Smart Card

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SMART
CARD
Report Submitted To: Dr. Duru Arun Kumar
01 MAY 2014
Submitted By:
Sancit Set !""#$M%$12&
Saurab 'ar( !")*$M%$12&
+,TR-D.CT+-,:
A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized
card with embedded integrated circuits. There are two broad categories of ICCs.
emory cards contain on!y non-"o!ati!e memory storage components, and
perhaps dedicated security !ogic. icroprocessor cards contain "o!ati!e memory
and microprocessor components. The card is made of p!astic, genera!!y
po!y"iny! ch!oride, but sometimes acry!onitri!e butadiene styrene or
po!ycarbonate . #mart cards may a!so pro"ide strong security authentication for
sing!e sign-on (##$) within !arge organizations.
-/0R/+01:
#mart card used for hea!th insurance in %rance. A smart card may ha"e the
fo!!owing generic characteristics&
• 'imensions simi!ar to those of a credit card. I'-( of the I#$)I*C +,(-
standard defines cards as nomina!!y ,../- by .0.1, mi!!imetres (0.0+- 2
3.(3. in). Another popu!ar size is I'---- which is nomina!!y 3. by (.
mi!!imetres (-.1,4 2 -..1( in) (common!y used in #I cards). 5oth are
-.+/ mi!!imetres (-.-0- in) thick.
• Contains a tamper-resistant security system (for e6amp!e a secure crypto
processor and a secure fi!e system) and pro"ides security ser"ices (e.g.,
protects in-memory information).
• anaged by an administration system which secure!y interchanges
information and configuration settings with the card, contro!!ing card
b!ack!isting and app!ication-data updates.
• Communicates with e6terna! ser"ices "ia card-reading de"ices, such as
ticket readers, ATs, etc.
B0,02+TS:
#mart cards can pro"ide identification, authentication, data storage and
app!ication processing.
The benefits of smart cards are direct!y re!ated to the "o!ume of information and
app!ications that are programmed for use on a card. A sing!e contact)contact!ess
smart card can be programmed with mu!tip!e banking credentia!s, medica!
entit!ement, dri"er7s !icense)pub!ic transport entit!ement, !oya!ty programs and
c!ub memberships to name 8ust a few. u!ti-factor and pro6imity authentication
can and has been embedded into smart cards to increase the security of a!!
ser"ices on the card. %or e6amp!e, a smart card can be programmed to on!y
a!!ow a contact!ess transaction if it is a!so within range of another de"ice !ike a
uni9ue!y paired mobi!e phone. This can significant!y increase the security of the
smart card.
:o"ernments gain a significant enhancement to the pro"ision of pub!ic!y funded
ser"ices through the increased security offered by smart cards. These sa"ings
are passed onto society through a reduction in the necessary funding or
enhanced pub!ic ser"ices.
Indi"idua!s gain increased security and con"enience when using smart cards
designed for interoperabi!ity between ser"ices. %or e6amp!e, consumers on!y
need to rep!ace one card if their wa!!et is !ost or sto!en. Additiona!!y, the data
storage a"ai!ab!e on a card cou!d contain medica! information that is critica! in
an emergency shou!d the card ho!der a!!ow access to this.

3+ST-RY
In (1/, :erman rocket scientist ;e!mut :r<ttrup and his co!!eague =>rgen
'eth!off in"ented the automated chip card, recei"ing a patent on!y in (1,3,
whi!e working for :erman company :iesecke ? 'e"rient. The first mass use of
the cards was as a T@!@carte for payment in %rench pay phones, starting in (1,0.
%rench in"entor Ao!and oreno patented the memory card concept in (1+4. In
(1++, iche! Bgon from ;oneywe!! 5u!! in"ented the first microprocessor
smart card. In (1+,, 5u!! patented the #C$ (#e!f Crogrammab!e $ne-chip
icrocomputer) that defines the necessary architecture to program the chip.
Three years !ater, otoro!a used this patent in its DCC,D. At that time, 5u!! had
(,3-- patents re!ated to smart cards. In 3--(, 5u!! so!d its CC, di"ision together
with its patents to #ch!umberger, who subse9uent!y combined its own interna!
smart card department and CC, to create A6a!to. In 3--/, A6a!to and :emp!us,
at the time the wor!dEs no. 3 and no. ( smart card manufacturers, merged and
became :ema!to.
The second use integrated microchips into a!! %rench Carte 5!eue debit cards in
(113. Customers inserted the card into the merchantEs C$# termina!, then typed
the CIF, before the transaction was accepted. $n!y "ery !imited transactions
(such as paying sma!! highway to!!s) are processed without a CIF.
#mart-card-based De!ectronic purseD systems store funds on the card so that
readers do not need network connecti"ity and entered ser"ice throughout
*urope in the mid-(11-s, most notab!y in :ermany (:e!dkarte), Austria
(Guick), 5e!gium (Croton), %rance (onHo), the Fether!ands (Chipknip and
Chipper), #witzer!and (DCashD), Forway (Donde6D), #weden (DCashD,
decommissioned in 3--4), %in!and (DA"antD), BI (Donde6D), 'enmark
(D'anmJntD) and Cortuga! (DCorta-moedas u!tibancoD).
The ma8or boom in smart card use came in the (11-s, with the introduction of
smart-card-based #Is used in :# mobi!e phone e9uipment in *urope. Kith
the ubi9uity of mobi!e phones in *urope, smart cards ha"e become "ery
common.
The internationa! payment brands asterCard, Lisa, and *uropay agreed in
(110 to work together to de"e!op the specifications for smart cards as either a
debit or a credit card. The first "ersion of the *L system was re!eased in
(114. In (11, a stab!e re!ease of the specifications became a"ai!ab!e. *Lco,
the company responsib!e for the !ong-term maintenance of the system, upgraded
the specification in 3--- and in 3--4. *LcoEs purpose is to assure the "arious
financia! institutions and retai!ers that the specifications retain backward
compatibi!ity with the (11, "ersion.
Kith the e6ception of countries such as the Bnited #tates *L-comp!iant cards
and e9uipment are widespread. Typica!!y, a countryEs nationa! payment
association, in coordination with asterCard Internationa!, Lisa Internationa!,
American *6press and =C5, 8oint!y p!an and imp!ement *L systems.
Contact!ess smart cards that do not re9uire physica! contact between card and
reader are becoming increasing!y popu!ar for payment and ticketing
app!ications such as mass transit and highway to!!s. Lisa and asterCard ha"e
agreed to an easy-to-imp!ement "ersion that was dep!oyed in 3--4M3--/ in the
B#A. ost contact!ess fare co!!ection imp!ementations are custom and
incompatib!e, though the I%AA* #tandard card from Chi!ips has a
considerab!e market share in the B# and *urope.
#mart cards are a!so being introduced in persona! identification and entit!ement
schemes at regiona!, nationa!, and internationa! !e"e!s. Citizen cards, dri"ers7
!icenses, and patient card schemes are appearing. In a!aysia, the compu!sory
nationa! I' scheme yIad inc!udes eight different app!ications and has (,
mi!!ion users. Contact!ess smart cards are part of ICA$ biometric passports to
enhance security for internationa! tra"e!.
C-,TACT SMART CARDS:
Contact smart cards ha"e a contact area of appro6imate!y ( s9uare centimetre
(-.(/ s9 in), comprising se"era! go!d-p!ated contact pads. These pads pro"ide
e!ectrica! connecti"ity when inserted into a reader.
The I#$)I*C +,(- and I#$)I*C +,(/ series of standards define&
• physica! shape and characteristics
• e!ectrica! connector positions and shapes
• e!ectrica! characteristics
• communications protoco!s, inc!uding commands sent to and responses
from the card
• basic functiona!ity
Cards do not contain batteriesN power is supp!ied by the card reader.
Communication protoco!s&
TO- Character-!e"e! transmission protoco!, defined in I#$)I*C +,(/-0
TO( 5!ock-!e"e! transmission protoco!, defined in I#$)I*C +,(/-0
#igna!s&
A smart card pin out LCC
Cower supp!y.
A#T& Aeset signa!, used to reset the cardEs communications.
CPI& Cro"ides the card with a c!ock signa!, from which data communications
timing is deri"ed.
:F'& :round (reference "o!tage).
LCC& Crogramming "o!tage input - origina!!y an input for a higher "o!tage to
program persistent memory (e.g., **CA$), but now deprecated.
I)$& #eria! input and output (ha!f-dup!e6).
C4, C, & The two remaining contacts are ABQ( and ABQ3 respecti"e!y, and
used for B#5 interfaces and other uses.
R0AD0R:
#martcard Aeader on a Paptop Contact smart card readers are used as a
communications medium between the smart card and a host (e.g., a computer, a
point of sa!e termina!) or a mobi!e te!ephone.
5ecause the chips in financia! cards are the same as those used in #ubscriber
Identity odu!es (#Is) in mobi!e phones, programmed different!y and
embedded in a different piece of CLC, chip manufacturers are bui!ding to the
more demanding :#)0: standards. #o, for e6amp!e, a!though the *L
standard a!!ows a chip card to draw .- mA from its termina!, cards are norma!!y
we!! be!ow the te!ephone industryEs / mA !imit. This a!!ows sma!!er and cheaper
financia! card termina!s.
C-,TACT40SS SMART CARD:
A second card type is the contact!ess smart card, in which the card
communicates with and is powered by the reader through A% induction
techno!ogy (at data rates of (-/M,4, kbit)s). These cards re9uire on!y pro6imity
to an antenna to communicate. They are often used for 9uick or hands-free
transactions such as paying for pub!ic transportation without remo"ing the card
from a wa!!et.
3i5tory
Bni"ersa! contact!ess smart card reader symbo!#mart cards with contact!ess
interfaces are becoming increasing!y popu!ar for payment and ticketing
app!ications such as mass transit. Lisa and asterCard ha"e agreed to an easy-
to-imp!ement "ersion current!y being dep!oyed (3--4M3--/) in the B#A.
:!oba!!y, contact!ess fare co!!ection is being emp!oyed for efficiencies in pub!ic
transit. The "arious standards emerging are !oca! in focus and are not
compatib!e, though the I%AA* #tandard card from Chi!ips has a !arge market
share in the B# and *urope.
#mart cards are being introduced in persona! identification and entit!ement
schemes at regiona!, nationa!, and internationa! !e"e!s. Citizen cards, dri"ers7
!icenses, and patient card schemes are becoming more pre"a!ent. In a!aysia,
the compu!sory nationa! I' scheme yIad inc!udes , different app!ications
and is ro!!ed out for (, mi!!ion users. Contact!ess smart cards are being
integrated into ICA$ biometric passports to enhance security for internationa!
tra"e!.
A% smart card schematic
Tecno6o(y
A contact!ess smart card is a card in which the chip communicates with the
card reader through an induction techno!ogy simi!ar to that of an A%I' (at data
rates of (-/ to ,4, kbit)s). These cards re9uire on!y c!ose pro6imity to an
antenna to comp!ete a transaction. They are often used when transactions must
be processed 9uick!y or hands-free, such as on mass transit systems, where a
smart card can be used without e"en remo"ing it from a wa!!et.
The standard for contact!ess smart card communications is I#$)I*C (4440. It
defines two types of contact!ess cards (DAD and D5D) and a!!ows for
communications at distances up to (- cm. There had been proposa!s for
I#$)I*C (4440 types C, ', *, % and : that ha"e been re8ected by the
Internationa! $rganization for #tandardization. An a!ternati"e standard for
contact!ess smart cards is I#$)I*C (./10, which a!!ows communications at
distances up to .- cm.
*6amp!es of wide!y used contact!ess smart cards are TaiwanEs *asyCard, ;ong
IongEs $ctopus card, #hanghaiEs Cub!ic Transportation Card, #outh IoreaEs T-
money (bus, subway, ta6i), PondonEs $yster card, 5ei8ingEs unicipa!
Administration and Communications Card, =apan Aai!Es #uica Card, which
predate the I#$)I*C (4440 standard.
A re!ated contact!ess techno!ogy is A%I' (radio fre9uency identification). In
certain cases, it can be used for app!ications simi!ar to those of contact!ess smart
cards, such as for e!ectronic to!! co!!ection. A%I' de"ices usua!!y do not inc!ude
writeab!e memory or microcontro!!er processing capabi!ity as contact!ess smart
cards often do.
There are dua!-interface cards that imp!ement contact!ess and contact interfaces
on a sing!e card with some shared storage and processing. An e6amp!e is CortoEs
mu!ti-app!ication transport card, ca!!ed Andante, that uses a chip in contact and
contact!ess (I#$)I*C (4440 type 5) mode.
Pike smart cards with contacts, contact!ess cards do not ha"e a battery. Instead,
they use a bui!t-in inductor, using the princip!e of resonant inducti"e coup!ing,
to capture some of the incident e!ectromagnetic signa!, rectify it, and use it to
power the cardEs e!ectronics.
;ybrids 'ua!-interface cards imp!ement contact!ess and contact interfaces on a
sing!e card with some shared storage and processing. An e6amp!e is CortoEs
mu!ti-app!ication transport card, ca!!ed Andante, which uses a chip with both
contact and contact!ess (I#$)I*C (4440 Type 5) interfaces.
App6ication5:
• Computer security& The ozi!!a %irefo6 web browser can use smart
cards to store certificates for use in secure web browsing.
• #ome disk encryption systems, such as %ree $T%*, True Crypt and
icrosoft Kindows + 5itPocker, can use smart cards to secure!y ho!d
encryption keys, and a!so to add another !ayer of encryption to critica!
parts of the secured disk.
• #mart cards are a!so used for sing!e sign-on to !og on to computers.
• #mart card support functiona!ity has been added to Kindows Pi"e
passports.
• Credit cards& These are the best known payment cards (c!assic p!astic
card)
TY%0S -2 SMART CARDS:
1& Crypto(rapic 5mart card5
Cryptographic smart cards are often used for sing!e sign-on. ost ad"anced
smart cards inc!ude specia!ized cryptographic hardware that uses a!gorithms
such as A#A and '#A. TodayEs cryptographic smart cards generate key
pairs on board, to a"oid the risk from ha"ing more than one copy of the key
(since by design there usua!!y isnEt a way to e6tract pri"ate keys from a
smart card). #uch smart cards are main!y used for digita! signature and
secure identification, (see app!ications section).
The most common way to access cryptographic smart card functions on a
computer is to use a "endor-pro"ided CIC#R(( !ibrary. $n icrosoft
Kindows the C#C ACI is a!so supported.
The most wide!y used cryptographic a!gorithms in smart cards (e6c!uding
the :# so-ca!!ed Dcrypto a!gorithmD) are Trip!e '*# and A#A. The key
set is usua!!y !oaded ('*#) or generated (A#A) on the card at the
persona!ization stage.
#ome of these smart cards are a!so made to support the FI#T standard for
Cersona! Identity Lerification, %IC# 3-(.
3) 2inancia6 Smart card5 ser"e as credit or AT cards, fue! cards, mobi!e
phone #Is, authorization cards for pay te!e"ision, househo!d uti!ity pre-
payment cards, high-security identification and access-contro! cards, and
pub!ic transport and pub!ic phone payment cards.
#mart cards may a!so be used as e!ectronic wa!!ets. The smart card chip can
be D!oadedD with funds to pay parking meters and "ending machines or at
"arious merchants. Cryptographic protoco!s protect the e6change of money
between the smart card and the accepting machine. Fo connection to the
issuing bank is necessary, so the ho!der of the card can use it e"en if not the
owner. *6amp!es are Croton, :e!dkarte, Chipknip and onHo. The :erman
:e!dkarte is a!so used to "a!idate customer age at "ending machines for
cigarettes.
0) 3ea6t care !medica6& Smart card5 can impro"e the security and pri"acy
of patient information, pro"ide a secure carrier for portab!e medica! records,
reduce hea!th care fraud, support new processes for portab!e medica!
records, pro"ide secure access to emergency medica! information, enab!e
comp!iance with go"ernment initiati"es and mandates, and pro"ide the
p!atform to imp!ement other app!ications as needed by the hea!th care
organization.
+denti7ication:
A 9uick!y growing app!ication is in digita! identification. In this app!ication, the
cards authenticate identity. The most common e6amp!e emp!oys CII. The card
stores an encrypted digita! certificate issued from the CII pro"ider a!ong with
other re!e"ant information. *6amp!es inc!ude the B.#. 'epartment of 'efense
('o') Common Access Card (CAC), and "arious identification cards used by
many go"ernments for their citizens. Combined with biometrics, cards can
pro"ide two- or three-factor authentication. #mart cards are not a!ways pri"acy-
enhancing, because the sub8ect carries possib!y incriminating information on the
card. Contact!ess smart cards that can be read from within a wa!!et or e"en a
garment simp!ify authentication.
The first 5mart card dri8er95 6icen5e 5y5tem in the wor!d was imp!emented in
(1,+ in Turkey. Turkey had a high !e"e! of road accidents and decided to
de"e!op and use digita! tachograph de"ices on hea"y "ehic!es, instead of the
e6isting mechanica! ones, to reduce speed "io!ations. #ince (1,+, the
professiona! dri"erEs !icenses in Turkey are issued as smart cards and the dri"er
is re9uired to insert his dri"erEs !icense into the digita! tachograph before starting
to dri"e. The tachograph unit record speed "io!ations for each dri"er and gi"es a
printed report. The dri"ing hours for each dri"er is a!so being monitored and
reported. In (11- the *uropean Bnion conducted a feasibi!ity study through
5*LAC Consu!ting *ngineers, tit!ed D%easibi!ity study with respect to a
*uropean e!ectronic dri"ers !icence (based on a smart-card) on beha!f of
'irectorate :enera! LIID. In this study, chapter se"en is dedicated to the
e6perience in Turkey, stating that the e!ectronic dri"erEs !icense app!ication, in
the form of smart cards, was first imp!emented in Turkey in (1,+.
A smart card dri"erEs !icense system was !ater issued in (11. in endoza
pro"ince of Argentina. endoza had a high !e"e! of road accidents, dri"ing
offenses, and a poor record of reco"ering outstanding fines. #mart !icenses ho!d
up-to-date records of dri"ing offenses and unpaid fines. They a!so store persona!
information, !icense type and number, and a photograph. *mergency medica!
information such as b!ood type, a!!ergies, and biometrics (fingerprints) can be
stored on the chip if the card ho!der wishes. The Argentina go"ernment
anticipates that this system wi!! he!p to co!!ect more than S(- mi!!ion per year in
fines.
In (111 :u8arat was the first Indian state to introduce a smart card !icense
system. To date it has issued . mi!!ion smart card dri"ing !icenses to its peop!e.
TA nationa! I' card, protected by a (,-34-bit key code, is impossib!e to break
without a supercomputer working away for a hundred yearsU
In 3--3, the *stonian go"ernment started to issue smart cards named I' Iaart
as primary identification for citizens to rep!ace the usua! passport in domestic
and *B use. As of 3-(- about ( mi!!ion smart cards ha"e been issued (tota!
popu!ation is about (.0 mi!!ion) and they are wide!y used in internet banking,
buying pub!ic transport tickets, authorization on "arious websites etc.
5y the start of 3--1 the entire popu!ation of #pain and 5e!gium wi!! ha"e an
eI' card that is used for identification. These cards contain two certificates& one
for authentication and one for signature. This signature is !ega!!y enforceab!e.
ore and more ser"ices in these countries use eI' for authorization.
#mart cards are a!so beginning to be used in emergency situations. In 3--4, The
Smart Card A66iance issued a statement e6pressing the need to Dto enhance
security, increase :o"ernment efficiency, reduce identity fraud, and protect
persona! pri"acy by estab!ishing a mandatory, :o"ernment-wide standard for
secure and re!iab!e forms of identificationD. In !ight of this, emergency response
personne! ha"e now begun to carry these cards so that they can be positi"e!y
identified in emergency situations. Kide Coint Corporation, a smart card
pro"ider to %*A, produces cards that contain additiona! persona! information,
such as medica! records and ski!! sets. Cards !ike these pro"ide immediate
access to information, which a!!ows first responders to bypass organizationa!
paperwork and focus more time on the emergency reso!ution.
$ther #mart cards are wide!y used to protect digita! te!e"ision streams. Lideo
:uard is a specific e6amp!e of how smart card security worked (and was
cracked).
#mart Cards ha"e a number of ad"antages o"er ma(netic 5tripe card5&
• :reater re!iabi!ity.
• Aeduction in tampering and counterfeiting M due to high security
mechanisms.
• #torage capacity is increased by up to (-- times.
• #martcards are mu!ti-functiona!.
• The anticipated working !ife of a smartcard is ten years compared to that
of a magnetic stripe card at three.
• #mart Cards within the ne6t fi"e to ten years wi!! be the industry standard
in debit and credit cards. As the ma8or high street banks and finance
houses are now in"esting in the changeo"er to smart card techno!ogy.
The size of the card is determined by an internationa! standard (I#$ +,(-). This
standard a!so defines the physica! characteristics of the p!astic, such as&
• To!erance to temperature and f!e6ibi!ity.
• The position of the e!ectrica! contacts and their functions.
• ;ow the integrated circuit communicates with the outside wor!d.
There are se"era! types of p!astic used for smart cards. The main types are CLC
(Co!y"iny! Ch!oride) and A5# (Acry!onitri!e 5utadiene #tyrene). CLC can be
embossed but is not recyc!ab!eN whi!st A5# cannot be embossed but is
recyc!ab!e.
As part of #mart Card Internationa!7s tota! so!ution, we can print cards to any
customer specifications. Cards can be persona!ised with whate"er design or
!ogo the company wishesN and they can be printed on both sides in either sing!e
co!our or fu!! co!our. Ke a!so ha"e no minimum order 9uantity.
#ince Apri! 3--1, Toppan Crinting Company has manufactured reusab!e smart
cards for money transfer and made from paper instead of p!astic.
SMART CARD S0C.R+TY:
#mart cards ha"e been ad"ertised as suitab!e for persona! identification tasks,
because they are engineered to be tamper resistant. The chip usua!!y imp!ements
some cryptographic a!gorithm. There are, howe"er, se"era! methods for
reco"ering some of the a!gorithmEs interna! state&
• 'ifferentia! power ana!ysis in"o!"es measuring the precise time and
e!ectrica! current re9uired for certain encryption or decryption operations.
This can deduce the on-chip pri"ate key used by pub!ic key a!gorithms
such as A#A. #ome imp!ementations of symmetric ciphers can be
"u!nerab!e to timing or power attacks as we!!.
• Chysica! disassemb!y& #mart cards can be physica!!y disassemb!ed by
using acid, abrasi"es, or some other techni9ue to obtain unrestricted
access to the on-board microprocessor. A!though such techni9ues
ob"ious!y in"o!"e a fair!y high risk of permanent damage to the chip,
they permit much more detai!ed information (e.g. photomicrographs of
encryption hardware) to be e6tracted.
%rob6em5
• The p!astic card in which the chip is embedded is fair!y f!e6ib!e, and the
!arger the chip, the higher the probabi!ity that norma! use cou!d damage
it. Cards are often carried in wa!!ets or pocketsVa harsh en"ironment for
a chip. ;owe"er, for !arge banking systems, fai!ure-management costs
can be more than offset by fraud reduction.
• Bsing a smart card for mass transit presents a pri"acy risk, because it
a!!ows the mass transit operator (and the go"ernment) to track an
indi"idua!Es mo"ement. In %in!and, the 'ata Crotection $mbudsman
prohibited the transport operator WTL from co!!ecting such information,
despite WTLEs argument that the card owner has the right to a !ist of trips
paid with the card. Crior to this, such information was used in the
in"estigation of the yyrmanni bombing.
• C!ient-side identification and authentication cards are the most secure
way for e.g., internet banking app!ications, but security is ne"er (--X
sure. If the account ho!derEs computer hosts ma!ware, the security mode!
may be broken. a!ware can o"erride the communication (both input "ia
keyboard and output "ia app!ication screen) between the user and the
app!ication. The ma!ware (e.g. the Tro8an #i!ent banker) cou!d modify a
transaction, unnoticed by the user. 5anks !ike %ortis and 'e6ia in
5e!gium combine a smart card with an unconnected card reader to a"oid
this prob!em. The customer enters a cha!!enge recei"ed from the bankEs
website, a CIF and the transaction amount into the reader, The reader
returns an ,-digit signature. This signature is manua!!y entered into the
persona! computer and "erified by the bank, pre"enting ma!ware from
changing the transaction amount.
• Another prob!em is the !ack of standards for functiona!ity and security.
To address this prob!em, The 5er!in :roup !aunched the *AI'AF*
Cro8ect to propose Da new functiona! and security framework for smart-
card based Coint of Interaction (C$I) e9uipmentD.
S.MMARY
A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is any pocket-sized
card with embedded integrated circuits. #mart cards can pro"ide identification,
authentication, data storage and app!ication processing. A sing!e
contact)contact!ess smart card can be programmed with mu!tip!e banking
credentia!s, medica! entit!ement, dri"er7s !icense)pub!ic transport entit!ement,
!oya!ty programs, c!ub memberships etc. In (1/, :erman rocket scientist
;e!mut :r<ttrup and his co!!eague =>rgen 'eth!off in"ented the automated chip
card, recei"ing a patent on!y in (1,3, whi!e working for :erman company
:iesecke ? 'e"rient. The first mass use of the cards was as a T@!@carte for
payment in %rench pay phones, starting in (1,0. Contact smart cards ha"e a
contact area of appro6imate!y ( s9uare centimetre (-.(/ s9 in), comprising
se"era! go!d-p!ated contact pads. These pads pro"ide e!ectrica! connecti"ity
when inserted into a reader. A second card type is the contact!ess smart card, in
which the card communicates with and is powered by the reader through A%
induction techno!ogy (at data rates of (-/M,4, Ibit)s). These cards re9uire on!y
pro6imity to an antenna to communicate. A%I' (radio fre9uency identification)
is used in these cards in some cases. They are often used for 9uick or hands-
free transactions such as paying for pub!ic transportation without remo"ing the
card from a wa!!et. #mart cards ha"e "arious app!ications. Keb browser can
use smart cards to store certificates for use in secure web browsing. #ome disk
encryption systems, such as %ree $T%* use smart cards to secure!y ho!d
encryption keys, and to add another !ayer of encryption to critica! parts of the
secured disk. #mart cards are a!so used for sing!e sign-on to !og on to
computers. #mart card support functiona!ity has been added to Kindows Pi"e
passports and Credit cards& These are the best known payment cards (c!assic
p!astic card)&The "arious types of smart cards are cryptographic smart cards,
hea!th care smart cards, credit cards etc. The "arious security prob!ems due to
smart cards are& damage of chip, !ack of pri"acy, !ack of c!ient side
identification (if the account ho!derEs computer hosts ma!ware, the security
mode! may be broken) and !ack of standard functiona!ity

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