The a to Z of Bones of the Skull
Content
The A to Z
Bones of of The Skull
Dr A. L. Neill
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS [email protected]
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The A to Z
of Bones of The Skull
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Introduction After the A to Z of Skeletal Muscles was released to my students (and later my colleagues with the help of Aspen), I received some very valuable feedback feedb ack from both. From this feedback it became apparent that this format was helpful to all t here in the health professional field. It was also apparent that there was a need for another pocket reference book of this type on bones and nerves. So as with the other book, I have started with a prototype examining the bones of one of the most complex group in the body, the SKULL. It is hoped that this proves to be as useful as my first A to Z book, and an d goes on to become a more comprehensive but quick and simple reference for all bones.
Acknowledgement I would like to thank Aspen Pharmacare Australia and of f particularly Mr Greg Lam CEO and Mr Robert Koster Head o Marketing and Sales for stepping in and giving me their wass not going to be support in this project when it seemed I wa able to complete it, due to lack of resources and time. Students, as always, but particularly today have to sacrifice many things in their pursuit of knowledge. It is hoped that this book will help to make that pathway easier and more enjoyable. As with my other ventures in this A to Z series we want to give knowledge to any an y who wish to use it.
Dedication To MICKEY 390335, and to stopping pettiness, spite and misinformation wherever it lies. 1
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
How to use this book After examining the SKULL as a WHOLE from many view points, identifying individual bones, cavities, impressions and surfaces and including common radiological views, with explanatory diagrams, this book lists all the bones of the skull th e Skull in ALPHABETICAL order as far as possible. Images of the “in situ” are also included. f amiliar terms and those Features are named using in the most familiar agreed upon by anatomical nomenclature convention avoiding eponymous terms wherever possible but as with all anatomical studies sometimes several terms are used to name the same feature. Wherever this is common and to save confusion reference is made to each term. Similarly between disciplines anatom y the same such as radiology and osteology as well as anatomy wa ys, iew may be described several different ways, so when this is also common and to provide clarity these terms are mentioned. The pages facing each image contain the key/legends to the labels on that diagram. f eatures This is to help in the learning of the features and to prevent confusion in the examination of the bones. Numbering commences anew with each diagram. However, with some bones one view is not enough (e.g. Temporal and Sphenoid) to conceptualize all the surfaces and articulations, so these bones are then shown with the same numbering sequentially in an alphabetical way, on each related diagram. Occasionally they are also shown “in situ”, in other words as they lay in the skull. This is particularly the case with the Palatine bones. These bones are hard to see the y are s ee as they surrounded by other structures and deeply embedded in the
head, so several views and rotations of the bone bon e are shown and labelled to see their connections, as well as a view showing how they are placed relative to other bones. © A. L. Neill
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Capitalization is used to demonstrate the bones involved in several structures including joints of all kinds (e.g. sutures). In other words the parietomastoid suture is listed as Parieto- Mastoid suture to further remind the th e reader of the involved bones or bony features involved in the composition of the structure. This helps to further orientate the reader to the structural components of the feature. It is hoped that this will prove a valuable resource for those examining individual bones as in the study of ANATOMY and its many uses such as: archeology, anthropology, chiropractic dentistry, forensics, geology, medicine, orthopaedics, osteology, physiotherapy and surgery. It is to paleontology, paleobiology, physiotherapy be a forerunner of a more complete listing of all bones from A to Z and a more extensive development of other aspects of the skull such as measurement markers, development milestones, individual and ethnic variations - “the A to Z of the Skull part II”. Hence any suggestions on format or inclusions will be gratefully received. Thank you Amanda Neill BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
ISBN 1 74138 166 5
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Table of contents Introduction Acknowledgement Dedication How to Use this book Table of Articulations of the Skull
1 1 1 2 4
Common Terms used in Osteology Classification and summary of skull bones
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The Skull 13-36 fro ntalis) External Skull Anterior (norma frontalis) radiology - occipitofrontal (complete) (up per aspect) radiology - occipitofrontal (upper radiology - occipitomental (lower aspect) asp ect) External Skull Inferior (Base of Skull) Sku ll) (norma basilaris) radiology - submentovertical view (view from below) External Skull Lateral (norma lateralis) radiology - lateral External Skull Posterior (norma occipitalis) External Skull Superior (norma verticularis) Internal Skull Inferior - Skull Cap Internal Skull Superior - Internal Base - cranial fossae
Bones of the Skull 37-70 th e Auditory Ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes enclosed within the Temporal bone
Lateral, eral, Superior, Medial Ethmoid bones Anterior & Lat Frontal bone Hyoid bone Lacrimal bones Mandible radiology - Orthopantomogram = OPG (Anterior) radiology - Lateral (with soft tissue) radiology mandibular joint (jaw) open op en and closed see also TMJ (temporomandibular joint) Maxilla / Maxillae bones Maxillae bones Inferior
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asal bones Occipital External, Internal Palatine bones Parietal External, Internal Sphenoid Anterior, Posterior Sutural / Extrasutural bones - Incus Temporal External, Inferior, Interior
Vomer Zygoma
Cavities of the Skull 71-90 Anterior Cranial Fossa Base of the Skull internal Cranial Fossae Anterior, Middle, Posterior Maxillary Sinus Middle Cranial Fossa asal cavity Dissected, Lateral, Septum Orbital cavity (Orbital fossa) Anterior radiology obital cavity anterior radiology orbital cavity lateral Posterior Cranial Fossa
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Common terms in Osteology o the skull) (the study of bones) (with particular reference tto Ala
A wing, hence a wing-like process as in the Ethmoid bone pl.- alae.
Alveolus
Air filled bone - tooth socket
Aperture
An opening or space between bones or within a bone.
Areola
Small, open spaces as in the areolar part of the Maxilla.
Articulation
Joint, which is a point of contact b/n 2 opposing bones.
Auditory
Pertaining to hearing, hence, pertaining to the ear.
Axial
Refers to the head and trunk (vertebrae, ribs and sternum) of the body.
Basilar
Relating to the base or bottom of structures
Basiocranium
Bones of the base of the skull
Boss
A smooth round broad eminence - mainly in the Frontal bone female > male
Bregma of
Refers to a junction of more than 2 bones in a joint as in the Bregma the skull, junction between the coronal and sagittal sutures which in the infant is not closed and can be felt pulsating - site of the anterior fontanelle.
Calotte
The calotte consists of the calvaria from which the base has been removed.
Calvaria
The calvaria refers to the cranium without the facial bones attached.
Canal
Tunnel / extended foramen as in the carotid canal at the base of the skull adj,- canular (canicular - small canal)
Caput / Kaput
The head or of a head, adj.- capitate = having a head (c.f.decapitate)
Carotid
To put to sleep; compression of the common or internal carotid artery causes coma. This refers to bony points related to the Carotid vessels
Cavity
An open area or sinus within bone or formed with by two or more bones (adj. cavernous), may be usedainterchangeably fossa. Cavity tends to be more enclosed fossa a shallower bowl like space (Orbital fossa-Orbital cavity). Cavum
A cave.
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
Clinoid
Like a bed-post, part of a four poster bed so that clinoid process looks like a bed post (generally with other posts) as in the Sphenoid bone.
Clivus
A slope hence in the anterior cranial fossa referring to a slope on the base of the cavity.
Cochlea
A snail hence snail-like shape relating to the Organ of Corti in the ear.
Concha
A shell shaped bone as in the ear or nose (pl. conchae adj. chonchoid) old term for this turbinate.
Condyle
A rounded enlargement or process possessing an articulating surface.
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull Cornu
A horn (as in the Hyoid)
Corona
A crown. adj.- coronary, coronoid or coronal; hence a coronal plane is parallel to the main arch of a crown which passes from ear to ear (c.f. coronal suture).
Cranium
The cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones of the skull except for the mandible.
Crest
Prominent sharp thin ridge of bone formed by the attachment of muscles particularly powerful ones eg Temporalis/Sagittal crest
Cribiform / EthmoidA sieve or bone with small sieve-like holes. Cuneate / Cuneus A wedge / wedge-shaped Dens
A tooth hence dentine and dental relating to teeth, denticulate having tooth-like projections adj dentate See odontoid
Depression
A concavity on a surface
Diaphysis
The body of a long bone. In the young this is the region between the growth plates.
Diploë
The cancellous bone between the inner and outer tables of the skull, adj.- diploic.
Eminence
A smooth projection on a bone.
Endocranium
Refers to the interior of the “braincase” adj.- endocranial divided into the 3 major fossae anterior (for the Frontal lobes) middle (containing Temporal lobes) and posterior (for the containment of the Cerebellum).
Epiphysis
The end of a long bone beyond the growth plate or epiphyseal plate. There are 2 epiphyses to each long bone.
Euryon
The ectocranial point of the greatest breadth i.e. the widest point across the skull.
Facet
A face, a small bony surface (occlusal facet on the chewing surfaces of the teeth) seen in planar joints.
Fissure
A narrow slit or gap from cleft.
Fontanelle
A fountain, associated with the palpable pulsation of the brain as in the anterior fontanelle of an infant. These soft spots on the skull are cartilagenous connective tissue coverings “joints” which allow for skull cranial expansion and then become the mould for the bone development and shape joining long the sutural lines, later becoming the Bregma.
Foramen
A natural hole in a bone usually for the transmission of blood vessels and/or nerves.(pl. foramina).
Fornix
An arch
Fossa
A pit, depression, or concavity, on a bone, or formed from several bones as in temporomandibular fossa. Shallower and more like a “bowl” than a cavity
Fovea
A small pit (usually smaller a fossa)as in the fovea of the occlusal surface of the molarthan tooth.
Gallus / Galli
A cock, hence, crista galli, the cock's comb (i e possessive form of gallus).
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull Glabella
Most anterior midline point of the Frontal bone - that point between the eyebrows which should be hairless. This is the Latin derivation of this word.
Gnathion
Midline point which is the most inferior point of the Mandible.
Groove
long pit or furrow
Gyrus
A circle, hence a coil of brain cortex.
Hamus
A hook hence the term used for bones which “hook around other attach ch by hooking - bones or where other structures are able to atta hamulus = a small hook.
Hyoid
U-shaped
Incisura
A notch.
Inter
between
Intra
within
Introitus
An orifice or point of entry to a cavity or space.
Jugum
A bridge between 2 halves of a bone pl.( juga) as in Sphenoid .
Lacerum
Something lacerated, mangled or torn eg foramen lacerum small sharp hole at the base of the skull often ripping tissue in trauma.
Lacrimal
Related to tears and tear drops. (noun lacrima)
Lambda
From the Greek letter a capital 'L' and written as an inverted V. (adj.- lambdoid) and used to name the point of connection between the 3 skull bones Occipital and Temporals. Tem porals.
Lamina
A plate as in the lamina of the vertebra a plate of bone connecting the vertical and transverse spines (pl. laminae)
Linea
A line as in the Nuchal lines of the Occitipum
Locus
A place (c.f. location, locate, dislocate).
Magnum
Large pl magna
Malleus
Hammer (as in the ear ossicle)
Mandible
From the verb to chew, hence, the movable lower jaw; adj.- mandibular.
Mastoid
A breast or teat shape - mastoid process of the Temporal bone.
Maxilla
The jaw-bone; now used only for the upper jaw; adj.- maxillary.
Meatus
A short passage; adj.- meatal as in external acoustic meatus connecting the outer ear with the middle ear.
Mental
Relating to the chin (mentum = chin not mens = mind).
Metaphysis
The slightly expanded end of the shaft of a bone.
asion
Midline point where the Nasal and Frontal bones meet .
eurocranium
The neurocranium refers only to the braincase of the skull.
otch
An indentation in the margin of a structure.
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull ucha
The nape or back of the neck adj.- nuchal.
Occiput
The prominent convexity of the back of the head Occipitum = Occipital bone adj.- occipital
Occulus
An eye
Odontoid
relating to teeth, toothlike see Dens
Opisthion
Midline point at the posterior margin of the Foramen Magnum
Orbit
A circle; the name given to the bony socket in which the eyeball rotates; adj - orbital.
Orifice
An opening.
Os
A bone adj osseus
Ossicle
A small bone as in the ear ossicles: stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil) and malleus (hammer).
Ostium
A door, an opening, an orifice.
Otic
Pertaining to the ear
Ovale
Oval shaped
Palate
A roof adj.- palatal or platatine.
Parietal
Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity from paries, a wall.
Parotid
Pertaining to a region beside or near the ear
Pars
A part of
Pecten
A comb.
Petrous
Pertaining to a rock / rocky / stoney adj.- petrosal
Process
A general term describing any marked projection or prominence as in the mandibular process.
Prominens
A projection
Prosthion
Midline point of the maxilla alveolar bone which is most anterior
Pterion
A wing; the region where the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid meets or is close to the parietal, separating the frontal from the squamous region of the temporal bone. (TERY- on) Alternatively the region where these 4 bones meet.
Pterygoid
Wing shaped
Recess
A secluded area or pocket; a small cavity set apart from a main cavity.
Rectus
straight - erect
Rhinion
Midline point of the free end of the Nasal bones where they join with the Nasal cartilages
Ridge
elevated bony growth often roughened.
Rotundum
Round
Sagittal
An arrow, the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, making it look like an arrow by the lambdoid sutures.
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Sella
A saddle; adj.- sellar, sella turcica = Turkish saddle.
Sesamoid
grainlike
Sigmoid
S-shaped, from the letter Sigma which is S in Greek.
Sinus
A space usually within a bone lined with mucous membrane, such as the frontal and maxillary sinuses in the head, (also, a modified BV usually vein with an enlarged lumen for blood storage and containing no or little muscle in its wall). Sinuses may contain air, venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid depending upon location and health of the subject adj.- sinusoid.
Skull
The skull refers to all of the bones that comprise the head.
Spheno
A wedge i.e. the Sphenoid is the bone which wedges in the base of the skull between the unpaired frontal and occipital bones adj.- sphenoid .
Spine
A thorn adj.- spinous descriptive of a sharp, slender process/protrusion.
Splanchocranium The splanchocranium refers to the facial bones of the skull. Sulcus
long wide groove often due to a BV indentation
Suture
The saw-like edge of a cranial bone that serves as joint between
Stylos
bones of the skull. An instrument for writing hence adj.- styloid a pencil-like structure.
Symphysis
A joint or a growth
Tectum
A roof.
Tegmen
A covering.
Temporal
Refers to time and the fact that grey hair (marking the passage of time) often appears first at the site of the temporal bone.
Tentorium
A tent.
Trabecula
A “little” beam i.e. supporting supporting structure or strut pl. trabeculae
Tubercle
A small process or bump, an eminence..
Tuberculum
A very small prominence, process or bump.
Tuberosity
A large rounded process or eminence, a swelling or large rough at tachment. prominence often associated with a tendon or ligament attachment.
Turbinate
A child’s spinning top, hence shaped like a top. An old term for the nasal conchae.
Tympanum
A drum pl. tympani
Uncus
A hook adj.- uncinate.
Vagina
A sheath; hence, invagination is the acquisition of a sheath by pushing inwards into a structure, and evagination is similar but produced by pushing outwards adj.- vaginal.
Zygoma
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A yoke , hence, the bone joining the maxillary, frontal, temporal & sphenoid bones adj.- zygomatic.
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Classification and Summary of Skull bones Flat bones
Thin flattened and usually curved bones. Most Skull bones.
Irregular bones Various shapes not easily classified classified Sphenoid Long bone
Longer than wide 2 ends epiphysis and a central diaphysis. Growth mainly lengthwise. Most limb bones.
Pneumatic bone/Alveolar bone Bones filled with air to lighten their weight - Maxilla, Frontal, Mandible and bones with “sinuses” Maxilla, Sesamoid bone Bones completely surrounded by soft tissue w/o joints Hyoid Short bone
Roughly cubic in shape. Most wrist and ankle bones; many of the bones at the base of the skull.
Sutural bone
“Wormian” bone small bones which occur within the skull sometimes called extra-sutural sutures sometimes extra -sutural if the main part of the bone is outside of the suture. Generally Generally they are unnamed although the Incus is the name given to the large extra-sutural bone when present.
There are:
22 paired skull bones including the ear ossicles / not including the teeth. 5 single bones mainly on the base of the skull 1 mandible 1 hyoid variable sutural and extra-sutural bones (generally between 3-5)
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
External Skull Anterior 1 2
Frontal bone Fronto-Nasal suture
3
Inter-Nasal suture
4 5
Nasal bone, Lacrimal bone Supra-Orbital foramen
6 7
Spheno-Parietal suture Spheno-Frontal suture
8
Spheno-Squamosal suture
9 10
Zygoma Zygomatico-Maxillary suture
11 12
Infra-orbital foramen turbin ate (from Ethmoid bone) Middle Nasal concha - turbinate
13
Inferior nasal concha - tu turbinate rbinate (from Ethmoid bone)
14 15
Vomer Mandible
16 17
Mental foramen Inter-Maxillary suture
18 19 20
Maxilla Ethmoid bone (Orbital plate) Inferior Orbital fissure
THE SKULL
21 22
Temporo-Zygomatic suture Superior Orbital suture
23 24
Fronto-Zygomatic suture Greater wing of the Sphenoid
25 26
Coronal suture - Fronto-Parietal suture Lesser wing of the Sphenoid
27
Optic foramen
28 29
Metopic suture (rare) Fronto-Fronto suture Glabella
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External Skull Anterior radiology occipitofrontal THE SKULL
1
Sagittal suture
2
Lamboid suture (view to the posterior) meeting at the Bregma
3 4 5
Frontal sinus Lesser wing of the Sphenoid Supraorbital fissure
6 7
Greater wing of the Sphenoid Fronto-Zygomatic suture
8 9
Petrous ridge Anterior clinoid process
10 11
Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses Lateral pterygoid plate
12 13
Base of the skull - floor of posterior cranial cavity Foramen rotundum
14
Mastoid process
15 16
Upper central incisor tooth Mandible
15
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External Skull Anterior upper and lower views in detail THE SKULL
radiology occipitofrontal (upper) 1 2
Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus
3 4
Maxillary sinus Foramen rotundum
5
Supraorbital fissure
6 7
Anterior clinoid process Posterior clinoid process
8 9
Petrous ridge Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses
10 11
Crista galli z ygoma Frontal process of zygoma
12 13
Middle concha - turbinate Inferior concha - turbinate
14 15 16
Lateral border of Greater wing of sphenoid Greater wing of sphenoid Lesser wing of sphenoid
17 18
Hard palate Infraorbital foramen
19 20
Zygomaticofacial foramen Coronoid process of the mandible
21 22
Soft tissue of lower lid Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
17
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External Skull Anterior upper and lower views in detail THE SKULL
radiology occipitomental (lower) 1 2
Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus
3 4
Maxillary sinus Foramen rotundum
5
Supraorbital fissure
6 7
Anterior clinoid process Posterior clinoid process
8 9
Petrous ridge Floor of the hypophyseal fossa + upper apex of nasal cavity adjacent to nasal sinuses
10 11
Crista galli z ygoma Frontal process of zygoma
12 13
Middle concha - turbinate Inferior concha - turbinate
14 15 16
Lateral border of Greater wing of sphenoid Greater wing of sphenoid Lesser wing of sphenoid
17 18
Hard palate Infraorbital foramen
19 20
Zygomaticofacial foramen Coronoid process of the mandible
21 22
Soft tissue of lower lid Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid
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External Skull Inferior Base of Skull THE SKULL
1
Incisive fossa - Alveolare
2 3
Medial Pterygoid plate and Hamulus (ethmoid) Posterior Nasal aperture
4 5 6
Pterygoid plate (ethmoid) Lateral Pterygoid plate (ethmoid) Zygomatic arch
7 8
Mandibular fossa External Auditory meatus
9 10
Styloid process Mastoid process
11 12 13
Parieto - Mastoid suture Occipito - Mastoid suture Foramen magnum
14 15
External Occipital proturberance Sagittal suture - Parieto - Parieto suture
16
Lambda
17 18
Lambda suture Superior nuchal line (Occipital)
19
Inferior nuchal line (Occipital)
20 21
Occipital condyle Jugular foramen (fossa)
22 23
Stylo-Mastoid foramen Carotid foramen - Carotid canal
24
Foramen spinosum
25 26
Foramen lacerum-Basilar suture Greater Palatine foramen
27 28
Horizontal plate of Palatine Palatine process of the Maxilla
29 30
Foramen ovale Alveolon
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External Skull Inferior radiology submentovertical view THE SKULL
1
Nasal septum (vomer and perpendicular plate of
2
the ethmoid) Posterior border of vomer
3 4 5
Maxillary sinus Ethmoid sinus Greater palatine foramen
6 7
Lesser palatine foramen Sphenoid sinus
8
Posterior orbital margin - greater wing of the sphenoid
9 10 11
Posterior boundary of the maxillary sinus Zygomatic arch Lesser wing of the sphenoid
12 13
Head of mandible condyloid process Foramen ovalae
14
Foramen spinosum
15 16
Spine of the sphenoid Foramen lacerum
17
Clivus - base of the occipital and sphenoid bones
18 19
Eustachian tube - (pharyngotympanic tube) Carotid canal
20 21
Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen
22
Anterior arch of the atlas (C1)
23 24
Odontoid process of axis (C2) Occipital condyles
25 26
Foramen magnum Canaliculus for tympanic nerve
27
Inner and outer tables of the skull - Diploe
22
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External Skull Lateral 1
Frontal bone - Temporal ridges for attachment of Temporalis
2
Bregma - Coronal suture
3 4
Parietal bone Parieto-Temporal suture
5 6
Lambda - Occipito-Parietal suture Occipital bone - Occipitum
7
Occipito-Mastoid suture
8 9
Porion - upper margin of external auditory meatus Mastoid process
10 11
Temporal bone Styloid process
12
Zygomatic arch
13 14
Ramus of the Mandible Body of the Mandible
15 16
Gnathion Maxilla
17 18 19
Zygoma Prosthion Rhinion
20 21
Nasal bone Lacrimal bone
22 23
Nasion Glabella
24 25
Frontal bone Greater wing of the Sphenoid
THE SKULL
24
25
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External Skull Lateral / oblique radiology THE SKULL
1
Coronal suture
2
Impression for Middle meningeal artery
3 4
Lambdoid suture Wormian bone - Extrasutural bone
5 6
Styloid process Posterior wall of Nasopharynx
7
bones) es) Clivus - (base of Sphenoid and Occiptal bon
8 9
Hypophyseal fossa Sphenoid sinus
10
Greater wing of the Sphenoid
11 12
Posterior Air cells in the Ethmoid - Ethmoid sinus Anterior Air cells in the Ethmoid - Ethmoid sinus
13 14
Frontal sinus Zygoma - frontal process
15 16
Maxilla - malar process Zygoma - Arch
17 18 19
Posterior border of the Maxillary sinus Hard palate - Palatine bone Alveolar bone in Maxilla
20 21
Pterygoid plates Soft tissue of Soft Palate and Uvula
22 23
Mandibular canal Head of Mandible
24
Coronoid process of Mandible
27
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External Skull Posterior 1 2
Sagittal sinus Parietal foramen
3
Lambda Pareito - Occipital suture
4 5
Occipital bone Lambdoid suture
6 7
Superior nuchal line Highest nuchal line
8
Superior nuchal line
9 10
Mastoid process External Occitipal protruberance
11
Inferior nuchal groove
THE SKULL
12 13
Superior nuchal groove Sutural bones - Inca
14 15
Euyron Parietal bone
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External Skull Superior 1 2
Occipital bone Lambdoid suture - Occipito-Parieto suture
3
Parietal eminence - Euryon
4 5
Frontal bone Bregma
6 7
Coronal suture Parietal bone
8
Sagittal suture
9
Lambda
THE SKULL
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Internal Skull Inferior Skull cap THE SKULL
1
Lambda
2 3
Lambdoid suture Parietal foramen
4 5 6
Diploe Bregma Coronal suture
7
Frontal crest and Diploe - inner and outer tables of the skull bone
8 9
Frontal bone Depressions for arachnoid granulations
10 11 12
Grooves for middle meningeal vessels Parietal bone Sagittal suture
13 14
Groove for superior sagittal sinus Occipital bone
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© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Internal Skull Inferior Internal base base – – Cranial Cranial fossa THE SKULL
1
Cribiform plate
2 3
Frontal sinus Crista Galli
4 5 6
Orbital plate of Frontal bone Jugum of Sphenoid Optic canal
7 8
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid bone Anterior Clinoid process
9 10
Foramen rotundum Foramen lacerum
11 12 13
Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Dorsum sellae
14 15
Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen
16
Foramen magnum
A
POSTERIOR FOSSA
B
MIDDLE FOSSA
C
ANTERIOR FOSSA
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
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© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Ethmoid bones Anterior / Lateral / Medial / Superior Description - Light spongy bone the size and shape of an ice cube, located between the 2 orbital cavities. 1
Ethmoidal labyrinth containing air cells (part of the Ethmoid sinus) continuous with the Sphenoid sinus
2 3
Crista Galli Orbital plate of Ethmoid bone (part of the Orbital
BONES4OF THE SKULL
cavity) Middle Nasal concha
5
Jugum of Sphenoid - Jugum Ju gum Sphenoidale (Bridge connecting the 2 wings of the Sphenoid bone)
6 7
Perpendicular plate of the Palatine bone Uncinate process
8
Ala (of Crista Galli)
9 10
Anterior groove (on the Ethmoid) Posterior groove (on the Ethmoid)
11
Cribiform plate (entrance for the Olfactory nerve)
12
Vomer
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Anterior
Lateral
BO SK
Medial
Superior
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Frontal bones Anterior / Lateral / Inferior Description - Unpaired largest and very robust anterior bone forming rming the roof of forming the forehead - horizontal section fo the orbit. 1
Frontal tuberosity - Frontal bossing
2 3
Superciliary arch Supraorbital margin and notch
4
Nasal spine - medial to articulation with Lacrimal
5
bones Superior and inferior temporal lines
6
Superior Orbital plate - p pars ars orbitalis
7 8
Frontal and Ethmoid air cells - Frontal sinus Posterior Ethmoidal foramen
9 10
Anterior Ethmoidal foramen Zygomatic process
11 12
Supra - Orbital notch or foramen Lacrimal fossa
13 14 15
Metopic suture - frontal suture, Glabella Frontal squama Ethmoidal notch
BONES OF THE SKULL
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Hyoid bone st yloid Description - Small U-shaped bone. Attached to the styloid nd is processes via ligaments, this bone has no articulations aand not normally broken in normal trauma. It may be broken in hanging and strangulation. 1 2
Body of hyoid Greater horn (cornu)
3
Lesser horn (cornu)
BONES OF THE SKULL
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Mandible Lateral / Posterior Description - The lower jaw bone joins the skull via a single (TMJ) J) via the paired joint the temporomandibular joint (TM condyles and a cartilaginous plate in the Temporal fossa. Primary function - mastication. 1
Mandibular notch
2
Pterygoid fovea
3 4
Head of Mandible - Condyle - Condylar process Neck of Mandible
5
Posterior border of ramus of mandible
6 7
Ramus - Vertical ramus Angle of mandible
8 9
Oblique line Inferior border
10 11
Body - Horizontal ramus Base
12 13 14
Mental foramen Mental tubercle - Gnathion Mental protuberance
15 16
Alveolar bone surrounding teeth Anterior border of ramus
17 18
Coronoid process - Endocoronial ridge Mandibular foramen
19 20
Lingula Superior and inferior mental spines
21
Digastric fossa
22 23
Mylohyoid line Mylohyoid groove
24 25
Extramolar sulcus Infradentale
BONES OF THE SKULL
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Mandible Anterior radiology orthopantomogram = OPG Used to show mandibular fractures and an overview of sinuses and complete dentition 1 2
Central incisor Lateral incisor
3
Canine
4 5
First premolar Second premolar
6
First molar
BONES OF THE
SKULL7
8
Second molar Pulp chamber
9 10
Coronoid process Head of mandible
11 12
Zygoma Maxillary sinus
13 14 15
Anterior nasal spine of maxilla Vomer (nasal septum) Sites for the third molar
16
Hard palate
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Mandible Lateral radiology Showing relationship to surrounding soft tissue
1 2
mandible – Condylar Head of mandible – Condylar process Neck of the Mandible
3 4 5
Hard Palate Soft Palate Anterior notch of the Atlas (C1)
6 7
Dens Odontoid process of the Axis (C2) – (C2) – Dens Posterior aspect of the tongue
8 Retropharyngeal sac BONES9OF Epiglottis THE SKULL10
11
Vallecula - fold anterior to epiglottis Hyoid bone
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Mandibular joint Temporo-Mandibular joint (TMJ) Lateral radiology Open - upper Shut - lower 1 2
mandible – Condylar Head of mandible – Condylar process Neck of the Mandible
3
Coronoid process
4 5
Zygomatic arch External auditory meatus + Handle of the malleus
6
Articular cubicle
BONES OF THE
7
SKULL
Tympanic plate
8 9 10
Mastoid process Groove for posterior belly of Digastric muscle Mandibular fossa
11
Greater wing of the sphenoid (basal surface)
12
Lesser wing of the sphenoid
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Maxilla / Maxillae Bones Anterior / Lateral / Medial d ominant portion Description - Paired bones which form the dominant of the face and hold the upper teeth. The “overgrowth” of the maxilla is often the reason for orthodontic treatment. 1 2
Frontal process Medial Orbital surface
3 4
Infra-Orbital margin Zygomatic process
5 Infra-Orbital foramen BONES6OF Nasal notch THE SKULL7
8 9
Nasal crest Anterior nasal spine Alveolar bone around teeth
10 11
Tuberosity Infra-Temporal surface
12
Orbital surface
13 14
Palatine process Ethmoid crest
15
Middle meatus
16 17
Conchal crest Anterior Nasal spine
18
premaxillary suture is here - fuses with completed jaw growth Incisive canal supported by the canine jugun
19
Greater Palatine canal - groove
20 21
Articulating surface - with Palatine bones Maxillary hiatus continues with the sinus
22 23
Nasal Lacrimal process Alveolus -bone containing tooth root
24
Canine jugun
25
Inferior meatus
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BO SK
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Maxilla / Maxillae Bones Inferior 1
Incisive fossa
2 3
Median Palatine suture (Inter-Maxillary suture) Groove for greater Palatine vessels
4 5 6
Palatine process of the Maxilla Greater Palatine foramen Palato-Maxillary suture
7 8 9
Inter-Palatine suture Inferior Orbital fissure Lesser Palatine foramen
10 11
Posterior Nasal spine Foramen spinosum
BONES12 OF THE
Foramen ovale
SKULL13
14 15
Carotid canal Foramen lacerum Occipital condyle
16
Foramen magnum
17 18
Palato-vaginal canal Pharyngeal tubercle
19 20
Ala of Vomer Medial Pterygoid plate
21
Lateral Pterygoid plate
22 23
Infratemporal crest of Sphenoid Zygomatic arch
24
Pyramidal process of the Palatine bone
25 26
Maxillary tuberosity Left Third Molar tooth -
27 28
Left Second molar tooth - LM2 Left First molar tooth - LM1
29
Left Second premolar tooth - LP2
30 31
Left First premolar tooth - LP1 Left Canine tooth - LC1
32 33
Left Second incisor tooth - LI2 Left First incisor tooth - LI1
LM3
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Nasal B Bones ones External (rotated 180 degrees to show) Internal (below)
also see the Nasal Cavity to see the Nasal bones in situ Description - Small thin rectangular paired bones below the Glabella, the inferior edges form the top margin of the nasal aperture. Inferior nasal conchae - small snail shaped sh aped fragile bones extending along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on top of the palatines. BONES1OF THE Articulation SKULL2
surface with Frontal bone and Lacrimal bone
3 4
Articuation surface with the Maxilla External surface Notch for external nasal nerve
5 6
Foramen for Veins / Venous foramen Articulation with other nasal bone (here - Right nasal bone)
7
Internal surface
8
Groove for anterior Ethmoidal nerve
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BO SK
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Occipital bone External / internal Description - Large bowl like bone with a hole at the infero- vertebral tebral posterior portion of the skull. Articulates with ver
column C1 and C2. 1
Superior angle
2 3
Highest nuchal line Superior nuchal line
4
Inferior nuchal line
5 6
Mastoid margin Jugular process
7
Condylar fossa
BONES OF THE SKULL8
9
Occipital condyle Foramen magnum
10 11
Hypoglossal canal Condylar canal
12 13
Lateral surface Lateral angle
14 15 16
External / Internal Occipital crest Squamous surface External / Internal Occipital protuberance
17 18
Lamboid margin Groove for superior sagittal sinus
19 20
Cerebral fossa Groove for transverse sinus
21 22
Attachment for Tentorium Cerebelli Groove for superior sigmoid sinus
23
Jugluar notch
24 25
Jugular tubercle Attachments for Falx Cerebri
26 27
Opisthion Basion
28
Occipital sulcus - Sagittal sinus
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Palatine bones (Left) Anterior / Lateral / Medial / Posterior / Sagittal Description - Delicate paired small bones L-shaped bones nasal asal cavity. forming the palate and the floor of the n 1 2 3
Perpendicular plate - vertical plate Palato-Maxillary suture Maxilla
4 5
Orbital process Spheno-Papalatine notch
6 BONES7OF THE
Spenoidal process - Pter Pteryg ygo-Palatine o-Palatine canal Horizontal plane
SKULL8
9 10
Pyramidal process - Posterior nasal spine Palatine bone Sphenoidal process
11 12
Maxillary process Ethmoidal crest
13
Greater Palatine groove
14
Conchal crest
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Sagittal
Medial
BO SK
Anterior
Posterior
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Parietal bone (Left) External / Internal 1 2
Superior Temporal line Parietal eminence
3 4
Articulation with the Occipital bone (Lambdoid suture) Articulation with the Temporal bone (Mastoid)
5
Parieto-Mastoid suture Articulation with the Temporal (Squamous) Temporo-Parietal suture
6
Articulation with the Sphenoid (Greater wing) Spheno-Parietal suture
7
Articulation with the Frontal bone Coronal suture
BONES OF THE SKULL8
9
Inferior Temporal line Groove for superior sagittal sinus
10 11
Frontal angle Sphenoidal angle
12
Groove for frontal branch of Middle Meningeal essels
13 14
Groove for parietal branch of Middle Meningeal essels Mastoid angle
15 16
Groove for sigmoid sinus Occipital angle
17 18
Articulation between Parietal bones Sagittal suture Arachnoid granulations - Granular fovea
19
Groove for transverse sinus
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Sphenoid Anterior / Posterior Description: A single wedge-shaped bone consisting of four greater ater wings, the parts: the central body; the lateral gre lower wer Pterygoid plates. The medial lesser wings and the lo of the bone looks like a bat in flight and is the centre piece of skull. 1
Articulation with Left Temporal bone
2
Orbital surface
3 4
Infratemporal crest Body of the Sphenoid
5
Openings for sphenoidal sinuses
BONES OF THE SKULL6
7
Lesser Wing Squamosal suture - Articulation
8
with Right Temporal bone Superior orbital fissure
9 10
Foramen rotundum Pterygoid canal
11 12 13
Rostrum Vaginal process Medial Pterygoid plate
14 15
Pterygoid hamulus Pterygoid notch
16 17
Lateral Pterygoid plate Pterygoid process
18 19
Sphenoid spine Cerebral surface of the Greater Wing
20
Anterior Clinoid process
21 22
Posterior Clinoid process Dorsum Sellae
23 24
Scaphoid fossa Occipital surface
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Temporal bone (Left) External / Inferior / Internal Description - Paired bones which are involved in both the wall and the base of the skull. They contain the auditory ossicles and form the only onl y joint with the mandible. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 hole) BONES OF THE 11 SKULL12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Suprameatal triangle Groove for middle Temporal artery Parietal notch Squamo-Mastoid suture Mastoid area Mastoid process Sheath of Styloid process Styloid process Tympanic part l External Acoustic meatus / anterior border (bony ear Tympanosquamosal (squamotympanic) fissure Mandibular fossa Zygomatic process Articular tubercle Postglenoid tubercle Squamous part - Squama Stylomastoid foramen Mastoid notch - Digastric groove Occipital groove Jugular surface Jugular fossa Canaliculus (opening) for Tympanic nerve Petrous part Carotid canal Edge of Tegmen Tympani Groove for the Middle Meningeal vessels Groove for the superior Petrosal sinus Articulation with the greater wing of the Sphenoid Spheno-Temporal suture Zygomatic process Groove for the Middle Meningeal vessels Internal Acoustic meatus Articulates with the Occipital bone Aqueduct of the Vestibule Mastoid foramen Groove for sigmoid sinus - Sigmoid sulcus Arcuate eminence
64
37 suture
65
Temporoparietal mporoparietal Neill Articulates with the parietal bone - Te © A. L.
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Vomer Lateral / Posterior / in situ Description - A single small narrow frail plough-shaped midline bone. Deviation of this bone may obstruct the nasal n asal airways. 1
Ala (Alae)
2
Articulation with Maxillae and Palatine Maxillovomer suture / palatinovomer suture
3
Groove for the nasopalantine nerves and vessels
4 5
Articulation with nasal cartilages Articulation with Sphenoid bone
6
Articulation with the Ethmoid plate
BONES OF THE SKULL7
8
Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid Body of Vomer
9 10
Maxillae areolar bone Medial pterygoid plate
11 12
Frontal bone Sphenoid sinus
13 14
Anterior of nasal bones Frontal sinus
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lateral
Posterior BO SK
in situ
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Zygoma Antero-Lateral / Postero-Medial Description - Paired cheek bones which form the rim.. prominent corners of the face under the orbital rim 1 2
Frontal process Zygomatico-Facial formina
3 4
Articulation with the Frontal bone Articulation with the Sphenoid
5
Zygomatico-Orbital foramina
6 7
Articulation with Maxilla Zyomatico-Temporal foramina
8
Temporal process
SKULL9
Maxillary process Orbital surface
BONES OF THE
10
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BO SK
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Anterior Cranial Fossa Superior view from the top 1
Frontal sinus
2 3
Frontal crest Foramen Caecum
4 5 6
Cranionasal exit of the anterior ethmoidal nerve Slit for the process of the dura mater Anterior Ethmoidal groove
7 8
Concealed entry for the anterior Ethmoidal nerve Posterior Ethmoidal groove
9 10
Concealed entry for the posterior Ethmoidal nerve Jugam Sphenoidale
12 13
Optic canals Anterior Clinoid process Fronto-Sphenoid suture
14 15
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid Vascular foramen
16
Diploe
17 18
Orbital plate of the Frontal bone Crista Galli
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
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© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Maxillary Sinus (Left) Sagittal 1 2
Frontal sinus Anterior Ethmoidal foramen
3 4 5
Orbital plate of Ethmoid Posterior Ethmoidal foramen Lesser wing of the Sphenoid
6 7
Pterygo-Maxillary fissure Perpendicular plate of the Palatine
8
Alveolar processes of the Maxilla
9 10
Maxillary Sinus - opened Inferior concha, Maxillary process
11
Anterior Nnasal spine
12 13
Uncinate process of the Ethmoid Nasal bone
14 15
Lacrimo-Maxillary suture Supra-Orbital foramen
16
Frontal bone
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
Description: Maxilla - sinuses within this bone -particularly around the teeth may cause toothache, complicate endodontic (root canal) treatment; or act as a conduit for tooth/nasal/other infection to enter the blood stream.
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Middle Cranial Fossa (Left) Superior view from the top 1
Greater wing of the Sphenoid
2 3
Superior Orbital fissure Middle Clinoid process
4 5 6
Optic canal Anterior Clinoid process Hypophysial fossa
7 8
Posterior Clinoid process Dorsum Sellae
9 10
Foramen lacerum Trigeminal impression Foramen rotundum
12 13 14
Groove for superior petrosal sinus Groove for greater petrosal nerve Diploe
15 16
Arcuate eminence Tegmen typani
17
Temporal bone
18
Groove for the Parietal branch of the middle Meningeal vessels
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
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© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Nasal Ca Cavity vity - dissected to show Right nasal cavity and inferior nasal conchae Para - Sagittal section of Right Nasal cavity looking in through the Right side of the nose to show sinuses around the area 1
Semilunar hiatus
2 3
Ethmoid bulla Air cells of Ethmoid sinus
4
Sphenoidal sinuses
5 6
Spheno-Palatine foramen Perpendicular plate of the palatine
7
Inferior nasal concha and meatus
8 9
Opening of the maxillary sinus Uncinate process of Ethmoid bone
10
Right Frontal sinus
Note middle and superior nasal conchae have been dissected and removed.
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
rail bones Description: inferior nasal conchae - small paired ffrail extending along the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. Involved in olfaction, humidification. Highly vascularized and when the soft tissue surrounding this is swollen, it may cause nasal obstruction and sinuses. Please note when "picking one's nose" the finger never reaches the nasal conchae, stopping ust short of this area.
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Nasal Ca Cavity vity dissected to show lateral wall of right nasal cavity Sagittal section of Lateral Right nasal cavity sidee of the nose looking in to the lateral side of the right sid 1 2
Middle concha Middle concha meatus
3 4
Superior concha Superior concha meatus
5
Sphenoid sinus
6 7
Medial Pterygoid plate Spheno-Palatine foramen
8
Perpendicular plate of Palatine bone
9 10
Palato-Maxillary suture Incisive fossa and canal
11 12
Inferior concha and meatus Maxilla
13 14
Lacrimal bone Nasal bone
15 16
Right Frontal sinus Left Frontal sinus
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
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© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Nasal Ca Cavity vity dissected to show medial wall of the nasal cavity Sagittal section of Nasal cavity looking in to the medial wall of the nose in front of the right
nasal cavity 1 2
Right Frontal sinus Crista Galli
3
Left Sphenoidal sinus
4 5
Right Sphenoidal sinus Vomer
6 7
Pterygoid hamulus Maxilla
8
Anterior Nasal spine
9 10
Inferior concha Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid
11
Nasal bone
12 13
Nasal spine of the Frontal bone Left Frontal sinus
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Orbital Cavity / Fossa (Left) Anterior view from the front 1
Lesser wing of the Sphenoid
2 3
Optic foramen Anterior and Posterior Ethmoidal foramina
4 5 6
Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Orbital plate of the Ethmoid bone
7 8
Orbital plate of the Maxilla Infraorbital foramen
9 10
Infraorbital groove Zygoma
11
Inferior Orbital fissure
12 13
Foramina for Zygomatic branch of the Facial nerve Orbital surface of the Zygoma
14 15
Sph enoid Greater wing of the Sphenoid Superior Orbital fissure
16
Orbital plate of the Frontal bone
17 18
Supra-Orbital margin Supra-Orbital foramen
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
Eyeball and muscles all sit in this cavity with the Op Optic tic nerve entering from the posterior part of the cavity through the Orbital foramen.
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Orbital cavity Inferoanterior radiology (also Orbital fossa Optic cavity Optic foramen) 1
Frontal sinus
2 3 4
Foramen ovale Infraorbital foramen Foramen rotundum
5 6
Hard palate palate – – floor floor of nasal cavity Maxillary antrum
7
Lateral wall of maxillary antrum
8 9
Zygomatic arch Sphenoid sinus
10
Soft tissue of nose and lower lid
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Optic Cavity Lateral / oblique radiology 1
Optic foramen
2 3
Supraorbital ridge Sphenoid ridge
4 5 6
Frontal bone Sphenoid sinus (note clear no ffluid luid lines as with sinusitis) Anterior clinoid process
7 8
Posterior clinoid process Frontal process of zzygoma ygoma
9 10
Zygomatic arch Lateral border of greater wing of the sphenoid
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Posterior Cranial Fossa Superior view from the top 1
Dorsum sellae
2 3 4
Groove for inferior Petrosal sinus Groove for superior Petrosal sinus Internal Acoustic meatus
5 6
Concealed crevice for Endolymphatic sac Mastoid emissary foramen
7
Occipito-Mastoid suture
8 9
Diploe Lambdoid suture
10
Groove for transverse sinus
11 12
Fossa for Right Occipital lobe of the Cerebrum Fossa for Right Cerebellar hemisphere
13 14
Internal Occipital proturberance Internal Occipital crest
15 16
Groove for sigmoid sinus Foramen magnum
17 18 19
Hypoglossal canal Jugular formamen Clivus: Basi-Occipital
20 21
Clivus: Basi-Sphenoid Posterior Clinoid process
CAVITIES OF THE SKULL
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© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Biography and Aim of the A to Z and Dr Amanda Neill Dr Amanda Neill has a medical degree with specializations and research in the areas of Histology, Pathology, and Anatomy and Forensic medicine, with a separate specialization (MSc in renal glomerular disease). After teaching for many years at university of Sydney and completing her PhD on “the immunopathology immunopathology of cerebral malaria” Amanda develo ped the only accredited RCAGP continuing education course on anatomy. Developing courses on the anatomy of the Back (Back to the Back) and the Head and Neck the PG and writing a number number of PG program for Dental graduates and manuals, booklets and programs for medical, dental, nursing and other health students. Qualifying as a GMP (Graduate medical program) facilitator she has seen and been involved in the transition form the classic medical course to the GMP and the integration and amalgamation amalgamation of the th e classic preclinical and clinical medical subjects to the total self directed computer computer content based course. Moving to Macquarie University, she brought and developed her anatomy and histology program from scratch, concept conceptualizing ualizing and developing the virtual anatomy laboratory using her Flagship grant. This massiv massivee project is still in developm d evelopment. ent. Despite modern computer developments developments and because of her diverse teaching, research and medical background Amanda knows the value of learning the fundamental building blo blocks cks the A to Z of health and medicine book. She is passionate about in order to write and know the whole medical book. developing accessible and wide reaching medical and educational programs for all levels: the student, the postgraduate, the health and medical professional. Particularly in anatomy and its branches after after all we are all ANATOMY!! Looking for collaboration in her projects Amanda developed developed links with the NSW Department Forensic medicine, medicine, the University University of Sydney, the Department of Forensic of Anaethetists and Biomedical scientists Coroner’s court, the Royal colleges of (of which she is currently the secretary) and commercial sponsors such as Aspen. So anatomy@mac involved ed students from all the anatomy@mac has spread and involv university divisions and the all walks of life. Alway Alwayss looking to improve accessibil accessibility ity and applicati application on of knowledge and skills (such as Anatomy in Action and morphing@mac Art Anatomy exhibitions) and schools science projects Amanda and Aspen are collaborating collaborating on a series of A to Z pocket references to be used as handy guides and aids for all those interested in health and medicine, particularly the busy medical practitioner. We want these to be a guide and a help for you and want your help and feedback in order to make the manuals and the accompanying websites a benefit for you. you. You can be a part of this project too. too. Write to us And
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Of course if you want to get a HEAD do Amanda’s A to Z. 91
© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
© A. L. Neill
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The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
WHAT is WRONG with this ??!!!
write to us for the answer. E-mail: [email protected]
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© A. L. Neill
The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull
Gra phi cD
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© A. L. Neill
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For Bronchitis,
Sinusitis and
Otitis Media.
For skin and soft tissue infections and ...urinary tract infections
TAZAC
for
REFLUX
(nizatidine)
Dr. A. L. NEILL BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
[email protected] www.amandasatoz.com 0414248747 Contact www.aspenpharma.com.au for login and passwords for the complete A to Z and the AspenAtlas online.
Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd
