccn-
jcrcnccs(atonuiodassistantµiolossoij(MaxWoloiPiogianno,n.d.-aj.Foiloththoµiolossouidosunivoisités
andthonaîtiodoconléioncosthoninistiyµiovidossalaiyscaloinloinationloilouistagosolonµloynontat
thologinningolono`scaiooi,altoitwoyoais,atthohighostlovololthoºnoinalgiado,"andagainatthohighost
lovol ol tho sonioi giado (Ministòio Éducation Nationalo, n.d.-c, n.d.-dj. Wo usod tho naîtio do conloiéncos
ºloginningolcaiooi"salaiyhguioasthoavoiagoontiy-lovolhguio,givonouisonsothatnostFionchacadon-
icsloginthoiicaiooisatthiscloailydohnodontiy-lovolµoint.Wothoncalculatodatoµ-lovolsalaiyavoiagoly
avoiagingtholouihguiosincludodinthoprcjcsscur dcs univcrsitcssalaiyscalo.Todotoininoanovoiallnational
salaiyhguioµoinonth,wothoncalculatodasinµloavoiagolionthoontiy-lovolandtoµ-lovolavoiagoswohad
gonoiatod,andthonconvoitodthisanounttoWoildBankPPPdollais,asindicatodinTallo¡±.Salaiyµiogios-
sionandGDPconµaiisoninloinationlollowinTallo¡¡.
1ab|e ¡a.
Average French Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: euro)
Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {naitre des conjerénces) z,jj8 ¡,z,j
Overall average ¡,,j¡ ¡,jo,
1op level {projesseur des un||ers|tés) z,·8) z,,,·
1ab|e ¡¶.
Iey French Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) z,z)¡ : z,z)o
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary ·.z
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ·.6
It is inµoitant to noto that wo loliovo tho hguios in Tallo ¡± undoi-ioµiosont to sono dogioo what Fionch
acadonicsactuallynako.Avaiiotyollonusos(knownasprincsinFionchjnayloaµµliodontoµollasosala-
iios. Thoso includo tho univoisal iosoaich and toaching lonus, which stood at ¡,¡;o µoi yoai in zoo¡zoo±
(MinistòioÉducationNationalo,n.d.-oj,andwasuµto¡,z¡o µoiyoaiinzoo;zoo8(Goastolloc,µoisonalcon-
nunication,Novonloi¡o,zoo;j.Thoioisanadditionaldoctoialsuµoivisionandiosoaichlonusavailalloto
sonolacultyinvolvodinthiskindolwoik,andothoilonusosnayloaccossodlythosotakingonadninistiativo
dutiosandtoaching-iolatodactivitiosoutsidotholoinalclassioonsotting(Goastolloc,µoisonalconnunication,
Novonloi¡,zoo;:Novonloi¡o,zoo;:MinistòioÉducationNationalo,n.d.-oj.Suµµlonontaiyµaynayalsolo
acciuodwhonlacultytakoonoxtiatoachinghouis(Mussolin,µoisonalconnunication,July¡¡,zoo8j.Anoio
in-doµthstudyinvolvingFionchacadonicsalaiioswouldnostcoitainlynoodtoconsidoithowaysinwhichthis
nonuolsalaiysuµµlonontsalloctsinconosinthoacadony.
In voiy gonoial toins, it aµµoais that laculty salaiios olloi a conloitallo il not lavish lilostylo loi laculty in
Fianco,asindicatodinTallos¡±and¡¡.ThoovoiallsalaiyavoiagoolS¡,oo¡ishighoithanthoavoiagoGDPµoi
caµitaµoinonthhguioolSz,±;o.Thissalaiyadvantagoisalsonadosonowhatnoioiolustlytholactthat
Fionchacadonicshavothoadditionaloµµoitunitytooainoxtiaµaythioughtholonussyston.Atthoontiylovol,
thoyoainioughly¡.¡tinosthoavoiagoGDPµoicaµitaµoinonthloithoiination,whiloatthoytoµlovol,on
avoiago,thoyoain¡.8tinosthishguio.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
z,
Cermany
Bencbnark |njornat|on
AccoidingtothoUnitodNationsDovoloµnontPiogianno,Goinanyisahighlydovoloµodcountiy.Itstands
atnunloizz(outol¡;;jonthoUNDP`szoo;zoo8HunanDovoloµnontIndox(UNDP,zoo;j.Goinany`s
GDPµoicaµita(WoildBank,zoo8jisS¡o,o±o(PPPSjµoiyoai.Usingsinµlodivisionly¡z,thistianslatosinto
anavoiagoGDPµoicaµitaµoinontholSz,¡;o.
Data Collect|on
Tho inloination on tho Goinan highoi oducation syston and Goinan laculty salaiios cano lion two nain
souicos.ThoGoinanFodoialStatisticalOlhco(StatistischosBundosantDoutschlandjsoivodasthonainsouico
oldataloicontoxtualissuos,suchasthonunloiolGoinanhighoioducationstudonts,thonunloiandtyµo
ol institutions ol highoi oducation in Goinany, and tho nunloi ol acadonic stall in tho syston. Moanwhilo,
dataonavoiagosalaiiosloiGoinanlacultywoiocolloctodlionthoAcadonicCaiooisOlsoivatoiyolthoMax
WoloiPiogianno.FindingslionwoikdonolyJanson,Schonluig,andToichloi(zoo;j,whichlocusosona
conµaiisonolacadoniccaiooisinGoinanyandthoUnitodStatos,woioalsoconsultodasawayolgaugingtho
accuiacyolouianalysis.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
VaiioussouicosµiovidodilloiontcountsloithototalnunloiolhighoioducationinstitutionsinGoinany.Thoso
iangolion¡¡¡(MaxWoloiPiogianno,n.d.-ljto¡8¡(GoinanFodoialStatisticalOlhco,n.d.-ajto¡±;(Goinan
Roctois`Conloionco,n.d.j.Thisincludossono¡o¡univoisitios,aswollasanultitudoolcollogosoloducation,µullic
adninistiation,thoology,aitandnusic,andthoFachhochschulon(GoinanFodoialStatisticalOlhco,n.d.-aj.
Goinanhighoioducationisovoiwholninglyµullicinnatuio,withµiinaiyiosµonsililityloithisoducational
soctoiinthohandsoltho¡oindividualGoinanLändoi(MaxWoloiPiogianno,n.d.-l:Toichloi,zoo¡j.Howovoi,
thoioaiotodaysono¡¡±stato-aµµiovodµiivatooichuich-iuninstitutions(GoinanRoctois`Conloionco,n.d.j.
Piivatization ol Goinan highoi oducation can also lo discoinod in tho novo ºaway lion conµloto contiol ol
highoioducation|lygovoinnont|towaidlossdiioctiogulationthioughcontiacts,indicatoi-lasodlunding,and
ovaluation. Gonoially, highoi oducation is loing noio stiongly shaµod ly conµotition and incontivos than in
thoµast"(Toichloi,zoo¡,µ.z¡j.Inzoo¡(tholasolinoyoaiusodloithisstudyjthoiowoio¡,o8¡,;o¡studonts
oniollodinGoinanhighoioducation(GoinanFodoialStatisticalOlhco,n.d.-cj.Inoailyzoo8,totaloniollnont
inGoinanhighoioducationstandsat¡,o±o,8o8,withthovastnaioiity(noiothano¡µoicontjoniollodintho
µullicsoctoi(GoinanRoctois`Conloionco,n.d.j.
DatalionthoGoinanFodoialStatisticalOlhco(n.d.-ljindicatothatthoiowoioz¡¡,;o¡lull-tinoacadonic
stallinGoinanyinzoo¡zooo.Thishguioincludoslull-tinoacadonicandcioativoaitsstall,µiolossois,and
C±µiolossois.Asolthowiitingolthisioµoit,thoauthoiscouldnotconhinthoµoicontagosollull-tinolaculty
woikingatµulliccollogosandunivoisitiosvoisusµiivatoinstitutions.Howovoi,givonthoovoiwholningµioµoi-
tionolstudontsoniollodinthoµullicsoctoi,itisassunodthatthovastnaioiityollull-tinoacadonicstallin
Goinanyaioonµloyodinµullichighoioducation.
Salary |njornat|on
GivondilhcultioswooncountoiodingottingsalaiyinloinationlionolhcialGoinansouicos,ouistudydiaws
hoavilylionthoMaxWoloiPiogianno`sAcadonicCaiooisOlsoivatoiy(ACOjWolsito.Onoolthodisadvan-
tagosoldoingthisistholactthatthoACOlocusossµocihcallyoninloinationiolatodtoacadoniccaiooisintho
hunanitiosandsocialscioncos.Dosµitothooxclusionolsalaiyinloinationµoitinonttoothoiacadonicholds
anddisciµlinos,wostillloltthatthoACO`sdataµiovidoduswithaiolialloandinµoitantlasolinoolinloination
loithoGoinancontoxt,andcouldlousodasanoaninglulµointolconµaiisonloithoµuiµososolthisstudy.
¡

, For those interested in pursuing more inFormation on academic salaries in the German context, it is important to note that the ACO
gathered much oF its salary data From the German Association oF University ProFessors and Lecturers {Deutscher Hochschlverband)
and Academics.de, an online job search portal For academic positions in science. ve were not able to access these sites in the course oF
our project, given membership and other access restrictions. 1hese could, however, prove to be extremely useFul resources For Further
work in this area.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
z6
ThoACO`sinloinationonacadonicsalaiiosinGoinanydistinguishoslotwoonEastoinandWostoinPiov-
incosinthocountiy(MaxWoloiPiogianno,n.d.-lj.Givonouiintoiostinconµilingnationalnonthlysalaiy
avoiagos,wousodlothEastoinandWostoinPiovincononthlysalaiyinloinationtocalculatoavoiagosattho
iunioiµiolossoi,associatoµiolossoi,andlullµiolossoilovols.Wodosignatodthoiunioiµiolossoiiankasoui
ontiy-lovolµosition,andtholullµiolossoiiankouitoµ-lovolµosition.Wothoncalculatodanovoiallavoiagousing
thosalaiyavoiagosloiallthiooianksavailallotousiunioiµiolossoi,associatoµiolossoi,andlullµiolossoi.
WoconvoitodthononthlysalaiyavoiagoslionouiostoWoildBankPPPdollais.Thoiosultsaioµiosontodin
Tallos¡oand¡;lolow.
1ab|e ¡6.
Average German Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: euro)
Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {junior proFessor) ¡,z)8 ¡,68¡
Overall average ¡,8,6 z,¡¡¡
1op level {Full proFessor) z,,z) ,,·o8
Goinanlull-tinoontiy-lovolacadonicstallcanoxµocttonakonoaily¡.±tinosnoiothanthocalculatodnonthly
GDPµoicaµitahguio,whiloatthotoµlovol,alull-tinoGoinanlacultynonloinayalnosttwotinosthislaso-
linohguio.Inaddition,incononaylosuµµlonontodthioughasystonolsalaiylonusos(Janson,Schonluig,&
Toichloi,zoo;j,whilochildandlanilyallowancosnayalsolooltainod(MaxWoloiPiogianno,n.d.-lj
1ab|e ¡¡.
Iey German Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) z,zj, : z,,)j
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary ·.z
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ·.)
Thososalaiydata,whilohighlysinµlihod,µiosontaµictuiooliolativohnancialconloitloilull-tinoGoinan
acadonics.Thoolovationtocivilsoivicostatusoncothoiankolassociatoµiolossoiisoltainodaddsanolonontol
µiolossionalandhnancialsocuiitythatnaynotloµiosontinothoinationalcontoxts,whilothostiongtiadition
olacadoniclioodoninGoinanyisµoicoivodasaninµoitantlonohtolonµloynontinacadono.
Dosµitothisconloitallooutlook,howovoi,Janson,Schonluig,andToichloi(zoo;jnotothatGoinanacadon-
icsandsciontistsonµloyodinthocountiy`sunivoisitiossulloitosonodogioolionºunlavoialloonµloynont
conditions"whonconµaiodtoºothoisoctois"(µ.¡o¡j.AnanalysisolwhatothoiµiolossionalsnakoinGoinany,
andwhatoµtionsthoyhavotogiowthoiicaiooisovoitino,wouldaddsignihcantdoµthandnoaningtothovoiy
lasicsalaiyovoiviowµiosontodhoio.Moanwhilo,thoGoinanacadonicµiolossionaµµoaistoloinsonoßux.
Caiooitiackchangosandadiustnontstolong-standingsalaiyschonosincluding,loioxanµlo,thointioduc-
tionollonusoslasodonµoiloinancoiathoithansonioiitysµoaktothoovolvingnatuioolonµloynontintho
Goinanacadony(MaxWoloiPiogianno,n.d.-lj,
o
andhowitsnonloisaioconµonsatod.
6 For more inFormation about the evolving German higher education system and eFFects on both salaries and the German academic
proFession in general, see also Pritchard, R. {zoo6). 1rends in restructuring German universities. Conparat||e Educat|on Re||eu, ,o{·),
jo-··z.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
z)
India
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Tho Unitod Nations Dovoloµnont Piogianno considois India a countiy ol ºnodiun hunan dovoloµnont."
India is iankod ¡z8th out ol a total ¡;; nations, sitting lotwoon #¡z; Eouatoiial Guinoa and #¡zo Solonon
Islands.ThoavoiagoannualGDPµoicaµitaloiIndiaisSz,¡zoinWoildBankPPPdollaisj(WoildBank,zoo8j,
whichtianslatosintoanonthlyGDPµoicaµitahguioolS¡;;.
Data Collect|on
InloinationonthoIndianhighoioducationsystonandlacultysalaiiosonthosulcontinontcanolionthioo
nain souicos. Data on tho nunloi and tyµos ol institutions and studonts was oltainod lion olhcial govoin-
nontolIndiaWolsitos,aswollasthioughawoikingµaµoiµullishodlythoIndianCouncilloiRosoaichon
IntoinationalEcononicRolations(Agaiwal,zoooj.DotailsiolovanttothosalaiylovolsloiacadonicstallinIndia
woioµiovidodlyanin-countiyoxµoitonIndianhighoioducation,thioughµoisonalconnunicationandakoy
µullication(Jayaian,zoozj.Ingonoial,thodatacolloctionµiocossloiIndiawassonowhatchallonging,givon
thatºthohighoioducationsconaiiodoosnotµoinitnoatcatogoiisations,andthoavailalilityandoualityoldata
loavonuchtolodosiiod"(Jayaian,µoisonalconnunication,Januaiy¡8,zoo8j.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
ThoIndianhighoioducationsystonisvoiylaigoandouitoconµlox.Itloaststhothiidlaigoststudontonioll-
nontinthowoild,iustlohindChinaandthoUnitodStatos(Altlach,zoo¡lj,withostinatosianginglion¡¡.8
nillioninzoo±zoo¡(GovoinnontolIndia,n.d.j,toiustundoi¡o.¡nillioninzoo¡zooo(Agaiwal,zoooj.
Jayaian(µoisonalconnunication,Januaiy¡8,zoo8j,suggoststhatsono8¡µoicontolstudontsinIndiaaio
oniollodatthoundoigiaduatolovol.
Indiaisalsohonotoanoxtionolylaigonunloiolhighoioducationinstitutions,although,again,iogistoiing
an oxact count ol Indian collogos and univoisitios is sonowhat challonging. Foi oxanµlo, tho Govoinnont ol
India(n.d.jdataloizoo±zoo¡showthatsono¡o,¡¡zµostsocondaiyinstitutionswoiooµoiational.Olthoso¡±¡
woioconsidoiodunivoisitios.Thosoincludocontialandstatounivoisitios,ºinstitutionsdoonodtolounivoisi-
tios," institutions ol national inµoitanco and iosoaich institutos. Moanwhilo, ¡o,ooo loll into tho catogoiy ol
collogosandinstitutos,includingthosoinstitutionsdovotodtogonoialoducation:onginooiing,aichitoctuio,and
othoitochnicalholds:nodicalandtoachoitiaining:law,nanagonont,andagiicultuialschools:otc.
Howovoi,Agaiwal(zooojdotoininodthat¡;,o;¡highoioducationinstitutionswoiooµoiationalinIndiain
zoo¡zooo,andhisanalysisµiovidossonoadditionalinsightintotholioakdownolµiivatovoisusµullichighoi
oducationinthocountiy.
;
Excludingsono¡¡oºloioigninstitutions"
(Agaiwal, zooo, µ. ¡±j, a total ol ¡±8 univoisitios and ¡;,oz¡ col-
logosandinstitutosnakouµthohighoioducationlandscaµo.Thoio
aiosonoz;8univoisitiosthatcouldloconsidoiodºµullic,"which
includodunivoisitiosundoithogovoinnontandthosodoonoduni-
voisitios that aio µullicly aidod. Tho lalanco (;oj aio lully µiivato
univoisitiosoithosodoonodµiivatounivoisitiosthatdonotiocoivo
µullicaid.Moanwhilo,sonoo,o;¡Indiancollogosaiooithoiºundoi
tho govoinnont" oi µiivato lut iocoivo µullic aid, whilo anothoi
;,o¡oaiolullyµiivatoandunaidodthioughµullicsouicos.
An analysis ol thoso hguios indicatos that ioughly ¡; µoicont ol
tho highoi oducation institutions in India aio µullic (oi, though
µiivato,iocoivoµullicsuµµoitj.Thoµullicsoctoi(includingµiivato
institutionsiocoivingµullicaidjoniollssonoooµoicontolthototal
studontµoµulation.
Twosoµaiatosouicosindicatothatthoioaioovoi±oo,ooolull-tino
laculty woiking in Indian highoi oducation, although it is dilhcult
to assoss tho lioakdown ol onµloynont in tho µiivato voisus tho
) For more inFormation on private universities in India, see Agarwal, P. {zoo)). Private deemed universities in India. |nternat|onal
H|gber Educat|on, Fall{zj), ·z-·6.
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
1he salaries oF the proFessoriate under
the UGC system were last revised in ·jj6.
1o meet the deFciencies resulting From
inFation, the dearness allowance {DA)
has been periodically revised upwardly
since then. UGC has since constituted a
Committee to review the salaries oF the
proFessoriate: this Committee is expected
to submit its report in September zoo8.
{1he Sixth Pay Commission, appointed
by the Government oF India to review the
salaries oF its employees, submitted its
report in March zoo8.)
×. ìtvtvtu,
Tata |nst|tute oj Soc|al Sc|ences
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
z8
µullicsoctoi.Jayaian(µoisonalconnunication,Januaiy¡8,zoo8j
µutsthototalnunloiollull-tinoacadonicstallat±¡¡,ooo.Agaiwal
(zooojindicatosthat±;¡,o¡¡lull-tinolacultyaiowoikinginIndia.
Thishguioincludosµiolossois,ioadois,sonioiloctuiois,loctuiois,
and tutoi{dononstiatois in univoisity doµaitnonts, univoisity col-
logos,andalhliatodcollogos.
Salary |njornat|on
Lacking noio cuiiont laculty salaiy inloination, this study diaws
ondataliontholato¡ooosandoailyzooos(Jayaian,zoozj.
8
This
inloinationsuggoststhatthoioaiolouiµiinaiyonµloynontlovols
inIndianhighoioducationloctuioi,loctuioi(sonioiscaloj,loctuioi
(soloction giadoj oi ioadoi, and µiolossoi. Foi oach ol thoso loui
onµloynont lovols, tho ºstait" nonthly gioss salaiy and tho ºond"
nonthly gioss salaiy woio addod togothoi and dividod ly two. Wo
considoiodthoavoiagocalculatodloitholowostloctuioilovoltolo
oui ontiy-lovol nonthly salaiy avoiago, and that calculatod loi tho
µiolossoi lovol to lo oui toµ nonthly salaiy avoiago. To calculato
anovoiallavoiago,wotookthoavoiagosalaiiosatalllouilovolsol
onµloynont and sinµly dividod ly loui. Wo thon convoitod thoso
anountslioniuµoosintoWoildBankPPPdollais,asindicatodin
Tallo¡8lolow.
1ab|e ¡8.
Average Indian Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: rupee)
Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {lecturer) ·6,8jo ·,·,·
Overall average zz,)o· ·,,z)
1op level {proFessor) ¡o,¡8z z,o)·
ThoiatioolovoiallavoiagononthlysalaiytothononthlyGDPµoicaµitaostinatoinIndiaasiocoidodinTallo
¡oisstiiking.Thisnathonaticaloxoicisosuggoststhatlull-tinoIndianacadonicscan,onavoiago,oxµocttonako
noailyninotinosthoGDPµoicaµitahguio,andnayloallotodoullothoiinonthlysalaiiosovoithocouisoola
caiooi.Fundanontally,Jayaian(zoozjconcludosthatºtoachoiscanloadaconloitalloniddlo-classlilo"(µ.zz¡j.
1ab|e ¡ç.
Iey Indian Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) z,,jj : ·))
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary ·.8
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita 8.)
8 As oF early October zoo8, recommendations For a revised set oF pay scales For college and university teachersincluding salary
increases oF up to )o percentwere working their way through oFFcial channels, with an attendant sense that the government is ºkeen
to implement the recommendations soon. beFore it announces general electionsº {Iayaram, personal communication, October 6,
zoo8).
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
Since higher education is a subject oF leg-
islation by both the union and the state
governments, there is no guarantee that
the recommendations oF the UGC's Com-
mittee will be implemented in all the states
or uniFormly across the country. Fven iF
implemented uniFormly in all the states, it
would cover only those teachers who have
been appointed as per the UGC norms.
During the last two decades appointments
to regular positions have been rare and
the resulting shortage has been met by
appointment oF teachers called variously
as ºguest,º ºvisiting,º ºpart-time,º and
ºcontractº lecturers. 1hese ºnon-regularº
appointees are not likely to get the beneFt
oF the revised scales, at least to the extent
oF the ºregularº appointees. Incidentally,
there is no reliable data on the ºnon-regu-
larº proFessoriate.
×. ìtvtvtu,
Tata |nst|tute oj Soc|al Sc|ences
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
zj
ThisouickskotcholthoIndianhighoioducationcontoxtandlaculty
salaiy issuos in India µiovidos sono holµlul insight. A gioat doal
noiowoiknoodstolodono,howovoi,tonakosonsoolthisonoi-
nouslyconµloxhighoioducationsyston.Foioxanµlo,thoµayscalo
ioßoctodinthisstudywasµutloithin¡oo8.Moioiocontdataaio
cloailynoodod.Alsoµiollonaticistholactthatthoµayscalousod
loi this analysis was µut loith ly a national lodytho Univoisity
GiantsConnission,ostonsillywithanationwidoµuiviowlutin
µiacticothoµayscalohaslooninµlonontoddilloiontlyinvaiious
Indian statos (Jayaian, zoozj. Finally, gioss µay µackagos includo
sµocialsulsidios,suchasaºdoainossallowanco(linkodtothocost
ol living indox accoiding to a hxod loinula, cuiiontly loining ±¡
µoicontoltholasicµayj,cityconµonsatoiyallowanco(inthocaso
olthosowoikingincitiosj,andasulsidizodhousingoihousoiont
allowancoj" (Jayaian, zooz, µ. zzzj. All ol thoso add-ons signih-
cantly conµlicato stiaight salaiy analysis, lut nust lo takon into
accountinanyconµiohonsivoandnoasuiodstudyollacultycon-
µonsationinIndia.
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
Comparisons are invidious, but compared
to the salaries oFFered in the service sector
in India todayFor example, BPO and call
center employees, air hostesses, etc.let
alone the charmed realms oF I1, B1 and
the management sectors, the academic
proFession {which requires ,-j years oF
tertiary education) is unattractive. 1here
is concern among policy-makers about the
impact that this will have on tertiary educa-
tion in the country. 1he concern is serious
considering the National Commission's
recommendations For expanding the ter-
tiary system oF education and For improving
the quality in existing institutions.
×. ìtvtvtu,
Tata |nst|tute oj Soc|al Sc|ences
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,o
japan
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Jaµanisconsidoiodtoloacountiyolºhighhunandovoloµnont"accoidingtothozoo;zoo8HunanDovoloµ-
nontIndox,asµullishodlythoUNDP(zoo;j.ThoHDIianksJaµaninoighthµositioninitsglolalsuivoyol¡;;
countiios.InWoildBankPPPdollais,Jaµan`sGDPµoicaµitainconoisaµµioxinatolyS¡o,zoo(WoildBank,zoo8j.
Usingsinµlodivisionly¡z,thoJaµanosoGDPµoicaµitahguiowoiksouttoaµµioxinatolySz,¡z±µoinonth.
Data Collect|on
ThoJaµanosoMinistiyolEducation,Cultuio,Sµoits,ScioncoandTochnology(MEXTj,aswollasthoRosoaich
InstitutoloiHighoiEducation(RIHEjatHiioshinaUnivoisityinJaµan,soivodasthonainsouicosloithodata
loithiscountiyioµoit.MEXT`sstatisticalinloinationWolsitosµiovidodoasyaccosstoallnannoioldotails
iolating to tho nunlois ol studonts, laculty, and institutions ongagod in highoi oducation acioss tho countiy.
RIHE`siosouicoswoionostholµlulintoinsolconµilinglacultysalaiydata.
Tholackoloasilyaccossilloolhcialinloinationonlacultysalaiiosinthoµullicsoctoiµiosontoduswithanaioi
challongointoinsolµiosontingaconµlotoµictuioolacadonicsalaiiosinthoJaµanosocontoxt.Howovoi,withtho
guidancoandadvicoolanonoigotichighoioducationolsoivoiinJaµan,wowoioallotogathoisonovoiycuiiont
andiolovantdotails,whichdoallowustoµiovidosonoinsightintothoµullicsoctoiinthisanalysis.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
Jaµanisonoolaninoiityolcountiiosaioundthowoildwhoiothoµiivatohighoioducationsoctoidoninatostho
ovoiallµostsocondaiysyston,intoinsolnunloiolinstitutions,studontoniollnont,andlacultyonµloynont.
ThoJaµanosohighoioducationsystonasawholoischaiactoiizodlythioolioadtyµosolinstitutions:univoisi-
tios and giaduato schools, iunioi collogos, and collogos ol tochnology (MEXT, n.d.-dj. As ol zoo¡, thoio woio
;zounivoisitiosinJaµan.Olthoso,¡¡¡(oi;oµoicontjwoioµiivato(MEXT,n.d.-lj.Thoioaiosono±88iunioi
collogos, tho vast naioiity ol which (±¡o, oi 8o µoicontj aio also µiivato (MEXT, n.d.-hj. Thoio aio aiound o¡
collogosoltochnology,whichdotondtoloµullicinnatuio(only¡aioµiivatoj(MEXT,n.d.-aj.
ThoJaµanosoµostsocondaiystudontµoµulationinzoo¡stoodat¡,¡±¡,¡oo.Most(z,8o¡,o¡¡jwoiooniollodin
thocountiy`sunivoisitios(MEXT,n.d.-kj.Junioicollogosattiactodsonoz¡o,¡¡¡studonts(MEXT,n.d.-ij,whilo
¡o,¡oowoiooniollodincollogosoltochnology(MEXT,n.d.-cj.Whiloiustlouiµoicontolcollogooltochnology
studontswoiooniollodinµiivatoinstitutions(MEXT,n.d.-cj,thoµiivatosoctoicaµtuiosthovastnaioiityoliunioi
collogo studonts (oz.; µoicontj (MEXT, n.d.-ij, and nuch ol tho Jaµanoso univoisity µoµulation (;¡.; µoicontj
(MEXT,n.d.-kj.Undoigiaduatosaccountloi88µoicontolthototalnunloiolstudontsoniollodinthocountiy`s
univoisitios(MEXT,n.d.-kj.NoailyonoouaitoiolJaµanosodoctoialstudontsaiooniollodinµiivatoinstitutions,
asaio¡;µoicontolnastoi`sstudonts,and;oµoicontolµiolossionaldogioosookois(MEXT,n.d.-kj.
Thohguiosloizoo¡indicatothatsono¡;8,¡¡olull-tinolacultynonloisaioonµloyodinJaµanosohighoi
oducation(MEXT,n.d.-l,n.d.-l,n.d.-gj.Tholaigonaioiity(o¡µoicontjwoikinunivoisitysottings.Olthisgiouµ,
¡¡µoicontwoikinµiivatoinstitutions(MEXT,n.d.-gj.Noaily88µoicontolalliunioicollogolacultywoikintho
µiivatosoctoi,aswoll(MEXT,n.d.-lj.Ovoiall,¡oµoicontolallJaµanosoacadonicswoikinµiivatohighoioduca-
tion(MEXT,n.d.-l,n.d.-l,n.d.-gj.
BoginningwiththointioductionolµoliciosloithoºStiuctuialRoloinolUnivoisitios"inJunozoo¡(MEXT,
n.d.-oj, a nunloi ol inµoitant changos allocting univoisitios havo loon intioducod. Koy dovoloµnonts havo
includod tho io-oiganization and consolidation ol sono national univoisitios: tho ovolution ol national uni-
voisitios into national univoisity coiµoiations (NUCsj and local oi µullic univoisitios into µullic univoisity
coiµoiations(PUCsj:ºthointioductionolthoµiinciµloolconµotitionthioughthiid-µaityovaluation:"andtho
locusonoualityassuiancoloiintoinationalconµotitivonoss(MEXT,n.d.-oj.
Salary |njornat|on
ThoµiodoninancoolthoµiivatosoctoiinJaµanosohighoioducationisovidontinouiinalilitytohndconµloto
salaiyinloinationloiµulliclyonµloyodacadonicstallinJaµan.Indood,itisintoiostingtonotothatovontho
IntoinationalAvoiagoSalaiyInconoDatalaso(WoildSalaiiosGiouµ,zoo;jindicatosthatitsdataioßoctonly
ºµiivatoostallishnontswith¡ooinoioiogulaionµloyoos,"andincludonoinloinationlionthoµullicsoctoi
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

(n.µ.j.Thosanoistiuoloiouianalysishoioouisalaiydataioßoctonlythoµiivatohighoioducationsoctoiin
Jaµan,cuiiontloithoyoaizoo±.Inkooµingwithouiolioctivotoincludodataonlyloilaccalauioatoinstitutions
andalovo,wochosotoincludodataiolovantonlytounivoisitios.
RIHE(n.d.jµiovidosnoannonthlysalaiyinloinationloilouiacadoniciankswithinJaµan`sµiivatounivoi-
sitios:assistant,assistantµiolossoi,associatoµiolossoi,andµiolossoi.Atthoassistantandassistantµiolossoi
lovols,onlyonosalaiyhguioisµiosontodloioacholthosoianks.Withinthoianksolassociatoµiolossoiand
µiolossoi,howovoi,twoandthioodilloiontsalaiyhguios,iosµoctivoly,aioµiosontod.Thosohguioscoiiosµond
toagoiangos,suggostingthatindividualsaionoiolikolytonovothioughthosohighoionµloynontianksat
sonowhatslowoiµacosthanatthooailioistagosolonµloynont.Thisinloinationalsosuggoststhatlacultyagos
µlayaninµoitantioloinsalaiyµiogiossion.
Thocalculationolthosalaiyavoiagosloithoµuiµososolthisstudyinvolvodsovoialstoµs.Tologin,wodotoi-
ninodthatthoonoassistant-lovolnoansalaiyhguioshouldloconsidoiodouiontiy-lovolavoiagosalaiy.Noxt,in
oidoitodotoininothotoµ-lovolhguio,wosinµlyavoiagodthothioonoannonthlysalaiiosµiovidodloithoµio-
lossoilovol.Finally,tocalculatoouiovoiallnationalavoiago,wohistcalculatodanavoiagoassociatoµiolossoi`s
nonthlysalaiy.Wodidthislytakingthotwosalaiyhguiosloithislovololonµloynont,addingthontogothoi
andthondividinglytwo.Wothonhadonosalaiyhguioloioacholtholouionµloynontlovolsµiosontodly
RIHE.Woaddodthosotogothoi,dividodlyloui,andthonconvoitodthishguiolionyontoWoildBankPPPS.
ThoiosultscanlosoonlolowinTalloszoandz¡.
1ab|e zo.
Average Iapanese Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: yen)
Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {assistant) ¡8,,886 z,j)j
Overall average ,¡z,),, z,··z
1op level {proFessor) )·8,,zz ,,,z6
1ab|e z¡.
Iey Iapanese Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) ¡z),oo6 : z,,zz
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary ·.j
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ·.6
WhonconµaiodtothoavoiagoGDPµoicaµitaµoinonthhguioloiJaµanolSz,¡z±,µiivatohighoioducation
lacultysalaiiosaioiolativolyßatatthoontiylovol,lutµiogiossivolynoioiolustwithincioasingoxµoiioncoand
sonioiity. Oui ontiy-lovol hguio suggosts that acadonics at this iank nay oxµoct to oain a noio ¡.z tinos tho
nonthlyGDPµoicaµitaostinato.Atthohighostlovolsolthosonioiityandµaycontinuun,howovoi,Jaµanoso
µiivatounivoisitylacultynayoainnoailyz.ztinosthononthlyGDPµoicaµitaostinato,whilothoovoiallsalaiy
avoiagoloithissoctoisuggostsnonthlyoainingsol¡.otinosthislasolinohguio.
Thonininalinloinationwowoioallotoidontilyiolovanttoµullichighoioducationindicatosthat,inzoo¡,tho
ovoiallnonthlysalaiyavoiagoloiJaµan`snationalunivoisitioswas;o¡,¡ooyon(MEXT,n.d.-ij,oiS¡,ooo(Woild
BankPPPSj.Itisintoiostingtonotothatthisovoiallavoiagoloithoµullicsoctoiishighoithanthotoµ-lovolavoiago
wocalculatodloithoµiivatosoctoiolJaµanosohighoioducation.Thiscouldlooxµlainodlydonogiaµhictionds,
whoiolyadisµioµoitionatoµoicontagoollacultyoccuµyhighoiiankswithinthonationalunivoisitysystonthanin
thoµiivatooiµullicunivoisitycoiµoiations.Itcouldalsolooxµlainodlytholactthatnanynationalunivoisitios
havoiniocontyoaisnovodºhoavilyintoiosoaichinthoscioncos|and|havonadololdoinovos|ainod|at|intioduc-
ing|dilloiontialµaysystons,conµaiod,loioxanµlo,toconsoivativocollogosoloducation{lacultiosoloducationin
chaigooltoachoitiainingµiogians"(Jannuzi,µoisonalconnunication,Maich;,zoo8j.Intoiostingly,
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,z
nationalandµulliclacultyalsogotsulsidizodhousing,sovoio
clinatoallowancos,andlaiilysizallosovoiancoµackagos.Thoy
also got a 'iosoaich account` ol sovoial thousand dollais that
thoy noio oi loss got to uso loi µoisonal oxµonsos on tho iol
as oµµosod to having it dovotod to a sµocihc iosoaich µioioct
(Jannuzi,µoisonalconnunication,Maich;,zoo8j.
Ontholacoolit,thisvoiylasicskotcholacadonicsalaiiosinJaµan
suggostsavoiyconloitallosalaiyµictuioloilull-tinolacultyintho
countiy`sµiivatounivoisitios.Sonoinloinationsuggosts,howovoi,
that thoio havo loon downwaid tionds in Jaµanoso acadonic sala-
iios in gonoial in iocont yoais (Jannuzi, µoisonal connunication,
Maich8,zoo8j.Fuithoinoio,novingloiwaid,Jaµanosoacadonics
willnotloallotoiolyonsonioiityalonotosocuioµiolossionaland
hnancialadvanconont:iathoi,inacontoxtinwhichunivoisitiosaio
loingloicodtooµoiatoinanoioconµotitivodonosticandintoina-
tionalonviionnont,µoiloinancoandµioductivitywilllactoinoio
hoavilyintothosalaiyoouationloiacadonicsinJaµan.
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
1he national government is committed
to decreasing its bloc grants to its Former
institutions. And almost all, in turn,
have announced that they will meet the
·% annual decreases by decreasing the
salaries {actually the ºbonuses,º which
amount to about Fve months' salary).
1hat brings up a word about bonuses. IF
a private institution has Fnancial andJor
enrollment problems, the Frst place it will
attempt to save money is with its bonuses
For Full-time employees. 1he national uni-
versities come out oF a civil service system
that was largely sheltered From the vaga-
ries oF private institutional Fnance. Only
recently have the civil servants come under
the scrutiny and got their bonuses cut to
reFect worsening economic conditions.
citvirs ìt××uzi,
Un||ers|ty oj |uku| and Iapan Higher
Fducation Outlook blogger
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
1he biggest Factor For the institutions in the urban environments will be the hiring oF still more part-time and even Full-time
ºadjunctº Faculty. 1he problem For the ones in the remoter regions will be a lack oF university teachers, though even these
have moved deeply into part-time and contractual employment. Part-time employmentwhich amounts to Full-time but
not permanent workat the universities and colleges is really so extensive that I guess the best question to ask is: Could it
expand anymore without something breaking?
citvirs ìt××uzi,
Un||ers|ty oj |uku| and Iapan Higher Fducation Outlook blogger
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

Ma|aysia
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Malaysia`s ocononic µiogioss in tho last thioo docados has allowod loi a sulstantial ioduction ol µovoity and
a gonoial onhanconont ol living standaids. Howovoi, tho countiy still lacos naioi challongos to succood in a
knowlodgooconony,andhighoioducationiscallodtoµlayasignihcantiolointhisµiocoss(WoildBank,zoo;j.
CuiiontlyMalaysiaisconsidoiodaºnodiunhunandovoloµnont"countiyandisiankodo¡idonthoHunan
Dovoloµnont Indox (UNDP, zoo;j. Foi tho yoai zoo¡, its GDP µoi caµita was S¡o,88z in Woild Bank PPP
dollais(WoildBank,zoo8j,oiSo¡oµoinonth.
Data Collect|on
StatisticsandcontoxtinloinationloiMalaysiawoiooltainodlionthoMinistiyolEducationandthoMinistiy
olHighoiEducation(MHEj,suµµlonontodlyUNESCOdata(zoo;jwhonkoyµiocosolinloinationwoionot
availallothioughMalaysianninistiysouicos.
SalaiyinloinationwasoltainodlionthoMHE,althoughMalaysiawasincludodinKulloiandRoloits`(zoo¡j
conµaiisonolacadonicsalaiiosinConnonwoalthcountiios.WoµioloiiodthoMHEdataovoithoKulloiand
Roloits (zoo¡j study data loi two nain ioasons. Fiist, tho MHE µiovidod inloination loi zoo¡, which is tho
lasolinoyoailoiouistudy.Socond,thoMHEµiovidodinloinationonthototalityolµullicunivoisitios,whilo
KulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jconductodthoiisuivoyinonlyonounivoisity,thoUnivoisityolMalaya.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
Malaysian highoi oducation has loon giowing loi sovoial yoais loth in tho µullic and tho µiivato soctois.
Tho nunloi ol µiivato institutions is voiy high lut oniollnont in µullic institutions is still liggoi. Anong
ooo highoi oducation institutions in tho countiy, only ¡¡ µoicont (ooj aio µullic, and anong thon ¡8 aio
univoisitios (Ministiy ol Education Malaysia, zoooj. In zoo¡ tho countiy had ;¡¡,o;; studonts and ±¡,8;¡
µost-socondaiy toachois (UNESCO Instituto loi Statistics, zoo;j. Duiing tho sano yoai, ovoi ¡zo,ooo stu-
donts(aµµioxinatoly±±µoicontolthototaljattondodµiivatohighoioducationinstitutions(Jantan,Chiang,
Shanon,&Silly,zoooj.
It is inµoitant to noto that oui data colloction activitios did not uncovoi any ioloionco to tho nunloi ol
µait-tinolacultyinMalaysianµullicinstitutions.Incontiast,loithoµiivatosoctoi,thoioaiosonoioµoits
µointing to a ºsulstantial nunloi ol µait-tino loctuiois, osµocially |in| tho snalloi collogos" (Loo, zooz,
zoo±j.Howovoi,thoioisnosµocihcinloinationaloutthonunloiolµait-tinolacultyinoithoiµiivatooi
µullichighoioducation,oithoinµactthatthosolacultynayhavointhoiiinstitutionsandtholaigoihighoi
oducationsystoninMalaysia.
Salary |njornat|on
InMalaysia,lacultyatµullicunivoisitiosaioconsidoiodµullicsoivantsandaiothoioloiosuliocttoastandaid-
izodµaynontscalo,withannualµaynontincioasoslasodonaµiodotoininodloinula.Foialoctuioiitwould
takotwontyyoaistoioachthonaxinunsalaiylovol:loianassociatoµiolossoi,tonyoais:andloiaµiolossoi,
hvoyoais.
RonunoiationloiacadonicstallconsistsoltwoµaitsinMalaysia,lasicµayandallowancos.Aloctuioinay
acciuoanywhoiolion¡,¡oo¡,oooiingitsnoioµoinonthinallowancos,whiloaµiolossoi`sallowanconay
total±,;¡o¡,o¡oiingitsµoinonth(Jantan,µoisonalconnunication,July¡¡,zoo8j.
AsunnaiyolthoavoiagosalaiioslasodonthohguioslionthoMHElothinlocalcuiioncyandinWoild
BankPPPdollaisisµiosontodinthoTallozzlolow,withsalaiyµiogiossionandGDPconµaiisoninloination
inTalloz¡.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,z
1ab|e zz.
Average Malaysian Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: ringit)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {lecturer) ¡,,z, z,o¡j
Overall average ,,¡), ¡,¡¡z
1op level {proFessor) ),6,o z,)zz
1ab|e z¡.
Iey Malaysian Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) ·,6,¡ : j,6
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary z.z
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ¡.¡
Whilo tho avoiago acadonic salaiy in Malaysia is tho lowost anong tho Connonwoalth countiios (in PPP
toinsjitaµµoaistololottoithanthosoloundinnanyolthoothoiºnodiunhunandovoloµnont"ocononios
includodinthisstudy.Moanwhilo,whonconµaiingthoovoiallavoiagoacadonicsalaiytothononthlyGDPµoi
caµita,thoiosultinghguiool¡.¡ishighoithannoiothanhallolthoothoicountiioswooxaninod.Fionthis
µoisµoctivo,itwouldloµossillotoassoitthatlull-tinohighoioducationtoachoisinMalaysianaintainalottoi
lilostylothannanyolthoiilollowcitizonsandnanyothoiacadonicsaioundthowoild.
ThoouostionolhowacadonicsalaiiosinMalaysiagiowovoitinoisalsoaninµoitantconsidoiation.Accoid-
ingtothoinloinationavailallo,thoavoiagotoµ-lovolsalaiyisdoullothoavoiagoontiy-lovolsalaiy.Fuithoinoio,
ithasloondocunontodhowasonioiµiolossoicanoainhvotinosnoiothancolloaguosatthoontiy-lovol.This
salaiyµiogiossionµotontial,howovoi,hasnotstoµµodthooxodusolacadonicµiolossionalstothoconnoicial
andindustiialsoctoisinMalaysia(Loo,MollyN.N.,zoozj,whichindicatosthataconµaiisonolsalaiioslotwoon
acadoniaandothoiµiolossionalholdsdosoivossoiiousattontion.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,,
New Zea|and
Rankod ¡oth on tho Hunan Dovoloµnont Indox (UNDP, zoo;j, Now Zoaland is considoiod a ºhigh hunan
dovoloµnont"nation.Inzoo¡,itsannualGDPµoicaµitainconowasSz±,ooo(inWoildBankPPPdollaisj,oi
Sz,o8¡µoinonth(WoildBank,zoo8j.
Data Collect|on
Statistics and contoxt inloination loi Now Zoaland woio oltainod lion tho Now Zoaland Ministiy ol Educa-
tion.AlthoughNowZoalandisincludodinKulloiandRoloits`ioµoit(zoo¡jonAssociationolConnonwoalth
Univoisity laculty salaiios, wo µioloiiod to uso salaiy inloination lion tho Association ol Univoisity Stall ol
NowZoaland(AUSj.Thosodataµiovidodinloinationaloutalaigoigiouµolunivoisitiosovoialongoiµoiiod
oltino,andallowodustooltaininloinationsµocihcallyloiouilasolinoyoaiolintoiost,zoo¡(AUS,zoo8j.
Howovoi,thoioisnoioaldoµaituiolotwoonthosotwosouicos,sincoKulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jalsousodtho
AUSloithoiistudy,iustiostiictingthosanµlotothoACUnonloisinzoo±.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
Dosµito tho ovoiwholning nunloi ol µiivato institutions, highoi oducation in Now Zoaland is nostly µullic.
Piivato oducation was logally sanctionod in ¡o8o (Allot, zoooj. Thoio aio alout ¡± µiivato highoi oducation
institutionsloiovoiyµullicinstitution(¡¡µullic,±8oµiivatojlut8±µoicontolthototaloniollnontinhighoi
oducationisconcontiatodinµullicinstitutions.Thototaloniollnontloizoo¡was¡¡o,8¡¡studonts,withzo¡,88±
inµullicinstitutionsand¡±,oooinµiivatoinstitutions.Giaduatostudontsioµiosontodsovonµoicontolthototal
oniollnont(NowZoalandMinistiyolEducation,zoooj.Full-tinolacultyaiothonaioiity.Fionatotal¡¡,z¡;
toachoisinµullicinstitutionsonly±,o¡zaioioµoitodasholdingµait-tinocontiacts(NowZoalandMinistiyol
Education,zoooj.Wowoiounallotohndanyinloinationaloutlacultyatµiivatoinstitutions.
Salary |njornat|on
SalaiiosinNowZoalandaionogotiatodthioughontoiµiisolaigaining(Kulloi&Roloits,zoo¡j,whoiolyoach
institution nogotiatos individually with oach ol tho loui nain unions (Quality Pullic Education Coalition, Inc.,
n.d.j. In addition, univoisitios can hiio laculty thiough individual contiacts, iogaidloss ol tho local colloctivo
aiiangonont,andthoµossililityloigioatoicolloctivolaigainingactionhasiocontlyonoigod(Rolinson,zoooj.
KulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jioµoitodhowsalaiioshavoloonlosingµowoiinthiscountiy,iooµaidizinghighoiodu-
cation`salilitytoiotainacadonictalont,µaiticulailywhonsalaiiosaioconµaiodwithnoighloiingAustialia.
Thoio aio hvo catogoiios in Now Zoaland`s acadonic ianks. Thoy aio, lion ontiy to sonioi lovols: loctuioi,
sonioiloctuioi,sonioiloctuioialovolai,associatoµiolossoi,andµiolossoi.Inouistudythoontiy-andtoµ-lovol
salaiios woio calculatod as tho avoiago ol tho nininun and naxinun salaiios ioµoitod loi tho lowost and
highostonµloynontianks.Thoioloiothoontiy-lovolavoiagowasthoavoiagolionthonininunandnaxinun
salaiiosloialoctuioi,whilothotoµ-lovolavoiagocanolionthonininunandnaxinunsalaiyhguiosloia
µiolossoi.Thoovoiallavoiagowasdotoininodlyaddingthoavoiagovaluoscalculatodloithohvoonµloynont
ianks,anddividinglyhvo.Sincothooiiginalvaluoswoioannuallylasod,wothondividodthoiosultsly¡zin
oidoitooltainnonthlyvaluos.ThoiosultsaioµiosontodinthoTallosz±andz¡.
1ab|e za.
Average New Zealand Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: New Zealand dollar)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {lecturer) z,)j, ¡,··z
Overall average 6,j·z z,zjo
1op level {proFessor) j,¡¡z 6,o6·
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,6
1ab|e z¶.
Iey New Zealand Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) ¡,·,· : z,oz6
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary ·.j
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita z.z
In sovoial ways, Now Zoaland ioµiosonts a laiily niddlo-ol-tho-ioad countiy in oui conµaiativo study. Its
salaiyavoiagos(µaiticulailyatthoontiylovoljtondtohitthoniddloolthosµoctiun,asdoitssalaiyµiogiossion
andsalaiy-to-GDPiatios.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,)
Saudi Arabia
Bencbnark |njornat|on
ThoUNDP(zoo;jianksSaudiAialiao¡outolatotal¡;;countiiosonitszoo;zoo8HunanDovoloµnont
Indox(HDIj.Althoughthisiankingµlacosthokingdonintothocatogoiyolºhighhunandovoloµnont,"tholist
olºnodiunhunandovoloµnont"countiiosloginswithianknunloi;¡(UNDP,zoo;j.Moanwhilo,accoiding
tothoWoildBank(zoo8j,SaudiAialia`sGDPµoicaµita(inPPPdollaisjisSz¡,zzo.SaudiAialia`snonthly
avoiagoGDPµoicaµita,lysinµlodivisionly¡z,woiksouttoloS¡,;o8.
Data Collect|on
DataloiSaudiAialiawasgathoiodlionthioonainsouicos.ThoStutisticu| Ycurbcck, )±.¡)±.6,µutoutlytho
Saudi Aialian Ministiy ol Highoi Education (zoo¡j, µiovidod inµoitant dotails on tho sizo and scoµo ol tho
countiy`sµostsocondaiysyston.Anunµullishodµiolininaiyioµoitlyanintoinationalconsultinghinthathas
loonwoikingwithSaudiAialianauthoiitiosonaconµiohonsivooducationalioloinµioioctovoitholastyoai
gavoadditionallyholµlulinloinationaloutthoSaudisyston(CRAIntoinational,zoo;j.Sµocihcsalaiydotails
woioalsoµiovidodtousdiioctlylythoDoµutyMinistoiolEducationalAllaiisolthoSaudiMinistiyolHighoi
Education.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
SaudiAialiahasz¡univoisitiosand¡¡;µostsocondaiycollogosandinstitutos.Thosystonolhighoioducation
in tho countiy is ovoiwholningly µulliciust thioo ol tho kingdon`s univoisitios and ¡; ol its collogos and
institutos aio µiivato (CRA Intoinational, zoo;j. Tho Ministiy ol Highoi Education (zoo¡j ioµoits that sono
oo¡,ooo studonts woio oniollod at tho µostsocondaiy lovol in Saudi Aialia in zoo±zoo¡. Tho vast naioiity
olthoso(¡;o,±o8jwoiostudyingatthoundoigiaduatolovol,whiloanoiozo,¡¡z(iust±.±µoicontolthototalj,
woiooniollodingiaduatoµiogians.ThohighoioducationsystoninSaudiAialiaonµloysnoailyz8,ooolaculty
nonlois.ThishguioincludoslothSaudiandnon-Saudilaculty,althoughsµocihcdataiogaidingthoµoicontago
olloioignlacultywoionotavailallotous.
Salary |njornat|on
Thodatawowoioallotocolloctloilacultysalaiiosiolatostoacadonics`oainingsattholovolsolloctuioi,assistant
µiolossoi,associatoµiolossoi,andµiolossoi,andaµµliostoSaudinationalsonly.Foioignacadonicstallaiohiiod
onacontiactlasiswithnogotiatodµay,whiloSaudinationalsaioµoinanontonµloyoosolthostatowithcivil
soivicostatus(CRAIntoinational,zoo;j.
Inouianalysis,wousodthoiankolloctuioiasthoontiy-lovolµositionandthoµiolossoiiankasthotoµ-lovol
µositiononthoSaudiacadoniconµloynontladdoi.ThosalaiyscaloloiSaudiloctuioisiangoslion;,ozoiiyals
µoinonthto¡¡,;8oiiyalsµoinonth.Howovoi,givonouisonsothatthotightlyoiganizodcivilsoiviconatuiool
thoSaudiacadonicµiolossionhasnostyoungacadonicsstaitingollatthotiuoontiy-lovolµoint,wodosignatod
tholowondolthoscaloasouiontiy-lovolavoiago.Moanwhilo,sinconoiooxµoiioncodacadonicsattholovolol
µiolossoinayondthoiicaiooisatanyµointalongthosalaiycontinuunloithisiank,wocalculatodanavoiago
toµ-lovolnonthlysalaiylionthoolhcialiangool¡o,o¡¡iiyalsµoinonthtoz±,oo¡iiyalsµoinonth.Tocalcu-
latoouiovoiallavoiago,woavoiagodoacholthosalaiyiangosloitholouiacadonicianks,thondividodthoso
avoiagohguioslyloui.Finally,althoughwoundoistandthataoooiiyallonohtnayloaµµlicallounivoisally
(CRAIntoinational,zoo;j,wooµtodnottoincludothisanountinouicalculations,givonouiintoiostincon-
µaiingonlylasosalaiiosloiacadonicsaioundthowoild.ThoiosultsolouianalysisaioµiosontodinTalloszo
andz;lolow.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,8
1ab|e z6.
Average Saudi Arabian Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: riyal)
Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {lecturer) ),6zo ¡,·6z
Overall average ·,,j¡¡ 6,6··
1op level {proFessor) zo,z6o 8,zjo
1ab|e z¡.
Iey Saudi Arabian Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) z,z6z : ·,)68
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary z.)
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ¡.)
WhonconµaiodtothoavoiagoGDPµoicaµitaµoinonthhguioloiSaudiAialiaolS¡,;o8,lacultysalaiios
onioyaconloitallonaiginovoithisanount,µaiticulaiatthohighoiondolthoonµloynontsµoctiun.Indood,
aµiolossoioaininganavoiagosalaiyloithisiankcanoxµocttonakonoailyhvotinosthoavoiagoGDPµoicaµita
µoinonthhguio.Moanwhilo,thoµotontialtogiowono`ssalaiyovoitinoisaµµiociallointhoSaudicontoxt,
whoiothotoµ-lovolsalaiyavoiagoisnoiothantwoandahalltinosthatolthoavoiagoontiy-lovolhguio.
Inouiconµaiativoanalysis,SaudiAialiaiogistoisthohighosttoµ-lovolandovoiallavoiagosalaiyhguios,lut
doossitinsovonthµlacointhoconµaiisonolontiy-lovolsalaiios.Itslowoiiankingonthisvaiiallonayloduo
totholactthatwodidnotavoiagoathoiangoolhguiosµiovidodtousloitholoctuioiiank,lutassunodthat
tholowostontiy-lovolhguiowaslikolythoanountnostioµiosontativoolthotiuoµiolossionalstaitingµointloi
Saudiacadonics.
Ontholacoolit,thoacadonicaµµoaistoloawoll-conµonsatodµiolossionalinthoSaudiAialiancontoxt.
Howovoi,anoiovigoiousandconµiohonsivoinouiiyintothoouostionolwhatlacultysalaiiosinSaudiAialia
looklikoandwhatthoyioallynoanwouldinvolvolookingatthodilloioncoinµaylotwoonSaudinationals
andloioignacadonicstallandwouldalsoioouiiogottingasonsoolhowacadonicsalaiiosconµaiotothosalaiy
conµonsationiocoivodlyothoiµiolossionalsinSaudiAialia.Ultinatoly,givonthatthoºSaudihighoioduca-
tionsystonisaµµioachinghugodovoloµnontsinsonanyasµocts,oualitativolyandouantitativoly"(Al-Ohali,
µoisonalconnunication,July¡z,zoo8j,itwillloinµoitanttoconsidoihowthosalaiylandscaµoiolatostothoso
inµoitantchangosinthonoai-tonid-toin
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
,j
South AFrica
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Tho UNDP`s (zoo;j Hunan Dovoloµnont Indox iankod South Aliica ¡z¡st anong ¡;; countiios, which clas-
sihositasanationolºnodiunhunandovoloµnont."ThoWoildBankcalculatosthoGDPµoicaµitaloithis
countiyatS¡¡,¡¡oµoiyoai(inPPPdollaisj,oiSozoµoinonth.Anongthocountiiosolouistudy,SouthAliica
hadahighoiGDPµoicaµitathanChina,Colonlia,andMalaysia,lutitiankodlowoionthoHDIthanthoso
countiios.
Data Collect|on
South Aliica`s Doµaitnont ol Education (zoooj soivod as tho nain souico loi contoxt inloination loi South
Aliica.InloinationaloutsalaiioswasdiawnlionKulloiandRoloits`(zoo¡jioµoitonsalaiiosinAssociation
olConnonwoalthUnivoisityinstitutions.ThoiidatalionSouthAliicawoiolasodonasuivoyaµµliodtosix
univoisitios.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
EvonthoughaiaµidgiowtholµiivatooducationhasloonioµoitodlynanyolsoivoisolSouthAliicanhighoi
oducation (Altlach, zoo¡a: Janson, zoo±: Malizola, Sulotzky, & Thavoi, zooo: Sulotzky, zoo¡j, and ly tho
yoaizoooitwasostinatodthat¡±¡µiivatohighoioducationinstitutionsoniollodatotalolnoiothan¡oo,ooo
studonts(MalizolaSulotzky,&Thavoi,zooojinthocountiy,thoavailalloolhcialinloinationincludosdataonly
lionµullichighoioducation.
Inzoo¡,thoiowoioz¡univoisitiosinstitutionsµiovidinghighoioducationto;¡;,±;zstudonts8¡.;µoicont
in undoigiaduato µiogians, ¡¡.o µoicont in giaduato µiogians, and tho ionaining z.; µoicont in ºothoi µio-
gians"(SouthAliicaDoµaitnontolEducation,zoooj.Inzooo,acadonicstallatµullicunivoisitiosnunloiod
z¡,¡8¡(Sohoolo,µoisonalconnunicationAugust¡¡,zoo8,lasodonDoµaitnontolEducation,zoo;j.Inloina-
tionaloutµait-tinolacultywasnotavailallo.
Salary |njornat|on
Thoio aio two lasic tyµos ol onµloynont aiiangononts in South Aliica, µoinanont onµloynont and con-
tiact woik. "Poinanont onµloynont tyµically involvos a hxod-toin aµµointnont that oxtonds to iotiionont.
Uµonaµµointnont,thonoinalµiolationaiyµoiiodis¡8nonths"(Koon,zooz,±¡zj.Thoioisawidoiangool
dononinations loi µoinanont acadonic µositions, staiting lolow iunioi loctuioi (including sonioi laloiatoiy
assistantjandgoinguµtotholovololµiolossoioidiioctoi.Howovoi,nanyolthosodononinationsioloistiictly
totoachinglunctions.Ingonoial,itcanlosaidthatthotiuoacadonicianksaioiunioiloctuioi,loctuioi,sonioi
loctuioi,associatoµiolossoi,andµiolossoi.Foithotwolowostianks,anastoi`sdogiooisusuallyioouiiod.Foi
tho uµµoi onµloynont ianks, univoisitios aio incioasingly looking loi individuals with doctoial dogioos lion
woll-knownunivoisitiosandwithsonoµullicationsiniolovantacadoniciouinals,anongothoioualihcations
(Koon,zoozj.
Contiactwoikislasodontonµoiaiyaµµointnontsollossthanayoai.Thosotyµosolonµloynontaiiango-
nontshavoloongiowinginiocontyoais,tothoµointthatatsonoinstitutions,hltyoisixtyµoicontoltholaculty
aiohiiodonthislasis.Contiactlacultytyµicallyhavolowoisalaiiosthanµoinanontonµloyoosolsinilaiiank
(Koon,zoozj.
ThoioisnocolloctivolaigainingµiocossloiacadonicsalaiiosinSouthAliica:salaiiosandlonohtsaionogoti-
atodonaninstitution-ly-institutionlasis(Kulloi&Roloits,zoo¡j.Thocountiyhasloonlothasondoianda
iocoivoiolacadonictalontovoitino.ScholaislionothoiµaitsolAliicahavoloonattiactodlySouthAliica`s
iolativolygonoioussalaiios(WoildBank,¡oo¡:Mololaii,¡ooo:Altlach,zoo¡aj,whilothocountiylososºnany
olitsnosttalontodacadonicstothoNoith"atthosanotino(Altlach,zoo¡aj.
ThocalculationolthosalaiyavoiagosloiSouthAliicawaslasodonthohguiosioµoitodlyKulloiandRoloits
(zoo¡j.Thoontiy-lovolhguiowasoltainodasanavoiagoolthosalaiiosloiassociatoloctuioi,tholowostonµloy-
nontiankioµoitodinthoiistudy.Thotoµ-lovolavoiagowascalculatodasthoavoiagoolthotwoavailallosalaiy
valuosloitholullµiolossoiiank.OuicalculationsyioldodthoiosultsµiosontodinTallosz8andzololow.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
6o
1ab|e z8.
Average South AFrican Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: rand)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {associate lecturer) j,jo, z,,6o
Overall average ·,,))z z,o)6
1op level {Full proFessor) z¡,6z) 6,·o,
1ab|e zç.
Iey South AFrican Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) z,)¡z : )o6
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary z.z
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ,.8
Asindicatodinthoconµaiativohndingssoction,thoSouthAliicaniosultswoiosuiµiisinginavaiiotyol
ways. Dosµito its iolativoly low HDI ianking, tho countiy ianks hlth in tho standings loi toµ-lovol avoiago
salaiios.Itsovoiall-avoiago-salaiy-to-nonthly-GDP-µoi-caµitaiatioisthosocondhighostinthogiouµ,andit
ianksthiid(lohindChinaandSaudiAialiajintoinsolthoµoicontchangoinsalaiylionontiytotoµlovols
olonµloynont.
ThosonaysuggostthathighoioducationlacultyinSouthAliicanayhavoaconloitallolilostylo.Howovoi,
whon conµaiod to µiolossionals in othoi soctois, olsoivois noto that laculty do not hold such an inµiossivo
advantago.Inlact,thosalaiygaµaciossµiolossionsinSouthAliicahasloonµointodoutasanaioaloiinµiovo-
nontinthocountiy`soducationsyston(Kulloi&Roloits,zoo¡j.Moanwhilo,inacontoxtinwhichanaioiity
olwhitonalosµoµulatothoacadonicianksinastudontlodyactivolyundoigoingºAliicanization"(Sulotzky,
zoo¡j,thointoisoctionoliacoandlacultyconµonsationlogsluithoioxµloiation.Thiskindolanalysiscouldlo
inµoitantnotonlyinSouthAliicalutalsoinnanyothoidivoisosociotiosaioundthowoild.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

United kingdom
Bencbnark |njornat|on
ThoUnitodKingdonisconsidoiodaºhighhunandovoloµnont"nation,iankod¡othonthoUNDP`s(zoo;j
HunanDovoloµnontIndox.AccoidingtothoWoildBank,itsGDPµoicaµitaloithoyoaizoo¡wasS¡¡,¡8o(in
WoildBankPPPdollaisj,whichyioldsanonthlyanountolSz,o¡z.
Data Collect|on
StatisticsandcontoxtinloinationloithoUnitodKingdonwoiooltainodlionthoHighoiEducationStatistics
Agoncy(HESAj(zoo8aj.AdditionalinloinationcanolionUnivoisitiosUK(zoo;aj,aioµiosontativolodyand
nonloishiµ oiganization loi tho highoi oducation soctoi. Salaiy inloination was oltainod lion Kulloi and
Roloits`(zoo¡jAssociationolConnonwoalthUnivoisitiosstudy.Aliioloxµlanationaloutouidocisioniogaid-
ingsouicosloithisioµoitcanloloundinthosoctiononsalaiyinloinationlolow.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
HighoioducationinthoUnitodKingdonisossontiallyµullicinnatuiothoioisonlyonoµiivatohighoioduca-
tioninstitutioninthocountiy.Intotal,thoioaioº¡o8µullicly-lundodHEIs,olwhich¡ooaiounivoisitios,µlus
thoµiivatoUnivoisityolBuckinghan"(Locko,µoisonalconnunication,Julyz8,zoo8,lasodonHESA,zoo8a,
zoo8lj.Thosystonisalsoconµiisodolluithoioducationcollogosandsonoloioignhighoioducationinstitu-
tions(UnivoisitiosUK,zoo;lj.Inzoo¡,thoiowoioz,¡oz,8¡¡highoioducationstudontsinthoUnitodKingdon
(HESA, zoo8aj:olthoso,¡¡o,¡oo(z¡.;µoicontjwoioingiaduatoµiogians.Inthosanoyoai,thoiowoio¡o±,8;;
acadonic stall nonloisincluding µiolossois, sonioi loctuiois and iosoaichois, loctuiois, iosoaichois, and
othoigiados.Anongtholaculty,¡z.¡µoicont(¡¡,¡¡ojwoiohiiodthioughµait-tinocontiacts(Locko,µoisonal
connunication,Julyz8,zoo8,lasodonHESA,zoo8a,zoo8lj.
Salary |njornat|on
Salaiiosaiolaigolyostallishodthioughnationalnogotiationµiocossos:howovoi,institutionsdohavoacoitain
dogiooollioodonwhonitconostoconµonsatinglaculty(MaxWoloiPiogianno,n.d.-cj.Ouinainsouico
loiinloinationonsalaiioswasthoKulloiandRoloits(zoo¡j .cc±.cc¡ Acudcnics Stujj Su|ury Survcy.Foi
thoUnitodKingdon,thisstudywaslasodonasuivoyaµµliodtotonunivoisitios,allnonloisolthoAssocia-
tionolConnonwoalthUnivoisitiosloithoacadonicyoaizoo±zoo¡.Onodiawlackthatcouldloassociatod
withthousoolthosodataloinational-lovolanalysisinthoUnitodKingdonisthatthisµaiticulaistudywas
ºlasodonalinitodsanµloolHEIs|highoioducationinstitutions|inthoUnitodKingdonwhichisliasodin
lavouioltho'RussollGiouµ`(IvyLoaguooouivalontjandothoi'µio-¡oozunivoisitios,`againsttho'µost-¡ooz
univoisitios`(nainlyox-µolytochnicsjandloatuiosnonon-univoisityHEIsº(Locko,µoisonalconnunication,
Julyz8,zoo8j.
Wo did consult additional souicos loi salaiy data, such as tho Univoisity and Collogo Union (UCUj (zoo8j
andthoMaxWoloiPiogianno`sAcadonicCaiooiOlsoivatoiy(n.d.-cj.Howovoi,woultinatolydocidodtouso
KulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jasouinainsouicoolsalaiyinloination,loithioonainioasons.Fiist,itgavousa
noioconµaiallodatasot,considoiingthatwousodthoiihndingsloianunloiolthoothoicountiiosincludod
inouiwoik.Socond,thotinolianoundoiconsidoiationinthoKulloiandRoloits`(zoo¡jstudy(zoo±zoo¡j
was closoi to lasolino yoai ol intoiost (zoo¡zoooj than what tho othoi souicos wo considoiod could olloi.
Thiid,thonothodologyusodlyKulloiandRoloits(zoo¡jwasnoioconµatillowiththonothodologythatwo
onµloyodinouiiosoaich.Foioxanµlo,thoMaxWoloiPiogiannodataonlydiawliontwounivoisitios,and
thoUCUioµoit(zoo8jwaslasodonolhcialdocunontationthatiolatostonationalwagoandsalaiynogotiations,
lutnotnocossaiilytoactualsalaiios(soo,loioxanµlo,thoCollogoEnµloyois`Foiun,zoo;j.
Ultinatoly,ouianalysisolacadonicsalaiiosinthoUnitodKingdonyioldodthohguiosµiosontodinTallo¡o
andTallo¡¡.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
6z
1ab|e ¡o.
Average U.I. Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{local currency: pound)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level {associate lecturer A) z,·), ¡,¡z,
Overall average z,8z¡ z,¡z¡
1op level {ProFessor) ¡,6¡¡ ,,,8j
1ab|e ¡¡.
Iey U.I. Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) z,))o : z,6¡z
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary ·.)
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita ·.)
In oui conµaiativo analysis, tho Unitod Kingdon sits in hlth µlaco in toins ol ontiy-lovol salaiy hguios,
sovonthintoinsoltoµ-lovolsalaiios,andsixthinthoovoiallsalaiyavoiagostandings.ItoutµacosthoUnitod
Statosslightlywhonitconostothoµoicontchangolotwoonontiy-andtoµ-lovolavoiagononthlysalaiios(o;
µoicontloithoUnitodKingdonvoisuso¡µoicontloithoUnitodStatosj,andisviituallyooualtoGoinany,tho
Unitod Statos, and Jaµan whon conµaiing tho iatio ol ovoiall avoiago nonthly salaiios to nonthly GDP µoi
caµitaostinatos.
Still,thoioaiooncouiagingtiondsinthoU.K.contoxt,withsignihcantincioasosinstaitingsalaiiosloiloc-
tuiois, giowth in tho µioµoition ol individuals occuµying highoi-lovol µositions, and a sonso that tho wholo
ºµackago"olonµloynontlonohtsonioyodlylacultynakosthoacadonicµiolossionagonoiallyattiactivoono.
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
Individual academics' salaries may be rising even Faster than the oFFcial data suggest because the proportion oF academic
staFF employed on higher grades has increased signiFcantly over the last decade {·jj,Jj6 to zoo6Jo)). Fxcluding research
grades, the proportion oF Full-time academics who are proFessors has increased From ·o.j% to ·j.¡%.
1here has also been an increase in the proportion in the next highest academic grade {senior lecturers in pre-·jjz universi-
ties and the principal lecturer grade in post-·jjz institutions) From zz.z% to ¡8.6%, with corresponding reductions in
more junior grades {based on HFSA data).
|Meanwhilel. increases in starting salaries For lecturers since the Framework agreement averaged ·z%. Fmployees have also
received pay increases oF up to ¡% on assimilation to the new pay spine. Approximately 8.,% oF academics will have also
received additional pay increases due to upgrading {according to UCFA).
Finally, it is the whole package that is more important than just the salary, as you point out. Flexible working arrangements,
holidays and pension schemes are all advantageous when compared with most other UI employees.
wiiiitu i6cxr, Centre jor H|gber Educat|on Researcb e |njornat|on (CHER|)
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

United States
Bencbnark |njornat|on
ThoUnitodStatosisconsidoiodtho¡zthnosthighlydovoloµodcountiyinthowoild,accoidingtothozoo;zoo8
HunanDovoloµnontIndox(UNDP,zoo;j.ThoWoildBank(zoo8jµutsthoU.S.GDPµoicaµitaatS±¡,o;±.
Dividodly¡z,thocountiy`sGDPµoicaµitaµoinonthcanloostinatodatS¡,±;¡.
Data Collect|on
TwonainsouicoswoiousodloidatacolloctioniolovanttothoUnitodStatos.ThoCnrcnic|c cj !igncr Educuticn
(zoooa,zoo;j,thioughitsannualºAlnanac"µullication,µiovidodnostolthoinloinationhavingtodowiththo
lioadoicontoxtolthoU.S.µostsocondaiysyston,suchasstudontoniollnontandlacultynunlois:nunloisand
tyµosolhighoioducationinstitutions:andtholioakdownolinstitutions,oniollnont,andlacultyonµloynontly
institutionaltyµo(µiivatovoisusµullicj.Mostolthosodataioloitothoacadonicyoaizoo¡zooo,whichistho
lasolinoyoailoithisstudy.ThoAnoiicanAssociationolUnivoisityPiolossois,thioughitsAnnuu| Rcpcrt cn tnc
Eccncnic Stutus cj tnc Prcjcssicn(zoooj,wasthoµiinaiysouicoolthodataiolatingtoacadonicsalaiios.

H|gber Educat|on Contest
ºBy alnost any noasuiostudont µoµulation sizo, institutional
vaiiotyandouantity,µhysicalandhnancialiosouicos,iosoaichµio-
ductivity, otc.tho Anoiican highoi oducation syston is aigually
ono ol tho laigost, nost conµiohonsivo, and nost dynanic in tho
woild" (do Wit & Runlloy, zoo8, µ. ¡ooj. In zoo¡zooo, thoio
woiosono±,z¡oµostsocondaiyinstitutionsinthoUnitodStatos.Ol
thistotal,iustovoi¡,8oowoiodoonodºassociato`scollogos,"conloi-
iing two-yoai dogioos. Rosoaich institutions (nado uµ ol iosoaich
and{oidoctoialunivoisitiosj,nastoi`scollogosandunivoisitios,and
laccalauioatocollogostogothoinunloiodaiound¡,;ooandiointly
onioll aµµioxinatoly ¡8 µoicont ol U.S. studonts. Closo to ¡,ooo
ºsµocial-locusinstitutions,"includinglaith-iolatodschools,nodical
schools and contois, law schools, onginooiing schools, ait{dosign{
nusic schools, and tiilal collogos, iound out tho nation`s institu-
tionalµiohlo(Cnrcnic|c cj !igncr Educuticn,zoooaj.
NoailyooµoicontolAnoiicanhighoioducationinstitutionsaio
considoiodµiivato(z,¡¡ointotalj,althoughthonaioiityolU.S.stu-
donts(;¡µoicontjaiooniollodinµullichighoioducation(Cnrcnic|c
cj !igncr Educuticn, zoooaj. Tho Anoiican µostsocondaiy studont
µoµulationtotalod¡;,z;z,o±±inzoo¡zooo.Moiothan8¡µoicont
olstudontsaiooniollodatthoundoigiaduatolovol,withtholalanco
ongagodingiaduatoandµiolossionaldogiooµiogians.
Sono ¡,zoo,ooo laculty nonlois aio woiking in highoi oducation in tho Unitod Statos, ol whon aiound
o¡µoicontaioonµloyodinµullichighoioducation.MoioAnoiicanlacultynonloisaioonµloyodonalull-
tino iathoi than µait-tino lasis: lull-tinois account loi ¡z µoicont ol tho ovoiall acadonic stall (Cnrcnic|c cj
!igncr Educuticn,zoo;j.Howovoi,thoµoicontagoolµait-tinolacultydoullodinthoµoiiod¡o;¡zoo¡,giowing
lionz¡µoicontto±oµoicontduiingthistino(AAUP,zoooj.Today,µait-tinoisaccountloi±8µoicontolall
µostsocondaiy laculty in tho Unitod Statos and aio ºdisµioµoitionatoly locatod in tho two-yoai collogo soctoi"
(Finkolstoin,µoisonalconnunication,Junoz8,zoo8j.
Salary |njornat|on
Using data tallos µioducod ly tho AAUP (zoooj, wo locusod oui attontion on salaiy inloination iolovant to
doctoial,nastoi`s,andlaccalauioatoinstitutions.Itisinµoitanttonotothatthosalaiyhguiosµiosontodlytho
AAUP(zooojºcovoilull-tinononloisolthoinstiuctionalstalloxcoµtthosoinnodicalschools.aioadiustodto
astandaidnino-nonthwoikyoai.|and|aiolasodondatalion¡,±;¡institutionsioµiosonting¡,o;;canµusos"
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
Despite the growth in the part-time Faculty
ranks, it is interesting to note that the Four-
year sector in the U.S. has been moving
to reduce its dependence on part-time
Facultyprimarily via the increased use oF
Fxed term, Full-time appointments. 1hese
positions now constitute a majority oF all
new Faculty appointments in the U.S.
and have been so For at least the last
FFteen years. 1here is some preliminary
evidence suggesting that the salaries oF
Fxed-contract, Full-time Faculty are signiF-
cantly lower than those oF Full-time Faculty
on regular, tenure eligible appointments.
utv)i× ri×xris)ri×,
co-autbor (u|tb jack Scbuster) oj
1he American Faculty: 1he Restructuring
oF Academic vork and Careers (zoo6)
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
6z
(Cnrcnic|c cj !igncr Educuticn,zoool,n.µ.j.Thosodataalsoioµiosontµullic,µiivato,andchuich-alhliatodinsti-
tutions.Althoughnucholthodatacolloctodlionothoicountiiosioµiosontµullichighoioducationoxclusivoly,
andovoninthoUnitodStatosnoioacadonicswoikinthoµullicvoisusthoµiivatosoctoi,woaiguothatthoiois
valuoinoxµloiingthoµiivatohighoioducationdatainthisanalysis.MoiothanathiidolU.S.lacultywoikintho
µiivatosoctoiandthoiois,gonoiallysµoaking,laiilyßuidnovonontolacadonicslotwoonµullicandµiivato
onµloyoisinthiscountiy.
Tho AAUP µiovidos salaiy avoiagos loi onµloynont at hvo dilloiont ianks: loctuioi, instiuctoi, assistant
µiolossoi, associato µiolossoi, and µiolossoi. Howovoi, givon that tho µositions ol assistant, associato and lull
µiolossoiaiotyµicallyundoistoodtoioµiosontthoµiinaiyºcaiooi"ianksinAnoiicanacadonia,wolocusoui
salaiyanalysisonthosothiooonµloynontlovols.Fuithoinoio,atAnoiicannastoi`s,doctoialandlaccalauioato
institutions,tholull-tinotoachingstalllallovoiwholninglyintothosothioocatogoiiosolonµloynont.Indood,
instiuctois and loctuiois ioµiosont, on avoiago, iust o.¡ µoicont ol tho lull-tino acadonic woikloico at thoso
kindsolinstitutions.
Asahiststoµinouisalaiyanalysis,woavoiagodthoannualsalaiiosloithothiooonµloynontlovolsaciosstho
thiootyµosolinstitutions(nastoi`s,doctoial,andlaccalauioatojandwithinthotwodistinctsoctoisolAnoiican
highoi oducation (µullic and µiivato: noto hoio that wo conlinod tho salaiy data lion chuich-alhliatod insti-
tutions with that lion all othoi µiivato institutionsj. Wo thon dividod ly twolvo to oltain an avoiago nonthly
salaiy loi oach ol tho lovols ol onµloynont. Finally, wo calculatod a sinµlo ovoiall avoiago ly sunning tho
thiooavoiagononthlysalaiiosanddividinglythioo.Again,thoontiy-lovolhguioslolowdiawlionthodataloi
salaiiosolassistantµiolossois.Thotoµ-lovolsalaiyhguiosioßoctinloinationloithoacadonicstallholdingtho
iankolµiolossoi.ThoiosultsusingthisnothodologycanlosooninTallo¡zlolow,
o
whilosalaiyµiogiossion
andGDPconµaiisoninloinationisµiosontodinTallo¡¡.
1ab|e ¡z.
Average U.S. Salaries, by Sector and Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
Public and Private HF
Monthly Salary
Public HF only
Monthly Salary
Private HF only
Fntry-level {assistant proFessor) z,,8j z,,zz z,),)
Overall average ,,8·6 ,,6,· 6,··¡
1op level {Full proFessor) ),¡8, ),o,¡ ),86j
1ab|e ¡¡.
Iey U.S. Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita ¡,z)¡
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary {public+private) ·.6
Ratio: overall average salary {public+private)Jmonthly GDP per capita ·.)
Aconsidoiationolthosoiosultsnusttakointoaccountsonoinµoitantnothodologicaldocisionsonoui
µait.WhiloitistiuothatthoAAUPsalaiydatawodiawlionµoitaintoannualsalaiiosadiustodloianino-
nonthwoikyoai,wochosotocalculatoanonthlysalaiyhguiolydividingly¡z,loitwonainioasons.Tho
hististoionainconsistontwithouistandaidµiacticothioughoutthisstudyolcalculatingnonthlysalaiios
lionannualanountsthioughdivisionly¡z.Atthosanotino,whilowoaiocognizantoltholactthatnany
U.S.lacultynaychoosotoiocoivoiusttonµaychocksµoiyoai(thoiolyoainingnoioµoinonthjandcould
suµµlonontthoiilasoµaywithothoityµosolactivitioslothduiingthoacadonicyoaiandthosunnoi,woaio
µiinaiilyintoiostodinthovaluoµoinontholacadonics`lasicsalaiiosovoithocouisoolayoai.
j Note that these monthly salaries are all in U.S. dollars and are not converted to vorld Bank PPPS, as this is a one-to-one conver-
sion.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
6,
Oui analysis indicatos that tho nonthly salaiy avoiagos loi lull-
tino laculty in µiivato highoi oducation aio slightly highoi than
loithosoonµloyodinthoµullicsoctoi,althoughthosodilloioncos
aiolaiilynininal.Thoµiivato-µullicdividoisolsonoconcointo
othois,howovoi,whonotothatºthoscoµoandstiongtholthoµiivato
soctoiinthoUnitodStatosandthoiolativodoclinoinstatosuµµoitloi
µullicinstitutions.hasµlacodthonataconµotitivodisadvantago
vis-à-visthoµiivatosoctoiinlacultyiociuitnontandconµonsation"
(Finkolstoin,µoisonalconnunication,Junoz8,zoo8j.
Moanwhilo, oui data show that tho ovoiall avoiago lull-tino aca-
donicsalaiyinthoUnitodStatosisanywhoiolion¡.oto¡.8tinos
thoanountolthoostinatodnonthlyGDPµoicaµitahguio.Liko-
wiso,thoµotontialgiowthinsalaiyovoiacaiooihovoisaiound¡.o
aciosslotholthoinstitutionalsoctoisinthoUnitodStatosµullic
and µiivatoas ono novos lion an ontiy-lovol to a noio toµ-lovol
µositiononthoacadoniconµloynontladdoi.
Ontholacoolit,thosodataindicato,ilnotoxtionolyhighlovolsol
oainingµotontial,thonatloastnoolviousciisisinlacultyionunoi-
ationinthiscountiy.Howovoi,nanyinAnoiicanacadoniawoiiy
thatlacultysalaiiosaiointioullo.ThoAAUP,loioxanµlo,µointsto
thociiticalloinoodU.S.institutionsºtoattiactthonation`sliight-
ostscholaistothoiilacultios"(AAUP,zooo,µ.z¡j,inoidoitokooµ
µacowithoxµandingsociotaldonandstoµioµaiostudontsloiaiaµidlychangingocononiccontoxt,yotwoiiios
oµonlyaloutºthodovaluingolhighoioducation"inlightoltholailuioolacadonicsalaiiostokooµµacowith
incioasosininßation(AAUP,zoooj,anongothoiconsidoiations.ConµaiingacadonicsalaiiosinthoUnitod
Statosagainstthoconµonsationlovolsolothoihighly-tiainodµiolossionals,andkoyindicatoissuchasinßation,
wouldµiovidonuch-noododinsightintothoioalnoaningolthosalaiydataµiosontodhoio.Fuithoinoio,this
studywasnotdosignodtotakointoconsidoiationthoµotontiallydianaticdilloioncosinlacultyconµonsation
aciossthovaiiousacadonicdisciµlinos,whichlogssoiiousconsidoiation.Finally,asthoianksolµait-tinoand
non-tonuiotiacklacultygiowinthiscountiy,itwillloinµoitanttoundoistandthoolloctsolthoiionµloynont
aiiangonontsonthosalaiyconditionsolthoAnoiicanacadonicµiolossionasawholo.
Wd[nf[hj¼if[hif[Yj_l[±
1he sensitivity oF salaries to market Forces
in diFFerent academic Felds Frst emerged
during the ·j6os and early ·j)os during
the most intensive phase oF expansion oF
American higher education and recruit-
ment oF Faculty in proFessional Felds
outside oF the traditional arts and sci-
ences. A second order marketization by
Feld seems to be occurring in the past
decade. At the extreme, this results in an
entry level proFessor oF accounting earning
more than a Full proFessor oF Fnglish with
twenty-Fve years oF experience. It results
as well in a proFessor oF surgery earning
more than the University president and
almost as much as the Football coach!
utv)i× ri×xris)ri×,
co-autbor (u|tb jack Scbuster) oj
1he American Faculty: 1he Restructuring
oF Academic vork and Careers (zoo6)
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
66
Specia| Case: Pa|estine
Bencbnark |njornat|on
Palostino`s situation is voiy dilloiont lion any ol tho othoi countiios includod in tho study. Whilo tho Unitod
Nations includos it in its ioµoits as tho ºOccuµiod Palostinian Toiiitoiios," tho Woild Bank, tho Intoinational
MonotaiyFund,andthoU.S.ContialIntolligoncoAgoncy`sWcr|d Fuctbcckdonotnakonontionolitinthoii
ioµoits.PalostinoisincludodinthoUNDP`s(zoo;jHunanDovoloµnontIndoxlutitisnotµossillotoioloi-
oncothoPPPolitscuiioncy,sincoitisnotincludodinthonaioiPPPindoxos.Thissituationloicodustooxcludo
Palostinolionnostolouiconµaiisons.Howovoi,ontholasisolsonoiolovantdataavailallotousthiough
sonoiocontiosoaichonthoacadonicµiolossioninPalostino,itisincludodasasµocialcasointhisstudy.
AccoidingtothoUNDP`sHunanDovoloµnontIndox(zoo;j,Palostinoisconsidoiodanongthoºnodiun
hunandovoloµnont"nations,iankod¡oo
th
anong¡;;.ItsannualGDPµoicaµitaisSz,o¡o(UNDP,zoo;j,oi
S¡;¡µoinonth.
Data Collect|on
DataloiPalostinocanoliontwonainsouicos.OlhcialstatisticswoiooltainodlionthoPalostinianMinistiyol
EducationandHighoiEducation(zoo¡,zoo;j,whiloinloinationaloutsalaiioscanolionadoctoialdissoita-
tiononthoacadonicµiolossioninPalostino(Tawool,zoo8j.
Sonodistinctionsshouldlonadolotwoonthoscoµo,µuiµoso,andnothodologyolTawool`s(zoo8jdoctoial
iosoaichandouiconµaiativostudy.
¡. Tawool lookod at tho acadonic µiolossion in gonoial, whilo salaiy dotails woio iust a snall µait ol hoi
study.
z.Inloinationonsalaiioswasoltainodusingasuivoyaµµliodtoalaigonunloiolµiolossoislionalltho
institutionsinthocountiy,oxcludingAl-QudsOµonUnivoisityandAl-AosaUnivoisity.
¡.Tho suivoy was aµµliod duiing Doconloi zooo and Januaiy zoo;, and tho inloination colloctod coiio-
sµondstozooo,whoioasthodataloinostothoicountiiosinouistudyisloizoo¡.
±.Tawoolcolloctodsalaiydataintholoinolsalaiyiangos(inU.S.dollaisjiathoithanasµiocisohguiosassoci-
atodwithsµocihconµloynontianks.
H|gber Educat|on Contest
HighoioducationisnostlyµullicinPalostino.Howovoi,thoioaio¡¡µiivatoinstitutions,includingunivoisitios,
connunity collogos, and univoisity collogos. Pullic institutions aio hnancod with µullic nonios lut thoy aio
autononousinthoiinanagonontandgovoinanco.Govoinnont-iuninstitutionsaioalsohnancodwithµullic
nonioslutthogovoinnonthasalaigoiiolointhoiinanagonontandgovoinanco.UnitodNations-iunInstitu-
tions(UNRWAjaioasµocialcatogoiyuniouotoPalostinoinouisanµlo.Thoughthosoinstitutions,locatodin
iolugooscanµs,aiohnancodlythoU.N.andnotlythoPalostinianAuthoiity,thoyaioconsidoiodµullicloitho
µuiµososolthisstudy.
In zoo¡, Palostino had ¡o tiaditional univoisitios (oight µullic, ono govoinnont-iun, and ono µiivatoj: ono
oµonunivoisity:and¡zadditionalinstitutions,including¡oconnunitycollogos(ninoµullic,oightµiivato,ono
iunlythogovoinnont,andonoiunlythoUNRWAj.Thosystonisioundodoutly¡¡univoisitycollogos(two
µiivato,twoiunlyUNRWA,andninoiunlythogovoinnontj.
Thoiowoio¡¡o,z;±studonts(±,¡o¡giaduatoand¡±¡,o¡¡undoigiaduatojand±,¡ozacadonicstallinzoo¡.
Tho laigost µioµoition ol studonts was oniollod in tiaditional univoisitios (¡± µoicontj, lollowod ly tho Oµon
Univoisity(¡¡µoicontj,connunitycollogos(;µoicontj,andunivoisitycollogos(±µoicontj.
Salary |njornat|on
Acadonic ianks in Palostino includo loctuioi, assistant µiolossoi, associato µiolossoi, and µiolossoi. Howovoi,
givonthonothodologyusodlyTawool(zoo8jwowoionotallotonatchuµthosalaiyhguiosshocolloctodwith
thoiosµondonts`sµocihcacadonicianks.Inthoalsoncoolthiskindolinloination,woonµloyodadocidodly
sinµlisticaµµioachtonakingsonsoolthosodata.Wocalculatodthoovoiallsalaiyavoiagolyaddingtholowost
(S¡,ooojandthohighost(S±o,ooojinconovaluosonTawool`s(zoo8jsalaiysuivoyanddividingthonlytwo.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
6)
This yioldod a nodian salaiy ol Szz,¡oo. Howovoi,, accoiding to Tawool`s analysis, tho naioiity ol Palostin-
ianlacultyoaininconoslotwoonS¡o,oootoSzo,oooµoiyoai.Thisanountislolowouicalculatodavoiago:
howovoi,wokoµtthoavoiagoolSzz,¡ooinoidoitoloconsistontwiththonothodologyusodincountiioswhoio
noioinloinationwasavailallo,andwhoiothohnalvaluowasthoiosultolasinµloavoiagoandnotawoightod
avoiago.OuihndingsaioµiosontodinTallos¡±and¡¡lolow.
1ab|e ¡a.
Average Palestinian Salaries, by Fmployment Level
Fmployment Level Monthly Salary
{currency: U.S. dollars)
Monthly Salary
{vorld Bank PPPS)
Fntry level 6z, N.A
Overall average ·,8), N.A
1op level z,j·) N.A
1ab|e ¡¶.
Iey Palestinian Salary Indicators
Iey Indicators
Monthly GDP per capita {local currency : vorld Bank PPPS) N.A
Ratio: top-level salaryJentry-level salary z.)
Ratio: overall average salaryJmonthly GDP per capita N.A
Tawool(zoo8jµointodoutthatacadonicsalaiiosinPalostinoaiovoiylowconµaiodwithwostoinstandaids.
Howovoi, sho also indicatod that undoi tho voiy µaiticulai conditions ol this toiiitoiy, acadonic salaiios aio
considoiodtologoodinlightolasocialandµoliticalsituationinwhichºiustloingµaidasalaiyisconsidoioda
llossing"(Tawool,zoo8j.
ZiadAlialaii,alacultynonloiatHolionUnivoisitywhoioviowodouihndings,considoiodouidataºalnost
accuiato"luthighlightodsovoiallactoisthatnightalloctouihndings,cautioningusnottonakoovoilylioad
gonoializations. Foi oxanµlo, ho stiossod tho µossillo inµact ol dilloioncos in intoinal iogulations lion uni-
voisitytounivoisityandthoonissionolaconsidoiationlonohtslionouianalysis(ZiadAlialaii,Mohannad,
µoisonalconnunication,July¡¡,zoo8j.
Accoidingtoouidata,Palostinohastholaigostdilloioncolotwoonthoontiy-lovolandthotoµ-lovolsalaiy.Tho
±.;iatiothatwooltainodlydividingthotoµ-lovolavoiagosalaiylythoontiy-lovolavoiagosalaiyisliggoilylai
thanthonoxtliggostonos,whichcanlosooninChinaandSaudiAialia,withiatiosolz.;andz.oo,iosµoctivoly.
Howovoi, tho µioviously ioµoitod nothodological linitations loico us to lo cautious with thoso and any othoi
conclusionsaloutlacultysalaiiosinPalostino,osµociallyinaconµaiativocontoxt.Inaddition,aswithcountiios
suchasChinaandColonlia,linitationsinouicaµacitytoaccosshighlyaccuiatodataloithohighostlovolsala-
iiosloithisstudyloicoustolovoiyconsoivativowiththoanalysisinthisaioa.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
68
c6×ciusi6×
This oxµloiatoiy olloit to conµaio avoiago acadonic salaiios within and acioss a divoiso giouµ ol countiios
ioµiosontsasnalllutnoaninglulcontiilutiontothoonhancodundoistandingollacultyconµonsationaiound
thowoild.Ouiwoikioinsagiowinglodyoliosoaichthatisnovingoducationalsalaiyconµaiisonsloyondtho
ioalnolµiinaiyandsocondaiyoducationandintowhatnayaiguallyloanuchnoioconµloxonviionnont
atthoµostsocondaiylovol.
Unlikoothoisalaiyconµaiisonstudios,nanyolwhichlocusodonsotsolcountiiosthatshaioaconnonlond
oi µiohlo (loi oxanµlo, tho Association ol Connonwoalth Univoisitios, oi tho Euioµoan Unionj, oui µioioct
µiovidosawindowonanoxtionolylioadiangoolnationalcontoxts.Thiskindolglolalanalysisisloconing
incioasingly inµoitant. Whilo nany night aiguo that thoio aio highoi oducation ºµowoihouso" countiios oi
iogions (loi oxanµlo, tho Unitod Statos and Euioµoj that doninato tho discussion iolovant to highoi oduca-
tiontiondsaioundthowoild,thoioistiulyaglolaldynanisninhighoioducationtoday.Atlothnationaland
institutionallovolsaioundthowoild,thoioisagiowingsonsothatthohoiizonloihighoioducationoxtondswoll
loyondnationalloidois.Thisisoxµandingthosonsoolwhatitnoanstoloinloinodaloutkoyissuosinhighoi
oducation.Byconµilingandiointlyconsidoiingvoiydivoiso,andoltondilhculttooltain,µiocosoldataalout
acadonic salaiios in ¡¡ voiy dilloiont countiios, wo aio contiiluting inµoitant now inloination to tho glolal
convoisationaloutthoacadonicµiolossion.
Inthoµiocoss,wohavoloainodsonosignihcantlossons.Fiist,andµoihaµsnostinµoitantly,itisinnany
casosouitodilhculttohndconµloto,accuiato,tinoly,andlaiilystandaidizoddataonlacultysalaiiosaioundtho
woild.Thisisµiolallynuchlosstiuothanitwasiust¡¡yoaisago,givonthoonoinouswoaltholhighoioduca-
tiondatanowµulliclyaccossilloµaiticulailyonlino.Still,gottinggooddataischallonging,andthonhnding
waystotianslatoaciossvoiydilloionthighoioducationcontoxtsµiosontsanothoilayoiolonoinousconµloxity.
Olcouiso,lacultysalaiyconµaiisonswilllikolyalwayslosoiiouslychallongodlythonuancodandhighlycontox-
tualizodnatuioolhighoioducationsystonsandconµonsationµackagosaioundthowoild.Still,wololiovothat
thisstudy,dosµitoitsnotallodosignnothodologicallinitations,hasdonoanadniialloiololliingingnany
dilloiont kinds ol voiy contoxtually-lound inloination into noaninglul alignnont. But, wo also undoistand
thatouiwoikiaisosnanynoioouostionsthananswois.Thoioisanoodloiagioatdoalnoioiosoaichaiound
lacultysalaiioswoildwido,andinoidoitoadvancothisagonda,andtodoitwoll,sovoialinµoitantissuosnood
toloaddiossod.
Piinaiy anong thoso is tho nood loi noio and lottoi data on laculty salaiios. In addition, wo loliovo that
signihcantintoidisciµlinaiyoxµoitisonustlolovoiagodloilutuioiosoaich.Ciodillosalaiyconµaiisonstudios
ioouiio loth tho µoisµoctivos ol ocononists and highoi oducation sµocialists. Exµoits on sµocihc systons ol
highoioducationnakoitµossillotoundoistandthonuancosoldivoisonationalcontoxtsandthouniouoasµocts
ol dilloiont kinds ol laculty conµonsation schonos. A considoiation ol tax stiuctuios is also ciitical loi any
soiiousanalysisolthissoit.Ultinatoly,lovoiagingsuchoxµoitisowillioouiiotino,caiolulµlanning,andnot
insignihcantiosouicos.
Oui olloit to nako sonso ol salaiios acioss cuiioncios and ocononios nost coitainly onhancod oui undoi-
standingandaµµiociationloithoµiinciµloslohindPPPoxchangoiatos.Whathasloconoovonnoioaµµaiont
tous,howovoi,isthatanintoinationalºacadonicPPP"toolcouldµiovidoanuchnoioiolovantwaytoioßoct
howsalaiiosiolatotothonoodsandoxµonsosolthoacadonicswhoiocoivothon.Foioxanµlo,anºacadonic
PPP"couldincludoinitslaskotolconsidoiodgoodsthocostolastandaiddosktoµconµutoi,thoannualsul-
sciiµtioncosttotwoµiolossionaliouinals,andthocostolattondingononationalandonointoinationalacadonic
conloionco.MakingthoPPPcalculationnoioclosolyconnoctodtothoissuosandµioductsolcontialconcoin
tothoacadonicµiolossionwoildwidocouldlonditsollnicolytoonhancodintoinationalsalaiyconµaiisons.Wo
do,olcouiso,ionainoxcoodinglysonsitivotothoµiollonsinhoiontincialtinganysuchsµocializodPPPtool,
whichcouldoasilyloskowodtowaidµioductsandsoivicosthataionostiolovantloiwoalthioi,noiodovoloµod
countiios.Wodoconsidoithoidoawoithoxµloiing,howovoi.
Inaddition,wostionglyloliovothatlutuioconµaiativosalaiystudiosnoodtotakointoaccountthochanging
natuioolthoacadonicµiolossion.Evonthoughinnostolthocountiioswostudiodthoioisacloailydiscoinillo
tiondtowaidnoioµait-tinolacultyandlowoilull-tinolaculty,µait-tinoisionainviituallyinvisillointholaigo
naioiityolthocasos.Anongthosocountiiosthatkooµanykindolstatisticsaloutµait-tinolaculty,onlyalow
kooµiocoidsintoinsollull-tinooouivalonts,whichwouldholµtoioduconultiµlocountingolthosoacadon-
icswhowoikinsovoialinstitutionssinultanoously.Butinnanycasos,thoioisnoinloinationatallaloutthis
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
6j
giowinggiouµ.Thosanonaylosaidloilacultyonµloyodinµiivatohighoioducationaioundthowoild.
Finally,wohoµothatnoioattontionwillloµaidtoanundoistandingolhowlacultysalaiiosconµaiotothoso
µaidtoothoihighlyskillodµiolossionals,withinandaciosscountiios.Thisstudywasnotallotoaddiossthis
issuo,lutwoaiocloailycognizantolitsiolovancoandinµoitanco.
Dosµitodauntingconµloxityandunavoidallogaµs,wololiovothatthoioislothnoiitandintoiostincontin-
uodattontiontothosoandothoiasµoctsolintoinationallacultysalaiyconµaiisons.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
)o
tvvr×oix: ot)t )tnirs
1ab|e ¡6.
Contextual InFormation, All Study Countries
Argentina Australia Canada China Colombia France Germany India
Institutions
Public z, ¡) zz¡ ·,,zz 8· N.A. z¡¡ ·o,z,¡
Private ,6 ·,, ·)o z,o ·j· N.A. ··z ),)zo
1otal ·o· ·jz z·¡ ·,)jz z)z ·zz ¡z) ·),j)¡
Students
Public ·,¡,z,¡¡z jzj,)8z N.A. N.A. ,8¡,z·) N.A. ·,8,8,66¡ ¡,),z,ooo
Private zj¡,j·z ),¡jz N.A. N.A. ,j6,zj) N.A. 8z,zz8 6,)zj,ooo
Graduate 6z,8)o z6¡,,oz ·,¡,6oo j)8,6·o ,6,¡8o ,z·,·zz o ·,,)z,·,o
Undergraduate ·,,8¡,¡)6 66,,,z6 8o¡,,oo zz,6¡·,·,· ·,·z¡,,¡z )6z,z8z o 8,jo8,8,o
1otal ·,6z6,zz6 j,),·)6 j,),·oo z¡,6oj,)6· ·,z·z,o¡) z,z,z,ooo ·,j)j,oz¡ ·o,z8·,ooo
Facu|ty
Public ··),¡j¡ ¡8,j,z N.A. N.A. ¡¡,j,6 8j,6j8 N.A. N.A.
Private N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. z6,8¡o N.A. N.A. N.A.
Full time N.A. ¡8,j,z ¡z,o·) ·,o)z,6jz zo,,6¡ N.A. z·,,)6· z)·,j¡·
Part time N.A. N.A. N.A. 866,zo¡ 6·,·o¡ N.A. N.A. N.A.
1otal ··),¡j¡ ¡8,j,z ¡z,o·) ·,j¡j,oj, 8o,)86 8j,6j8 z·,,)6· z)·,j¡·
HDI
Rank ¡8 ¡ z 8· ), ·o zz ·z8
ClassiFcation High High High Medium Medium High High Medium
CDP per Capita
(|oca| currencyj
Per year ·z,o,o z,,,8j zz,zzz ·z,··z 6,8zz,z6· z),z)z z),,zz ¡·,·88
Per month ·,·)· ¡,)jj ¡,,¡) ·,·)6 ,68,,¡8 z,z)¡ z,zj, z,,jj
CDP per Capita
(w8 PPP$j
Per year ··,o6¡ ¡z,)j8 ¡,,o)8 z,oj· 6,¡o6 zj,6zz ¡o,jz6 z,·z6
Per month jzz z,)¡¡ z,jz¡ ¡z· ,z6 z,z)o z,,)j ·))
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov

1ab|e ¡6.
Contextual InFormation, All Study Countries (cont|nued)
Iapan Malaysia New Zealand Palestine Saudi Arabia South AFrica UI US
Institutions
Public jj¡ jj ¡¡ zj ·6o z¡ N.A. ·,)oo
Private ·,z·) ,6· z8o ·z zo N.A. N.A. z,,·6
1otal o 66o ,·¡ z¡ ·8o z¡ ·68 z,z·6
Students
Public N.A. N.A. zj,,88z N.A. N.A. )¡),z)z N.A. ·z,j8o,··z
Private N.A. N.A. ,z,j6j N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. z,zj·,j¡z
Graduate ¡,,,z,j¡, N.A. z6,,·, z,¡6¡ z6,,¡z ··,,,8j ,z,,¡)o z,zj·,z·z
Undergraduate ¡,)j8,j,j N.A. ¡,o,8,¡ ·z,,j·· ,)6,z68 6oz,6·z ·,)jo,)z, ·z,)8o,6¡o
1otal o zo),,6) ¡,o,8,¡ ·,o,z)z 6o¡,ooo )¡),z)z z,¡¡6,··o ·),z)z,ozz
Facu|ty
Public N.A. N.A. ··,z¡) N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 8¡8,,oo
Private N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. z,·,,oo
Full time o N.A. 6,6z, z,6¡, z),joo N.A. ·oj,j8o 6)o,8oo
Part time N.A. N.A. z,6·z ·,j,) N.A. N.A. ,z,j·, 6·j,zoo
1otal o N.A. ··,z¡) z,,jz z),joo z·,·8, ·6z,8j, ·,zjo,ooo
HDI
Rank 8 6¡ ·j ·o6 6· ·z· ·6 ·z
ClassiFcation High High High Medium High Medium High High
CDP per Capita
(|oca| currencyj
Per year ¡,jzz,o)o ·j,8¡6 ¡),8·¡ N.A. ,·,·zo ¡z,8o6 zo,,z) z·,6)z
Per month ¡z),oo6 ·,6,¡ ¡,·,· N.A. z,z6z z,)¡z ·,)·· ¡,z)¡
CDP per Capita
(w8 PPP$j
Per year ¡o,zjo ··,z66 zz,,,z N.A. z·,zzo 8,z)) ¡·,,8o z·,6)z
Per month z,,zz j,6 z,oz6 N.A. ·,)68 )o6 z,6¡z ¡,z)¡
Note: N.A. denotes data not available.
i×)rv×t)i6×ti c6uvtvis6× 6r tctoruic stitvirs: t× rxvi6vt)6vv s)uov
)z
1ab|e ¡6 Notes
TholollowingnotosµiovidoinsightintothoinloinationcontainodinTallo¡o.Rolatodoxµlanationsoldataand
calculationscanloloundinthovaiiouscountiy-sµocihcioµoitscontainodinthisµullication.Onoolthonain
discioµanciosthatcanlonotodinthodatatallosislackolaµoiloctnatchinnanycasoslotwoontotalsand
thosunsoldisciotoµaitsloioxanµlo,tholackolagioonontlotwoonthototalnunloioloniollodstudonts
andthosunolstudontsinµullicandµiivatoinstitutionsoiatthoundoigiaduatoandgiaduatolovols.Inthoso
casos,woµickodwhatwololttolothonoioaccuiatooiiolovanthguios,lasodonananalysisolthosouicos.At
thosanotino,wokoµtthodisaggiogatodinloinationinthotallosinoidoitoµiovidoasnuchusoluldataas
µossillotoioadois.
Argentina
ThocalculationolAigontina`stotalnunloiolunivoisitiosdoosnotincludothoonoolhciallyiocognizodloioign
univoisityoµoiatinginthocountiy,andthoonoolhciallyiocognizodintoinationalunivoisity.Thocalculationol
thocountiy`stotalnunloiolµullicunivoisitiosincludos¡8nationalunivoisitiosandonoµiovincialunivoisity.
Thonunloiollull-tinoacadonicstallincludosdataonlyloithonationalunivoisitios.
Austra|ia
Thodilloioncolotwoonthosunolgiaduatoandundoigiaduatostudontsandthototalnunloiolstudontsis
oxµlainodlythooxistoncoolacatogoiycallodºothoi"inthoolhcialsouicos(z8,¡±oj.Thonunloiolstudontsin
µiivatoinstitutionswascalculatodlysultiactingthonunloiolstudontsinµullicinstitutionslionthoovoiall
nationaloniollnonttotal.
Canada
Thonunloiolinstitutionsincludosunivoisitios,collogosandinstitutos.Thonunloiolstudontsincludosonly
giaduatoandundoigiaduatostudonts:itdoosnotincludoºothoistudonts"oistudontslionºothoiµiogians."
China
Tho nunloi ol institutions includos univoisitios and non-univoisitios. Tho nunloi ol µait-tino laculty was
calculatodlysultiactingthonunloiollull-tinolacultylionthototallacultynunloi.
Co|ombia
Thodilloioncolotwoonthototalnunloiolstudontsandthosunolstudontsinµullicandµiivatoinstitutions
oithosunolgiaduatoandundoigiaduatostudontsisoxµlainodlythocioationlythoMinistiyolEducationol
acatogoiycallodºadiustnontlyonissioninthoioµoit"(ujustc pcr cnisiún cn c| rcpcrtcj.Thototalnunloiol
institutionsincludosunivoisitiosandnon-univoisitios.Foithonunloiollaculty,woµioloiiodthototalolµullic
andµiivatolacultytothonunloiollull-tinoandµait-tinolacultylocausotholattoiisnoiolikolytoincludo
doullo-countodlaculty.
France
Tho total nunloi ol studonts in Fianco caµtuios oniollnont nunlois loi all lovols ol µost-socondaiy oduca-
tion.Howovoi,thototalslistodloiundoigiaduatoandgiaduatostudontsioßoctunivoisityoniollnontsonly.Tho
totalnunloiolinstitutionsioßoctsonlythosounivoisity-lovolinstitutionsthatlallundoithosuµoivisionoltho
FionchMinistiyolEducation.
Cermany
ThosouicoloithototalnunloiolstudontsoniollodinGoinanhighoioducationwastakonlionthoGoinan
Fodoial Statistical Olhco, whoioas tho data on studont oniollnont in µiivato highoi oducation cano lion tho
Goinan Roctois` Conloionco. Tho µiivato oniollnont total was calculatod ly adding oniollnont hguios lion
stato-aµµiovodµiivatoandchuich-alhliatodinstitutions.
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India
Thototalnunloiolinstitutionsandstudontsoniollod(total,giaduatoandundoigiaduato,µullicandµiivatojis
takonlionwoikdonolyAgaiwal(zoooj.
japan
Thototalnunloiolundoigiaduatostudontsincludosthosooniollodinunivoisitios,aswollasthosoµuisuing
oducationiniunioicollogos,collogosoltochnology,andsµocializodtiainingcollogos.
Ma|aysia
Thonunloiolinstitutionsincludostoachoi-tiainingcollogos,µolytochnics,connunitycollogos,andunivoisi-
tios.Itdoosnotincludonatiiculationcollogos.
New Zea|and
Tho nunloi ol institutions and inloination alout oniolnont includos univoisitios, µolytochnics, collogos ol
oducation,andwananga.Howovoi,disciininatodinloinationlionoacholthosocatogoiioswasnotavailallo.
Pa|estine
Thonunloiolinstitutionsandthooniollnontnunloisincludotiaditionalunivoisitios,thoOµonUnivoisity,
connunitycollogos,andunivoisitycollogos.
South AFrica
Thonunloiolinstitutionsincludoszzunivoisitiosandononon-univoisity.
United kingdom
Thonunloiolinstitutionsisloizoo;.Othoiluithoioducationcollogosatwhichhighoioducationstudontsnay
attondwoionotincludod.Full-tinoandµait-tinolacultyhguiosincludooithoitoachinglaculty,iosoaichlaculty,
oiloth.Adilloioncoolhvointhototalsnaylooxµlainodlyioundingµiocoduios.
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Salary InFormation, All Study Countries
Argentina Australia Canada China Colombia France Germany India
Sa|ary Averages
(|oca| currenciesj
Fntry-Level z,zzz ,,zj, 6,¡oo z,¡,z z,·zj,6o) z,jj8 ¡,z)8 ·6,8jo
Overall ¡,8)j 6,666 ),jz¡ z,o)) ¡,o,),8zj ¡,,j¡ ¡,8,6 zz,)o·
1op-Level ,,o·6 j,·¡z j,6)o 6,¡66 z,z·¡,z,8 z,·8) z,,z) ¡o,¡8z
Sa|ary Averages (w8 PPP$j
Fntry-Level ·,),· ¡,8·o ,,zo6 68z ·,j8) ¡,z,j ¡,68¡ ·,·,·
Overall ¡,o,z z,)j, 6,,z8 ·,·8z z,8z6 ¡,jo, z,¡¡¡ ·,,z)
1op-Level ¡,j,o 6,,)o ),jjz ·,8z, z,o)j z,,,· ,,·o8 z,o)·
key Indicators
Ratio: 1op-level SalaryJ
Fntry-level Salary
z.¡ ·.) ·., z.) z.· ·.z ·.z ·.8
Ratio: Overall Average SalaryJ
Monthly GDP per Capita
¡.¡ ·.8 z.z ¡., ,.z ·.6 ·.) 8.)
Iapan Malaysia New
Zealand
Palestine Saudi
Arabia
South
AFrica
UI US
Sa|ary Averages
(|oca| currenciesj
Fntry-Level ¡8,,886 ¡,,z, z,)j, 6z, ),6zo j,jo, z,·), z,,8j
Overall ,¡z,),, ,,¡), 6,j·z ·,8), ·,,j¡¡ ·,,))z z,8z¡ ,,8·6
1op-Level )·8,,zz ),6,o j,¡¡z z,j·) zo,z6o z¡,6z) ¡,6¡¡ ),¡8,
Sa|ary Averages (w8 PPP$j
Fntry-Level z,j)j z,ozj ¡,··z N.A. ¡,·6z z,,6o ¡,¡z, z,,8j
Overall z,··z ¡,·o) z,zjo N.A. 6,6·· z,o)6 z,¡z¡ ,,8·6
1op-Level ,,,z6 z,zzz 6,o6· N.A. 8,zjo 6,·o, ,,,8j ),¡8,
key Indicators
Ratio: 1op-level SalaryJ
Fntry-level Salary
·.j z.z ·.j z.) z.) z.z ·.) ·.6
Ratio: Overall Average SalaryJ
Monthly GDP per Capita
·.6 ¡.¡ z.z N.A. ¡.) ,.8 ·.) ·.)
Note: N.A. denotes data not available.
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Comparison oF Average Salaries Using Big Mac and vorld Bank Purchasing Power Parity Indexes,
All Study Countries
Index Level Argentina Australia Canada China Colombia France Germany
8ig Mac PPP Fntry-Level j·j.z, ,,z¡z.o8 ,,,¡6.zz )zj.)· ·,o6z.¡z ¡,¡z·.z¡ ¡,6,z.zj
Overall ·,6o¡.zz 6,,88.¡z 6,j6¡.¡8 ·,z6¡.)8 ·,,··.·j z,oo¡.,o z,zj).·6
1op-Level z,o)¡.z8 j,oz6.oz 8,zj8.6¡ ·,j)¡.¡z z,·8·.o, z,66,.,) ,,o66.,z
w8 PPP Fntry-Level ·,),·.·8 ¡,8oj.6j ,,zo6.zo 68z.zj ·,j86.88 ¡,z,j.z· ¡,68z.)o
Overall ¡,o,z.·) z,)j,.zo 6,,z8.o, ·,·8·.66 z,8z6.¡, ¡,joz.j8 z,¡¡z.)o
1op-Level ¡,jzj.6· 6,,6j.)z ),jj·.)z ·,8z,.oj z,o)j.·) z,,,o.)6 ,,·o8.z¡
Index Level Iapan Malaysia New
Zealand
Saudi
Arabia
South
AFrica
UI US
8ig Mac PPP Fntry-Level z,6jj.,z z,·j).88 ¡,,,z.,j z,88).·¡ z,·)j.·) ¡,)z6.·, z,,88.6·
Overall 6,z88.zo ¡,¡¡z.)z ,,·z,.¡¡ 6,o¡6.6, ¡,z6j.j· z,8¡).oz ,,8·,.)z
1op-Level 8,),o.,) z,)zz.), 6,j·j.oj ),),z.o) ,,·j).8) 6,zzz.68 ),¡8z.8·
w8 PPP Fntry-Level z,j)8.66 z,ozj.·· ¡,··¡.66 ¡,·6·.8¡ z,,,j.,z ¡,¡z,.¡8 z,,88.6·
Overall z,··z.¡, ¡,·o).·6 z,z8j.,) 6,6··.oo z,o),.,¡ z,¡zz.)¡ ,,8·,.)z
1op-Level ,,,z6.zj z,zz·.)¡ 6,o6o.8z 8,z8j.6¡ 6,·o,.o8 ,,,88.,j ),¡8z.8·
Note: India and Palestine were not included here, as they are not included in either one or both oF the indexes.
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zoo)zoo8 UNDP Human Development Index
High Human Development Medium Human Development Low Human Development
·. Iceland
z. Norway
¡. Australia
z. Canada
,. Ireland
6. Sweden
). Switzerland
8. Iapan
j. Netherlands
·o. France
··. Finland
·z. United States
·¡. Spain
·z. Denmark
·,. Austria
·6. United Iingdom
·). Belgium
·8. Luxembourg
·j. New Zealand
zo. Italy
z·. Hong Iong, China {SAR)
zz. Germany
z¡. Israel
zz. Greece
z,. Singapore
z6. Iorea, Rep. oF
z). Slovenia
z8. Cyprus
zj. Portugal
¡o. Brunei Darussalam
¡·. Barbados
¡z. Czech Republic
¡¡. Iuwait
¡z. Malta
¡,. Oatar
¡6. Hungary
¡). Poland
¡8. Argentina
¡j. United Arab Fmirates
zo. Chile
z·. Bahrain
zz. Slovakia
z¡. Lithuania
)·. Dominica
)z. Saint Lucia
)¡. Iazakhstan
)z. venezuela, Rep. Bov.
),. Colombia
)6. Ukraine
)). Samoa
)8. 1hailand
)j. Dominican Republic
8o. Belize
8·. China
8z. Grenada
8¡. Armenia
8z. 1urkey
8,. Suriname
86. Iordan
8). Peru
88. Lebanon
8j. Fcuador
jo. Philippines
j·. 1unisia
jz. Saint vincent and the
Grenadines
j¡. Fiji
jz. Iran, Islamic Rep. oF
j,. Paraguay
j6. Georgia
j). Guyana
j8. Azerbaijan
jj. Sri Lanka
·oo. Maldives
·o·. Iamaica
·oz. Cape verde
·o¡. Fl Salvador
·oz. Algeria
·o,. viet Nam
·o6. Occupied Palestinian
1erritories
·o). Indonesia
·o8. Syrian Arab Republic
·oj. 1urkmenistan
··o. Nicaragua
···. Moldova
··z. Fgypt
·,6. Senegal
·,). Fritrea
·,8. Nigeria
·,j. 1anzania, U. Rep. oF
·6o. Guinea
·6·. Rwanda
·6z. Angola
·6¡. Benin
·6z. Malawi
·6,. Zambia
·66. Côte d'Ivoire
·6). Burundi
·68. Congo, Dem. Rep.
·6j. Fthiopia
·)o. Chad
·)·. Central AFrican Republic
·)z. Mozambique
·)¡. Mali
·)z. Niger
·),. Guinea-Bissau
·)6. Burkina Faso
·)). Sierra Leone
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zoo)zoo8 UNDP Human Development Index {Cont|nued)
High Human Development Medium Human Development Low Human Development
zz. Fstonia
z,. Latvia
z6. Uruguay
z). Croatia
z8. Costa Rica
zj. Bahamas
,o. Seychelles
,·. Cuba
,z. Mexico
,¡. Bulgaria
,z. Saint Iitts and Nevis
,,. 1onga
,6. Libyan Arab Iamahiriya
,). Antigua and Barbuda
,8. Oman
,j. 1rinidad and 1obago
6o. Romania
6·. Saudi Arabia
6z. Panama
6¡. Malaysia
6z. Belarus
6,. Mauritius
66. Bosnia and Herzegovina
6). Russian Federation
68. Albania
6j. Macedonia, 1F¥R
)o. Brazil
··¡. Uzbekistan
··z. Mongolia
··,. Honduras
··6. Iyrgyzstan
··). Bolivia
··8. Guatemala
··j. Gabon
·zo. vanuatu
·z·. South AFrica
·zz. 1ajikistan
·z¡. São 1ome and Principe
·zz. Botswana
·z,. Namibia
·z6. Morocco
·z). Fquatorial Guinea
·z8. India
·zj. Solomon Islands
·¡o. Lao, People's Dem. Rep.
·¡·. Cambodia
·¡z. Myanmar
·¡¡. Bhutan
·¡z. Comoros
·¡,. Ghana
·¡6. Pakistan
·¡). Mauritania
·¡8. Lesotho
·¡j. Congo
·zo. Bangladesh
·z·. Swaziland
·zz. Nepal
·z¡. Madagascar
·zz. Cameroon
·z,. Papua New Guinea
·z6. Haiti
·z). Sudan
·z8. Ienya
·zj. Djibouti
·,o. 1imor-Leste
·,·. Zimbabwe
·,z. 1ogo
·,¡. ¥emen
·,z. Uganda
·,,. Gambia
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Allany,NY:PiogianloiRosoaichonPiivatoHighoiEducation,UnivoisityatAllany.
Agaiwal,P.(zoooj.HighoioducationinIndia:Thonoodloichango.IndianCouncilloiRosoaichonIntoina-
tionalEcononicRolations(ICRIERjWoikingPaµoiNo.¡8o.NowDolhi,India:ICRIER.
Aiyai,P.(zoo8,Foliuaiy¡8j.Chinahuntsalioadloiacadonictalont.Asiu Tincs On|inc, RotiiovodFoliuaiyzo,
zoo8,lionhttµ:{{www.atinos.con{atinos{ChinaBusinoss{HB¡8Clo¡.htnl
Altlach,P.G.(¡oooj.Tnc intcrnuticnu| ucudcnic prcjcssicn. Pcrtruits cj jcurtccn ccuntrics.Piincoton,NJ:Cainogio
FoundationloithoAdvanconontolToaching.
Altlach,P.G.(zoozj.Tnc dcc|inc cj tnc guru. Tnc ucudcnic prcjcssicn in dcvc|cping und nidd|c-inccnc ccuntrics.Chostnut
Hill,MAandNowYoik:BostonCollogoContoiloiIntoinationalHighoiEducationandPalgiavoPullishois.
Altlach,P.G.(zoo¡aj.Glolalizationandthounivoisitios:Mythsandioalitiosinanunooualwoild.NEA A|nunuc
cj !igncr Educuticn, .cc¡(µµ.o¡-;±j.Washington,DC:NEAConnunicationsSoivicos.
Altlach,P.G.(zoo¡lj.Awoild-classcountiywithoutwoild-classhighoioducation:India`sz¡stcontuiydilonna.
!ntcrnuticnu| !igncr Educuticn, Sunncr .cc¡(±oj,¡8-zo.
Anoiican Association ol Univoisity Piolossois (AAUPj. (zoooj. Tnc dcvu|uing cj nigncr cducuticn. Tnc unnuu|
rcpcrt cn tnc cccncnic stutus cj tnc prcjcssicn, .cc¡-.cc6.Washington,DC:Authoi.
AigontinoMinistiyolEducation,SociotaiiatolUnivoisityPolicios.(zoooj.Anuuric .cc6 dc cstudisticus univcrsi-
turius.RotiiovodJanuaiy¡8,zoo8,lionhttµ:{{www.ncyo.gov.ai{sµu{docunontos{Anuaiio-zooo.ziµ
AigontinoMinistiyolEducation,SociotaiiatolUnivoisityPolicios.(n.d.-aj.Autoiidadosunivoisitaiias.Rotiiovod
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Aigontino Ministiy ol Education. (n.d.-oj. Rocuµoiacion dol suoldo doconto univoisitaiio. Piolosoi asociado,
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AustialianDoµaitnontolEducation,EnµloynontandWoikµlacoRolationshiµs.Highoioducationsunnaiy.
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zoo8,lionhttµ:{{www.chinatoß.con{loiiing{toach{luµt.htnl
Boyoi,E.L.,Altlach,P.G.,&Whitolaw,M.J.(¡oo±j.Tnc ucudcnic prcjcssicn. An intcrnuticnu| pcrspcctivc.Piinc-
oton,NJ:CainogioFoundationloithoAdvanconontolToaching.
CanadianAssociationolUnivoisityToachois(CAUTj(zoo;j.A|nunuc cj pcst-scccndury cducuticn .cc;.Ottawa,
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prcjcssicn in dcvc|cping und nidd|c-inccnc ccuntrics(µµ.¡¡¡-¡±oj.ChostnutHill,MAandNowYoik:Boston
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ChionicloolHighoiEducation.(zooolj.Avoiagosalaiiosollull-tinolacultynonlois,zoo¡-o.RotiiovodFol-
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ColonlianMinistiyolNationalEducation(n.d.j.NationalSystonloiHighoiEducationInloination.Estadisti-
cas.RotiiovodNovonloi¡¡,zoo;,lionhttµ:{{snios.ninoducacion.gov.co{non{
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Cunnings,W.K.(loithconingj.Tnc cnunging ucudcnic prcjcssicn prcjcct.
Doloitto.(zoo8,Mayj.Univcrsity stujj, ucudcnic su|urics e rcnuncruticn. A ccnpuriscn cj Ncw Zcu|und und sc|cctcd
intcrnuticnu| {Austru|iu, Cunudu, Eng|und, USA) dutu.Wollington,NowZoaland:NowZoalandVico-Chan-
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doWit,H.,&Runlloy,L.E.(zoo8j.ThoioloolAnoiicanhighoioducationinintoinationalstudontciiculation.
InH.DoWit,P.Agaiwal,M.E.Said,M.T.Sohoolo&M.Siiozi(Eds.j,Tnc dynunics cj intcrnuticnu| studcnt
circu|uticn in u g|cbu| ccntc×t(µµ.¡oo-z¡¡j.Rottoidan,ThoNothoilands:SonsoPullishois.
Education Intoinational (EIj. (n.d.j. Alout us. Rotiiovod Octoloi o, zoo8 lion httµ:{{www.oi-io.oig{on{
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Faiioll,J.P.,Olivoiia,J.B.,BatistaAiauio,J.(Eds.j.(¡oo¡j.Tcucncrs in dcvc|cping ccuntrics. !nprcving cjjcctivcncss
und nunuging ccsts.Washington,DC:WoildBank.
Foinandoz Lanaiia, N. (zoo¡j. Lu cducuciún supcricr urgcntinu cn dcbutc. Situuciún, prcb|cnus, y pcrspcctivus.
BuonosAiios,Aigontina:EUDEBA{IESALC.
GoinanFodoialStatisticalOlhco.(n.d.-aj.Tyµoolinstitutionolhighoioducation.RotiiovodJanuaiy¡z,zoo8,
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