Sensors
Content
Frequency sensors measure the frequency of an electrical signal. Frequency sensors are used in aircraft and industrial applications where equipment is sensitive to changes in frequency or may be subject to damage if power line frequency fluctuates. Frequency sensors detect line frequency. Trip-point frequency sensors may have fixed or adjustable trip points. Trip-point frequency sensors continuously monitor the line frequency and when a specific frequency trip point is reached, the frequency sensor will switch relays to connect or disconnect the device from a power source or generator to avoid damage or sub-standard operations. Another type of frequency sensor is the band pass type. Pass band frequency sensors can be either fixed or adjustable, but they are designed so that the circuit continuously monitors the input frequency and whether the input frequency is within the band pass – that is above the frequency that defines the bottom of the pass band yet below the frequency that defines the top of the pass band. If the input frequency drops below the bottom of the pass band or rises above the top of the pass band, the frequency sensor detects it, and switches the output relay so that the power source or generator is disconnect from the device to which power is being supplied. The pass band frequency sensor will stay that way until the input frequency once again falls within the upper and lower limits of the pass band. In adjustable frequency sensors, whether they are trip-point or pass band types, the thresholds at which frequency sensor reacts can be adjusted so that the frequency sensors can be set as a high-frequency sensors or a low-frequency sensors.
http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/sensors_transducers_detectors/electrical_electromagnetic_sen sing/frequency_sensors
Frequency Sensor and Frequency Monitor Products
DARE’s frequency sensors and monitors are available in both AC powered and DC powered models in a wide variety of standard or custom enclosures.
Used in aircraft, ground support equipment (GSE), ground power applications, and other military and industrial applications, DARE frequency sensors, monitors, and frequency sensing relays will protect equipment that is sensitive to fluctuations in power line frequency from damage due to over and / or under frequency conditions.
When the power line frequency is within the specified limits, the output of the frequency monitor will energize. When the frequency is over or under or outside the specified frequency range, the output relay of the frequency sensor will de-energize. Among the many various types of frequency sensors, DARE offers: 400 Hz fixed and adjustable underfrequency and overfrequency sensors 400 Hz fixed and adjustable band pass frequency sensors 60 Hz fixed and adjustable underfrequency and overfrequency sensors, and 60 Hz fixed and adjustable band point frequency sensors
Design features include: Built-In Hysteresis to eliminate chatter due to small frequency changes, and Maximum circuit flexibility to meet your needs
In addition, DARE can manufacture frequency sensors, monitors, and frequency sensing relays that do not require supplementary (other than input) power to operate.
http://www.dareelectronics.com/products/frequency-sensors/default.html
FM-105 High Frequency Occupancy Sensor
The FM-105 Super High Frequency Occupancy Sensor is a line voltage sensor that turns lighting on and off based on occupancy, and can hold lights off when sufficient daylight is available. It detects motion via super high frequency (SHF) electromagnetic waves and the Doppler principle. Because it can detect motion through many dense materials other than metal, the FM-105 can be installed behind fixture lenses and hidden from view. Key Features
Adjustable time delay Adjustable detection sensitivity Hold-off daylighting control Mounting bracket for flexible installation Line voltage occupancy sensor Mounts behind fixture lens hidden from view
GENERAL INFO Type: Super High Frequency Occupancy Sensor Special Features: Adjustable detection sensitivity,hold-off daylighting control Typical Applications: Stairwells, Hallways TECHNICAL INFO Operating Temperature Fahrenheit: -4-131° F IR Range On Axis: 20 feet Response Time: 10 sec to 30 mins Volts: 120/277 VAC, 50/60 Hz
http://www.wattstopper.com/products/fixture-sensors-and-controls/fixture-sensors/fm105.aspx#.UwIlTmKSzO8
Arduino Voltage Sensor Module
Description : This module is based on resistance points pressure principle, and it can make the input voltage of red terminal reduce 5 times of original voltage. The max Arduino analog input voltage is 5 V, so the input voltage of this module should be not more than 5 V x 5 = 25 V ( if for 3.3 V system, the input voltage should be not more than 3.3 V x 5 = 16.5 V ). Because the Arduino AVR chip have 10 bit AD, so this module simulation resolution is 0.00489 V (5 V / 1023), and the input voltage of this module should be more than 0.00489 V x 5 = 0.02445 V.
Special Parameters : 1、Voltage input range : DC0-25 V 2、Voltage detection range : DC0.02445 V-25 V 3、Voltage analog resolution : 0.00489 V 4、DC input interface : red terminal positive with VCC, negative with GND Connecting Diagram :
This sensor module come with 3 Pin Dual-female Jumper Wire length 300mm as below :
Application : Connect this vlotage sensor module with Arduino sensor shield through 3 Pin sensor cable, not only can easily realize to detect and control the voltage, but also can display the voltage through the IIC LCD1602 LCD module and make voltage monitor, as following :
Referrence Test Code :
#include <Wire.h> int val11; int val2;
void setup() { pinMode(LED1,OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println("Emartee.Com"); Serial.println("Voltage: "); Serial.print("V"); } void loop() { float temp; val11=analogRead(1); temp=val11/4.092; val11=(int)temp;// val2=((val11%100)/10); Serial.println(val2);
delay(1000); }
http://www.emartee.com/product/42082/
The ACPL-C87B/C87A/C870 voltage sensors areoptical isolation amplifiers designed specifically for voltage sensing. Its 2V input range and high 1GΩ input impedance, makes it well suited for isolated voltage sensing requirements in electronic power converters applications including motor drives and renewable energy systems. In a typical voltage sensing implementation, a resistive voltage divider is used to scale the DC-link voltage to suit the input range of the voltage sensor. A differential output voltage that is proportional to the input voltage is created on the other side of the optical isolation barrier. For general applications, the ACPL-C87A (±1% gain tolerance) and the ACPL-C870 (±3% gain tolerance) are recommended. For high precision requirements, the ACPL-C87B (±0.5% gain tolerance) can be used. The ACPLC87B/C87A/C870 optical isolation amplifiers family operates from a single 5V supply and provides excellent linearity. An active-high shutdown pin is available which reduces the Idd1 current to only 15 uA, making them suitable for battery-powered and other power-sensitive applications. The high common-mode transient immunity (15kV/us) of the ACPL-C87B/C87A/C870 provides the precision and stability needed to accurately monitor DC-link voltage in high noise environments. Combined with superior optical coupling technology, the ACPL-C87B/C87A/C870 implements sigma-delta modulation, chopper stabilized amplifiers, and differential outputs to provide unequaled isolation-mode noise rejection, low offset, high gain accuracy and stability. This performance is delivered in a compact, auto-insertable Stretched SO-8 (SSO-8) package that meets worldwide regulatory safety standards.
View Data Sheet (PDF) Lifecycle status: Active
FEATURES [-]
0.5% High Gain Accuracy (ACPL-C87B only) Unity Gain 1V/V -35 ppm/°C Low Gain Drift -0.3 mV Input Offset Voltage 0.1% Excellent Non-Linearity Max Active High Shutdown Pin 100 kHz Wide Bandwidth 3 V to 5.5 V Wide Supply Range for Output Side –40°C to +105°C Operating Temperature Range Advanced Sigma-Delta A/D Modulation Technology 15 kV/µs Common-Mode Transient Immunity Compact, Auto-Insertable Stretched SO-8 Package Safety and Regulatory Approvals (pending): o IEC/EN/DIN EN 60747-5-5: 1230 Vpeak working insulation voltage o UL 1577: 5000 Vrms/1min double protection rating o CSA: Component Acceptance Notice #5
APPLICATIONS [-]
Isolated Voltage Sensing in AC and Servo Motor Drives Isolated DC-Bus Voltage Sensing in Solar Inverters, Wind Turbine Inverters Isolated Sensor Interfaces Signal Isolation in Data Acquisition Systems General Purpose Voltage Isolation
http://www.avagotech.com/pages/en/optocouplers_plastic/plastic_miniature_isolation_amplifier/acplc870/
PASPORT Voltage-Current Sensor Voltage, current and power – our Voltage/Current Sensor measures them all simultaneously, either on a digital display or graphed over time. Overload protection shuts down the sensor (and gives an audible beep to alert the teacher) when the current is too high. Sensor automatically resets after the overload is removed. No smoke, no blown fuses to replace.
No grounding problems - differential input lets your students measure voltage or current anywhere in the circuit, no need to worry about which point is or is not at ground. Full ±10V and ±1A range. Works with a wide variety of configurations of battery electronics and circuits.
Typical Applications
Measure capacitor charge/discharge Study the relationship of voltage and current in series-parallel circuits (Ohm's Law) Measure power used by an electrical device (P= VI)
SPECIFICATIONS
Voltage Range
±10V ±50mV at 10 V accuracy 5 mV resolution ±1A ±5mA at 1 A accuracy 500µA resolution
Current Range
Maximum Sample Rate Maximum Voltage Maximum Input
1 kHz
10 V maximum common mode voltage Current: 1.1 A Voltage: 30 V
Length of voltage leads
40 inches
http://www.pasco.com/prodCatalog/PS/PS-2115_pasport-voltage-current-sensor/#specificationsTab
LTC2990 - Quad I2C Voltage, Current and Temperature Monitor
Features
Measures Voltage, Current and Temperature Measures Two Remote Diode Temperatures ±0.5°C Accuracy, 0.06°C Resolution (Typ) ±1°C Internal Temperature Sensor (Typ) 14-Bit ADC Measures Voltage/Current 3V to 5.5V Supply Operating Voltage Four Selectable Addresses Internal 10ppm/°C Voltage Reference 10-Lead MSOP Package
Typical Application
Description
The LTC2990 is used to monitor system temperatures, voltages and currents. Through the I 2C serial interface, the device can be configured to measure many combinations of internal temperature, remote temperature, remote voltage, remote current and internal VCC. The internal 10ppm/°C reference minimizes the number of supporting components and area required. Selectable address and configurable functionality give the LTC2990 flexibility to be incorporated in various systems needing temperature, voltage or current data. The LTC2990 fits well in systems needing sub-millivolt voltage resolution, 1% current measurement and 1°C temperature accuracy or any combination of the three.
Applications
Temperature Measurement Supply Voltage Monitoring Current Measurement Remote Data Acquisition Environmental Monitoring
http://www.linear.com/product/LTC2990
The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized single-board computer developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi [6][7][8][9][10] Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools. The Raspberry Pi is manufactured in two board configurations through licensed manufacturing deals with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the [11] Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red coloring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers. The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF[12] S 700 MHz processor,VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, [4][13] later upgraded to 512 MB. It does not include a built-in hard disk or solid-state drive, but uses an SD [14] card for booting and persistent storage. The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for download. Tools are available [16][17] [18] for Python as the main programming language, with support for BBC BASIC (via the RISC [19] [16] [20] [16] OS image or the Brandy Basic clone for Linux), C, Java and Perl. Zilog, Inc., previously known as ZiLOG (which stands for "Z (the last word in) integrated logic"), American manufacturer of 8-bit and 16-bitmicrocontrollers, and is most famous for its Intel 8080compatible Z80 series.
[3]
[15] [3]
is an
Zilog was incorporated in California in 1974 by Federico Faggin, who left Intel after working on the 4004 and 8080 microprocessors. The company became a subsidiary of Exxon in 1980, but the management and employees bought it back in 1989 led by Dr. Edgar Sack. Zilog went public in 1991, but was acquired in 1998 by Texas Pacific Group. Curtis Crawford replaced Dr. Edgar Sack and changed the company's direction towards 32-bit Data Communications Processors. Bonds were sold against the company to fund the new developments, but after the Internet bubble burst in 2000 and the resultant reduction in customer demand for such products, Curtis Crawford was replaced by James (Jim) Thorburn, who reorganized the company under Chapter 11 bankruptcy in late 2001 and refocused it back to the 8- and 16-bit microcontroller market. The Z80(i) was an improved implementation of the Intel 8080 architecture, which was faster, more capable, and much cheaper; alongside the 6502 it was one of the most popular 8-bit processors for general purpose microcomputers and other applications. It was used in the Nintendo Game Boy, the Sinclair ZX80, ZX81, ZX Spectrum and the Amstrad CPC home computers as well as theMSX architecture and the Microbee and Tandy TRS-80 series—among many others. More so than simply sparking improvements in the budding field of home computing and gaming, the Z-80 also sparked a revolution in electronic music, as the first truly programmable polyphonic synthesizers (as well as their peripherals) relied heavily on implementations of this CPU. Many Texas Instruments graphing calculators used the Z80 as the main processor, and the chip found continued use in some game consoles such as the Sega Mega Drive (Genesis in the United States) as a dedicated sound controller. The CP/M operating system (and its huge software library featuring hits like Wordstar and dBase) was known to be "the Z80 disk operating system", and its success is partly due to the popularity of the Z80. After the Z80 Zilog introduced the 16-bit Z8000 and 32-bit Z80000 processors, but these were not particularly successful, and the company refocused on the microcontroller market, producing both basic
CPUs and application-specific integrated circuits/standard products (ASICs/ASSPs) built around a CPU core. As well as producing processors, Zilog has produced several other components. One of the most famous was the Z8530 serial communications controller as found on Sun SPARCstations and SPARCservers up to the SPARCstation 20. Zilog also formed a Systems Division, which designed the Zilog System 8000, a Z8000- or Z80000based multiuser computer system running a Unix derivative called ZEUS (Zilog Enhanced UNIX [8] System). Zilog attempted to enter the 32-bit microcontroller market in February 2006 with the demonstration [9][10] of ARM9-based Point-Of-Sale (POS) microcontroller product line. The final product was released in [11] 2007 called Zatara. Sales were disappointing and the entire ARM9 series was sold to Maxim Integrated Products in 2009. Zilog also produced Zdots single board computers. It includes Zilog eZ80AcclaimPlus controller, 1MiB flash memory, 512KiB SRAM, 10BaseT Ethernet Controller, IrDA transceiver, 2 x 60-pin system [12] expansion interface with full MPU bus/control signals, RJ-45 Ethernet connector. Motion detection [13] version includes Z8 Encore! XP MCU.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog
Wireless communication is among technology’s biggest contributions to mankind. Wireless
communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television’s remote control) and thousands of kilometres (for example, radio communication).
Some of the devices used for wireless communication are cordless telephones, mobiles, GPS units, wireless computer parts, and satellite television.
Advantages
Wireless communication has the following advantages: i. ii. Communication has enhanced to convey the information quickly to the consumers. Working professionals can work and access Internet anywhere and anytime without carrying cables or wires wherever they go. This also helps to complete the work anywhere on time and improves the productivity. iii. Doctors, workers and other professionals working in remote areas can be in touch with medical centres through wireless communication. iv. Urgent situation can be alerted through wireless communication. The affected regions can be provided help and support with the help of these alerts through wireless communication. v. Wireless networks are cheaper to install and maintain.
Disadvantages
The growth of wireless network has enabled us to use personal devices anywhere and anytime. This has helped mankind to improve in every field of life but this has led many threats as well.
Wireless network has led to many security threats to mankind. It is very easy for the hackers to grab the wireless signals that are spread in the air. It is very important to secure the wireless network so that the information cannot be exploited by the unauthorized users. This also increases the risk to lose information. Strong security protocols must be created to secure the wireless signals like WPA and WPA2. Another way to secure the wireless network is to have wireless intrusion prevention system.
http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/wireless_communication
It wasn't so long ago that "wireless technology" invoked thoughts of bricklike cellular phones. Today, the term "wireless" refers to a variety of technologies and devices, from smartphones to computers and printers to headphones and speakers, connecting with one or more methods. Current wireless phones, for example, may include 3G and 4G cellular radios, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies. As these technologies advance, investing in the latest wireless equipment, such as a 4G phone or 802.11ac router, could offer you serious speed improvements.
Wi-Fi
Primarily associated with computer networking, Wi-Fi uses the IEEE 802.11 specification to create a wireless localarea network that may be secure, such as an office network, or public, such as a coffee shop. Usually a Wi-Fi network consists of a wired connection to the Internet, leading to a wireless router that transmits and receives data from individual devices, connecting them not only to the outside world but also to each other. Wi-Fi range is generally wide enough for most homes or small offices, and for larger campuses or homes, range extenders may be placed strategically to extend the signal. Over time the Wi-Fi standard has evolved, with each new version faster than the last. Current devices usually use the 802.11n or 802.11ac versions of the spec, but backwards compatibility ensures that an older laptop can still connect to a new Wi-Fi router. However, to see the fastest speeds, both your computer and the router must use the latest 802.11 version, so when you upgrade your personal computer, consider a router upgrade to match its speed.
Bluetooth
While both Wi-Fi and cellular networks enable connections to anywhere in the world, Bluetooth is much more local, with the stated purpose of "replacing the cables connecting devices," according to the official Bluetooth website. That's precisely what Bluetooth does; it connects iPods to car stereos, wireless keyboards and mice to laptops or cell phones to the ubiquitous hands-free earpieces. Bluetooth uses a low-power signal with a maximum range of 50 feet, but with sufficient speed to enable transmission of high-fidelity music and streaming video. As with other wireless technologies, Bluetooth speed increases with each revision of its standard but requires up-to-date equipment at both
ends to deliver the highest possible speed. Also, the latest Bluetooth revisions are capable of using maximum power only when it's required, preserving battery life. Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short[2] wavelength radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz ) from fixed and mobile devices, [3] building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 19,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer [4] electronics. Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the standard is no longer maintained. The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects [5] the trademarks. To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the [6] SIG. A network of patents is required to implement the technology, which is licensed only for that qualifying device. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
WiMAX
While over-the-air data is fast becoming the realm of cellular providers, dedicated wireless broadband systems also exist, offering fast Web surfing without connecting to cable or DSL. One well-known example of wireless broadband is WiMAX, offered by providers such as Clear or Skyriver. Although WiMAX can potentially deliver data rates of more than 30 megabits per second, providers offer average data rates of 6 Mbps and often deliver less, making the service significantly slower than hard-wired broadband. The actual data rates available to someone using WiMAX can vary widely with their distance from the transmitter. WiMAX is also known as one version of 4G wireless and has been available in phones as Sprint's 4G technology. However, the company has been building out a network using LTE, the 4G technology used by AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile.
Definition: Infrared technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-range wireless signals. With infrared, computers can transfer files and other digital data bidirectionally. The infrared transmission technology used in computers is similar to that used in consumer product remote control units. Installation and Usage - Computer infrared network adapters both transmit and receive data through ports on the rear or side of a device. Infrared adapters are installed in many laptops and handheld personal devices. In Microsoft Windows, infrared connections can be created through the same method as other local area network connections. Infrared networks were designed to suppport direct two-computer connections only, created temporarily as the need arises. However, extensions to infrared technology also support more than two computers and semi-permanent networks. Range - Infrared communications span very short distances. Place two infrared devices within a few feet (no more than 5 meters) of each other when networking them. Unlike WiFi and Bluetoothtechnologies, infrared network signals cannot penetrate walls or other obstructions and work only in the direct "line of sight." Performance - Infrared technology used in local networks exists in three different forms:
IrDA-SIR (slow speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 115 Kbps
IrDA-MIR (medium speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 1.15 Mbps IrDA-FIR (fast speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 4 Mbps
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/homenetworking/g/bldef_infrared.htm
Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices to establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing them into proximity, usually no more than a few inches. Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified [1] setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possible between an [2] NFC device and an unpowered NFC chip, called a "tag". NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on [3] existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. The [4] standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum, which was founded in 2004 by Nokia, Philips Semiconductors (became NXP Semiconductors since 2006) and Sony, and now has more than 160 members. NFC builds upon RFID systems by allowing two-way communication between endpoints, where earlier systems such as contactless smart cards were one-way only. It has been used in devices such as Google Nexus, running Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, named with a feature called "Android Beam" which was first introduced inGoogle Nexus. Android Beam uses NFC to enable Bluetooth on both devices, instantly pair them, and disable Bluetooth automatically on both devices once the desired task has completed. This only works between Android devices version Jelly Bean and above. It has also been used in Samsung Galaxy devices. with the feature named as S-Beam. It is an extension of Android Beam, it uses the power of NFC (to share MAC Address and IP addresses) and then uses WiFi Direct to share files and documents. The advantage of using WiFi Direct over Bluetooth is that it is much faster than Bluetooth, having a speed of 300Mbit/s for [6] [2] sharing large files. Since unpowered NFC "tags" can also be read by NFC devices, it is also capable of replacing earlier one-way applications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communication
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 4cm or less to initiate a connection. NFC allows you to share small payloads of data between an NFC tag and an Android-powered device, or between two Android-powered devices. Tags can range in complexity. Simple tags offer just read and write semantics, sometimes with onetime-programmable areas to make the card read-only. More complex tags offer math operations, and have cryptographic hardware to authenticate access to a sector. The most sophisticated tags contain operating environments, allowing complex interactions with code executing on the tag. The data stored in the tag can also be written in a variety of formats, but many of the Android framework APIs are based around a NFC Forumstandard called NDEF (NFC Data Exchange Format). Android-powered devices with NFC simultaneously support three main modes of operation: 1. Reader/writer mode, allowing the NFC device to read and/or write passive NFC tags and stickers.
2. P2P mode, allowing the NFC device to exchange data with other NFC peers; this operation mode is used by Android Beam. 3. Card emulation mode, allowing the NFC device itself to act as an NFC card. The emulated NFC card can then be accessed by an external NFC reader, such as an NFC point-of-sale terminal. NFC Basics This document describes how Android handles discovered NFC tags and how it notifies applications of data that is relevant to the application. It also goes over how to work with the NDEF data in your applications and gives an overview of the framework APIs that support the basic NFC feature set of Android. Advanced NFC This document goes over the APIs that enable use of the various tag technologies that Android supports. When you are not working with NDEF data, or when you are working with NDEF data that Android cannot fully understand, you have to manually read or write to the tag in raw bytes using your own protocol stack. In these cases, Android provides support to detect certain tag technologies and to open communication with the tag using your own protocol stack. Host-based Card Emulation This document describes how Android devices can perform as NFC cards without using a secure element, allowing any Android application to emulate a card and talk directly to the NFC reader.
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/nfc/index.html
http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/sensors_transducers_detectors/electrical_electromagnetic_sen sing/frequency_sensors
Frequency Sensor and Frequency Monitor Products
DARE’s frequency sensors and monitors are available in both AC powered and DC powered models in a wide variety of standard or custom enclosures.
Used in aircraft, ground support equipment (GSE), ground power applications, and other military and industrial applications, DARE frequency sensors, monitors, and frequency sensing relays will protect equipment that is sensitive to fluctuations in power line frequency from damage due to over and / or under frequency conditions.
When the power line frequency is within the specified limits, the output of the frequency monitor will energize. When the frequency is over or under or outside the specified frequency range, the output relay of the frequency sensor will de-energize. Among the many various types of frequency sensors, DARE offers: 400 Hz fixed and adjustable underfrequency and overfrequency sensors 400 Hz fixed and adjustable band pass frequency sensors 60 Hz fixed and adjustable underfrequency and overfrequency sensors, and 60 Hz fixed and adjustable band point frequency sensors
Design features include: Built-In Hysteresis to eliminate chatter due to small frequency changes, and Maximum circuit flexibility to meet your needs
In addition, DARE can manufacture frequency sensors, monitors, and frequency sensing relays that do not require supplementary (other than input) power to operate.
http://www.dareelectronics.com/products/frequency-sensors/default.html
FM-105 High Frequency Occupancy Sensor
The FM-105 Super High Frequency Occupancy Sensor is a line voltage sensor that turns lighting on and off based on occupancy, and can hold lights off when sufficient daylight is available. It detects motion via super high frequency (SHF) electromagnetic waves and the Doppler principle. Because it can detect motion through many dense materials other than metal, the FM-105 can be installed behind fixture lenses and hidden from view. Key Features
Adjustable time delay Adjustable detection sensitivity Hold-off daylighting control Mounting bracket for flexible installation Line voltage occupancy sensor Mounts behind fixture lens hidden from view
GENERAL INFO Type: Super High Frequency Occupancy Sensor Special Features: Adjustable detection sensitivity,hold-off daylighting control Typical Applications: Stairwells, Hallways TECHNICAL INFO Operating Temperature Fahrenheit: -4-131° F IR Range On Axis: 20 feet Response Time: 10 sec to 30 mins Volts: 120/277 VAC, 50/60 Hz
http://www.wattstopper.com/products/fixture-sensors-and-controls/fixture-sensors/fm105.aspx#.UwIlTmKSzO8
Arduino Voltage Sensor Module
Description : This module is based on resistance points pressure principle, and it can make the input voltage of red terminal reduce 5 times of original voltage. The max Arduino analog input voltage is 5 V, so the input voltage of this module should be not more than 5 V x 5 = 25 V ( if for 3.3 V system, the input voltage should be not more than 3.3 V x 5 = 16.5 V ). Because the Arduino AVR chip have 10 bit AD, so this module simulation resolution is 0.00489 V (5 V / 1023), and the input voltage of this module should be more than 0.00489 V x 5 = 0.02445 V.
Special Parameters : 1、Voltage input range : DC0-25 V 2、Voltage detection range : DC0.02445 V-25 V 3、Voltage analog resolution : 0.00489 V 4、DC input interface : red terminal positive with VCC, negative with GND Connecting Diagram :
This sensor module come with 3 Pin Dual-female Jumper Wire length 300mm as below :
Application : Connect this vlotage sensor module with Arduino sensor shield through 3 Pin sensor cable, not only can easily realize to detect and control the voltage, but also can display the voltage through the IIC LCD1602 LCD module and make voltage monitor, as following :
Referrence Test Code :
#include <Wire.h> int val11; int val2;
void setup() { pinMode(LED1,OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println("Emartee.Com"); Serial.println("Voltage: "); Serial.print("V"); } void loop() { float temp; val11=analogRead(1); temp=val11/4.092; val11=(int)temp;// val2=((val11%100)/10); Serial.println(val2);
delay(1000); }
http://www.emartee.com/product/42082/
The ACPL-C87B/C87A/C870 voltage sensors areoptical isolation amplifiers designed specifically for voltage sensing. Its 2V input range and high 1GΩ input impedance, makes it well suited for isolated voltage sensing requirements in electronic power converters applications including motor drives and renewable energy systems. In a typical voltage sensing implementation, a resistive voltage divider is used to scale the DC-link voltage to suit the input range of the voltage sensor. A differential output voltage that is proportional to the input voltage is created on the other side of the optical isolation barrier. For general applications, the ACPL-C87A (±1% gain tolerance) and the ACPL-C870 (±3% gain tolerance) are recommended. For high precision requirements, the ACPL-C87B (±0.5% gain tolerance) can be used. The ACPLC87B/C87A/C870 optical isolation amplifiers family operates from a single 5V supply and provides excellent linearity. An active-high shutdown pin is available which reduces the Idd1 current to only 15 uA, making them suitable for battery-powered and other power-sensitive applications. The high common-mode transient immunity (15kV/us) of the ACPL-C87B/C87A/C870 provides the precision and stability needed to accurately monitor DC-link voltage in high noise environments. Combined with superior optical coupling technology, the ACPL-C87B/C87A/C870 implements sigma-delta modulation, chopper stabilized amplifiers, and differential outputs to provide unequaled isolation-mode noise rejection, low offset, high gain accuracy and stability. This performance is delivered in a compact, auto-insertable Stretched SO-8 (SSO-8) package that meets worldwide regulatory safety standards.
View Data Sheet (PDF) Lifecycle status: Active
FEATURES [-]
0.5% High Gain Accuracy (ACPL-C87B only) Unity Gain 1V/V -35 ppm/°C Low Gain Drift -0.3 mV Input Offset Voltage 0.1% Excellent Non-Linearity Max Active High Shutdown Pin 100 kHz Wide Bandwidth 3 V to 5.5 V Wide Supply Range for Output Side –40°C to +105°C Operating Temperature Range Advanced Sigma-Delta A/D Modulation Technology 15 kV/µs Common-Mode Transient Immunity Compact, Auto-Insertable Stretched SO-8 Package Safety and Regulatory Approvals (pending): o IEC/EN/DIN EN 60747-5-5: 1230 Vpeak working insulation voltage o UL 1577: 5000 Vrms/1min double protection rating o CSA: Component Acceptance Notice #5
APPLICATIONS [-]
Isolated Voltage Sensing in AC and Servo Motor Drives Isolated DC-Bus Voltage Sensing in Solar Inverters, Wind Turbine Inverters Isolated Sensor Interfaces Signal Isolation in Data Acquisition Systems General Purpose Voltage Isolation
http://www.avagotech.com/pages/en/optocouplers_plastic/plastic_miniature_isolation_amplifier/acplc870/
PASPORT Voltage-Current Sensor Voltage, current and power – our Voltage/Current Sensor measures them all simultaneously, either on a digital display or graphed over time. Overload protection shuts down the sensor (and gives an audible beep to alert the teacher) when the current is too high. Sensor automatically resets after the overload is removed. No smoke, no blown fuses to replace.
No grounding problems - differential input lets your students measure voltage or current anywhere in the circuit, no need to worry about which point is or is not at ground. Full ±10V and ±1A range. Works with a wide variety of configurations of battery electronics and circuits.
Typical Applications
Measure capacitor charge/discharge Study the relationship of voltage and current in series-parallel circuits (Ohm's Law) Measure power used by an electrical device (P= VI)
SPECIFICATIONS
Voltage Range
±10V ±50mV at 10 V accuracy 5 mV resolution ±1A ±5mA at 1 A accuracy 500µA resolution
Current Range
Maximum Sample Rate Maximum Voltage Maximum Input
1 kHz
10 V maximum common mode voltage Current: 1.1 A Voltage: 30 V
Length of voltage leads
40 inches
http://www.pasco.com/prodCatalog/PS/PS-2115_pasport-voltage-current-sensor/#specificationsTab
LTC2990 - Quad I2C Voltage, Current and Temperature Monitor
Features
Measures Voltage, Current and Temperature Measures Two Remote Diode Temperatures ±0.5°C Accuracy, 0.06°C Resolution (Typ) ±1°C Internal Temperature Sensor (Typ) 14-Bit ADC Measures Voltage/Current 3V to 5.5V Supply Operating Voltage Four Selectable Addresses Internal 10ppm/°C Voltage Reference 10-Lead MSOP Package
Typical Application
Description
The LTC2990 is used to monitor system temperatures, voltages and currents. Through the I 2C serial interface, the device can be configured to measure many combinations of internal temperature, remote temperature, remote voltage, remote current and internal VCC. The internal 10ppm/°C reference minimizes the number of supporting components and area required. Selectable address and configurable functionality give the LTC2990 flexibility to be incorporated in various systems needing temperature, voltage or current data. The LTC2990 fits well in systems needing sub-millivolt voltage resolution, 1% current measurement and 1°C temperature accuracy or any combination of the three.
Applications
Temperature Measurement Supply Voltage Monitoring Current Measurement Remote Data Acquisition Environmental Monitoring
http://www.linear.com/product/LTC2990
The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized single-board computer developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi [6][7][8][9][10] Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools. The Raspberry Pi is manufactured in two board configurations through licensed manufacturing deals with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the [11] Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red coloring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers. The Raspberry Pi has a Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF[12] S 700 MHz processor,VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, [4][13] later upgraded to 512 MB. It does not include a built-in hard disk or solid-state drive, but uses an SD [14] card for booting and persistent storage. The Foundation provides Debian and Arch Linux ARM distributions for download. Tools are available [16][17] [18] for Python as the main programming language, with support for BBC BASIC (via the RISC [19] [16] [20] [16] OS image or the Brandy Basic clone for Linux), C, Java and Perl. Zilog, Inc., previously known as ZiLOG (which stands for "Z (the last word in) integrated logic"), American manufacturer of 8-bit and 16-bitmicrocontrollers, and is most famous for its Intel 8080compatible Z80 series.
[3]
[15] [3]
is an
Zilog was incorporated in California in 1974 by Federico Faggin, who left Intel after working on the 4004 and 8080 microprocessors. The company became a subsidiary of Exxon in 1980, but the management and employees bought it back in 1989 led by Dr. Edgar Sack. Zilog went public in 1991, but was acquired in 1998 by Texas Pacific Group. Curtis Crawford replaced Dr. Edgar Sack and changed the company's direction towards 32-bit Data Communications Processors. Bonds were sold against the company to fund the new developments, but after the Internet bubble burst in 2000 and the resultant reduction in customer demand for such products, Curtis Crawford was replaced by James (Jim) Thorburn, who reorganized the company under Chapter 11 bankruptcy in late 2001 and refocused it back to the 8- and 16-bit microcontroller market. The Z80(i) was an improved implementation of the Intel 8080 architecture, which was faster, more capable, and much cheaper; alongside the 6502 it was one of the most popular 8-bit processors for general purpose microcomputers and other applications. It was used in the Nintendo Game Boy, the Sinclair ZX80, ZX81, ZX Spectrum and the Amstrad CPC home computers as well as theMSX architecture and the Microbee and Tandy TRS-80 series—among many others. More so than simply sparking improvements in the budding field of home computing and gaming, the Z-80 also sparked a revolution in electronic music, as the first truly programmable polyphonic synthesizers (as well as their peripherals) relied heavily on implementations of this CPU. Many Texas Instruments graphing calculators used the Z80 as the main processor, and the chip found continued use in some game consoles such as the Sega Mega Drive (Genesis in the United States) as a dedicated sound controller. The CP/M operating system (and its huge software library featuring hits like Wordstar and dBase) was known to be "the Z80 disk operating system", and its success is partly due to the popularity of the Z80. After the Z80 Zilog introduced the 16-bit Z8000 and 32-bit Z80000 processors, but these were not particularly successful, and the company refocused on the microcontroller market, producing both basic
CPUs and application-specific integrated circuits/standard products (ASICs/ASSPs) built around a CPU core. As well as producing processors, Zilog has produced several other components. One of the most famous was the Z8530 serial communications controller as found on Sun SPARCstations and SPARCservers up to the SPARCstation 20. Zilog also formed a Systems Division, which designed the Zilog System 8000, a Z8000- or Z80000based multiuser computer system running a Unix derivative called ZEUS (Zilog Enhanced UNIX [8] System). Zilog attempted to enter the 32-bit microcontroller market in February 2006 with the demonstration [9][10] of ARM9-based Point-Of-Sale (POS) microcontroller product line. The final product was released in [11] 2007 called Zatara. Sales were disappointing and the entire ARM9 series was sold to Maxim Integrated Products in 2009. Zilog also produced Zdots single board computers. It includes Zilog eZ80AcclaimPlus controller, 1MiB flash memory, 512KiB SRAM, 10BaseT Ethernet Controller, IrDA transceiver, 2 x 60-pin system [12] expansion interface with full MPU bus/control signals, RJ-45 Ethernet connector. Motion detection [13] version includes Z8 Encore! XP MCU.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog
Wireless communication is among technology’s biggest contributions to mankind. Wireless
communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television’s remote control) and thousands of kilometres (for example, radio communication).
Some of the devices used for wireless communication are cordless telephones, mobiles, GPS units, wireless computer parts, and satellite television.
Advantages
Wireless communication has the following advantages: i. ii. Communication has enhanced to convey the information quickly to the consumers. Working professionals can work and access Internet anywhere and anytime without carrying cables or wires wherever they go. This also helps to complete the work anywhere on time and improves the productivity. iii. Doctors, workers and other professionals working in remote areas can be in touch with medical centres through wireless communication. iv. Urgent situation can be alerted through wireless communication. The affected regions can be provided help and support with the help of these alerts through wireless communication. v. Wireless networks are cheaper to install and maintain.
Disadvantages
The growth of wireless network has enabled us to use personal devices anywhere and anytime. This has helped mankind to improve in every field of life but this has led many threats as well.
Wireless network has led to many security threats to mankind. It is very easy for the hackers to grab the wireless signals that are spread in the air. It is very important to secure the wireless network so that the information cannot be exploited by the unauthorized users. This also increases the risk to lose information. Strong security protocols must be created to secure the wireless signals like WPA and WPA2. Another way to secure the wireless network is to have wireless intrusion prevention system.
http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/wireless_communication
It wasn't so long ago that "wireless technology" invoked thoughts of bricklike cellular phones. Today, the term "wireless" refers to a variety of technologies and devices, from smartphones to computers and printers to headphones and speakers, connecting with one or more methods. Current wireless phones, for example, may include 3G and 4G cellular radios, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth technologies. As these technologies advance, investing in the latest wireless equipment, such as a 4G phone or 802.11ac router, could offer you serious speed improvements.
Wi-Fi
Primarily associated with computer networking, Wi-Fi uses the IEEE 802.11 specification to create a wireless localarea network that may be secure, such as an office network, or public, such as a coffee shop. Usually a Wi-Fi network consists of a wired connection to the Internet, leading to a wireless router that transmits and receives data from individual devices, connecting them not only to the outside world but also to each other. Wi-Fi range is generally wide enough for most homes or small offices, and for larger campuses or homes, range extenders may be placed strategically to extend the signal. Over time the Wi-Fi standard has evolved, with each new version faster than the last. Current devices usually use the 802.11n or 802.11ac versions of the spec, but backwards compatibility ensures that an older laptop can still connect to a new Wi-Fi router. However, to see the fastest speeds, both your computer and the router must use the latest 802.11 version, so when you upgrade your personal computer, consider a router upgrade to match its speed.
Bluetooth
While both Wi-Fi and cellular networks enable connections to anywhere in the world, Bluetooth is much more local, with the stated purpose of "replacing the cables connecting devices," according to the official Bluetooth website. That's precisely what Bluetooth does; it connects iPods to car stereos, wireless keyboards and mice to laptops or cell phones to the ubiquitous hands-free earpieces. Bluetooth uses a low-power signal with a maximum range of 50 feet, but with sufficient speed to enable transmission of high-fidelity music and streaming video. As with other wireless technologies, Bluetooth speed increases with each revision of its standard but requires up-to-date equipment at both
ends to deliver the highest possible speed. Also, the latest Bluetooth revisions are capable of using maximum power only when it's required, preserving battery life. Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short[2] wavelength radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz ) from fixed and mobile devices, [3] building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 19,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer [4] electronics. Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the standard is no longer maintained. The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects [5] the trademarks. To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the [6] SIG. A network of patents is required to implement the technology, which is licensed only for that qualifying device. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
WiMAX
While over-the-air data is fast becoming the realm of cellular providers, dedicated wireless broadband systems also exist, offering fast Web surfing without connecting to cable or DSL. One well-known example of wireless broadband is WiMAX, offered by providers such as Clear or Skyriver. Although WiMAX can potentially deliver data rates of more than 30 megabits per second, providers offer average data rates of 6 Mbps and often deliver less, making the service significantly slower than hard-wired broadband. The actual data rates available to someone using WiMAX can vary widely with their distance from the transmitter. WiMAX is also known as one version of 4G wireless and has been available in phones as Sprint's 4G technology. However, the company has been building out a network using LTE, the 4G technology used by AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile.
Definition: Infrared technology allows computing devices to communicate via short-range wireless signals. With infrared, computers can transfer files and other digital data bidirectionally. The infrared transmission technology used in computers is similar to that used in consumer product remote control units. Installation and Usage - Computer infrared network adapters both transmit and receive data through ports on the rear or side of a device. Infrared adapters are installed in many laptops and handheld personal devices. In Microsoft Windows, infrared connections can be created through the same method as other local area network connections. Infrared networks were designed to suppport direct two-computer connections only, created temporarily as the need arises. However, extensions to infrared technology also support more than two computers and semi-permanent networks. Range - Infrared communications span very short distances. Place two infrared devices within a few feet (no more than 5 meters) of each other when networking them. Unlike WiFi and Bluetoothtechnologies, infrared network signals cannot penetrate walls or other obstructions and work only in the direct "line of sight." Performance - Infrared technology used in local networks exists in three different forms:
IrDA-SIR (slow speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 115 Kbps
IrDA-MIR (medium speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 1.15 Mbps IrDA-FIR (fast speed) infrared supporting data rates up to 4 Mbps
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/homenetworking/g/bldef_infrared.htm
Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices to establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing them into proximity, usually no more than a few inches. Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange, and simplified [1] setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi. Communication is also possible between an [2] NFC device and an unpowered NFC chip, called a "tag". NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on [3] existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. The [4] standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum, which was founded in 2004 by Nokia, Philips Semiconductors (became NXP Semiconductors since 2006) and Sony, and now has more than 160 members. NFC builds upon RFID systems by allowing two-way communication between endpoints, where earlier systems such as contactless smart cards were one-way only. It has been used in devices such as Google Nexus, running Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, named with a feature called "Android Beam" which was first introduced inGoogle Nexus. Android Beam uses NFC to enable Bluetooth on both devices, instantly pair them, and disable Bluetooth automatically on both devices once the desired task has completed. This only works between Android devices version Jelly Bean and above. It has also been used in Samsung Galaxy devices. with the feature named as S-Beam. It is an extension of Android Beam, it uses the power of NFC (to share MAC Address and IP addresses) and then uses WiFi Direct to share files and documents. The advantage of using WiFi Direct over Bluetooth is that it is much faster than Bluetooth, having a speed of 300Mbit/s for [6] [2] sharing large files. Since unpowered NFC "tags" can also be read by NFC devices, it is also capable of replacing earlier one-way applications.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communication
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 4cm or less to initiate a connection. NFC allows you to share small payloads of data between an NFC tag and an Android-powered device, or between two Android-powered devices. Tags can range in complexity. Simple tags offer just read and write semantics, sometimes with onetime-programmable areas to make the card read-only. More complex tags offer math operations, and have cryptographic hardware to authenticate access to a sector. The most sophisticated tags contain operating environments, allowing complex interactions with code executing on the tag. The data stored in the tag can also be written in a variety of formats, but many of the Android framework APIs are based around a NFC Forumstandard called NDEF (NFC Data Exchange Format). Android-powered devices with NFC simultaneously support three main modes of operation: 1. Reader/writer mode, allowing the NFC device to read and/or write passive NFC tags and stickers.
2. P2P mode, allowing the NFC device to exchange data with other NFC peers; this operation mode is used by Android Beam. 3. Card emulation mode, allowing the NFC device itself to act as an NFC card. The emulated NFC card can then be accessed by an external NFC reader, such as an NFC point-of-sale terminal. NFC Basics This document describes how Android handles discovered NFC tags and how it notifies applications of data that is relevant to the application. It also goes over how to work with the NDEF data in your applications and gives an overview of the framework APIs that support the basic NFC feature set of Android. Advanced NFC This document goes over the APIs that enable use of the various tag technologies that Android supports. When you are not working with NDEF data, or when you are working with NDEF data that Android cannot fully understand, you have to manually read or write to the tag in raw bytes using your own protocol stack. In these cases, Android provides support to detect certain tag technologies and to open communication with the tag using your own protocol stack. Host-based Card Emulation This document describes how Android devices can perform as NFC cards without using a secure element, allowing any Android application to emulate a card and talk directly to the NFC reader.
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/nfc/index.html
