Solar Power

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Solar Power
M. Joychandra Singh Regn. No.:11006202 B.Tech-ECE RB6001B34 Lovely Professional University, Punjab Abstract- This is the abstract of the work Historically, solar energy has been done on the topic solar power. Here the used by mankind to produce heat since we history, advantages and its application in first built structures. Without electricity, various electronic devices are discussed. mankind soon learned to orient structures to capture the heat of the sun during the day and store it in ceramic or mud materials much INTRODUCTION: like a blacktop parking lot will radiate heat Solar power is the conversion of after the sun has gone down. Early Greek sunlight into electricity, either directly using structures show a particular use of passive photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using solar heating as do Egyptian structures. concentrated solar power (CSP). Commercial The production of electricity using CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s, and the 354 MW SEGS CSP installations is sunlight is a much more recent phenomenon. the largest solar power plant in the world and In 1901, Nicolas Tesla was the first person to is located in the Mojave Desert of California. receive a patent related to solar energy, but The 80 MW Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant he called it radiant heating. He sought a in Canada, is the world’s largest photovoltaic patent for a machine to capture the radiant plant. Experimental approaches to solar heat, but nothing much came of the power include concentrated photovoltaic invention. systems, thermo voltaic devices, and spacebased solar power. In 1904, some unknown physicist named Albert Einstein published a paper on Solar power is an intermittent energy the potential electricity production from source, meaning that solar power is not sunlight. In 1913, William Cob Lentz available at all times, and is normally received the first patent for a solar cell, but supplemented by storage or another energy he could never make it work. In 1916, Robert source, for example with wind power and Millikan was the first to produce electricity with the solar cell. For the next forty years or hydropower. so, nobody made much progress because the cells were highly inefficient at converting SOLAR ENERGY HISTORY: sunlight to energy. Solar energy is simply energy In the 1950s, Bell Labs got involved produced by harnessing the sun. It comes in many forms including electricity production with NASA. Bell was charged with coming through solar panels, home heating through up with a solar energy platform to power passive solar systems and solar energy spacecraft once they were in orbit. The solar packets for powering devices like laptops and energy field would never be the same. RVs to mention only a few platforms.

Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin, and Calvin S. Fuller start researching different areas related to solar, but not active parts of the NASA project. By luck, they meet and exchange idea. While their individual projects were failures, their combined efforts produce a much more efficient solar cell using crystallized silicon to convert sunlight into electricity. The efficiency rate of the cells is roughly 6 percent, a marked improvement over previous technology. In 1958, NASA launches the Vanguard Spacecraft, which is powered by solar panels. In the following years, solar energy technology grows in leaps and bounds. Solar panels today are roughly 15 percent efficient, but also much smaller than they use to be. More importantly, companies are abandoning the solar panel platform and coming out with amazing new products. The first are solar shingles that look exactly like regular roof shingles and perform as such. Nanotechnology is also offering amazing possibilities with quantum dots, which are essentially solar panels on the quantum level. Eventually, these dots will be incorporated in things such as paint. Yes, the paint on the walls of buildings and homes will eventually also produce all the electricity needed for the structures.

than when they were first created and used. Early examples of solar power systems can be seen in California where, in the 1980s, enough solar power panels were installed to power over 10 million homes. HOW DO PHOTOVOLTAIC TILES WORK? Simply put photovoltaic tiles and other forms of solar energy work by converting some of the energy in sunlight into a clean form of electricity that can be used in our houses. The PV cells consist of a positive and a negative slice of silicon placed under a thin slice of glass. As the protons of the sunlight beat down onto the PV cell they knock the neutrons off the silicon. The negatively charged free neutrons are attracted to the silicon but are trapped by the magnetic field that is formed from the opposing fields. Small wires on the silicon catch these neutrons and when connected in a circuit an electric current is formed.

This reaction gives Direct Current electricity though, and it must be passed through an inverter to be converted into an Alternating Current used in our homes to power any electrical items. Some of the power is lost in this part of the process as the inverter is only around 95% efficient but this is a much greater efficiency than was once As this solar energy history available. demonstrates, man has used solar power for heat for a very long time. Only now, The nature of the PV cell means there however, are we starting to master the is little or no maintenance required and there technology to turn it into large amounts of are no moving parts; this means that a typical free electricity. PV cell can last up to 40 years with no work besides an annual clean. HOW DOES SOLAR POWER WORK? Solar power is probably the cleanest, HOW CAN I USE THEM TO POWER MY HOUSE? most viable form of renewable energy There are several ways to use solar available and it can be used in several forms to help power your house. Many gardens power around the house and not just for now use solar lights or solar garden water powering. You can use it to heat your hot features. The availability and wide use of water, heat your pool or even your central solar power in gardens shows exactly how heating or if you have plenty of roof space versatile it is as a source of energy. The and a reasonable amount of sun you can get a technology and the systems are becoming grid tie system; a grid tie system means that smaller, more compact and better looking not only can you power your entire house but

during those times when you create an excess of electricity you can sell it back to the grid. An efficiently solar powered home will be able to reasonably create between 75 and 100% of their own power and because of the grid tie system this means you may not have to pay for electricity ever again.

into useable outputs. Passive solar techniques have choosing materials with prosperous thermal properties, planning spaces that by nature circularize air, and citing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar methods raise the cater of energy and are considered supply side methods, while passive solar methods decrease the requirement for alternative resources and are normally considered demand side methods. SOLAR HEATING: The account of lighting is dominated by the usage of natural light. The Romans accepted aright to light as early as the6th century and English law recalled these assessments with the Prescription Act of 1832.In the 20th century artificial lighting became the chief source of interior luminance but day lighting methods and hybrid solar power renewable energy lighting results are ways to decrease energy usage. Day lighting systems accumulate and disperse sunlight to give interior luminance. This passive method directly offsets energy usage by putting back artificial lighting, and indirect offsets nonsolar energy usage by decreasing the requirement for air conditioning. Although hard to quantify, the usage of natural lighting also provides physiological and psychological gains compared to artificial lighting. Day lighting pattern entails cautious choice of window kinds, sizes and orientation; outside shading devices may be conceived as well. Individual characteristics include saw tooth roofs, clerestory windows, light shelves, skylight sand light tubes.

APPLICATION: Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly with concentrated solar power (CSP), which normally focuses the sun's energy to boil water which is then used to provide power, and other technologies, such as the sterling engine dishes which use a sterling cycle engine to power a generator. Photovoltaic were initially used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array. The only significant problem with solar power is installation cost, although cost has been decreasing due to the learning curve.[1] Developing countries in particular may not have the funds to build solar power plants, although small solar applications are now replacing other sources in the developing world.[2][3] APPLICATION SOLAR POWER ENERGY:

OF

Solar power energy bears on chiefly to the usage of solar radiation for practical ends. All other renewable energies other than geothermal derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies are generally defined as either passive or active based on the way they captivate, change and disperse sunlight. Active solar methods use photovoltaic SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS - GRID-TIED (ON GRID) : panels, pumps, and fans to change sunlight

automatically shuts off when the batteries are fully charged. Solar Power Systems - Off-Grid: Standalone, or off-grid, solar power systems consist of solar panels and a battery bank. They are typically used in rural areas and regions where there is no access to the utility grid. They may also be appropriate where the grid is somewhat close to the site, but expensive to bring in - for example, across a neighbour’s property. We have installed a number of systems with battery back-up where the grid is available but where the homeowner has experienced unreliable power in the past or believes that he/she will be subject to power outages in the future. We have seen a number of property owners install battery back-up system just for philosophical reasons, for the desire to be independent of the grid and the “gaming” to which utility companies and their power suppliers have subjected customers in the past.

Fig: Grid Tied Solar System

Most people install grid-tied solar power systems -most often in cities, suburbs and industrial areas where access to utilitygenerated power is available. You can supplement your solar powered electricity with utility-generated energy if you use more electricity than the solar power system supplies.

When your solar power system produces more electricity you need, you can sell the excess to the PG&E, who delivers the clean, renewable energy to other customers. Consequently, the good you do for the environment doesn't stop at your home or office. Even neighbours without solar power can draw upon the renewable energy of the It may cost you as high as $50 per sun - while you bank credit to offset the foot to bring utility power to your property, after which you'll continue to pay for power utility-generated power you use at night. forever. It's often less expensive to add a SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS - GRID-TIED WITH solar energy system from the start and be your own power company. You can add the BATTERY BACKUP: solar power system cost to your mortgage, Solar energy panels combined with reducing the combined costs of mortgage and batteries and generators for grid-tie utility bills. applications couple the clean, power supplied When your off-grid solar power by solar panels with the assurance that you system produces excess electricity during the will have electricity even during power day, it is used to charge the batteries. When outages that last for extended periods. During the sun's not shining, electricity is drawn the day, the solar panels generate electricity from the batteries to power the home or as needed and charges batteries. If more business. The advantage is greater power is required, or the batteries begin to independence for you. The disadvantage is run low, the natural gas or propane generator greater complexity and cost. kicks in to recharge the batteries. It

SOLAR POWER SYSTEM - DIRECT DC: Simple, direct DC solar power systems produce energy where and when it's needed. Common uses include powering water pumps and fans. There is no complex wiring, so storage and control systems aren't required. Small systems are easy to transport and install. HYBRID POWER SYSTEMS: Hybrid power systems combine various sources of electrical generation, and are well suited for electrification. Solar and wind technologies are modular, and seasonal variations of sun and wind often complement each other. SOLAR ENERGY USES: Solar energy is an important advance in the effort to save the environment. Perhaps the most easily usable and most convenient of the renewable energy sources (which also include wind and water), solar energy has been used since the beginning of time as a heating source. In the 1830's one of the other solar energy uses was developed, as a solar energy cooker was used on a safari. Since then, many other solar energy uses have been formulated, and almost everyone can take advantage of one of these uses. One of the most common of the solar energy uses is to use it as a power source. Since the 1970's, many people have been putting solar collectors on their roofs and using the resulting collected power to run their households. While having enough solar collectors to obtain power that will run an entire house may not be common, it can be done. Most of these types of solar powered homes run their appliances and other needs directly off the solar collectors' power during the day, and use power that was stored from the solar cells in batteries at night. In this way, the homeowner can avoid ever having to use power that was generated by a nonrenewable resource.

Another of the common solar energy uses is to use solar power to heat your hot water. These systems can either use passive solar energy (in the case of heating a tank of water by leaving it out in the sun) or by using solar collectors with a heat transfer fluid. These systems require the homeowner to install solar panels, behind which run tubes filled with fluid. These tubes collect the heat from the sun and transfer it into the fluid – these tubes, filled with the heated fluid, then run around a water storage system, and the heat from the fluid is transferred into the water. Another way is to have water running through the tubing and have it obtain the sun's heat directly - this heated water is then pumped into swimming pools, so that pool owners don't need to run a pool heater to keep their water warm. In the last 10 to 15 years, solar manufacturers have started to develop new, creative applications for solar power. One development is the portable solar panel, a popular product used on RVs by vacationers. On a smaller scale, there are solar panel packs that fold out like a small ledger and are used to power up anything from laptops to cell phones. As time passes, new products along this line are expected to continue to come on the market. It doesn't matter which of the solar energy uses you choose to implement in your own home or life – even a small use of solar power over traditional power sources can help the environment. The more we can use solar energy, the less dependent we become on non-renewable resources, and the more we help the Earth. DISADVANTAGES: Solar power is often considered to be one of the most promising alternative energy sources around. The process has a virtually perpetual source in the sun, creates no dangerous exhaust, and would not leave a lasting carbon footprint on the Earth. There are a number of disadvantages of solar

power, however, which have continued to You are able to produce solar power limit its practical widespread use. for your home through increasingly easier and cheaper methods related to this natural One disadvantage of solar power is energy source. One of the main advantages of consistency and reliability. Solar-powered a solar power system for your home is the devices rely on the steady delivery of special lack of pollution given off by solar panels particles called photons to keep the electricity when generating electricity. generating process going. As soon as the sun falls below the horizon at night, photons stop The only pollution you could striking the solar panels and the power drops associate with a solar power cell would be instantly. This means that storage the production of the cell, and transportation technology, such as batteries, or an of the cell until it reaches your home, then alternative source of energy is always maybe the use of electricity to power the required to ensure uninterrupted power flow. tools needed while your panel is installed and Otherwise, if there is no sun, there is simply maintained. no power. An example of a disadvantage would Some of the major disadvantages of be the initial cost (one of the very few solar power are economic in nature. Solar disadvantages associated with solar panels designed to generate electricity are technology). The initial investment of solar still fairly expensive to produce. Since single panels is quickly seen as a small price to pay solar panels can only generate a relatively when you realize the savings you could make small amount of electricity, an large arrays of over the coming months and years on your solar panels are needed to provide a electricity bill. sufficient level of electricity to power a number of homes. These solar panels also Another advantage of solar energy is have to be adjusted throughout the day in that the energy source (the sun) is completely order to maintain a direct angle with the sun, renewable unlike the source which is so a mechanical orientation system also probably generating your current power needs to be implemented to turn all of the supply. solar panels. Take a moment to think of the most Other disadvantages of solar power likely source of the power you are using to are technical. The materials used to create a read this article. Advantages of solar energy solar panel are constantly exposed to other also include the ability to harness power in things besides photons. The constant remote locations. bombardment of ultraviolet (UV) rays and other solar radiation often causes the panels This has proved a very important themselves to deteriorate, much like any advantage of solar power in order to bring other material left exposed to the sun for electricity to some of the most remote places extended periods of time. Other on earth. A home solar power system can environmental factors like rain and dirt also make a huge difference to mountain take their toll. communities where it may be hard to construct power lines in order to reach such ADVANTAGES: areas. There exist many different advantages Newer technologies have enabled us of solar power related to using solar energy to store the solar electricity we harness on a large and small scale. though the use of solar power battery chargers. This is a huge advantage of why

you should integrate solar power to influence but should not be submerged in water. The your home power supply. panels should be kept clean because dirty photovoltaic panels do not absorb solar energy efficiently. Most models come with PORTABLE SOLAR POWER: meters to prevent damage caused by under or A portable solar power system can be over powering. The systems work best when a great introduction to solar power use for the battery powered electronic is fully people who are interested but are confused or charged at the start of use; it is more effective overwhelmed by the thought. Systems as a battery saver. available to the general public come in small Many soldiers are being given sizes (to power laptops, cell phone, portable stereos, etc) and medium sizes (to power portable solar power packs for use in the multiple small items or small portable field. The military is also utilizing portable appliances). Portable solar power systems are solar power on a larger scale that is not user-friendly. They require little to no wiring, readily available to the average consumer. with most systems being ready for immediate Use of low-maintenance portable energy use. Other benefits include the fact that takes one more burden off the soldiers. portable solar power allows an individual to Portable solar power is also lighter than access power outside of the national grid. traditional battery packs, again lightening the These systems are also renewable and soldier’s load. sustainable. THE ECONOMICS OF SOLAR POWER: Portable solar power systems utilize A new era for solar power is small photovoltaic solar panels. These are approaching. Long derided as uneconomic, it housed in a variety of materials, depending is gaining ground as technologies improve on the size and intended use. Most small and the cost of traditional energy sources systems come in a polymer based carrying rises. Within three to seven years, case that looks like a bulky briefcase. There unsubsidized solar power could cost no more are also sportier models that can be to end customers in many markets, such as incorporated into hiking gear. Some models California and Italy, than electricity even roll up so they can be slid into a variety generated by fossil fuels or by renewable of cases and containers. A small battery-type alternatives to solar. By 2020, global pack can be used to jumpstart cars or boats. installed solar capacity could be 20 to 40 Some medium portable solar power systems look like a small generator and come on a rolling stand. Others are roll up systems, similar to the ones in the smaller units. These medium systems can power appliances in RV’s, boats, or while camping. They can also power multiple small electronics at one time. A medium portable solar power system can be used in emergencies to power lights, radios, telephones, and other emergency items. Regardless of the size, these portable systems are designed for outdoor use. They can handle temperatures ranging from -10°F to 140°F. Most systems are water resistant, times its level today. But make no mistake; the sector is still in its infancy. Even if all of the forecast growth occurs, solar energy will represent only about 3 to 6 percent of installed electricity generation capacity or 1.5 to 3 percent of output in 2020. While solar power can certainly help to satisfy the desire for more electricity and lower carbon emissions, it is just one piece of the puzzle. What’s more, solar power faces challenges that are common in emerging sectors. Several technologies are competing to win the lowest-cost laurels, and it’s not yet clear which is going to win. Rapid growth

has created shortages and high margins for early players, such as the silicon refiners Dow Corning, REC Solar, and Wackier, as well.

REFERENCES:[1] http://www.solarcompanies.com [2]http://www.clean-energy-deas.com [3]http://www.ezinearticles.com

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