SQL Server 2000 Performance

Microsoft® SQL Server
TM

2000 Performance

Microsoft Corporation
What We Will Cover
 Locking
 Query Processor
 Query Tuning
 System Configuration
 Performance Monitoring
Session Prerequisites
 This session assumes that you
understand the fundamentals of
 Windows
®
2000 Server
 SQL Server 2000
 System Monitor
Level 200
Agenda
 Locking
 Query Processor
 Query Tuning
 System Configuration
 Performance Monitoring
Lock Manager
What it does for you
 Acquires and Releases Locks
 Maintains compatibility Between
Lock Modes
 Resolves Deadlocks
 Escalates Locks
 Uses 2 Locking Systems
 Shared Data Locks
 Internal latches for Internal data and
index concurrency

Locking
Locking Granularity for user data
Table
Page Page Page
Row
Row Row
Lock Isolation Levels
 Supports all 4 ANSI and ISO
isolation levels
 Serializable
 Repeatable Read
 Read Committed - default
 Read Uncommitted
Locking
User data lock types – Shared
 Acquired automatically when data is
read
 Applies to Table, Page, Index Key or row.
 Many processes can hold a shared lock
on the same data.
 Cannot be locked exclusively while in
shared lock mode*
*Unless it is the same process that holds the shared lock
Locking
User data lock types – Exclusive
 Automatically acquired when data is
modified
 Only one process can hold at a time on
any data.
 Held until the end of a Transaction
 All other lock requests by other
processes will be refused.
 Can use Query hints to decide to read
locked data.
Locking
User data lock types – Update
 Hybrid of shared and exclusive
 Acquired when a search is required
before any data modification
 Allow others to still read while lock
applied
 Needs an exclusive lock to modify data
 Data can have many shared but only one
update

Locking
User data lock types – Intent
 Not a real lock mode just a qualifier
e.g.
Intent Update lock
 Used by SQL as resource lock
indicator
Locking
User data lock types – Special
 3 special modes
 Schema Stability – used when queries are
modified, prevents scheme modification
locks.
 Scheme Modification – used when table
structures are being modified
 Bulk update – used when the BULK INSERT
or BCP command are used.
Locking
Viewing lock information
 Use sp_lock stored procedure
 Use sp_lock2 stored procedure
 Shows current and waiting locks
Spid Dbid Objid IndId Type Resource Mode Status
54 pubs 19723 2 TAB IS GRANT
58 pubs 19755 1 PAG 1:88 IX GRANT
52 Pubs 0 0 DB S GRANT
Locking
Viewing lock information - Type
Abbr Resource Internal
Code
Description / Example
DB Database 2
TAB Table 5 Table id 261775902
EXT Extent 8 File/ page number 1:96
PAG Page 6 File/ page number 1:104
KEY Key 7 Hashed value ac0001a10a00
AC Row 9 File/page/slot number 1:151:4
APP Application 10 Hash of the app name MYpr8dea
Locking
Viewing lock information - Mode
Abbreviation Mode Internal code
S Shared 4
X Exclusive 6
U Update 5
IS Intent shared 7
IU Intent update 8
IX Intent exclusive 9
SIX Shared with intent exclusive 11
Sch-S Schema stability 2
Sch-M Schema modification 3
BU Bulk update 13
Lock Block
Lock resource block
Grant Wait Convert
Lock Block
Lock resource block
Grant Wait Convert
Lock
Owner
Block
Lock
Owner
Block
Lock
Owner
Block
Locking Architecture
Lock hash table
All owner blocks
From same transaction
Linked together
Locking
Row Versus Page Level
 Lock Overhead
 Each lock – 32 bytes
 Each Process holding lock – 32 bytes
 Each Process waiting for lock – 32
bytes
 Page Level – 8k
 Row Level – dependent on Row size
 Which to use depends on
application

Demonstration 1
Viewing SQL Server Locks
Agenda
 Locking
 Query Processor
 Query Tuning
 System Configuration
 Performance Monitoring
Query Processor
Statement Compilation Process
Parse the statement
Create a sequence tree
Normalise the tree
SQL DML
Statement?
Compile the TSQL
Statement procedurally
Compile the TSQL
Statement procedurally
Create Query Graph
Optimize and create Plan
Yes
No
Query Processor
optimizing a statement
Trivial plan optimizer
Simplification
Statistics loading
Cost-based optimizer
Phases 1 to n-1
Full optimization for
Serial execution
Output plan
Full optimization for
parallel execution
Found a cheap
Plan?
1
1
Found
Plan?
Cheapest cost
Is > than parallelism
Threshold?
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Query Processor
How the Optimizer Works
 Query Analysis
 Index Selection
 Join Selection
 Nested iteration
 Hashing
 Merging
Query Processor
Caching – costing a query plan
Allocate memory
From buffer cache
Set initial cost to
Creation cost
Ad-hoc &
Cheap to
Compile?
Type of
Plan?
Put plan in cache
Set initial cost
To Zero
Don’t Cache
Yes
No
Ad-hoc
Query Processor
Compilation and execution flow
Plan in
Cache?
Parse/normalize
Compile TSQL
Optimize statements
Put plan in cache
Retrieve plan from cache
Wait for memory grant scheduler
Open (active) plan
Run plan to completion
Plan need to
Be recompiled?
No
No
Yes
Yes
Demonstration 2
Query Analyzer
Obtain statistics about a query
Use the graphical showplan
Use the estimated showplan
Agenda
 Locking
 Query Processor
 Query Tuning
 System Configuration
 Performance Monitoring
Query Tuning
Tuning – When to Start
 Start at the Beginning
 Consider performance before you
even write your first line of code
 Be sure that you've set up a good
database structure
 Create what appear to be useful
indexes
 Make sure all analysis is done with
a representative workload
Query Tuning
Application and Database Design
 Provides Biggest Performance
Gains
 Normalize
 Evaluate Your Critical Transactions
 Keep Table Row Lengths and Key
Lengths Compact
 Create Useful Indexes
 Benchmark, Prototype and Test
SQL Server
SQL Profiler
Index Tuning
Wizard
Query tuning
Index Creation and Tuning
Query Tuning
Monitoring Query Performance
 STATISTICS – Input/Output
 Logical Reads
 Physical Reads
 Read Ahead Reads
 Scan Count
 STATISTICS - Time
 SHOWPLAN
 Showplan_Text, Showplan_All,
Graphical Showplan
Query Tuning
Query Hints
 Query hints should be used for
special cases—not as standard
operating procedure
 Hint Types:
 Join Hints
 Index Hints
 Lock Hints
 Processing Hints
Query Tuning
Blocking and Deadlocks – How to
Resolve Them
 Keep transactions as short as
possible
 Never add a pause within a
transaction for user input
 When you process a result set,
process all rows as quickly as
possible
 For browsing applications, consider
using cursors with optimistic
concurrency control
Query Tuning
Deadlocks – How to Resolve Them
 To prevent cycle deadlocks, make
all processes access resources in a
consistent order.
 Reduce the transaction isolation
level if it's suitable for the
application.
 To prevent conversion deadlocks,
explicitly serialize access to a
resource.
 Gather information about the application’s
behavior
 Use SQL Profiler
 Analyze the information
 Query Analyzer
 Index Tuning Wizard
 Apply Changes
 Index Tuning Wizard
 Enterprise Manager
Query tuning
Performance Tuning
 A step-by-step approach
Demonstration 3
Load Simulator

Demonstration 4
Index Tuning Wizard
Analyze workload
View reports
Apply suggested indexes
Agenda
 Locking
 Query Processor
 Query Tuning
 System Configuration
 Performance Monitoring
System Configuration
Resource Allocation and System
File Location
 Ensure that Maximize
Data Throughput for
Network Applications
is selected for File and
Print Services
 Do not locate SQL
Server files on same
drive as PAGEFILE.sys



System Configuration
Configuring SQL Resources
 Sp_configure
 EXEC sp_configure
 RECONFIGURE
 With override
 Enterprise Manager
System Configuration
Configuring SQL Resources
 Min Server Memory
and Max Server
Memory
 Set Working Set Size
 Minimum Query
Memory

System Configuration
Configuring SQL Resources
 Scheduling
 Lightweight Pooling
 Affinity mask
 Priority boost
 Max Worker Threads
 Disk I/O Options
 Recovery Interval
System Configuration
Configuring SQL Resources
 Query Processing Options
 Min Memory Per Query
 Index Create Memory
 Query Wait
 Query Governor Cost Limit
 Max Degree of Parallelism

System Configuration
Configuring SQL Resources
 Database Options
 Read Only
 Single User
 Autoclose
 Autoshrink
 Auto Create Statistics
 Auto Update Statistics

System Configuration
Configuring SQL Resources
 Buffer Manager
 ―Pintable‖ Option
 Monitoring Performance
 SQLPERF(WAITSTATS)
 SQLPERF(LRUSTATS)

Demonstration 5
SQL System Configuration
Enterprise Manager
sp_configure
Agenda
 Locking
 Query Processor
 Query Tuning
 System Configuration
 Performance Monitoring
Performance Monitoring
How to Use SQL Profiler
 Monitor server events
 Capture SQL statements
 Identify poorly-performing queries
 Replicate problems for diagnosis
Performance Monitoring
When to Use SQL Profiler
 Debug T-SQL or stored procedures
 Monitor the performance of SQL
Server to tune workloads
 Capture deadlocking scenarios
 Playback events captured
Performance
Monitoring
SQL Profiler
 Event Categories
 Data Columns
 Filters
Demonstration 6
SQL Profiler
Trace queries on a database
Create Trace Wizard
Performance Monitoring
System Stored Procedures
 SQL Trace
 sp_trace_create
 sp_trace_setevent
 sp_trace_setfilter
 sp_trace_setstatus
 sp_trace_generateevent
 SQLDIAG
Demonstration 7
System Diagnostic Procedures

Performance Monitoring
Using System Monitor
 Monitors Entire System
Performance
 System Counters
 SQL Counters

Performance Monitoring
System Monitor
Monitor multiple computers
simultaneously
View and change charts to reflect
current activity
Export data to spreadsheet or
database applications
Add system alerts to notify you of
possible problems
Performance Monitoring
System Monitor
Run an application when a counter
value exceeds a user-defined value
Create log files
Append log files to form a long-term
archive
View current-activity reports
Create reports from existing log files
Save chart, alert, log, or report
settings
Performance Monitoring
System Monitor - System Counters
 System:
 Context Switches/sec
 Processor:
 %Processor Time
 %Privileged Time
 %User Time
 Processor Queue Length
Performance Monitoring
System Monitor - System Counters
 SQL Server: Memory Manager:
 Total Server Memory(KB)
 Process:
 Working Set Counter For SQL Server
Instance
 SQL Server Buffer Manager:
 Buffer Cache Hit Ratio
Performance Monitoring
System Monitor - System Counters
 Memory:
 Pages/sec
 SQLServer: Databases
 Transactions/sec
 PhysicalDisk:
 Disk Transfers/sec
Demonstration 8
System Monitor
Set Up System Monitor

Session Summary
 SQL Server 2000 can use several
techniques to enhance performance
of applications
 Techniques include:
 Application and Database design
 Query Tuning
 System Configuration
 Performance Monitoring
For More Information…
 TechNet Web site at
www.microsoft.com/technet
 Microsoft Official Curricula (MOC)
 Course # 2071 - Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2000 with Transact-SQL
 Course # 2072 - Administering a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Database
 Microsoft Press
 ―Inside SQL Server 2000‖, Microsoft Press, 2000., or:
http://mspress.microsoft.com/books/4297.htm
 ―Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2000 Resource Kit‖,
http://www.mspress.microsoft.com/PROD/BOOKS/4939.HTM
 ―Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2000 Reference Library ―,
http://mspress.microsoft.com/prod/books/5001.htm
 ―Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2000 Administrator's Companion‖,
http://mspress.microsoft.com/books/4519.htm
 ―Microsoft® BackOffice® 4.5 Resource Kit ‖, Microsoft Press, 1999, or:
http://mspress.microsoft.com/prod/books/2483.htm

Training
Training Resources for IT Professionals
 Querying Microsoft SQL Server 2000 with Transact-SQL
 Course # 2071—Two days—Instructor-led or eLearning
 Available: through MS CTECs in your area
 Administering a Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Database
 Course # 2072—Five days—Instructor-led
 Available: through MS CTECs in your area



To locate a training provider for this course, please access
mcspreferral.microsoft.com/default.asp
Microsoft Certified Technical Education Centers (CTECs)
are Microsoft’s premier partners for training services

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Certified Systems Engineer
 What Is MCSE?
 Premier certification for professionals who analyze
the business requirements and design and
implement the infrastructure for business solutions
based on the Microsoft server software.
 How do I become a Windows 2000 MCSE?
 Pass 4 Core Exams
 Pass 1 Design Exam
 Pass 2 Electives from a comprehensive list
 Where Do I Get More Information?
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visit www.microsoft.com/mcp
Session Credits
 Authors: Dan Keables, Joel Ware IV
 Producer/Editor: Alan Le Marquand
 Thanks to our Microsoft technical
specialists who reviewed this session:
 John Doe