Solar Eclipse

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SOLAR ECLIPSE

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partially obscuring Earth's view of the Sun. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is smaller than the Sun, causing the sun to look like an annulus (ring), blocking most of the Sun's light. An annular eclipse appears as a partial eclipse over a region thousands of kilometers wide

The solar eclipse of January 15, 2010 was an annular eclipse of the Sun with a magnitude of 0.9190. It was the longest annular solar eclipse of the millennium, [1] and the longest until December 23, 3043, with a maximum length of 11 mins and 7.8 seconds. (The solar eclipse of January 4, 1992, was longer, at 11 minutes, 41 seconds, occurring in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.)[2] The eclipse was visible as only a partial eclipse in much of Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia. It was seen as an annular eclipse within a narrow stretch of 300 km (190 mi) width across Central Africa, Maldives, South Kerala (India), South Tamil Nadu (India), Sri Lanka and parts of Bangladesh, Burma and China. The eclipse started in the Central African Republic, traversed Cameroon, DR Congo and Uganda, passed through Nairobi, Kenya, and passed over the Indian Ocean, where it reached its greatest visibility. It then entered Maldives, where it was the longest on land with 10.8 viewable minutes. The annular eclipse at Malé, the capital city of Maldives, started at 12:20:20 and ended at 12:30:06 Maldives local time (UTC+5). This was also the longest duration of any eclipse with an international airport in its track.[3] At approximately 13:20 IST, the annular solar eclipse entered India at Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), Kerala and exited India at Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. The eclipse was viewable for 10.4 minutes in India. After Rameswaram, it entered Sri Lanka at Delft Island, exited at Jaffna in Sri Lanka, crossed the Bay of Bengal and re-entered India in Mizoram. Thiruvananthapuram, which was the entry point of the eclipse in India, was equipped with telescopes and announced facilities for the public to view the eclipse.[4] Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, situated in Trivandrum, analysed the atmospheric-ionospheric parameters during the eclipse.[5] Many scientists camped in the city to witness and study the eclipse.[6] At Rameswaram, the sunrise was not visible due to thick clouds, but it started getting clear at around 9 AM local time and became almost totally clear by the time the eclipse began. The sky had a thin layer of cirrus clouds till 2:30PM. Among the eclipse-watchers was Sky Watchers' Association of North Bengal (SWAN) from Siliguri at the foothills of West Bengal and Tamilnadu Astronomical Association.

Dhanushkodi, which falls on the central line of the eclipse, was a good place to view the eclipse. The northernmost limit of shadow in India was Cuddalore, Neyveli, Erode, Kodaikanal, and Madurai. Other prime viewing locations in Tamil Nadu include Thoothukudi and Cape Comorin, 22 km north of the center line. The exact location of the line is between the NH end and the Dhanushkodi ruins. Dhanushkodi is about 2 km east of the central line. The degree difference is about 0.2 between the central line ± with Kodandaramar Temple and Dhanushkodi ruins vice versa. Dhanushkodi is about 5 km from the Kodandaramar Temple. After South Asia, annularity passed Myanmar and China before leaving the Earth A total solar eclipse occurred on July 22, 2009. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partially obscuring Earth's view of the Sun. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across the surface of the Earth, while a partial solar eclipse will be visible over a region thousands of miles wide. It was the longest total solar eclipse during the 21st century, not to be surpassed until 13 June 2132.[1] It lasted a maximum of 6 minutes and 39 seconds off the coast of Southeast Asia,[2] causing tourist interest in eastern China, Japan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh.[2][3][4] A partial eclipse was seen within the broad path of the Moon's penumbra, including most of Southeast Asia (all of India and China) and north-eastern Oceania. The total eclipse was visible from a narrow corridor through northern Maldives, northern Pakistan, northern India, eastern Nepal, northern Bangladesh, Bhutan, northern Philippines, the northern tip of Myanmar, central China and the Pacific Ocean, including the Ryukyu Islands, Marshall Islands and Kiribati. Totality was visible in many large cities, including Surat, Vadodara, Bhopal, Varanasi, Patna, Gaya, Dinajpur, Siliguri, Guwahati, Tawang in India and Chengdu, Nanchong, Chongqing, Yichang, Jingzhou, Wuhan, Huanggang, Hefei, Hangzhou, Wuxi, Huzhou, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Shanghai, Chapai Nawabganj as well as over the Three Gorges Dam in China.[5][6] According to NASA, the Japanese island Kitaio Jima was predicted to have the best viewing conditions [7][8] featuring both longer viewing time (being the closest point of land to the point of greatest eclipse) and lower cloud cover statistics than all of continental Asia.

# Observations

Crowds gather on the ghats for the eclipse in Varanasi, India

Thousands of pilgrims gathered on the banks of the Ganges River in Varanasi, India to experience the eclipse as a religious or spiritual event. Some people expected that there would be a relationship, either positive or negative, between their health and the occurrence of the eclipse.[9] Indian scientists observed the solar eclipse from an Indian Air Force plane.[10] The Chinese government used the opportunity to provide scientific education and to dispel any superstition. Observers in Japan were excited by the prospect of experiencing the first eclipse in 46 years, but found the experience dampened by cloudy skies obscuring the view.[11] Thousands of people of Bangladesh witnessed the longest total solar eclipses of the 21st century on Wednesday, 22 July, 2009 defying rain and a heavily overcast sky. Before this a "total solar eclipse observation committee" was formed with Bishwa Sahitya Kendra, Liberation War Museum, Chhayanaut's educational initiative Nalanda, Samannito Shikkha-Sangskriti, Bangladesh Nature Study and Conservation Union, and Cosmic Culture to observe the eclipse. Science initiative Discussion Project coordinated the committee, which set up the main observation camp at Madhupara village and another at the South Plaza of Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban in Dhaka. With the help of BRB Cable Industries Ltd, the committee also set up observation camps at Bell's Park in Barisal, Akimuddin Gronthagar in Chapai Nawabganj, science and technology university campuses in Syedpur and Gazipur, Jahangirnagar University and Araj Ali Matubbar library at Dania in Dhaka.[12][13][14] Akimudin Gronthagar arranged three camps to observe century's one and only solar eclipse of July 22, 2009. 99.56% totality was observed from main camp at Kamat Maath, Binodpur, Chapai Nawabganj. Totality started at 07:57:41BDT and end 3 minutes 44 seconds later. The other two camps were set up at Poddar Paar in Rajshahi and at railway's Dhar in Uttar, Dhaka.

# Duration

These identically scaled photos compare the apparent diameter of the full moon (near apogee) to the nearly new moon (visible by earthshine) on the day before the solar eclipse near lunar perigee.

This solar eclipse was the longest total solar eclipse to occur in the 21st century, and will not be surpassed in duration until 13 June 2132. Totality lasted for up to 6 minutes and 39 seconds, with the maximum eclipse occurring in the ocean at 02:35:21 UTC about 100 km south of the Bonin Islands, southeast of Japan. The

uninhabited North Iwo Jima island was the landmass with totality time closest to maximum, while the closest inhabited point was Akusekijima, where the eclipse lasted 6 minutes and 26 seconds.[15] The cruise ship Costa Classica was chartered specifically to view this eclipse and by viewing the eclipse at the point of maximum duration and cruising along the centerline during the event, duration was extended to 6 minutes, 42 seconds.[16] The eclipse was part of Saros series 136, as was the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, which was slightly longer, lasting up to 6 minutes 53 seconds (previous eclipses of the same saros series on June 30, 1973 and June 20, 1955, were longer, lasting 7 min 04 and 7 min 08, respectively). The next event from this series will be on August 2, 2027.[17] The exceptional duration was a result of the Moon being near perigee, with the apparent diameter of the Moon 8% larger than the Sun (magnitude 1.080) and the Earth being near aphelion[18] where the Sun appeared slightly smaller. In contrast the annular solar eclipse of January 26, 2009 occurred near lunar apogee and 7% smaller apparent diameter to the sun. And the next solar eclipse of January 15, 2010 was also annular, with the Moon 8.1% smaller than the Sun.

# Photos

Partial eclipse

The Terrain Mapping Camera in the Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission was used to image the earth during the eclipse.[19] It was also observed by the Japanese geostationary satellite MTSAT:[20]

12:30 UT (pre-eclipse)

1:30 UT

Close up at 1:30 UT

# Related eclipses
This total eclipse the second in the series of three eclipses in a one-month period, with two minor penumbral lunar eclipses, first on July 7 and last on August 6.
Solar eclipses 2008-2011

This set of solar eclipses repeat approximately every 177 days and 4 hours at alternating nodes of the moon's orbit.

# ECLIPSES
Historical eclipses Mursili's eclipse(1312 BC) · Assyrian eclipse(763 BC) · Battle of Halys (585 BC) · Crucifixion darkness and eclipse 1560 Aug 21 · 1598 Mar 7 · 1652 Apr 8 · 1654 Aug 12 · 1699 Sep 23 · 1715 May 3 · 1724 May 22 · 1766 Feb 9 · 1778 Jun 24 · 1780 Oct 27 · 1806 Jun 16 · 1816 Nov 19 · 1820 Sep 7 · 1824 Jun 26 · 1842 Jul 8 · 1851 Jul 28 · 1853 Nov 30 · 1857 Mar 25 · 1858 Sep 7 · 1860 Jul 18 · 1865 Apr 25 · 1867 Aug 29 · 1868 Aug 18 · 1869 Aug 7 · 1870 Dec 22 · 1871 Dec 12 · 1874 Apr 16 · 1875 Apr 6 · 1878 Jul 29 · 1882 May 17 · 1883 May 6 · 1885 Sep 8 · 1886 Aug 29 · 1887 Aug 19 · 1889 Jan 1 · 1889 Dec 22 · 1893 Apr 16 · 1896 Aug 9 · 1898 Jan 22 · 1900 May 28 · 1901 May 18 · 1903 Sep 21 · 1904 Sep 9 · 1905 Aug 30 · 1907 Jan 14 · 1908 Jan 3 · 1908 Dec 23 · 1909 Jun 17 · 1910 May 9 · 1911 Apr 28 · 1912 Apr 17 · 1912 Oct 10 · 1914 Aug 21 · 1916 Feb 3 · 1918 Jun 8 · 1919 May 29 · 1921 Oct 1 · 1922 Sep 21 · 1923 Sep 10 · 1925 Jan 24 · 1926 Jan 14 · 1927 Jun 29 · 1928 May 19 · 1929 May 9 · 1930 Apr 28 · 1930 Oct 21 · 1932 Aug 31 · 1934 Feb 14 · 1936 Jun 19 · 1937 Jun 8 · 1938 May 29 · 1939 Oct 12 · 1940 Oct 1 · 1941 Sep 21 · 1943 Feb 4 · 1944 Jan 25 · 1944 Jul 20 · 1945 Jul 9 · 1947 May 20 · 1948 Nov 1 · 1950 Sep 12 · 1952 Feb 25 · 1954 Jun 30 · 1955 Jun 20 · 1956 Jun 8 · 1957 Oct 23 · 1958 Oct 12 · 1959 Oct 2 · 1961 Feb 15 · 1962 Feb 5 · 1963 Jul 20 · 1965 May 30 · 1966 Nov 12 · 1967 Nov 2 · 1968 Sep 22 · 1970 Mar 7 · 1972 Jul 10 · 1973 Jun 30 · 1974 Jun 20 · 1976 Oct 23 · 1977 Oct 12 · 1979 Feb 26 · 1980 Feb 16 · 1981 Jul 31 · 1983 Jun 11 · 1984 Nov 22 · 1985 Nov 12 · 1986 Oct 3 · 1987 Mar 29 · 1988 Mar 18 · 1990 Jul 22 · 1991 Jul 11 · 1992 Jun 30 · 1994 Nov 3 · 1995 Oct 24 · 1997 Mar 9 · 1998 Feb 26 · 1999 Aug 11 · 2001 Jun 21 · 2002 Dec 4 · 2003 Nov 23 · 2005 Apr 8 · 2006 Mar 29 · 2008 Aug 1 · 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 · 2012 Nov 13 · 2013 Nov 3 · 2015 Mar 20 · 2016 Mar 9 · 2017 Aug 21 · 2019 Jul 2 · 2020 Dec 14 · 2021 Dec 4 · 2023 Apr 20 · 2024 Apr 8 · 2026 Aug 12 · 2027 Aug 2 · 2028 Jul 22 · 2030 Nov 25 · 2031 Nov 14 · 2033 Mar 30 · 2034 Mar 20 · 2035 Sep 2 · 2037 Jul 13 · 2038 Dec 26 · 2039 Dec 15 · 2041 Apr 30 · 2042 Apr 20 · 2043 Apr 9 · 2044 Aug 23 · 2045 Aug 12 · 2046 Aug 2 · 2048 Dec 5 · 2049 Nov 25 · 2050 May 20 · 2052 Mar 30 · 2053 Sep 12 · 2055 Jul 24 · 2057 Jan 5 · 2057 Dec 26 · 2059 May 11 · 2060 Apr 30 · 2061 Apr 20 · 2063 Aug 24 · 2064 Aug 12 · 2066 Dec 17 · 2067 Dec 6 · 2068 May 31 · 2070 Apr 11 · 2071 Sep 23 · 2072 Sep 12 · 2073 Aug 3 · 2075 Jan 16 · 2076 Jan 6 · 2077 May 22 · 2078 May 11 · 2079 May 1 · 2081 Sep 3 · 2082 Aug 24 · 2084 Dec 27 · 2086 Jun 11 · 2088 Apr 21 · 2089 Oct 4 · 2090 Sep 23 · 2091 Aug 15 · 2093 Jan 27 · 2094 Jan 16 · 2095 Jun 2 · 2096 May 22 · 2097 May 11 · 2099 Sep 14 · 2100 Sep 4 · 2186 Jul 16

Past Total/hybrid eclipses

Future Total/hybrid eclipses

Past Annular eclipses

Future Annular eclipses

1854 May 26 · 1879 Jan 22 · 1889 Jun 28 · 1901 Nov 11 · 1903 Mar 29 · 1904 Mar 17 · 1905 Mar 6 · 1907 Jul 10 · 1908 Jun 28 · 1911 Oct 22 · 1914 Feb 25 · 1915 Feb 14 · 1915 Aug 10 · 1916 Jul 30 · 1917 Dec 14 · 1918 Dec 3 · 1919 Nov 22 · 1921 Apr 8 · 1922 Mar 28 · 1923 Mar 17 · 1925 Jul 20 · 1926 Jul 9 · 1927 Jan 3 · 1929 Nov 1 · 1932 Mar 7 · 1933 Feb 24 · 1933 Aug 21 · 1934 Aug 10 · 1935 Dec 25 · 1936 Dec 13 · 1937 Dec 2 · 1939 Apr 19 · 1940 Apr 7 · 1941 Mar 27 · 1943 Aug 1 · 1945 Jan 14 · 1947 Nov 12 · 1948 May 9 · 1950 Mar 18 · 1951 Mar 7 · 1951 Sep 1 · 1952 Aug 20 · 1954 Jan 5 · 1954 Dec 25 · 1955 Dec 14 · 1957 Apr 30 · 1958 Apr 19 · 1959 Apr 8 · 1961 Aug 11 · 1962 Jul 31 · 1963 Jan 25 · 1965 Nov 23 · 1966 May 20 · 1969 Mar 18 · 1969 Sep 11 · 1970 Aug 31 · 1972 Jan 16 · 1973 Jan 4 · 1973 Dec 24 · 1976 Apr 29 · 1977 Apr 18 · 1979 Aug 22 · 1980 Aug 10 · 1981 Feb 4 · 1983 Dec 4 · 1984 May 30 · 1987 Sep 23 · 1988 Sep 11 · 1990 Jan 26 · 1991 Jan 15 · 1992 Jan 4 · 1994 May 10 · 1995 Apr 29 · 1998 Aug 22 · 1999 Feb 16 · 2001 Dec 14 · 2002 Jun 10 · 2003 May 31 · 2005 Oct 3 · 2006 Sep 22 · 2008 Feb 7 · 2009 Jan 26 · 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 · 2013 May 10 · 2014 Apr 29 · 2016 Sep 1 · 2017 Feb 26 · 2019 Dec 26 · 2020 Jun 21 · 2021 Jun 10 · 2023 Oct 14 · 2024 Oct 2 · 2026 Feb 17 · 2027 Feb 6 · 2028 Jan 26 · 2030 Jun 1 · 2031 May 21 · 2032 May 9 · 2034 Sep 12 · 2035 Mar 9 · 2038 Jan 5 · 2038 Jul 2 · 2039 Jun 21 · 2041 Oct 25 · 2042 Oct 14 · 2043 Oct 3 · 2044 Feb 28 · 2045 Feb 16 · 2046 Feb 5 · 2048 Jun 11 · 2049 May 31 · 2052 Sep 22 · 2053 Mar 20 · 2056 Jan 16 · 2056 Jul 12 · 2057 Jul 1 · 2059 Nov 5 · 2060 Oct 24 · 2061 Oct 13 · 2063 Feb 28 · 2064 Feb 17 · 2066 Jun 22 · 2067 Jun 11 · 2070 Oct 4 · 2071 Mar 31 · 2074 Jan 27 · 2074 Jul 24 · 2075 Jul 13 · 2077 Nov 15 · 2078 Nov 4 · 2079 Oct 24 · 2081 Mar 10 · 2082 Feb 27 · 2084 Jul 3 · 2085 Jun 22 · 2085 Dec 16 · 2088 Oct 14 · 2089 Apr 10 · 2092 Feb 7 · 2092 Aug 3 · 2093 Jul 23 · 2095 Nov 27 · 2096 Nov 15 · 2097 Nov 4 · 2099 Mar 21 · 2100 Mar 10

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