The Country Cottage

The

Country
By

George

and

Esther

London
New

Tori

John

:

:

John

Lane,
Lane

Cottage
Morris

LI.

Wood

The

Bodley

Company

Head

MDCCCCFI

DEPART

ARCHITECTURE.

OF

MhNT

UNIVERSITY.

hAPv"RD

1';'^.

MA

A1"3

Turnlmll

\Sf

Spears^ Printers,

Edinburgk,

Prefatory

Note

sending

IN

^its

aim

object

and

"

being

those

help

to

"

those

architects

We

Sons,

have

T.

to

for

drainage,

sanitary

has

Square,

pleasure

have

helped

ings
draw-

tion.
illustra-

purposes

ness
indebtedour

of

Messrs

the

in

of

Bolding

chapter

knowledge

practical

E.G.

thank

their

lent

us

been

country

to

of

the

Esq.,

has

a

acknowledge

to

whose

and

matters

FiNSBURT

also

Hamlyn,

who

the

who

build

to

we

photographs

and

about

have

cottage

40

book

this

out

great

service.

"

on

on

Contents

Pagt
Notk

Prktatort

t
......

Chaptkr

I

I

......

Introductory
The

needs
"

mechanic

city

craftsman

The

"

and

fisherman

the

town

couTalescent

^Week-end

"

day-senrice

scholar
The

"

vants
Ser-

cottages

Provisions

"

The
"

iuTalid

and

The

"

^The

"

hit

and

factory- worker

^The

from

housewife

breadwinning

The

"

"

settler

^The

"

artist

cottage"dweller

modern

land-labourer

and

man

and

The

"

"

markets

and

"

Entertaining.
Chaptcr

II

14

......

General

estimates

problem

of

^The

"

materials
and

garden

materials

and

"

Building

"

local

of

Use

Site

cost

bye-laws

"

climate

of

relation

in

Choice

"

approaches

scape
land-

to

soil

and

Sunlight

and

of

"

The

"

aspects.

Chapter

.

.

The
"

.26

III

water-supply
in

Cottages

Tillage
of

and

groups,

rows,

and

Quadrangles

"

Chavtcr

Single cottages

"

communal

bungalows

and

pairs

The

"

gardens

common

model
bilities
Possi"

life.

IV

.3*

.

.

Plans.

Chapter

V
.....

The
local

drainage

bodies, builders

ventilators
and

neglect

butts
"

"

Sinks

to

of

it

main
in

Filtering and
and

Responsibilities

"

householders

and

Relation

"

baths

.

foundations

and

drains
the

vu

"

^Traps

Value

"

present

storage

taps.

"

day

Bathrooms

of
and

of rainwater,
"

water
Rainand

37

Contents

Page
Chaftir

VI

.49

.

Methods
and

of

timber

and

of

local traditions

of
buildings Thickness
plastering ^Tile-hanging
"

and

weather-boarding

tiles,slates,

of

preservation

upon

age

Rough-cast

"

of brick,

Choice

"

and

Study

"

EfTect

"

walls

walling

"

Adaptation

"

climate

to

and

aspect.

Chapter

VII
.

.

.

.

of
Planning and distribution
family life For the recluse

rooms

and

"

craftsman

brain-worker

and

in

the

Its

advantages

cottage

room

in

drawbacks

^The

the

For

"

invalid

The

"

**

and

hall

^The

"

workman's

"

student

for

living-room" plan

'*main

stairways

sitting rooms

Chapter

and

The

"

of space

^The

"

Provision

"

home

at

.63

.

parlour"

passages

or

tion
recep-

Economy

"

Bed

"

"

bed-

and

play-room.

84

VIII
......

Roofs, attics, and
roof-tree

the
The

roofs

The

"

The

central

and

and

"

"

of

covering

of

grouping

house

the

to

pitch

windows

chimneys

"

barge-board

The

of attics.

charm

97

fireplace

fireplace to

^The

chimneys

of

poetry

......

Dimensions,

the
"

eaves

and

and

Beauty

"

The

"

Dormer

"

IX

Chapter

"

chimney

of

Treatment

"

Trap-doors
and

Relation

"

exterior

the

chimneys

"

The

position,
the

furnishing of

room

the

mantelpiece
and

structure

Materials

"

ingle-nook

grates.
"

"

Vlll

"

and

"

and
"

chimney

Relation
treatment

Modern

stoves

of

Contents

Pagr
xoS

X

Chaptxr

.....

.

Ventilation

and

windows
schemes
and

casements

Use

"

coloured

of

windows

of

Chapter

colour
rooms

and

and

lunettes

and

Bays

"

Cornices

"

Upper

"

"

stairs, passages,

for curtains

windows

Lighting and
glass Height of

"

of

position

Lighting

of

Arrangement

"

cupboards

"

tures
Fix-

"

picture-rails.

XI
and

Fixtures

building of
and

"

furniture

recesses

dark

Chapter

room

for

"

Staircase

"

The
boards
cup-

book-shelves,
Shutters

furnishing
"

well

be

must

cottages

house

Dressers,

"

Suggestions

"

Week-end

"

the

into

shelves

and

fittings Cupboards

The

"

X19

.

.....

locked

up.

XII

iij

......

Principles of

decoration

Treatment

"

of surfaces

of traditional

Use

forms

Labour-saving

"

of enamel
""

art

new

Chapter

"

of

expense

Suitabilityof

"

and

Lead

"

"

of wood

painting
and

tendencies

their

simplicity

ornament

the white

cottage-cleaning

in

^The

"

The

"

Possibilities
metal

and

"

Some

dangers.

XIII
.

in

Harmony
pattern

"

symbolic
"

"

metals

names

path
walls

interior

decorations

Weather-vanes

Hedges

"

"

"

and

and

Decoration

"

decorations

Wall-papers
lamps

Gate

Treatment

and

.141

.

"

"

of

"

the

fences

and

stencilling

lanterns
of

Use

"

common

porch

Favourite

and

Cottage
"

Palings

sundials

numbers
^The
and

grounds

of

abuse

and

entrance

boundary
in

village

settlements.

Index

14^

.......

ix

List

Illustrations

of

View

Dairtman's

A

"

Cottage,

{Deimar

shirs

BltnVf

Wilsford,

Wilt-

Architect^
.

Ground

First

and

Dunn

View

(5*

Cottages

View

Cottages

An

to* Watson,

Surrey

View

Common

The

Interior,

Architects)

Ingle

from

Ground

Wiltshire

Wiltshire

(Detmar

Biow,

(Detmar

Cottage

at

and

(Detmar

Blow,

at

"

Ground

(Detmar

Blvw,

Blow,
First

.

Page

.

Wallcott.

14

1

a

.

.

^7

Bacton
To
.

.

.

face page

1%

Lodge

Roeuampton
"

Bloiv,

Architect)

.

xi

7

Gap

Gap,

Architect)

/ace page

Gap

Architect)

Floors

To

Architect)

Wallcott,

Wallcott

"l

Wils-

Architect)

"

(Detmar

,,

Dairyman's

Blow,

at

Cottage

Floor

View

lO
.

Cottage,

(Detmar
Cottage

"

Ba^VOS

Surrey

in

A

Dairyman's

A

Floor

First

,,

-^^^^

"

BacTON

.

.....

View

Ground

8

Architects')

Architects)

Floors

WiLSFORD,

Architect)

ford,

in

"

Cottage,

Another

Watson

Cottages

"

\Sf Watson,

First

and

.

Cottages

j

Nook

Dunn

(Messrs

.

"

(5*

4

,,6
.

Room

Dunn

(^Messrs

face fag*

(Messrs

Surrey

in

%

to*

....

"

Dunn

Dunn

(Messrs

Pagt

.

.

To

Architects')

Another

Archttecti)

Surrey

in

"

Watson,

Watson^

Surrey

im

"

(^Messrs
A

Cottages

Floors

Frontispitet

.

.

"

i"

^O

of Illustrations

L,i$t
View

Cottage

A

"

{builtby

8BIRE

Architects^
Grou.vd

.

View

Ground

Buckinghamshire

Farm,

(C

....

Types

First

Floors

Cottages

"

Alder-

at

(C Spooner,
Architect)

ton

Sheds

of

Cottages

5"

Bakehouse

and

Alderton

View

Farm,

.

and

Plan

.

Spooner^Architect^

Uncommon

and

"

Cottage

A

"

(C

Spooner^
Architect)
Common

Grinson,

.

Floors

Cottage

A

"

",

and

,

Buckinghamshire

Leice6T"r-

Park,

Blotv

Detmar

First

and

Bradgate

in

Cottages

"

( C, Spooner,Architect)

Garden

the

from

,

,

(C Spooner,Architect)

Alderton

at

at

Cottages

"

Sussex

in

(C Spooner,Architect)
A

Cottage

Sussex

in

View

"

Garden

the

from

(C SpoonerjArchitect)
View

"

Cottage

A

Quantocks,

the

in

(C SpooneryArchitect)
View

"

Another

Somerset
An

Cottage

Quantocks,

in

Kitchen

Cottages

Cottage

in

the

Elevation

Five-roomed

"

(C Spooner,Architect)

Floor
A

A

(C Spooner,
Architect)

Elevation

Stables, Burt-in-Sussex
Ground

Quantocks,

the

.

Sketch

and

"

Somerset

Sketch

and

Plans

,

,

(C. Spooner,Architect)

Interior, The

Plans

Somerset

(3

Cottage,

Bedrooms
Chislehurst

Cottages

"

and

(C Spooner,
Architect)
First

on

(E,

J.

Floor)

May,

"

tect)
Archi-

......

View

"

A

Cottage,

Architect)

Chislehurst

{E.

"

.

.

,

Xll

J.

May,

33

of Illustrations

List
Ingle

Parlour

in

J.

{E,
Ground

5us8EX

Pair

A

(G.

LL

Ground
A

"

CoBAT

Interior

of

Smee

"

Ground

LI.

(G.

Cob

Floor

Cottage,

(G.

AY

LL

Surrey

Floor

Surrey

Cottage,

Surrey

Ground

Floor

"

Floor

"

Cottage

"

"

^A

Cottage

.

*"

Dunbar

.

Holiday

Cottage,

Smith,

Dunbar

A.

To
.....

Cottage

at

Clandon

at

P^^g'66
{Harold

Clandon

at

.

.

""

.

.

67

{Harold Falkner,

Clandon

To

{W,

Stables

with

62

{Harold

....

hatv, Architect)

face page

....

Cottage

Architect)
View

A,

.

and

Falkner, Architect)
View

n

61

Falkner, Architect)
First

.

Holiday

and

.

Brewer
(^Cecii

Architects)

.

Brewer

Country

Children's

"

Dunbar

A.

Country

( Cecil

Smith, Architects)
View

57

Houdat

.

.

Children's

"

""

^O

Smith, Architects)
First

Country
and

55

for

Architect)

(Crfi/Brewer

""

.

Cuttage

Morris,

54

Smce

.

Children's

"

Messrs

Week-End

Same

"

n

Room

Architect)

y

S3

.

Living

for

Morris

H.

Cow

face page

68

lis68
n

.

.

"

"

Xlll

"

1

Sussex

.

of

Cottage

End

.

Plan

Showing

"

5

""

.

Cottages,

Morris, Architect)

Week-

IN

Weer-End

Page

Cottages,

Morrisy Architect)

of

Floor

View

LL

/ace page 50

.

.

Week-End

of

.

Cottages

Week-End

of

Pair

^A

(G.

Sussex

"

To
.

Morr'Uf Architect)

U,

(G.
"

Pair

A

"

Fioor

View

Cuisleuurst

Cottage,

Mayy Architect)

Floor

First

A

"

List
Ground

Floor

of Illustrations

Cottage

"

Atkinson^ Architect)
First

Floor

Cottage

"

y

View

"

Cottage

Floor

Ground
F.

.

.

Floor

in

Atkinson, Architect)
View

Cottage

"

View

,

,

,

Architect)

.

,

Row

A

Lorimer, Architect)
Ground

Floor
Mils

Mile

(6*.F.

{F. W.

Floor

(F.

JV,

Floor

(F.

IV.

Floor

Attic

(F.

W.

A

"

Farm

A

Farm

A

Farm

""

74

""

75

""

7^

""

79

{H,

S.

^Three

"

.

.

.

Cottage,
.

Cottage,

Troup,Architect)

.

xiv

.

Page 84

""

85

.

""

87

.

""

89

.

""

9^

.

"

9*

.

Cottages,

Troup, Architect)
Cottage,

80

Shottkr's

Cottages,

Floor

face page

Shotter*s

Cottages,

Troup, Architect)
"

,

To

Troup, Architect)
"

,

,

Voysey, Architect)
First

and

Puttenden

Ground

A.

.

....

of

73t

Atkinson,

Colinton

at

of

""

(i?. F. Atkinson,

Voysey, Architect)

Pair

A

"

Floor

Ground

A.

(C. F,

Floor

First

Pair

A

"

.

.

,

Cottagcs

of

F.

.

Chislehurst

7^

(JR.

.

(R,

""

(JR. F.

.

at

"

.

.

Staffordshire

Cottage

"

View

First

.

Staffordshire

in

Architect)

.

Staffordshire

Architect)

70

F. Atkinson,

.

in

Cottage

"

.

.

(A

^^S^
F.

(R.

.

Cottage

f

First

.

CuiSLEhUR"T

"

Atkinson

Chislehurst

at

Architect)

(i?.F,

....

at

Architect)

Atkinson

Chisleiiurst

at

.

Puttenden
.

Puttenden
.

Puttenden
.

**Vi"VB"wa

Plans

Five

"

List

of Illustrations

Cottages,

Woking,

(^Horace

Surrey

FieldjArchitect)
View

To

Field, Architect)
View

Two

"

Cottages,

Two

"

Cottages,

Two

"

View

^Two

"

Surrey

Bramlky,
.

.

The

"

Plans

F.

Architect)
View"

Front

Sussex

{E,
The

W,

Croft,

Ikgle

Garden

Nook

{E,

W.

Sussex

in

.

"

Sussex

{E,

"

,,

106

106

Cherry

.

Croft,

Hall

"

Croft,

Marshall, Architect)
.

XV

II

4

iig

.

,,

.

,,

Cherry

"

Marshall, Architect)
Cherry

face page

Sussex

.

(First Floor)
(-".W,

W,
To

.

Marshall, Architect)
Corridor

Croft,

,,

Marshall,

W,

,

Long

104

P^*g* m

Cherry

from

.

.....

.

View

face page

Shackleford,

{E,

Marshall, Architect)
A

I

Surrey

.

Voysey,Architect

Croft,

Cherry

"

A,

ID

( Horace
.

"Norney,"

Lodge,

(C

Surrey

Surrey

Bramley,

{HoraceField,Architect)
View

Page

,

To

Cottages,

face page 9S

{Horace
,

,

.

97

{Horace

Surrey

Bramley,

Field, Architect)
Back

Page

To

Cottages,

Two

"

{Horace

....

Cottages,

96

,,

.

Surrey

Ripley,

Field,Architect)
View

.

....

Field, Architect)
Plans

face page ^

Cottages, Woking,

Ripley,

Field, Architect)
View

Five

"

Field,Architect)
(^Horace

Surrey

Plans

....

Laundry

showing

9$

(^Horace

Surrey

Wokino,

Cottages,

Five

"

^^g*

.

.

I2"

Sussex
126

.

.

,,

List
The

Hall

Cherry

"

of Illustrations
Sussex

Croft,

{E,

W,

Marshall^ Architect)

^"ige1

....

The

Garden

"

Sussex

Croft,

Cherry

(.5.

33

W.
.

To

Marshall^ Architect)

.

,

Another
Sussex

A

Third
Sussex

View

from

{E, W,
View

(".

from

W,

Garden

.

Cherry

"

Marshall, Architect)
Garden

"

XVI

1

34

Croft,
.

Cherry

Marshall^ Architect)

face page

.

"}

13^

"

138

Croft,
.

.

'V

The
C0UN7Rr

C077AGE

Chapter

I.

Introductory

"

THE

"

the

is

country
of

class

olden

the
the

ais

of

man

ministered
the

of

joy

with

barefoot

from

duties

of

indeed

to

of

up

The

every

found

in

as

of

hewing
have

kind

of

of wood

and

inevitable
amazed

of

kinds

the
are

domestic

pleasure,

which

to

go

cottage-builder
wanted

to

life that

The

home

princesses of

the

royal

I

went

Saturday Night."

it confronts

cottages

his

on

choice,

been

interest

"Cotter's

whom

lass

chief of the

social

that

for

from

English society.

younger
A

modern

is

the

would

parson

largely

than

the

sumably
pre-

cottager

cottage

widely different

and

problem,

to-day,

almost

our

the

as

Burns

the

occupation,

make

water

The

life.

were

kindly

rather

accepted

life.
see

squire.

poverty

drawing of

the

of

the

kindred

her

and

of

the

the

depend

must

longer

mode

hymned

one

any

any

family festivals,and

living

relations

to

cottages

whom

toil, to

his

at

in

in

cottage

it

humble

a

Poets

poor.

is

nor

dwellers

the

days

""a

confined

not

people,

significant of
In

for

demand

increasing

can

of
blood

suit
be
of

one

is

a

The

cottage
house

of
of

Country Cottage
smaller

much
many

tradesman.

prosperous

a

than

dimensions

the
Its

2r
Floor

Ground

-..-J

-rf"-

Tmil^iiiif
Floor

First

COTTAGE

Messrs

Dunn

IN

^

SURREY

Watson

Architects
^

"

lies in

elegance
of
and frugality

what

life
"

it fulfils of
much

so

2

that

easier

simplicity
to

conceive

Introductory
than

live

to

of

word
the

for

the

in

labourers

bitterlythat
the

to

their land.
leisured

of the
for

and

from
may

where

the

in

natural
to

return

the

their

work

and

towards

more

or

women

3

and

secure

they
quently
fre-

retire

where

town;

panionship
com-

peacefulatmosphere,

a

be

the

recruit

may

healthily and
love

much

of fresh

advocated

philosopherswelcome
country

of

of the

"

of average

wholesome

nature," which

and

a

woman,

children

scenery,

lock
dead-

a

country, where

in

the

to

unpretentious

convalescent

and

movement

men

the

enjoyed in

the symptom
many

districts,and

rapidly growing

seclusion,

in

strength, and
happily brought up.
Quite apart from

**

and

in

work

weary

for

the

have

cottage

be

and

labourer

we

their

air and

sanitary

demands

two

quiet

ordinary man

a

the

"

a

the

home,

'live

hand

ought at least to
buildingof simple
the population on

who

these

for
of

and

permanent

may

and

brought

are

dwellings for

person

means,

other

last

of mines, factories,
etc., is

encourage

Between

dwelling,
desire

the

country

of those

apathy

comfortable

and

in

efforts

their

if not

"

On

the

genuine grievances of the social
officers of
Capable and public-spirited
of urban
members
councils,complain

health, and

allow

to

most

reformer.

by

be

seem

inexpensive

neighbourhood

of the

one

for

need

crying

which

"

civilisation.

true

a

cottages

to

up

a

revolt

life,it
on

agsdnst

is

doubtedly
un-

the part of
the

tyranny

^
The
of the

CountryCottage

house, with

its

standingproblem of
of cleaning
servants, and its inevitable burdens
and maintenance, entertaining
scale which is
on
a
and being more
less permanently
or
expected,"
at home."
Fortunatelythe modern householder
himself free of the old
shaken
has fairly
stitious
superof losing caste
dread
by moving into an
obviouslysmaller dwelling; cycles and motors
of summer
having completed the work
camps,
the
house-boats, and shooting-boxesin fostering
town

**

"

for

taste

in

a

permanent
been

has

town

looseningof

the

another
old

valuable

domestic

both

happy

servants

reduction

of their number

by

flat

factor in the

chains.

may be necessary in
the flat and the cottage seem

staffof

The

retreat.

country

a

Whatever
town

to

the

house,

promise

a

tion
substitu-

day-servantsfor residential ones : and in
the country it is generallyenough to have one
maid
one
man
or
permanently on the premises.
are
alreadyfindingthe system
Many housewives
immense
relief from the constant
an
of day-service
from their own
charge of young girlsremoved
of

and families. Moreover

homes
is

built

not

which

a

to

accommodate

stafl*of resident

the country cottage
the

servants

separate menage
involves ; the

chief consideration is that the earlymorning fires
shall be

provided either by the
maid or by the incoming
or
residual resident man
nessed
day-servant. The present generationhas wita
quite revolutionaryacceptance of this
and

hot

water

4

I

Introductory
of

life.

Fifty years
deliberatelyto live in

mode
choose

live

might

in

the

to

live

to

do

so

to

was

insane

because

rather

of

the

be

charitablyput
be

to

than

down

To

six.

banking

account

eccentric,if

as

from

dismissed

other

no

afford

not

accountable
un-

elected

we

for

be

strong

a

not

social calendar

the

who

the

the country

country,

because
will

to

goes

he

have

isolation

the

refreshment

of

Some

pursue

can

labours
the

home

their

home

with

the

circle,and
circle

may

drawn
home

between
to

week's

change

a

country

labour
of

is

recreation, and

the

bread

hobbies

surroundings,
5

winning

equally well
they though
"

be

pleased
prefer the sharp
or

play, and
when

finished,to

life.

domestic

their

cottage

of them

Some

and

Others

and

country

solitude

circumstances

work

the

to

happy are
not
always

arrangement.

dividing-linewhich

in

easy

either

favourite

their

or

work

cannot

town.

and

diverse

as

the

goes

social

town,

will include

chiefly for

free

a

he

who
in

for

others

;

They

man

there

come

cottage

a

because

work

cannot

in

the

shall find their

natives,we

town

and

from

emigrants

desiring life
people themselves.

the

man

the

for

reasons

in

coxild

we

teeth

If

mind.

they

wholly

vagary

it could

rooms,

in

; or

a

country

Consideringfirst

as

was

cottage when

a

to

anyone

nobody."

"

as

three

in
than

reason

house

a

for

ago,

habits
like

have
to

go

their

day's or

the

complete

enjoy

and

so

the

benefit

of

T^he
sleeping and
mainly

are

is

the

in pure

waking

inspirationto

an

of

place

odious, and

These

air.

of temperament

matters

is

country

Country Cottage

all

where

enjoy oneself.
is chiefly desirable
wife, and the man's

others

for

is

duty

is

of

joy

of it is

it

most

loaf

to

the country
sake

own

others

to

the

the

some

work

obvious

To

and

work,

places where
the

to

;

things

cottage

bairns

and

secondary

a

matter.

These,

then,

the

are

cottage-builder:for
cottage intended, and
want

live in it ?

to

the

the

"

all

under

while

bind

not

has
the

cottager who

which

or

at

all the

earth
least

convenient

to

more

need

or

by

bad

to

look

place.
6

tion
occupa-

of

fibres

spending
The

a

tions
generato

their

dwelling

shelter,warmth,

comforts

The

it and

seasons,

elsewhere.

many

him

secure

tenant

particularneighbourhood,

shore, demands

important

leave

the

of successive

one

secure

a

settler whose
that

or

in all weathers

and

periods
for

for
as

least the alternative

sanitarydecency.
free

to

farmer

the

"

the

they approach

inasmuch

any

toilers, rooted

shall

they

do

good

him

stands

little patch of

of life will

toil there

of

inclement

most

of

at

the

kind

is the

and

stress

questions for
of people is

nearer

stronger

landlord,

the
does

not

what

The

perforce live

and

are

sort

homestead,

permanent

must

and

what

primitive labouring type

fisherman
and

first

him

about

of

his home
he

because

for

a

more

is

Introductory
Such

cottages

housewife

who

and

who

good

lives

"

less

seeks

eagerly

when

professional work,
art
craft,or
an
or
the

who

woman

"

"

has

childhood;

the

scrubbing,and indeed
dirtyand arduous, is
the

housewife

modern

fashioned

zealous

with

architect
methods
to

the

unduly

upon

and

ease

extent

to

which

wife,
kitchen
little

The
rid

get

and

to

and
best
"

The

of

be

to

the

her

a

vast

difference
if he

dailywork

upon

living-roomto the place of
parlour and the cramped
should

7

be

will

the labourer's

comfort

honest

so

villa ideals

semi-suburban

the

It

is

over-

difficult part of his task

restore

hall."

old-

hand,

other

habit,

make

unhappily growing

are

from

demand

pail; and the wise
thrusting new-fangled

her,

most

of

really

and

mop

without

may,

chooses.
be

her

of

of

is

means.

the

on

force

sheer

through

apt,

small

dame,

cottage

that

perfectlyfair
of

her

minimum

a

work

the

as

from

else

for

of any
a

labours

nothing

demand

muscularly

sa

"

domestic

at

done

and

world

in the

quick

so

life.

cottage

given her best years to
teaching, writing, pursuing
managing a business, is not

will

best

or

undertaking
has

who

woman

household

domesticated

and

stable

a

strong

appreciate

may

does not
washing arrangements
the modern
labour-savingappliances

which

with

she

and

for all

The

nearly always a resident
and
works
mainly indoors,
much

however

"

stoves

hanker

have

of

the

the

stuffy

and

obvious,

pretentious
for

The

Country Cottage

instance, that

boots

floor, where
if

removed,

incongruous
a

than

hardly

by

and

pass,

and

the

always dirty,the
foot

set

with
outer

of

where

the

gives

be

could

more

ploughboy

which

in

passage

a

be

can

which

the

be

stone

or

garments

Nothing

return

should

brick

a

also, and

bath.

a

entered

home

they

cleaned

not
to

access

easy

and

and

hospitable aspect,

breadwinners

cottage

in which

first apartment

of

the

frequentlywet

home

come

when

two

floor

wooden

to

can

is

set

foot-trapsin carpet and linoleum, of the
order
decayed-genteel."
of these
The
semi-suburban
breaking down
and
notions and replacing them
sweeter
by saner
about
when
ideas will probably come
every other
with

**

problem

order

natural

the
reverse

5

the

ideas

better
we

in cottage

only

cottage
;

saw

to

labourer

and
residence
no

witness
or

of

external
to

the

homely
a

the
the

old

one.

is

from
a

In

8

more

which

of

out
to

with
one

parlour
depressing

with

cottage

box

into

structures

comes

would

his front

eagerness

old

brick

cottager will go

modern

follow

should

circumstance

flingaway
Nothing

the mechanic

in

just

if
seem
as
nowadays it would
beauty under direct provocation and

his stuffed bird.

than

beautiful

be

In

but

only pressure
compel a workman
and

solved.

buildinghas been
of things,it should

a

of

a

take

slate

these

the

able
comfortup

his

lid, and

appalling

pleasant, if rather
justice to him, we

convenien
inmay

Introductory
and
up-to-date/'
has the conveniences
pertainingto a boxy parlour,
a
Perhaps there
passage, a hall,and a hat-stand.
he will use
also which
is a bathroom
probably as
his children to float paper
or
a store,
ships. It is
also built in accordance
with rather sillybye-laws,
and the housewife
has the satisfaction of knowing
it
her home
the one
is as good as
next
to
a
pleasure and
joy her
neighbour is seldom
permitted to forget.
of late an
enormous
Again, there has been
the

that

urge

building is

new

'^

"

increase

the

in

daily to
this, not

of

kind

some

instead

ordinary

of,

in

work

combines

of wage-earner

and

on

duty

"

all her

of
efficiency
coals

far

and

Housework,
when

twelve

life

the

and

can

the

tasks

of

to

seem

of

women

fall

most

building
house-

their

their

the

rooms,

of
accessibility

the

and

such

On

largelyhow
approaches actual slavery.
hard, is immensely simplified
depend

home

at

The

vary

absence

hours,

modern

a

person

details

stoves,

someone

arrange

own

do
their

to,

Many

hours.

of

however

can

addition

in

home.

will

"

always going.
the

who

waking

condition

there is

in

and

out

housekeeper,and being literally

their

fire

and

employment,

arrangement

water

their

go

in her

practicalburdens
heavily; and upon
the

who

but

the

"

women

the

cotter's wife

**

of

number

to

the

sit down

9

keep

the kitchen

employed

women

that work

of

very

as

indoors

it suits

men"pfolk

for

cheerfullyto

them,
ten
a

or

meal

Cotmtry Cottage

The
of

with

yesterday'sscraps,

of

bread

butter.

and

a

the

the

But

labourer, factory-hand,or

relish"

**

outgoing day-

business

;

home-coming

male

and

the

in

is faced

a

much

of her

event

with

finds

woman

regular evening house-warming

difficult affair

in the form

the

more

delay,the

revolutionary
warming his

of

and
tea
making his own
architect
who
would
find
own
slippers. The
favour with this rapidlyincreasingclass of tenants
alternative

of getting fires
quickest means
and hot water, whereby the housewife
just returned
tired and hungry
from work, and probably the most
the

provide

must

of the

less polite
or
family,may appease the more
clamourings of husband, children,and the visitor
who
to
invariablychooses that particularmoment
drop in for a chat.
the
least
not
Questions of hospitalityare
important to consider when
migrating from town
to

life.

country

district in which

clearlymake
reallydesire
of

roads

their

isolation

objectsof

If
the

are

build

or

minds
and

quiet

the easy

and

who

take

to

up

social life.

main

Those

as

free
a

and

far

from

the calls
are

avoid

must

of stations,which

friends.
surprisevisits from injudicious
and
to
students, and indeed
anyone

seclusion
from

and

other

a

work,

people
"

a

how

retirement

change, they
access

chosen
deliberately

choose

cottage should

to

freedom

to

To
who

they
the
miun

invite
artists

has

life for purposes
of
of getting away
the difficulty
country

when
especially
lo

the

pursuers

Introductory
have

least

at

bicycles
of

problem

The

acute.

that

and

motors

may

one

be

is

"

so

planaiog
agiunet

secure

seriously

becomiog

your

rooms

interruption.

LJ

Ddaar

and
flood

by

may
or

the

argument

not

be

invaded

fire, will have
modem
nor

Blatv, Ariiilat
for
to

cottager
demonstration

be
j

any
more

less

than

fully considered

inasmuch
will

cause

as

persuade

neither
anyone

I

I

T^he
other

than

create

For

hour's

an

and
society,

a

little

all.
own

or

each

wanting quick or frequent

not

the outside

with

of

sounds

gossip, or
their

with

content

communication

the

at
interruption

any

persons

other's

that

brain-worker

a

life,half

domestic
music

CountryCottage

be supreme
advantages in
where
only the carrier's

a

world, there may

remote

cart

country
the

or

spot,

postman's

the

of civilisation
persistence
of the week
the day. On
moments
at rare
or
the other hand
consider
the questions
they must
of carriagefrom town
of provisioning,
or
station,
distance to shops and markets, etc., so that time

bugle

bear

for work

wanted

in endless

of the

witness

or

to

tramps with

last train home

of

and
whether

by

it is easy

dark

will

rest

not

be frittered away

bags and parcels\ questions
if days in town
are
templated,
con-

the

way

from

roads, fields,
or

the
commons

station

"

where

lose one's

at
night. A dayway
school for the children may also have to be thought
of, as well as the personal service likelyto be
to

ing
required from neighbours,and facilitiesfor meetand entertainingthe visitors one
reallywishes
to

see.

In the

matter

of

the
provisioning,

modern

cottager

quicklyrid himself of the illusion that country
in proportion
produce will be cheap and plentiful
and large towns.
his remoteness
from London
to
Unless he is within reach of a good weekly market,
in a fruit-growing
and pastoral
or
country, and can
will

12

Introductory
aod farmers, his
directlywith the growers
Even
by
supplies will be precariouis indeed.
holidays in outlying districts,
spending summer
have
of us
ideallypicturesque to look at, many
and
management
mishow
discovered
grievous is the waste
the
down
of local produce up and
English countryside. Over the greater portionof
the rural districts sung
by poets for their gardens
deal

is a luxury reservedlfor Christmas
orchards,fruit

and

Day,

Bank

seen,

save

holidays,and the gentry,
perhaps in a weekly pie,on

To

tables.

the

of
use,

food,

merely

conveyance,

him

set

upon
His

surprises.
barbarians

the

or

his

country

limits which

sivelya

mode

neighbours

may

life which

to
to

to

he

be

country
offer

may
appear

and

in their indifference

of

a

personalhabits

prejudices,nor

domestic

toilet,has depended

concerning things he believes
not
life,but it will be wise
over

the obtaining

for

commodity,

price, the

its

on

cottage will
many

desired

rarely

middle-class

Lx"ndoner, to whom

born

any

is

and

ignorance

necessaries

ride

to

of

roughshod
too

assert

aggre-

considers

superior
happy mean

probably find the
in a cheerful independence, a kindly recognitionof
advances, and a good-humoured confession
friendly
where
of eccentricity
habits necessary
to his comfort
understand.
such as they cannot
are
to

theirs.

He

will

13

Site

TI.^^

'

Chapter

Soil

and

"

OW

H

much
first

for

will

For

plans.

be

it may
total

whose

in

cottage

a

itself

the

into

a

not

is

naturally
the

the

desire

country

begins

definite

proposals

of

that

should

cost

"

when

the

purposes

assumed

?

cost

asked

question

resolve
and

it

this

little

to

book
hand-

cottage

is

exceed

;^iooo.

building

a

It

r

be

niay

within

brought

methods

presently

schemes

it that

the

building

speaking,

anxious

to

how

decided,

are

certain

the

of

hands

somewhat

of

laws,
with

in

the

local
to

governing

fact, present

which

given

the

the

one

are

reasonably

may

what
estate,

authorities,
the

good

of the

intending

these

there

which
and
sense

has

be

cussion
dis-

or

may

greatest

builder

of

scope

The

bodies.

first

must

above

to

as

any

according

the

and

over

on

themselves,

iSgures,and

which

within

restrictions

built

be

not

contemplate

set

they

tenure,

come

but

here;

three

take

may

sum.

a

land

hardly

of

pounds

we

who

by

ing
tempt-

hundred

have

much

such

of

Questions

t4iose

own

limit

a

know

do-for

to

of

of their

Many

givfen,but

here

cottage

a

lower,

even

of

couple

majority

great

or

discussed.

a

maximum

roughly

expect

be

to

lie within

the

beyond

;^3oo,

may
are

may
and
local

in
vary
cretion
dis-

bye-

difliculties
to

deal.

Sile and
Frequently they
their

carrying

wasteful

arbitraryand

are

of

destructive

and

out,

Soil

the

in

artistic

which
the designerhas based his work.
on
principles
The
regulation,for instance, that all ground floor
be at least nine feet high is
and first rooms
must

only

not

the

English

his

front

labourer

door

part

of the

height

of the

room

little

architect

in

beautiful
In

cases,

thus

weather

boarding,

on

it
the

was

most

built of

weather

chimneys

The

where

cottages

and

materials.

roofing

crushed

foundations

removed

for

wantonly

felt and

and

new

any

of

one

the

is

with

condemned

attempt

to

lined

boarding
the

other

extra

allows

and

districts

of local traditions

the

the cottager.

to

of thatch

some

the

artificialheating

more

use

air,

during

in winter

moment

and

of fresh

open

expense,

the

formerly customary,
out.

and

year,

opportunity

forbidden

now

kept

entails

Again,

treatment.

is

be

the

increases

love

no

of considerable

matter

also

has

can

greater

It

small

a

presumably hygienicpurpose
dwellings, because, although

workmen's

in

a

in

It fails of its

cottage.

"

wasteful

but

unnecessary

having only
brick, have been

wood,
of
the

able
plea of unsuitobjection to thatch and
on

the

ground

of

their

flammable
in-

might be reasonable enough in
but it is pointlessin the case
district,

nature,
a

crowded

of

a

detached

formation
of

of

country
a

fighting,and

cottage

;

and

the

recent

society for the express purpose
such
if possibleabolishing,
bye15

l^he
laws

as

felt

really harsh

are

witness

the

to

those

by

Country Cottage
extent

who

for cottages

in

useless, bears

and

which

to

the

trying to
practical way,

a

the

meet

are

is

grievance
demand

of moderate

aad

cost.

To

with

anyone

this

the country,

of

laws

to

way

kind.

opposition to

nature

of

heights

or

"

of

to

seem

may

open

the

a

and

will bring about
materials)

followed

walls,

the

the

sizes

of

specificationof

the

their

upon

to
(relating

"

of

thickness

timber,

considerable

the

rate

any

restrictions

rooms,

and

windows

at

of these

modification

have

buildingin
certain bye-

flimsy and undesirable
whether
It is,however, extremely doubtful
workmanship

abolition

the

active

vexatious

a

of

experience

no

results

bad

strict

which

administration.

on
improvement is to be made
country
irrelevant of these illcottage building,the most
either be
considered
done
regulationsmust
away
drawn
with altogether,
rity
authoor
up by a responsible

If any

with
and

town

it is

that

cottage

regard

some

in

country

We

the

a

all the
you

find, for instance,
"

the

of

middle

between

to

country

500-acre

erect

field

except

regulations,while

give

a

certain

a

space

is
all

build very much
as
building,you can
serious objection ^raised by
please. Another
the
J.St Loe Stracheyin the CountyGentleman^is

round

Mr

life.

impossible in

by complying with
London, provided

you

for the difference

check

your

"

it puts

upon

the

invention
16

of

new

materials.

Floor

Ground

First

COnPTAOE

AT

WALLCOTT,
Detmar

B

Floor

GAP

Blow,

BACTON,
Architect

NORFOLK

The
the

At

enable

("lo6),
of it
Much
the

would

he

we

for

will

place, to
should

meet

long

they

as

solid

more

of

be

not

and

make

the

and

and

together

with

go.

if he

builds

needs

given

"

fact the
more

thus

than

there

; and

built in

sheltered

a

need,

urgent

they

be

to

There

are.

for

sale

of

a

for

and

a

which

show

"

dwelling-placein

materials, which

cottage

any
is

"

built

homely

In

is far

means

life that

builder

put

are

judgment and skill, and
sound, cleanly,and reliable as

themselves

they

ancient

jerry-building

construction

common

homes

of

look

pretensions

no

between

something

means

England,

altogetherlighterstructure,

an

costlythan

difference

vast

make

to

modern

our

and

immediate

an

pounds

arise in modern

why cottages

reason

no

would

difficult

these characteristics unattainable

seems

his

which

hundred

a

substantial

durability and

make

turer
manufac-

or

the greater part of
covet

may

cottages, conditions

so

built for

find it very

throughout
as

material

a

be

to

architect

an

discover

to

cottage

a

if

time,

present
were

use

Country Cottage

of

in

are

far

as

limited

likelyto get a beautiful result
simply and franklyaccording to

if he

started

style,"following

any

out

to

ancient

build
or

in

any

modern

examples that appealed to his eye when be saw
them, perhaps in totallydifferent surroundings.
be planned to
A cottage, to be beautiful,must
suit the

life of
with

the

the

and

tenant

landscapeon
l8

to

harmonise

which

it is

wardly
out-

placed,

Soil

Site and
Computations of cost
that
a
building on
cot

will

the

in

need
the

of

covert

Geological formations

vale.

woodland

or

site

than
stability

greater

hillside

sunny

a

on

it clear

make

soon

exposed

an

and

foundations

firmer

will very

a

also will

generally yield hard ground on
peaks, clifFs,
downs, and upland plains,and comparatively soft
ground in dales and valleys,providing together
the

with

soil the

primal

materials

with

which

to

unity of the very stuff of the house
with
its site and
surroundings is the keynote of
of the countryside.
beauty in the architecture
best
of
English traditions
Looking into the
This

build.

find, without
cottage-buildingwe
results have
the
most
satisfactory
the builders

where
most

this
faithfully
the

have

exception,that
been

recognised and
tie between

natural

obtained

preserved
the cottage

The

building should never
give the
impression of a ready-made thing taken out of a
the site.
workshop and suddenly set down
upon
Rather
it should
hug the ground as if it loved it,

and

as

if it

soil.

To

ignore
and
original,
own

of

born

were

that
to

the

very

of
spirit

the

place.

spirit in over-anxiety to be
of one's
out
build, as it were,
"

head," is very

much

his instrument

to

as

if

a

violinist should

pitch that seemed
good
of the pitchadopted by
to
him, quite irrespective
he is going to play.
the orchestra
with which

tune

A

few

of

our

fulfilled these

modern

any

architects

conditions, and
19

have

have

admirably
planted really

The
beauiifnl

cottages

byewajs

ot'' remote

as

Mr

Surrey,
the

Country Cottage
along

country

Phillip

Webb

Sussex,

and

characteristic

the

and

Essex,

flint

ancient

highways

districts.

Mr
Mr

districts

E.

E.

Detmar
of

Such

aad
men

Lutyens
Blow

Wiltshire,

in
in
and

N

Soil

Site and
Dawber

Guy

Mr
have

shown

and

the

of

how

us

respect

may

in

place

hands

without
vital

to

artist

an

tions
tradi-

the

merely imitating or
his individuality.In

habitation

human

a

is

in his work

preserve

forfeitinganything
such

architect who

an

wolds,

Gloucestershire

the

the

crown

may

perfectlandscape in a dignifiedand quite
There
need
be no
poetic way.
provocation for
the plaintof the old pietist
contemplating Nature,
''where
is
prospect pleases and only man
every
vile."
Unfortunately the facilities of modern
made
transit have
it easy for the vandal
to
bring
of incongruous materials,and
together all manner
them
look
to
use
on
a site where
they will never
and
such
at
home;
enterprises have gradually
most

broken

the

up

substance

materials
the

of

old

bricks

thatch

in

slate

and

of

be

yield them,

country,

that

tradition

should

Hint, and

districts that

wooded

sound

house

a

stone,

"

and

the

tiles

in

on

closely

clay soil,

a

the

bound
and

with

up
how

domestic

the

disastrous
be

may

"

its

of land, the
country,

and

architecture

and
political
"

the

what

destruction

how
is

conditions,

the artistic standpoint

of

might
or

on.

so

nation

a

social

de-forestation

neglect of
the

from

even

of

in

well-

a

agriculturalcounties, and
discover
following these principleswe

In

local

used

being

timber

the

large
be

decay

tracts

profitable
of

pastoral

life.
It

may

be

urged

this

at
21

point

that

nobody

T^he
should

undertake

the

in

and

health

of climate.

to

A

the

These

discredited

old

constitutions

much

and

air,but

that

real

more

why

one

it.

in

a

that
has

He

the

he

the

Moreover,

latter

former

to

be

after.

sought

that different

only

ailments,
forth

place

finds

districts

different kinds
by many
personal idiosyncrasyis

home

told that it

much

thing than
knows
exactly

benefited

by a
another, apparently subject

goes

chosen

been

because

who

country

new

the

Nobody
immensely

particularplace,while
to
preciselythe same
in

a

gravel.

as

of

the

it.

is

person

now

unaccountable

and

formerly reckoned

we

written

and

classification

suited

are

of soil and
a

of chalk

discovering,not

now

and

said

"

universallyshunned
are

test,

"relaxing,"

or

ends
week-

question of soil in relation
the general disparagement of

the

the

as

it suits

Occasional

generalisationsare

"bracing"

We

that

sure

was

recommendation

broad

time

some

especiallyfor
susceptibleto differences

deal

health, tending to

clay and

for himself

spending

make

to

is

great
on

ago

years

as

first

sufficient

a

whose

persons

home

new

temperament.

not

are

a

without

proposed place

health

few

make

to

country

in the
his

Country Cottage

to

oughtto

himself

suit

for himself
because

not

him,

and

weakly

thrive

his health

recruit

him,

well

of

treatment

never

decide

must

suits

can

but

he

simply

happy
persons

there.
and

regards climate, has been completely
Conrevolutionised
within
the last fiftyyears.
invalids

as

22

Soil

Site and
sumptive

and

who

once

were

sent

lodgings, are

the

in

exercise.

We

treatment

and

and

would

some

the

to

small

We

beauty

have

of the

said that

partly

the

on

higher it is, the

the

walls

and

the

likelyis

more

dig

and

the

the

point of

foundation

materials
view

"

factors

"

the

in

inner

sky plays no
which

harmony

and

vigour.
of buildingwill
expense
position of the site, its
the

the

of the

nature

need

(as

ground

difficult

to

strong
hard

be

to

;
to

From

convey.

building

soil.

rule) for

a

foundations

the

of the

physical
only

the

and

of the

more

be solid and

to

regular

that

chief

earth

weather, and

to

exposure

the

take

attuning of

the

bodilyhealth

as

depend
The

that

stufFy

mountain-

not

are

the

not

say

part in the restoration

know

we

the

also

surroundings

resorts

and

and

air

learnt

instance,

sheltered

bath-chairs

open

have

convalescence, and
man

and

warm

despatched to

now

sleep

to

tops

to

cushioned

in

lounge

to

patients^for

bronchitic

itself the

ideal

stands
but is
gravel. Rock
next,
chief things to
The
expensive in the working.
be avoided
are
a wet,
sandy soil,and clay veined
with

is

but

cause
a sure
running sand
ceilings.Stiff clay makes
generallyneeds a depth of

for

the

and

and
extra

But

excavations.

commanding
expense

On

site often

a

fair foundation,

three
other

pays

well

advantages of dlr
going frequently to

in its

for residents

the

23

walls

of cracked

"

four

or

hand,
for
and
town

a
a

feet
fine

little

scenery.
it may

The
be

a

be

Country Cottage
whether

item

serious

uphillor

the

road

for however

down;

the

to

much

one

dislike the
least

uphillclimb on coming home,
climb
taken
at leisure; while
a

be

generallyinvolves
dangerous, rush for the

station
a

Another
is

garden

it

at

can

to

the
not

train.

is whether

play an
important
In finding a climate

to

may

exhausting, if

an

consideration

important

station

the

in

part

the

life.
for himself,
cottager's
he may
be counting on the joys of cultivating
YCv^
garden only to find that nothing will grow in it.
Granting, however, a favourable soil,the possibilities
of the garden should certainly
be reckoned
with
in deciding the way
in which
the house
i$
The
fruit-lover will aim at the largest
to be set.
"

area

of sunny

wall consistent

dwelling. Possibly a
for, and if possiblea
sheltered
and
place
done

of

out

wind-shelter
The

sides, and
materials
The

comfort

of the

matter

eye

the

be

street

how

odd

it may

see

the

cottage

to

different

angle from

its

its

to

other

appear
set

from

ail

inferior

frontage.
positionand
its appearance

to

approaches.
to

No

the conventional

corner-wise

neighbours, it
24

use

beds.
flower-

of the

sacrificed

or

sunlight and

to

those

dwelling as

be

may

well

look

paved

a

for the best

economy
than

never

and

available

should

mean

the back

aspects should
from

a

be allowed

will

dirty work

secured

building
it is

at

where

of the

needs

verandah

sunny

All

be

the

lawn

tennis

doors.
will

with

or

at

a

is far better

c

i
V

C

V

u-

"
X
(A

^

A

O

O

I

-.

Soil

Site and
to

have

face

get

it

the

need

we

house

larder

north-east.
sun

in

allow

to

The

chief

;

this should

The

immense

that

sun

the

by habitually

breakfast

it is

nearly always

day.

25

rooms

or

morning

the

to

In

it be

north

of the

(unless disliked

and
also in
risers),
hardly be overrated, and
to give the afternoon
sun

to

part

any

^unless

"

face

value

be

dwelling.

afrdd

and

to

rooms

shoald

the

much

too

of the

care

be

never

will get

bedrooms

late

in the

any

possiblesunlightinto

England
of the

than

north.

due
all

so

room,

can

better

occupied

later

Chapter

III.

THE

matter

be

to

decision

sinking of
and

to

what

clearly

know

depend

from

in

likely
the

in

even

double

become

or

spring

quality of

the

the

quite apart from
is

invalids
the

find

of iron
no

and

lime

the

Moreover,

are

bone-building
people,
recommend
and
unless

is

material,

pretty
the

cooking,
rainwater

"

well

a

can

be

actual

poisons,
Many

water

all

plan

water
no

secured
26

on

much

very

contains

advantageous

boiling of
this

Moreover,

condition

exploded.

and

respect

by

large quantities

have

hard

that

this

aggravated

in which

present

long

a

drijiking supply^

a

much

filtering will
idea

in

consideration.

water

is

the

to

open

In

from

ailments

of

use

of

amount

as

serious

their

constant

water

its freedom

for

matter

a

is

secure

stream,

a

infallible.

not

proposes

supply

fail

may

polluted.
is

water

it

he

from

districts,
that

should

the

Water

him.

expensive

absolutely

whether

and

remotest

objection

drought,
even

fail

to

it is

The

tenant

that

is

final

a

site.
an

the

water

whether

upon,

be

may

case

the

the

upon

any

important

before

into

well

a

contamination,

ever

looked
made

is

another

is

supply

water

operation,

Grouping

"

to

Many

doubt

is

effect.
much
young
persons

for

used

which

ing
drink-

excellent,

absolutely clean.

^"Ji'i

Grouping
if

But

boiling the

of

that it will

certain

The
his

of

who

man

with

counsellors
We

lie.

be beset

whom

wisdom

Punch

of Mr

brief advice

to

if

fortunate

shall be

build

to

out

sure

be

duty

practically

be done.

never

sets

heart, is

own

for the

depend on servants
water
daily,we may
to

are

we

the multitude

by

is

we

supposed

about

to

to

the

with

escape

those

to

cottage after

a

marry.

probably our friends will describe to us at
great length all the disastrous buildingexperiments
And
of.
heard
then^ however
carefully
they ever
select our
architect,and explain to him
we
may
More

what

of cottage

sort

builder

will

come

we

seeking,the speculating

are

the

upon

"r$t

He

sight.

in his

own

a

way

cheaply than

will

we

undoubtedly
of the

could

that the

do

aid.

Not

more

in actual materials.
architect

will

of materials

saving, both

small sacrifices and
routine

would

however,

our

able
and

and

more

architect's

the contrary,

beneath

time

means

required size

effect

to

costs

a
a

able
cap-

great

labour, by various

contrivances, which

think

a

build

to

cottage always

On
be

able

be

it with

well-built

often

us

fortunately
thing. Unplausibleenough at

be

will

cottage

offer

desirable

cheaper and apparentlymore
his claim

and

scene

his

the

notice.

man

of

This,

trouble, forethought,

experience,and practicalskill ; and if we employ
the things
architect,these are precisely
a qualified
for which

we

that in such

pay.
a

The

bargain he

wise
secures

27

client will
what

the

perceive
ordinary

T^he

Country Cottage
"*"

builder could

try

even

him

pay
It
is

not

give

to

do

to

give

what

us

The

him.

never

It would

want.

we

not

so.

also be remembered

must

latter will

that

singlecottage

a

It is

luxury.

always relativelycheaper to
build in rows
or
our
pairs. Under
present civilizatioUy a single thing honestly and plainlymade as
a

the

get than

to

set

a

pattern, and
a

it,is far

wants

owner

appliesas

The

detached

It may

escape

eccentric; but

much

a

cottage is

the obvious

it will

to

difficult
after

things made

dozen

a

this

deal table.

thing.

of

costlyand

more

cottage

as

one

to

individual

an

temptation to

be

individual

certainlyneed

in

luxurious
design. It takes a more
form
in the bungalow, spreading itself over
a
and
larger area
dispensingwith stairs. It will,
therefore, preferablybe erected where
bye-laws
are
reasonablyelastic,and land is cheap. But in
the single cottage should
be homely,
case
any
far as
restful, and
as
bye-laws will permit,
generally built in low, spreading lines.
the
When
building cottages in pairs or rows,
obvious comfort of a sound-proofparty wall should
treatment

be

of

one

extra

expense,

be made
be

the

at

to

the

secure

mercy

It will

first considerations.
but

some

sacrifice should

it,consideringwhat
of musical

or

certainly
it

means

to

loudly devotional

neighbours,or children kept very
A case
recentlyoccurred in which
of students
were
compelled to turn
28

entail

much
a

indoors.

quiet family
out

of their

Grouping
neighbour's
child,clad in boots heavy enough to negotiate
allowed
to run
a snowdrift, was
incessantly
up and
down
the
length of the ground-floor passage,
of its waking
the whole
to be
during what seemed
the

cottage because

semi-detached

door

next

hours.
have

Quadrangles
and

the

not

least

practicaladvantages,
they afford a place

many

that

is

safely be sent out to play.
Of
the
course
garden is
privacy of one's own
will depend upon
how
far the
forfeited,and much
children

may

social standards

and

where

alike, and

will

for

reconcile

the

of the residents

interests

little

them

to

In

ones.

ground
play-

common

a

any

are

one

case,

can

neighbourly,or just as exclusive,in a
small street
in a quadrangle ; the disadvantages
as
of the
former, as regards children, being the
danger of traffic and of strayingbeyond bounds,
be

just

and

the

as

of

chance

little

the cottage

on

The
in

a

model

villageof

by daily
and

urged

the

squares,

life.

plan

with

in

contact

communal

to

the

itself

kind

a

of

to

where

buildings

;

kitchen
and
29

"

Owen

buildingcottages

labour-saving
purposes

the inhabitants,

somewhat

Robert

public

extent

some

dining-rooms

common

clubs, become

recreative

"

also

serves

for

cellent
ex-

scale.
solves
difficulty

social

The

dirt.

more

plan of a roof-garden,which
dry clothes,is not often available

to

in

a

or

broken

long
in groups

mess-room

though

ago
or

for

it is doubtful

The
whether

Country Cottage

the

on
ordinarycottager (at all events
the female
side)is ready for this readjustmentof
domestic
machinery, it may fairlybe hoped that
such economic
some
development will occur, and
that the industrial colony is a step in that direction.
Probably, if anything is to be achieved in this
of
garden cities, they will
country in the way
have
the industrial
to
similarlyfrom
grow
up
The
far
changes of the time.
question of how
the dailylabours
of the home
will ultimatelybe
and warehouses
kitchens
is
lightened by common
a
Upon
interestingand problematic one.
very
it must
of
the
to
answer
depend the scheme
life for the next
domestic
generation,and with it
the development of cottage architecture.
We
have
Owen's
already referred to Robert
scheme, and to the advantages of such industrial
colonies as Port
cation
Sunlight,but a stillwider appliof these ideas is possiblefor the professional

and
to

reason

welcome

middle-class
suppose

man.

that

the formation

the

of

a

There

city man
country

seems

would

cottage

no

not

colony

neighbourhood conveniently situated for
from
A
fro
town.
scheme,
getting to and
neither
too
picturesque,
affectedly
regular nor
well
planned and arisingout of the peculiarities
of site and
place,might be beautiful, or again,
It would
it might not.
depend largelywhether
those
capable of choosing the
responsiblewere
We
architects.
can
imagine that such a colony,
in

a

3"

Grouping
blocks

with

Lethaby,
Dawber,
others
;

of
on

Mr

Lutyens,
Geo.

Mr

Jack,

Mr

Detmar

Blow,

sympathetic spirit,would
the other
hand, a colony by
a

it is almost

needless

wish

and

say, would

to

model

brick, slates,and
know

Mr

designed by Mr
Troup, Mr
Guy

single cottages

or

did

we

be

a

cess
suc-

*

*

*

*

be

a

dwellings,such

and

confronted

are

we

of
all

we

not.

consideringthe building of cottages
large numbers, and the forming up
terraces,

",

chaos
as

In
or

and

with

in groups

of

streets

of

one

the

life
interestingdevelopments of modern
the industrial
model
built to
village,"
colony or
accommodate
the fairlyfixed population depending
workers.
on
a
large factoryemploying many
The
efforts towards
the systematichousing of daymost

"

"

labourers
leaves
to

the

their industrial centre,

near

much

to

just scorn

be

desired, and

of reformers.

ugly, barrack-like,and
however, can fairlybe

have

been

They

are

to

speak

of which

of others

will

repay

held

up

generally
comfortless.
This reproach,
said to be partially
removed

by such industrial colonies as Messrs
Lever's at
Bourneville, and Messrs
not

undoubtedly

of

recent

those

aspects of architecture.

3'

Cadbury's

at

Port

Sunlight,
growth, the study

interested

in

the

social

Chapter

IV.

Plans
"

HAVING

fixed

decision

house

Broadly
types,

be

to

materials

of

speaking,

the

follows:

as

put

next

is the

shape of

the

upon

it, and

the

made

be

to

site, the

our

upon

which

it

is

lies

choice

be

built.

between

six

to

"

3

TYPES

COMMON

^\

I

I

n
UNCOMMON

These

here

are

being naturally the

and

most

economical.

means

a

in.

outer

The

Any

complex

walls, and
L

their

square

on

of

of

in

based

more

the

given

that

a

TYPES

here

roof,

order

variation
and

additional

shape, however,
32

is

the

cost

;

simplest

from

this

multiplication
expense

often

comes

convenient,

Plans
low-lying and
favoured
by

especiallyon
a

plan

much

are

the

First
ALDERTON,

AT

COTTAOIS

C.

Mr

Floor

Ground

(These

sheltered

It is

sites

F.

A.

Voysey,

Floor

SUrFOLK

plans of Cottages illustrated

on

title-page)

hs^rWyy.jO

PLAN

OF

SHEDS
AT

includes

It is apt
c

to

be

some

too

COTTAGES

SUFFOLK

ALDERTON,

C

and

BAKEHOUSE

AND

SpoonevyArchitect
of

his

most

cold

for

exposed places,unless,

33

successful

work.

-1
7he
in the
both

CountryCottage
the

planomg,
ends

well

as

this is rather

It is

arrangement.
be

house, and

carefullyshould
around

of

is
fire-place

at

colder

the

that central

discomforts

long

a
one

cottages,

of which

to

one

side, and

the

the

wasteful,

say

and

are
room

mwn

an

be

rooms

We

one

forms

jnDcture, and

district,the

all know
narrow

end, the other

middle, both

full width,

to

not

various

heat.

if in the

the

central

Arciitat

S/mHT,

the

natnrallyat

come

generalrale that the chimney
centre
or
focussingpoint of

a

the

C.

the

the

at

as

extravagaat,

an

shaft should

chimneys

cold

disposed
the winter

room;
is

never

equally.
and

if the
warm,

In small

form
passage
often gets driven
a

chimney
important feature
34

more

of

the

I

Plans
exterior,

Surrey, Kent,

in

as

Sussex, where

and

plan. Here arises
of building cottages of such
the obvious
economy
the other hand, the outline
size in pairs,but, on
a
of a little cottage flanked
by its own
chimneys,
broadly and simply treated, is distinctlypleasing
to the eye.
Chimney-shafts not in the middle of
the building should, if possible,
the wall
occupy
that

beside

We

' *

next,
to

seem
our

the

tillthe

be

should

Indeed,

pass from

we

dialects

various

ceeding
suc-

each county

natives of north

and

to

south

speaking quite a different tongue, so
country-side architecture, every district
be

its

"

marked

'^

as

remoter

the

forms

own

for

who

expression,and

should

dumping

originality
upon

discreet

architect

of

these

from

architect

modern

the

country,

feeling of respect
of

kept dry,

or

another

inherited

has

be

to

clothes

againsta sunny wall.
have
already urged the importance of preserving
what
the late J. D. Sedding so aptlycalled
localness^^of English art.
velling
Just as we find in tra-

one

the

for

Cupboards

sun.

stores

them,

about

in

least

linen, and

close

the

the

gets

and

universal

the almost

this became

client

a

will

prides

restrain

down

a

a

the

cottage

peacefulhillside.
avoid

himself

altogether

things
and "artistic";knowing
"quaint,""picturesque,*'
and
that sound
straightforwardbuilding,whether
old
must
or
beauty in its train, and
new,
carry
an

local

traditions

will

be

found

the

needs

of

the

relation

to

35

case.

to

on

bear

a

true

T^he

of cottages should

row

a

than
the

standpoint,there

the aesthetic

From

why

Country Cottage

the

single dwelling,
line of

dull, monotonous

with

To

get

reason

degenerate

or

''

no

less beautiful

any

brick

square

William

lids," which

slate

be

is

into

boxes

Morris

horred.
ab-

so

the

pleasing diversity in

a

frontage and in the general plan involves a little
more
forethought and skill in the design, but
A covered
extra
not
necessarilymuch
expense.
the houses
or
or
right of way between
passage
into a yard, can
generally
an
archway to let vans
in
treated
instead
of
be
a
pleasant manner,
making the immediate
surroundings look sordid
of
The
and
them.
slummy because
country
Walter
Cave
afford some
ful
delightcottages of Mr
of diversified
instances
frontages,and the
,

breaking

of

up

small

in

terraces

agreeable way.
In this diversityof

adopted by

treatment

is of

Mr

danger that
of a less capable designer,it could
in the hands
and
easilydegenerate into meaningless eccentricity
To be
restlessness.
picturesque"and "original"
Cave,

Walter

there

and

convenient

a

course

a

"

**

very

often
an

a

excuse

for

thought,

and

architects

nor

afraid of

some

it

whether

well

intending to

monotony
a

it be ^of the

sins, and

incompetence

is therefore

those

characteristic, and

of

multitude

covers

:

part

it

36

want

that

build

of

neither

should

be

is, after all,a good

of

cottage

and

quently
fre-

fine
or

architecture,

cathedral.

Chapter

V.

Drainage

"

the

BYE-LAWS
to

as

of

dwelling-house

a

On

stringent.

in

many

relaxed

A

vexatious,

districts

few

foul

drain,

devastate
is in

The

himself

expose

other

to

mile

local

typhoid

away.

It

inhabitants

suffer

for

question

that

social

body
of

each

the

whom

the
he

as

town,

appeal

private
to

37

the

right

damp,

and

allowed
to

or

and
the

of

that

there

equally
the

a

ments,
arrange-

strongly

duties

taminate
con-

manner

a

village are

more

control

neighbourhood.

water

sins, and

tenant

works.

quarter

a

matter,

or

involving

elects

and

other

other's

should

conscience,
upon

any

street,

a

in such

neighbour

a

drainage

in

than

of

to

is in

protest,

a

of

with

up

be

not

must

supply

water

convey

more

to

he

diphtheria without
the

as

but

water

famine

claim

of fire, cold,

risks

to

a

of

public

perhaps

may

personal dangers;

breed

to

tenant

and

poison

than

and

private building

individual

to

neighbours.

intimately bound

more

them

life and

famine

A

so

are

see

of
his

to

disastrous

more

is much

questions of

but

tenant

to

matters

country-side.

ways

and

to

wish

be

may

indeed

neglected cesspool, may

a

whole

a

many

food,

the

to

and

would

relate

they

only

not

but

;

properly

very

points they

arbitrary and
where

death,

other

are

tions
founda-

and

drainage

the

made
is
to

no

the

ing
bind-

governing

public

works

TChe
able

Many

Country Cottage

system

of

wrong,

and

that

sea

would,

out

to

that

sanitarians declare

the

of

disposal
what

is

if

is

radically
wastefullythrown

sewage

now

properly applied

cultivation^so

enormously improve

of

to

the

soil

problems

as

solve

this

in

applicationof

however,

cottage

there

land

the

practicable.
is

and

no

direct

should

be
In

for

room

though

couraged
en-

these
shift
make-

country

a

convenientlyallow
profitabledealingwith

sometimes

may

rational and

more

it is

compromise;

or

fertility
of the agricultural
Undoubtedly there is

the

to

land

to

the

contention, and

sewage

wherever
matters,

one

of this country.

truth

great

whole

our

of the
sewage

be
by merely getting rid of it,still it cannot
too
stronglyurged that when the drainage system,
houses, is adopted in a
commonly appliedto town
be
to
thoroughly and
country
cottage, it needs
done.
The
fact of a house standing
scientifically
than

in

beautiful country

air will

it any

make

not

the

dangerous to live in if the waste-pipes and
are
soil-pipes
improperlytrapped and ventilated,or
of
flushed with water
in the course
insufficiently
less

It

dailyuse.
expect

that

have

least

at

the
a

appliancesand
adapt them to
where
However

surely should

economy

architect

and

be

not

the

too

much

builder

to

should

general knowledge of modern
of drainage,and how
methods
to
needs of small houses,
the particular
sound

of mechanism

important

the

38

has

aesthetic

to

be considered.
side

of

house-

D
the

building,
convenience

ratnave

of

question

health

modest

Cottages, however
have this redeeming

and

precedence

take

must

g"'

all others.

''ought

cost,

on

feature

of

sanitary

to

them, however

about

or
badly constructed they may
ugly, ill-designed,
be
namely, that they are safeto live in as far as
the internal drainageand plumbing are concerned.''
ask
On the other hand, it is only reasonable
to
"

himself

that the householder

understanding of

should

have

clear

a

principleson which
dwelling is drained and supplied with water,
look-out
should be able to keep an
intelligent
defects

and

that the

accidents, and
and

wear

necessary

of

flow

that apparent
attended

a

allowed

that the

it be

will

boiler

before

stoppages

to

be

regular

full,

and

pipes should be at once
clean water
supply should

from

runs

the outlets of

t.o

the

warn

be
in

by

fire

a

him

teach

to

or

that

results, if

heated
;

waste.

tenant

disastrous

itself and
water

for

of
consequences
It is obvious, of course,

burst, with

fresh cold

and

of

necessary

empty

his

the

should

wholly separate

should

Nor

tear.

water

to, and

be kept

the main

simple ways of protectinghis pipes from frost,
such as by covering them
properly or emptying

the

when
to

detect

the

for

not

always

easy,

however,

of
dangers arisingfrom errors
which
the plumber and
builder

blame.

We

long as no
knowledge

bad

to

It is

necessary.

will

apt

are

smell
show

to

think

is present.
us

39

how

struction
conare

that all is safe
But
easy

a

very
it

so

little
is

for

T'he
dangerous
house

to

""

I

"

Country Cottage

waste

accumulate

to

and

air of the

the
.

be

contaminated

unknown

to

the

holder.
house-

importance of making
connections
easilyaccessible
the

Hence

traps, joints,and

periodicinspection.
Trapping and ventilatingare

the-

all

for

chief

two

and
employed to prevent the accumulation
leakage of vitiated air in the neighbourhood of the
drain-pipes. A trap is practicallyan automatic
water-door
into a soil-pipe
or
so
contrived,
waste,
twist in the pipe, as
make
to
a
by a backward
means

seal of fresh

temporary
is

water

every

lies in the

flushed, which

the drain

time

trap until the

next

flushing.
In

districts

connection

where

with

a

main

it is

at
or

from

the drains

sewer,

cottage will be arranged

obtain

possible to

a

the

discharge into it and
a point as
near
as
possibleto the boundary wall
fence.
be provided.
An intercepting
trap must

This

trap prevents the vitiated air from

enteringthe house drain.
of glazed stone-ware,
or
with

Dr

Angus

that

the

sewer

Drain-pipesshould be
heavy cast-iron coated

of

Smith's solution

6 inches

concrete

40.

to

thick, with

a

and laid

on

a

b^d

of

I

in

fall of about

jointingup the pipes care should be taken
made
perfectlywater-tight,and
they are

before

In

the drain

is covered

in, it should

by being plugged and filled with water.
cleaning of the drain from time
proper
should
manholes
or
inspectionchambers
40

be

tested

For
to

be

the

time"

placed

i

D

It is essential

the

air inlet and

fresh

in diameter
is

w.c.

up

a

the

above

ventilator.

drain

is

plan

better

level,and then

guard

to

pipesfrom
and

under

the

at

the
a

trap

be

and

fixed

the

connection

where

is rather

pipe

the

be

act

to

the

as

eaves

the roof and
with

in

bring
a

wire

Waste-

it.

sink, should

with

guUey

to

unsightly,a

up

building

a

least 4 inches

full bore

ridge, finished

or

be

soil-pipemust

it inside

birds

On

should

cases

bath, lavatories,or

charge
dis-

grating
they discharge
open

must

drain.

that
Soil-pipes,
can

the

circumstances

no

direct into the

sinks

the

take

prevent

over

this

As
to

chamber.

a

In

eaves,

continue

again

out

of drain.

first floor

well

in

there
intericepter,
ventilation pipe at

head

at

on

carried

it

of

side

drain

main

join

to

house

'g'

covers.
positionsfitted with air-tight
that all junctions and connections
are

in convenient

arranged

ramave

of

outside
to

pipes from w.c's and slop
heavy lead or strong cast-iron,
building. If they are of lead,
is

drain

should

be

made

with

a

brass

and
cement
joint to drain and a
tail-piece
soldered
joint to lead pipe; it is important that
be carefully
this should
become
done, or it may
of danger. If the pipes are
of ca$t-iron,
a source
the joints are
with
made
and caulked
with
yarn
blue

lead

carried
which
In

out

perfectlytight,and
with

putty

or

red

perishes,and then
probably the majorityof
soon

41

not

as

and

the

frequently
white

lead,

will leak..
joints*

districts the

bye-laws

The
with

deal

these

will be found

The

all.

Country Cottage

in

separate from
into

One

of

drains

the

the

cottage

clean

be

kept quite

arranged
tank

disuse

be

of

from

the

the

The

butt.

tution
insti-

merely

deplored, not

rain-water

of

of this excellent

because

dis*

to

butt.

or

its rain*water

was

but

grounds,

of

and

rules

practically

picturesque features

most

neglect and gradual
is greatly to
value

with

will

soil drain

few

above

cistern, underground

old-fashioned

aesthetic

the

general agreement

rain-water

charge

but

matters,

the

on

immense

hygienic and

sanitarypoint of view, not to speak of its practical
of
the
in
convenience
lightening the labour
the
and
domestic
laundress
washer-up.'* No
''

has

who

one

realised

once

is

what

health

gained in

comfort

a
by taking a little trouble to secure
soft-water
supply for the household, either by
the earth
rain-water
or
boiling(or distilling
filtering
supply),will ever return willinglyto the hard solace

and

of the pump

tap.

or

position of rain-water
be carefullyconsidered

The
course

from

protectingthem
the

that

or

drifts of

arrangement
combined
constant

In

cases

with
It

is

should

of

view

of

a

desirable

not

through clogged
roof-gutters,forsaken bird's-nests,

soot.

with

suitable

supply can
where

But

the

storage,

generallybe
there

little

a

protection of

and
with

filter

should

contents

untended

and

soil.

butts

is

42

no

a

the

in

care

watercourses,
more

or

less

had.

main

sewer

a

cess-

att
Ff

Drainage
pool
far

from

the

of its

cleaned

without

will

be

found

and

of

being
best

iron

air-tightcover

overflow

and

sand

bend

be

also the inlet

fixed

on

disturbed, allowing bacterial
If this
be

is

done, the

required

so

inside

cesspool should
surface

the

action

the

as

An

The

is

solids

more

not

place.

take

to

cleansingof cesspool will

often

as

plan

provided.
to

that

so

in

water-tight.

make

to

should

pipe and

a

it circular

cement-coated

9-inch brickwork,

cement

be

construct

to

be

requirements
emptied and
Generally it

nuisance.

a

taken

conveniently

suit the

it may

be

It should

be

can

to

that

so

with

have

as

constructed

sub-soil, and

should

care

position.

cottage

arranged, and
of

and

necessary,

selection

the

in

be

will

or

not

less

be
must
disappear. The disposalof the overflow
governed by circumstances, but it is best carried
out
by sub-irrigation that is by perforatedpipes
As
it is not always possible
2 feet underground.
"

do

to

this

owing

waterlogged,
the
The
the

the

to

ground being of clay

overflow

cesspool made
size

the

of

but

omitted

and

for its purpose.

large enough

pipes will vary,
following will be best :

as

a

general rule

"

Interceptingtrap, 4 inches
Drain-pipes,4 inches.
Soil and

ventilation

Waste-pjpes, \\
It is

be

must

or

not

pipes,3^

inches

advisable

x

to

or

have

43

2

6 inches.

inches

or

4 inches.

inches.
the

pipes

too

large

The

as

do

they

of water,

not

and

becoming

Country Cottage
leave

Ground

(Three

so

that

through
top.

The

the

be
a

J

Mag,

pipes which,

smells

and

on

noxious

Architicl

waste-pipe

carried

current

above

of air is

should

have

44

a

from

eaves

upstair

as

tion,
ventila-

continually passing

grating of gulley and
outlet

flow

Bniroc

vertical

titttngsshould

the

by

^

E.

The

the

causes

"

Flwr.

cleaned

deposit in

decomposed,

^T^

gases.

properly

get

going

wire

dome

out

at

the

grating

D
similar

such

soil*pipe. In choosing
baths, lavatories,and w.c's for a

fittingsas

country cottage,

it should

difficult it is

get

simple

that

washer

himself.
a

pedestal,there

several

these, without

and

market,

than

2

new

decoration

at

attempts

the

of

seal

in the

The
the

the

basin

of

back

trap

less

not

inches, and capable of clearingitself with

2-gallon

flush.

The

flushing

"

descriptionis the
Syphon
capacityof 2 or 3 gallonsand
'"

A

a

forms

good

generally the best for appearance.
should
have a good flushing rim, and
vertical and

as

repairs

of

are

the pan

of

be
the

in

by the cottage owner
simplest form of w.c.

and
are

how

executed

should

reason

done

best

The

in mind

possible,so that
generally only

as

be

can

borne

repairsproperly

consist

may

be

for this

character

a

necessary

is

to

country, and

the

%'

for

used

that

to

rainave

of these

great number

best
as

inlet

of

fill it in 60

sufficient bore

nothing

is

than

have

to

If the cistern

arranged

to

to

to

one

is

that

takes

cistern

can

a

noisy and

this cistern

should

seconds

15

or

be

less

;

objectionable
minutes.

20

or

enclosed, the enclosure

that the

with

use,

are

exasperating and

more

the

quiet as possible.

cisterns

objectionable. The

of

cistern

a

easilybe

must

got

be
at

so

for

repairs.
There

is

perhaps
changed

question

which

public
more
completely during the
opinion has
the
than
last half century
question of baths.
Those
a cynic said that
it
days are past of which
no

45

on

T^he
but

there

and

is

it will

reason

no

it should

why

The

great.

The

owner.

expense

adopted

system

be added,

not

certainlygreatlyimprove

of the cottage
not

Country Cottage
the

comfort

of

fittingis

should

be

the

.

cylinder,this being the safest and not liable to
The cylinderis fitted
explosionin frostyweather.
the kitchen or sculleryboiler with
near
a flow
or
pipe

return

from

boiler

to

service-pipebrought from
somewhere
in the
roof,
bottom

of

valve.

The

cylinder which
draw-off

off the top of

cottage, and
cold

over

be

cannot
can

take

bottom

i

either

and

water

taken
tank.

It has

the

cold-water

with
is

taps

cylinder;

same.

are

the

inlet

a

cold
tank

at

the

provided

with

stop

all taken

from

pipe

is carried

up

to

top of

through roof or turned
The
cylinder therefore

emptied and consequentlyno explosion
place owing to the water
entering at

and

the draw-off

at

48

the top.

i'.

Chapter

Materials

VL

of

methods

MODERN
brick

"

the

practicallysuperseded
of
not

to

uncommon

side

building

have

entirely
which

led

the

unity
its

and

neighbour,

which

old

side

we

lost

old

builders

come

difference

between

curtail

as

doing things, which

to

exercise

as

and

it were,

that

one

to

a

shall

multiply,

be

rapid

which

familiarityhas

skilh

Put

of

an

flint and
But

sea.

local

traditions
to

various

sympathetic
D

brought

and

he

intelligent

an

builders

behind

him

methods

architect

will

under
to

whom

49

to

of

is

to

ways

them

all,

establishing

certain

a

to

one

dexterous

build

naturally

workman
will

the

delighted

reduce

to

has

and

stone

ordinary bricklayer

stone,

walling

sufficient,and

and

to

than

denominator,

common

and

legitimate

old
and

serve
pre-

building

many

the

in

more

modern

to

purposes

of

laying

instinct

cottage

the

little

so

"

Variety

put.

possible the

of

village

one

unlike

it is

styles of

new

same

between

the

ing
wall-

sympathetic

signify

to

varied

unconsciously

tendency of

far

as

that

however
be

and

the

in

harmony

gradually

The

old

by

they might

brick.

the

have

though

work,

cottage

see

stone

coursed

neatly

or

uniform

in

walling

a

be

with

wall
all

at

sound

self
readily adapt himthe
these

guidance
traditions

of
are

a

T^he

of

from

them

uproot

depth

of the

rough*cast and

plaster,of

of weather

and

variety; but
methods

with

boarding" all these are
walling open to the English
walls again afford a further

this

be

adopted

must

discrimination

the

choice.

north.

nor

cob

would

be

has

Surrey

of

any

the

be

brought

walls

and

its

keeping

brick

own

bear

to

thatched

of

quite out

other

ledge
Know-

random.

at

must

The

roofs of Devonshire
the

together,of
half-timber,

brick

brick

neither

and
upon

careful choice

tilingor

legitimatemethods of
cottage-builder. Cob

in

stone

brick, of flint,
stone, and

with

to

varying in
interestingway, the
with flint,
of stone

some

brick, of

of flint with

use

in

wish

no

brick, the

or

courses

has

The

soil.

their

particularstone

a

who

inspiriag,and

and

valuable

Country Cottage

walls

its thatch, brick,
tile-hung gables ; Sussex
its stone
and
and weather-boarding ; Wiltshire
its
flint ; Hampshire its brick and flint ; Yorkshire

and

brick

and

stone;

Anglia again
we

latter

has

flint and

more

space

of the flint.

the

stones

its

Lancashire

By
overlap

on

Wiltshire

In

stone.

the

stone;
bed

the

than

the

the ends

this arrangement
one

East

stone.

panels alternatingwith

occupying

width
of

flint

And

and

another, building the

together. This is a procedure that can be
varied considerablywithout
getting too far out of
and
bounds
losing the character of the method;

flint

kind

Another

quite

as

of combination

distinctive

in

its

50

of
way

flint and
"

it

brick

consists

is

of

Materials
flint wall

strengthening a
brick

2^

two

feet

vertical

three

or

in

the

of

G.

farther
is

are

alternated

This

to

say,

method

variation

of it

Architect

latter

uprights of
with
is

1

are

8

others
in

common

occurs

little

a

^SSEX

COTTAGES,

JMorrhj

These

apart.

that

JJ.

and

cottage,

brick, placed

WEEK-END

OP

the

every

Floor

Ground
PAIR

of

height

of

bands

about

deep

courses

uprights, also

A

horizontal

by

in

51

**

toothed

inches

14

in

Other

"

length
long.

inches

Hampshire,

Wilts.

"

and

a

counties

T^e
have

their

ample
the

Country Cottage
peculiar methods,

own

for

scope

imaginativeand

more

architects have

cottages of Mr
of what
the

been

spiritof
old

**

Uawber

the old

"

The

out.

He

has

caught

out
cottage with-

of

mistake

effect,and

forms

traditional

of modern

charming examples

are

Gloucestershire

the

giving

detail,and

find this

to

build in Gloucestershire.

to

an

in

open-minded

quick

Guy

fallinginto
get

variations

simple

each

merely trying to
knowledge of local

his

subserves

his individual

of

way

treatingthem.
For

a good
notwithstanding

idealisation

because

they

of the

which

is bestowed
one

tear

of life.

enhanced

what

in

it

shall

must

just

respond

old cottages

inanimate

things.

builders

understood
dilate

a

large

buildings is

shall

the

materials

that

stuff of

and
by the wear
figure
generouslytrans-

with

upon

is

to

seem

at

which

a

that

52

need

all.

its
It

home

a

the

charm

of

is
is

years

;

mysterious
in

quickens even
point which the

unconsciously,and
the

the

make

to

passing of

the

master-hand

This

deteriorate

not

beauty

any

them

to

which

here

the

survive

sympathy

not

on

Age, if it does not
it touches, only serves

sufficient that

built

which

appearance

ugly uglier,and some
influence to give them
not

mental
purelysenti-

fact that

a

ancient

of

by the hand of time.
upon them
of building
of the vital secrets

is the choice of materials
be

remains

beauty of

words,

but

is lavished

old, it

are

measure

In other

that

deal

we

old
need

time-worn

Materials
brick

and

timber, the

moss-covered

materials

of

beauty

and

iron

and

the

**

in order

stones,

such

well

as

mellow

the

clay-products have

this

gracefully"in

PAIR

OF

G.

such poor concoctions
of it ; they are
none
for

banished
In

Kent

and

finished with
not

always

"

are

they
line.

seem

In

ever

durability
Lead
of stone,
power

of

high degree, but

a

Floor
COTTAGES,

WKEK-END

LL

ably
admir-

wear.

kinds

First
A

how

certain

old

growing

metals, or

for the

of
durability

rightly treated,
best

show

to

chosen

were
as

tints of

SUSSEX

Aforrir, Arshiteci

for

stucco,

as

example,

irredeemable, and

from

**

Sussex,

brick, and

desirable
stone

these

of later date.

Their

be

building sites."

cottages
are

should

have

sometimes
main

often

are

"

but

istics
character-

simplicityof form, and the way
always seeking to maintain an unbroken
in Northamptonshire
Yorkshire
and
their

53

Materials
stone

cottages

county

the

rich

rule, and

the

are

the

in

latter

of the

yellow-ochre colour

stone

F1

Floor

Ground
SHOWING

PLAN

(Three

for
Designed

is

OF

LIVING

Bedrooms

Messrs

Smee

KOOM

and

Bathroom

Iff

Cobay by

highly characteristic,and
to

the

somewhat

IN

55

on

G.

First

Li.

gives

flat but

COTTAGE

WEEK-END

A

Floor)

Morris

Architect
^

its distinct

verdant

and

note
key-

pastoral

^he
landscape^
fen

and

Country Cottage

As

eastward,

move

we

countries, and

plains of

the

among

East

Anglia, lighterand
looking methods, with much lime-wash

marsh

over

broads

and

Dutch-

more

and

plaster,
of the place. The
seem
to suit the spirit
perfectly
modern
method
of rough-cast walling is often
convenient
here, and supplies a pleasantand less
than
those
discussed
above.
It
exacting medium
is in

fact the

applicationwhen
fail.

One

maxim

say,

for it is

of materials,

Voysey

was

various

the

the

least

and

harmonisingequally well
of

one

slate.

and
the

first

localness

"

local

most

with

Mr

tiles,

C.

F.

discover

to

rough-cast,and

districts without

peculiar

general

paraphrase a familiar
in doubt
play roughcast,"

once

useful characteristic of
it in

for

difficult materials

more

**When

brick, thatch,

stone,

or

almost

at

methods

all

local

might

and
"

of

best

to

A.
this

employ

artistic offence

any

of

neighbouringwork.
methods
In some
the gravel is pressed into the
matrix
in patterns.
by hand and worked
Simple
also be obtained
effects may
by scratching the
decorative
device.
plasterwith some
The
question of the thickness of the walls is
important in relation to climate and materials.
to

"

should

Wails
to

the

cold, but

rainy country
a

no

hollow
amount

increase

needs

space

of

in
in

thickness, not

proportionto

walls of

between.

In

double

"

56

the
courses

Surrey

weather-boarding

in proportion

and

A

wet.

with

Sussex

freelythough

it

J

^he

Country Cottage

for that purpose

is used

is

"

reallyenough

keep

to

dry. Anyone about to build in this or
adopt
any district exposed to driving rains should
these hollow
walls.
In Sussex, for instance, it has
a

house

found

been

advisable

thicknesses
cement

the

with

concrete,

build

to

between

space

those

in

or

the walls in

filled in with
where

cases

weather-boarding,or rough-castis used,
and

but
sufficient,

be

under

to

neighbourhoods without
will be weather-proof.
the

that

shown

fierce

9-inch

one

before

as

space

tiling,

erect

making
In

the

sure

will

a

in such

placesit

some

rains

house

a

will

will

circumstances

no

undertake

architect

wise

with

4^-inchthickness

one

9-inch

two

walls

has

been

through

get

a

8-inch

ordinarybrick wall. At
in bleak and exposed placesas much
the same,time
and good finishing
depends upon sound construction
of walls.
actual thickness
The
as
ciple
prinupon
14-inchor

be

to

when

borne

the

out

sun.

In

the

walls

of

part

and

These,

to

the

like

as

a

laid

upon

when

to

their

and

ornament,

a

made

decorative

wall, that they become

boards

only

not

fresh air and

enough

give by

structure,

added

is

"

again

note

admit

of

fairlythin, they may be both
beautified
by the addition of

buttresses.

when

admit

to

sheltered

serviceableness

only

shall

we

ventilation

cold, but

being

the

as

"

consider

districts

strengthened
suitable

in mind

to

come

we

keep

to

1

even

a

forward
straight-

effect.
not

vital

It is

essential

vicious affectation,

frontage to
58

a

imitate

half-

Materials
timber,

the foolish

or

mild

some

of

suburban

fortress and

a

The

of

use

affords

of

south

the

variety in
of

tiling,
England
,

cottage

a

of

treatment

the

Weather-

house.

or

often be

may

employed to
walls, and can then

of the exterior

whole

the

in

boarding, indeed,
the

pretence

weather

weather-boarding and

storey

the

guns.

another

upper

with

residence

pleasantlycommon

so

that mock

battlements

stucco

cover
sist,
con-

in sheltered

places,of any lightand inexpensive
of
frame-work,
given a good foundation
"

brick

stone

or

if

wood,

deal, can

mellows

and

to

however,
tiling,

weather-boarding prohibitive
to

step

the

in, and

modern

world.

is in all old

knocked

and

better,

coherence,
free.

the

on

be obtained

from

the

it is felt
in fact

to

only

down
bringing the roof-covering
upon
body of the building, and partly also

main

because

is

to

of

matter

the

is

work

confined

work

a

Weather-

partly perhaps because
belong properly to roofing,and to be
a

thus

of

method

storey,

upper

The

sill level.

or

convenient

lost
practically

or

painted; if elm, it
But
greatly by wear.

apt

very

and

floor

tarred

of

use

are

decorative

be

improves

against such
bye-laws

the

to

up

which

lower

levels

the

tiles

might get
broken.
A great deal of variety
may
in the laying of weather-tiling,
but it

in

of

view

to

avoid

even

the

those

the old

general harmony
fanciful

tilingis

Very pleasing effects
59

are

to

and

arrangements
not

be

altogether
had

with

^he

Country Cottage

plain tiliag,introducing
tiles

in

with

some

the

gables,

or

fipishes

two

or

three

r

used.

Care

having

that

neither

age

hard
nor

The

4 inches,

gauge
"

never

possible the

tiles

(r* A.

the

can

taken

should

should

than
be

avoid

appearance

pleasant

make

the

Arihiltltl

to

tiling should

more

always

hanging

plain tiles

Smlti,

metallic

custom

It is

or

Floor

be

and

in

of

Diiniar

should

fancy

lozenge shape,

where

courses

of

rows

in colour.

that

Ground

eye.

of

some

however,

three

or

slight variation

necessary,

be

two

be

from

latter ; and

slightlycurved-

tiles
which
to

the

g^

to

when

No

Materials
one

they
as

the

is familiar with

who

still be

may

Heidelberg
tilingon

windows,

country

become

cunningly

and

corners,

tucked

that

fingersseems

the
to

Smith,

dormer

hard

and

folded

round

touch

very

upon

architects

6i

surrey

Architects

themselves

of

them

plagiarisingthis delightfulmethod
slating,modern

of

plastic under

so

allowed

dwell

around

cottage,

Dnnbar

unyielding have
artist's hand, and

towns

charm

apparently

uouday

\if A.

Cecil Bretver

as

Floor

First

children's

in such

and

storeys

materials

methods,

wonderful

forget the

upper,

where

German

for instance

seen

can

y

old

should

to

the

the
be

so

awkward

the

dexterous

still.

Without

of
note

tilingand
that

in

our

\
The
owQ

country

a

CountryCottage
similar but

more

simplemeans

has

adopted occasionally.Instead of the roofs
slates
mitreiog in a hard line the tiles or stone
have
been worked
round the valley; this it need
necting
hardlybe said is rather an expensiveway of contwo
roofsyand in carryingout, it needs a
been

great

deal

of

through,but
result

is worth

care

once

lest
this

the

water

should

is overcome,
difficulty

the additional labour and

62

get
the

expense.

I' i

^--

r-rii

}im-

m

VII.

Chapter

Planning

"

of

Rooms

THE

of

enough
Yet

is

it

of
the

their

is

of

form

fanciful
into

neat

old

carpets

The

If

the

want

have

to

most
we

must

pattern

the

to

pitched roof,

"

and

of

despair

may

of

warmth

our

and
not

cannot

worldly
eat

prepared

our

at

the

many

63

kept

thickness

of

which

all

involve

fit.

within.

of

the

expect

a

top

steeprooms

cottage-building,
and

our

practical

housewife

beauty

have

points

to

we

a

up

comfortably

enterprises,
cake

be

divided

be

will

bay

house

a

into

into
to

the

in

cannot

exterior

unexpected

is

hand

furniture

the

corners,

forth

size

equal

must

in

nooks

other

0at ceilings. In

of

be

we

and

if

that

compact,

curves

planned

the

ment
arrange-

realise

elevation

is

people

the

and

it.

about

many

to

break

On

and

fail

and

they

bay

picturesque

we

discuss

all

exterior

rooms

difficulties

to

square
be

can

the

wall.

the

be

to

if the

flat, unless

how

the

obvious

think

find

inside

upon

seems

we

They

passages,

neither

windows

as

to

cannot

winding

pluces,

soon

rooms.

within

with

as

the

house

a

outside

they begin

exterior

rooms

the

surprising

it when

forget

of

accommodation

shape

of

depeadence

necessary

find

it,"

and

as

in
that
we

sacrifice ideal

TChe
beauty

for

practicalcomfort,

convenience

great
The

in order

to

and

to

get

do

without

a

greater.

a

first

question,therefore,to
rooms
planning is : What

the

in

Country Cottage

be

considered
the

are

most

familythat is to live here ? Are
of
to
we
provide for family life in the sense
constant
companionship and leisure, or is the
planning to be done primarilyfrom the point of
important to

of work

view

in the

together in
for

the

reasons

?

the

Are

habit

of

deal

apart ?

a

are

practicallyseparate

student

and

general

circle in the

do

want

we

of

the

hold
house-

of their time
spending most
common
pursuits,or will they want,
of occupation or of temperament,
to

live

good

members

breadwinner

a

Shall

provide what
living-rooms for the
who
will only join the
we

evening and at meals?
comfortable
in
general room

Or
which

which
of the day, with bedrooms
to
spend most
we
only go to change our clothes and to sleep?
modern
this last contingency many
To
meet
architects
are
strongly urging what is called the
main
provides one
large
living-room plan, which
all dwell
and
together,
airy apartment in which
of the house, except
all the ordinary work
and
to

such

quite dirty work,
central

the

hall
the

abolished, and
consists
its

of bedrooms

surrounding

Unwin

and

as

and

boot-cleaning,is done,
staircase

separate
of

remainder

upstairs and

offices below.

Barry Parker,

64

in

the
a

are

building

scullerywith

Messrs

Raymond

their

handbook,

Planning of
**The

Art

favoured

of

Building

domestic
and

and

lightingcentres, and
time
to spend one's
chief

of the

heat

fro

and

to

which

living-room
from

small

the

the

porch, or

of

space

healthy

in which

is conserved

than

of

rooms

among

and

saves

obviously more

large room

a

house

cold.

In

the

to

passages
under

from

the

main

warmth,

and

share

its
is

only screened
doors, sufficient

double

pass

plan

ascend

street

the

different

very

by landings and

stairs

consideration, the

a

in

permanently

are

entrance

it is

connected

temperatures,

doubtedly
Un-

of heating and
multiplication

the

labour, and

specially

the way

advantages in
hygiene. It

great

economy

hftve

Home,"

a

of room-arrangement.

this method
it has

Rooms

the
off

by

keep

to

draught from the occupants.
obvious
objection to this arrangement

direct

The

that it does
It is

away

admirably

with

suited

all

privacy in

married

to

domestic

couples,or

is

life.
small

mutually devoted families who like to spend
all their time
indoors.
But
for
together when
who
the unhappy individual
sometimes
wants
to
sulk, to read and write in silence,or to exchange
and

confidences

with

alternative

between

an

Perhaps, however,
with old people than

intimate
the

street

the

plan

with

friend, there
and

finds

his
more

is

no

bedroom.
favour

anybody else,especially
and cosy
if a roomy
inglenook is provided for
downstairs
and
them.
Generally,if they come
are
present at meals, they like a permanent
c(Mgn
E

6$

T^he
of vantage

where

the

hear

invalids

they
feel

and

household
interests

Country Cottage

and

themselves

of the

news

and

for

crave

separate

another^ like
On

the

permanent

and

room
a

other

thein

is

if

a

be

shut

bedridden

in

away
one

world.

provided for (and
pleasantoutlook is of

66

very

desirable

to

a
or

relative

be

people a sunny. and
greatest value)it will be
such.

to

by
periodically
living in a different

to

dull

Architect

visited

person

invalid

is both

CLANOON

Falkner^

hand,

its

Floor
AT

demoralising for

with

one

seclusion, it

COTTAGE

and

at

the

a

Ground

Haroh

life of

the

glimpse of callers,and
day. Unless they are quite

catch

cares,

watch

may

or

for
the

have

Planning of
their

apartment

should

prove

case

we

end

of

the

rooms

their peace.

the value of

passage,
that

ground floor, unless

noisy for

too

discover
a

the

on

Rooms

placed

or

flank

First
COTTAGE

Harold

is afforded

it

a

at

shall

this

In such

a

at the
singleroom
some
angle where
be quiet. This

Floor
AT

CLANOON

Falinetf

by

Architect

L-shaped house, or
from
some
separate wing stands out
any in which
the rest ; and the L may
very properly be divided
the quiet one.
into the noisy end
and
For
we
must
not
forget that the people who
want
to
make
children, gossips, and
noise, such
as
a
manual, workers, have just as much
right to their

advantage

67

an

The
noise

and

quietude;

it is

next

In the

of

case

be

his

at

of

them

to

often

is

be

A

his

inviolable.
as

building,
out-

an

house

and

warmed

by

containing
the

curtailed

in

the
is

worker

to

partake

the

living-

consequence,

double-fronted,
a

a

his customers,

shop, and

be of similar size, with

and

passage

allows
or

stairs

economical

more

of

accommodation

is a
arrangement
for brief parlance and

umbrellas,

immediately

the frpnt door, and

within
on

the

wall

or

small lobby, just enough
the

and

perhaps if
with
directly

be

to

house

between.

have

to

.

office

an

have

the

provision

of the cottage will have

nature

unless

him

from

both

the

Or

room

will

room

writing
mechanic

home,

for

may

dealing frequentlyand
of the

stillness and

separate

upon

range.

the front

active

an

resting or

own

made

street, and

kitchen

unnatural

conveniently arranged

backing

stove

for

their

to

artist,craftsman, or

an

approached
the

matter

easy

workroom

or

may

from

have

room.

studio

This

invalids

somebody

doing daily work
should
certainlybe
own

no
an

of

because

the

and

maintain

to

person
silence
in

students

the

as

Country Cottage

-

each
and

side of it
"

the other

The

stairs may

and

beyond

back-kitchen

then

them
or

having an inner door
room
one
opening into the workinto the living-roomor house.
ascend from the living-room,

another

scullery.

is,indeed, very often the

door
The

crux

68

lead

out

place of
of

into the

the stairs

cottajgebuilding;

Planning of Rooms
for

a

reallycomfortable

and

not

steep, takes

be afforded, unless
room.

One

desired

to

to

very

them

set

front door

a

which

will

little hall

for

only

brief chat, and

a

as

the

caller

casual
constant

like

mat

the

if there

even

afford

cannot

the

callers

Inhere
it is

are

of

in

seats
to

and

the

to
a

whole

real

a

fire,as

the
of

and

the

where

One
front

the

in the

livingare
being bathed, and
room
unoccupied, one
fire there continuallyon
want

in.

coming

someone

to

The

be

to

In

be

able

to

69

a

receive

seeming

feel bound

not

to

comfortable

suggested, is
makes

cases

intrusive,

without

hall with

above

house, and

do with

abolished.

frequentand apt

stay.

of

houses

him

do

we

one,

standing on

some

them

to

or

bosom

the

what

place where,
does
one
actuallyinhospitable,
ask

reason

him

children

keep

business

on

been

not

its

handy reception

has

great convenience

a

them

to

a

very

the

gangway
couple of chairs

into

small

is another

chance

mere

keep
does

one

;

when

room

to

a

in

drawing-room

not

door

often

recurrence,

formal
does

is

which

main

a

to

care

not

of
fireplace

for any

bring,as it were,
family. The problem of

not

it is

living-room,is

come

whom

well

inhabited

when

a

the

warm

serve

may

for callers who

room

has

steps

can

an

hall, into

winter, and with

in

of

stairs into the

compact

fire here

of the house
this

they form part
good method,

opeds, and

A

own.

in

than

room

more

up

bring the

broad

flight,with

a

benefit

great difference

The
to

the comfort

there

are

Country Cottage
of

going

children, and

no

leisurelyand simple, the
perhaps be accessible to
it is

not

make

it

who

everyone

the

callers

will

in it.

living-room may
all hours, but
at
found

be

AT

R,

willingto

Plan

F,

CHISLEHURST,

SURREY

Atkinson^ ArchiUct

arises
difficulty

in

another

form

interests
family having sufficient mutual
common
a
living-room,yet have by no

circle of

friends.

A

caller

of the household, and

member
habitable
had.

life is

so.

COTTAGE

same

When

domestic

main

Ground

The

fro

and

to

room

This

where

there

felt

70

is

a

enjoy

to
means

the

to

one

see

perhaps

no

privacy can be
equallyby the older

minutes'

ten

is
difficulty

comes

when

Planningof Rooms
members
the

of

former

them

with

earSy

it it

family and the
will naturallyhave

young.;
frieads

troubles

for

a

not

less

no

be

to

people just growing

up

First
COTTAOE

R,

confidences

should

AT

F,

meant

to

children's

that

young
visitors whose

Floor

CHISLKHUmST,

AiitMom,

be

while

coming

the

supposed

will have

for

SURRET

Architect

respected,and

to

whom

the

opportunities for a tete-h-tete indoors should, if
of
possible,be ungrudgingly given. In some
Mr
Voysey's plans there is an excellent provision
for a small smoking-room or lounge, leading
made
out

get

of the main
some

of

living-room and so arranged
its heat, where
several persons
71

as

to

may

The

Country Cottage

comfortably

be
while

meals

of

One

being

are

the

space

it does

of

out

of

best

"

dusted,

will

not

know

but

the

to

be

transitioo

for

nobody

useful

the
in
or

period
n

think
presents

keeping

regularly
of

the

which
to

fortable
com-

such

towards

adoption of
home

six

or

feels

ever

abolition

the

Hve

be

to

the

valuable

the

to

help immensely

of life and
simplification
nothing
rule, to have

or

main

with

much

so

have

The

the

away

over

Riven

which

doubt

for

household

which

home.

at
no

the

and

among

or

room

by

things

and

in which

room

seven,

"

that

chat,

cleared.

is

is sacrificed

days

or

arguments

"

best

"

laid

brief

a

strongest

living-room plan
wasteful

for

harboured

be

a

the

golden
we

beautiful

problems

of

do
j

its

Rooms

Planning of
for instance^ is

Whaty

own.

sky-blue silk cushion which
she
at
Christmas^ and which
to

expect
in

kept
wear

see

the

upon

will

with

Mary

gave

If

calls ?

she

which

us

certainly

most

be

perhaps

may

simple print cover

a

Aunt

the

done

sofa when

living-room it

a

be

to

made

be

can

to

quickly

the
she knocks
at the door, but
whipped off when
chief objects of abolishing the
best room
are
that people shall take
us
as
they find us, that we
shall hoard
nothing too fine for our
daily sur^

*'

that

roundingSy and

which

undignifiedscramble
household

what

to

soon

as

points like

On

gate.
as

as

rooms

shall spare

we

often

too

footstepsare
these
depend
essential

are

to

the

ourselves

in

occurs

heard

at

the

a

the

decision

particular

our

cottage plan.
have

We

said

that there

room"

''best

reform

for household
who

those

with

Whatever
that

to

ate

holy

Within

home.

tempts

the

to

the

of holies
its

best

''

"

:

the

be

to

us

is

traditions.
no

"

years

of

room

work
are

in

some

symbols of
73

question

is in

room

sanctuary

with
closely connected
the door, is
family: here, over

showing the progress of
in the place of honour,

impatient

old

four-and-a-half

of the

lest this zeal

a

real

of the

brick

walls

the

life of

mementos

the

the

danger

a

still cling

people

many
"

is

personally feel^ there

we

the

sense

for the abolition

much

so

a

certificate

daughter : there,
tea-service
a
given for
Crowding
good cause.
son

success

or

and

failure,and

The
objects

Country Cottage
which

ronnd

and

melaacholy

man

we

of
from

ailbrd
of

the
We

to

ride

front
may

workman's
he

of

way

living

mixed

in the

another

tion
collectransition
cannot

we

these

over

pleaEant

"practical"

a

this

but

to

rough-shod

traditiM9
,

room.

the

a

lemorseless
from

room

dwelling,
will

As

memories,

indeed, in

spirit,delete
but

associations.

sentimeatal

both

g"thered

probablj despise

shall

one

have

because

surely find

a

our

it is

and

plans
best

place, whether

74

reforming
for
for
it be

the

him,
the

Planning of
bathroom

or

In

interest.

is the

to

the

and

Abbey

its

COTTAOK

R,

F

IN

objects

and

in somewhat

home
do

monuments

First

A

stands

house

these

thee, the best

sense,

privatechapel,and
rektion

same

broad

a

for

cupboard,

a

Rooms

life as
to

of

room

the

minster
West-

the nation.

Floor

STAPrOROSHIKI

AtkintOHf

Architect

the
objects of the home, nor
of Westminster, are particularly
sacred monuments
beautiful in themselves, but they both symbolise
the need in man
for a
placeapart,"an habitation,

Neither

the

sacred

**

as

it were,

for the

expressionof

life.

75

his

most

intimate

The
The

Country Cottage

word

a

so

be well

lodgings)may
members

two

or

much

work

visitors

that

essential

shall be

of

carried

right across

ineffectual
nails

of

the

the

hooks

or

apartment

gives

the

kind, and

worst

makeshift
a

room,

the

of

aspect

of

in

part of

no

On

bed-sitting-room plan.

or

stout

rail

limp

a

and
to

casual

mixture

and

sleeping

a

of

lumber-room

a

in the

as

curtained

by

A

parlour

a

or

string attached

a

wall.

intolerable

so

their

arrangements

not

"

upon

the

on

appointments

washing

frame-work

drapery hung

likely to

are

neatly screened

solid

a

one

If this is done, it is

and

bed

if

prefer taking

to

room.

properly and
means

household

and

own

the

off, by

odd

the

home,

their

consideration

worth

of

at

into

and

building

furnishing the
as
bed-sitting-rooms(if we
may
spoiltby its association with cheap

upstairs rooms
use

of

question

the

house

is

of

carrying out
other

the

a

hand,

own
contrived, the worker's
private
skilfully
fortable
living-room may be as healthy, seemly, and comif he can
as
; especially
any in the house
and
unwholesome
provising
avoid
the
untidy plan of imwhat
is a couch
bed
on
during the
a

when

be

a

couch

placed
back

real

The

day.

at

its

night

the occupant
window

full share

for

to

(and

of

if space

well

as

that

bed

curtain

allow

of the

bed

there

course

permits)should
screen

or

may

free ventilation, and

get

a

from

the

be

fire.

A

well

so

thrown
to

good light from

early morning reading, as

of warmth

be

should

as

let

the
his

remarkably

Planningof Rooms
of this

good example
has

their

in

have

to

social

common

carried

out

the

on

modern

for

the

are

the educational

to

recreations

meals.

room''

not

carried

share

to

and

scale, but

it should

why

in

residents

place,and

''combined

cottage, and

and

the

handsome

a

whatever

reason

of

the

course

Brewer

private life upstairs,

own

work

"

rooms
bed-

collegiatesettlement

deal of their time

rooms

of

Here

the

their

give a good
and

the

for

students'

Smith

Place, London, where

assumed
to

Messrs

by

set

design

Tavistock

but

been

of

treatment

there

be

is

is
no

adapted to

in

out

plan

forward
straight-

a

unpretentious way.

planswhich spread themselves over an oblong,
of an L or T shape, it is often difficult
the arms
or
avoid
to
wasting valuable space in landings and
the alternative being to make
of
some
passages
In

"

the

rooms

always a
in

such

out

to

only

one

indeed
of the

convenient
"

the main
be

be
water

indeed

any

body

;

and

the

is

outermost

wing

of the house

above

"

rooms

that

will

stands

naturally

in cottages

ground

not

floor

having ,
(which

generallimit of a cottage)this part
possible,
building may well consist, where
is the

of the kitchen, with
the

The

cold in winter
storey

another, which

one

thing.

and

plans

from

tend

into

open

water

a

bathroom

pipes,and

all that quarter

tanks

it.

Thus

upstairsand down,

arrangements,

kept together;

over

the

and

kitchen

stove,

with

it will

connected

of the house.

77

all
may
hot-

warm

Rooms

Planning of
The

be

should

built

so

and

shape

that

relative

the

the

bed

from

the

should
the

be

fire

before.

requires
fire

fire.

where

so

To
no

disposed
or

give
little
it may

only

it, or
it

that

beside

small

thought
do

most

79

get

can

the

or

of

an

and

in

not

in

to

the

of

case

warmth

no

also

ouy
the

air of

care

the

workroom

and

and

where

occupant

him,

rooms

stand

where,

sitting-room

A

behind

beforehand,

"Hiey ought

can

weather,

extreme

or

bedrooms

positwns

door.

door^opens directly upon
illness

for

wall-space, lighting

fireplace,and

window,

expressly

carefullyconsidered

and

Tentilation,

be

less

bo

regards

as

designed

rooms

have
.

window

spaciousness

putting

the

good, deciding which

The

leaving free as much
wall-spaceand cupboard-room as possible.
will make
all
to little points of this kind
should

doors

way

valuable
Attention

difference

the

often have

careful
in

mind,

between

lesser of

more

choose

to

the
each

designing

Just as the chief
that of
so
fireplace,

important feature.
living-room is the
is the

bed, and

plan,

in

this should

its relation

Some

chimney.
to

to

place the
act

the

is its

factor

in

most

in the

the bedroom
in the

door,

window,

with

bed

will

be shown

doctors

modern

consider

its head

and

it important

towards

the

positionthe magnetic
favourably upon the body in

north, believingthat
currents

always

worse

will bear

what

room,

a

architect

He

better.

is always

and

"

as

evils will

two

There

the final choice.

be

failure,and,

and

success

hopefully a better
doing things, and the good

of

way
be

to

put it

to

"

and

open,

alreadyhinted* the

have

we

Country Cottage

more

in this

sleep.
There

is

separate

frank

It adds

for work,

house

noise and

where
it mess.

under

of

the

they
An

rightsof

gaiety of

the
is

are

at

80

least

and
the
and

place,as
for

nations
one

plea for
Best

a

recreation.

privileged to

admirable

title "The

routine

in the first

of the

that there

know

in favour

for the

and

It serves,

acknowledgment
considerably to

people to

said

a

of meals.

decorum

be

to

playroom, both for children
the housewife
prefersto keep

as

room

xooaa

common

the

great deal

folk, when

older

a

a

Room

place in
make

the

a

room,
playin

the

55

Planning of
House^'' *
the

Rooms

recentlymade by Mr Eustace
tennis
champion^ in an

was

well-known

Miles,
article

of space that occurs
in the
deploring the waste
best room
is an
majority of/homes, where the
and
wedding-presents,
emporium of ornaments
of being a meeting-ground for patents,
instead
"

'*

children, and

happiesthours.

great advantage of

A

the

ground
This

games,

in which

is

well

much

and

the

herself

a

the

when

and
An

be

to

the

C, B.
P

soon

a

as

I get

lectual
intelmatician,
mathe-

great

said the other

too

old

to

blow

be

con-

die ! "
it may
in the

even

attics,especially

cooking are done by gas,
of carrying coals is avoided*

labour

has

access
a

with

every

in the

grandmother,

and

sitting-room,if
*

of

heating

of

on

it lends

widow

kitchen

easy

paved

young-hearted of

circumstances

upstairskitchen
made

give

playroom
be

then

known

put the

heavy

the

well

lady

day, *^ I hope that as
I shall
.soap-bubbles
'venient

the

which

world,

some

to

itself ticularly
parof soaprbubbles. These

joys

A

and

'"

easilycleaned after
might be kicked up

dust

share.

Under

havidg

carpets, and
the

to

yielddelightsin

r

and

sanitary,and

and

boards

may

parents'room

floor is that it may

brick.

from

says,

and

furniture."

callers and

it unto

meet," he

not

the

the children's and

take

age

It is

**

freest

alike, in their

guests

advantagesif it can
without
transmittingthe

many

well-constructed

Fr^i Magazine (George Newnes,
Si

rubbish-shoot
Sept,
Ltd.),^

1904.

Country Cottage

7he
be built in the
be

On

some

the

downstairs

one

hand,

other

competition for
of the various
sociable

them

us,

he

will

there

of the

afford

beg

be

to

sure

the

keen

a

The

want

to

and

least

priate
appro-

dence
indepen-

artist among

an

for the

them

have

be

door.

parcellingout

seclusion

if there

and

ally
gener-

the

answer

familywill

of the

;

to

is

will

is first discussed.

rooms

because

they

to

attics when

the

members

if there

wall, and

outer

sake

of the

light. But the children will vote for the attics as
in the
a
playroom, especiallyif there be beams
roof from
which
a swing or
a
giant-stridecan be
hung. If not, a swing or horizontal bar^ or both,
easilybe contrived in the doorway, and other
may
simple gymnasticapparatus be arranged in different
The
window
be protected
parts of the room.
may
by a movable wire nettingfrom breakages by balls,
safe place may
be found
and
for a large
some
mirror,
an

aid

will

which
to

exercises

are

being
and

"

"

relaxation

when

done.

leg

and

encouragement

an

self-correction

balancing, arm
and

be

careful

Walking,
of

movements

exercises, that

can

be

muscular

stretching,
all

kinds,

performed

lying down, may be practisedwith the aid of an
end
inclined plank resting at the upper
on
some
the
convenient
window-sill, and
ledge, or on
reaching across
Given
is

a

clear

hardly

any

the

to

with

room

limit

gymnastics,with

or

to

base

of

the

opposite wall.

there
plenty of air-space,
the

without

82

variety of

games

lightapparatus,

and

that

Planning of

Rooms

little
enjoyed. A playroom waots
very
heating,and for this,if upstairs,a small fire-place
be

may

generallybe arranged againstthe
all active exercise
as
stack, especially
can

with

open

It

windows.

main

chimney

will be taken

is, however,

only

in

invalids'

sleepingquarters, and rooms
is done, that a coal
much
where
sedentary work
much
fire becomes
at least very
to
a necessity,
or
of the health of the
be preferred for the sake
The
playroom, however, will not be
occupants.
nurseries and

without

one

who
a

mild

part

or

comfortable

two

may

gradually be

in game

drill.

or

for

seats

wooed

And

to

when

lookers,
on-

take

the

when
fully believed in
physicaldevelopment is regarded as a part of
education and citizenship perhaps the household
for exercise
will assemble
as
regularlyas once

cult

of

the

body

is

"

"

upon

a

time

it assembled

for prayers.

83

Chapter

V\\\.~^

Roofs

and

Chimneys
life in

FAMILY
focus

itself

round

fire.

Even

in

monious

cbarbi often

the

by

the

PAIR

C

household^

the

round

us

its

that

fear

of

how

making

MILE

members

love

chats, rather

fittings,ever
an

the

No

mess.

'*

grate,

84

no

fire

than

hearth,

its

bourhood,
neigh-

tentatively

patent

marvel

to

reminding
in

orange

only poke
a

the

over

drawing-room

eat

not

can

special''combustion

its

or

steel

dare

fire

the

Architect

confidential

numerous

we

kitchen

SHOTTER's

Voysey^

dining-room

and

for

A*

and

for

there

gather
with

F,

cere-

Floor

COTTAGES,

OF

more

all know

we

to

living-room

and

larger

Ground

entire

main

establishments^

exercised

A

naturally tends

cottage

a

of

fuel
modern

or

Roofs

Chimneys

and

however
stove-boilding,

mical"

fire

do

he

aa

moment

for

a

this in his

person

and
hirelings

are

we

A

PAIR

C"
"

The
above

"

F,

saying

"

^.

the

that
we

in the
we

same

not

is^a stranger

u

we

may

may

thoroughlyat

and

home

;
.

in
.

Floor
SHOTTER'S

COTTAGES,

MILE

Architect
jf, Vojfseif^

....

"

of the main .living-roommust,
fijre-place
then,.be. inviting,hospitable,and
all.things,

comfortable
and

OF

it

;

never

First

dweller

]rear8 before

own

ecoocH

poke

to

fire which

:

A

freedom

has its basis

its company.

"

the

seven*

sentiment.
profirietary
trulyour
poke is never
a

compensate
familiar

house

own

and

his

The

pleases.

know

must

a

ingle-nook

the

in

for

can

convenient

lounge.in,sheltered
large enough to accommodate
and'

to

the. occasional

f^ stranger

the

from

draughts,

all the: household
thatt is within

gates^" Everything possible should be done
its fittingssimple, convenient,: easily
make
to
cleaned, and not
easily spoilt or tarnished; so
that on
festal nights chestnuts
and
apples may
be roasted, snap-^dragon played, and
toffee
even
cooked
without
i-ain of chilling
a
bringing down
.

85

^he
remarl^s from
will take

the

Betsy

In the
to

the

of

otherwise

well

at

least

not

the

on

view

each'8ide4"f

it, on

windows

the

sittinground

being

fire

a

"

method

of

windows,
the

room

beside

"

and

a

have

to

the

atmosphere
of

a

as

in

generous

a

for

To

would

the

room

hearth

windows

of in

We
is

are

"

airing
them

the

when
open

been

sidered
con-

seem

but

lately

nothing

fresh dr
never

our

have

peculiarcoldness
where

shut

to
"

are

approved

sit with
then

that there

discovered

of the fireside.

most
was

of fuel.

waste

marrow

the

them

wall,

'^mAf

lie

thing unheard

use.

blazing fire

gross
to

of

out

was

flat

a

while people

warm

open

the

across

"

keeping
only

of it

plans his

open

when

grandmother's days,

part

"recesses"

may
comfort

architect

their

to

it

it is both

it

set

cold

the modern

For

to

spoilingthe

without

any

its

warm

to

the

and

suit

Very often

where

room,

be taken
to

as

leave

to

economical

avoided,

opened

placed

long it
day.

next

must

care

the cold.

in

formed

be

hearth

room

a

so

and

convenient

a

of

the

up

and

equally; or
hopelesslyout

with

clear

to

how

to

as

fire-placelarge enough

dimensions,

will

house-mother

planning

have

corner

Country Cottage

so

chilling

of stagnant
and

allowed

the
to

heat

play

freelytogether.
In planning any part of a house, it is well to go
tary
back again and again to test ourselves with elemenof
questions as to the why and wherefore
what
object of a fire is to
we
are
doing. The
86

The
the

warm

Country Cottage

tively,there

the

should

is

reflect

radiate

therefore

and
to

be

used

rials
Mate-

room.

of
far

as

The

embers, and

the

instead

heat

its

setting.

into the

heat

^th

wrong

its

catch

this efFec-

do

not

something

stove

hearth

to
incidentally

that

be

must

position,or
object of the

if it does

and

roomy

absorbing

it

possible in

as

neighbourhood of the fire. The
object of the mantelpieceand chimney is to protect
the dwelling-house from
with the flames,
contact
and to convey
the smoke
to its
safelyand directly
the

immediate

outlet.

And

this

possible waste
trouble

and

in

itself

heat, and

the

household.

a

is added

ornament

eyes,

In

often
it

a

well-known

pompously

architectural

"

a

is

so

the

over

real

room

;

but

restful

to dwell
perforcebe drawn
hours
together.
many
encyclopedia,a chimney-piece

described

as

dressings

*'the

around

fifteenth

century,

the

in

of

assemblage
recess

open
It

might

the decoration
the

room.

England

the

merely an enlargement of the
of masonry
the hearth, forming a hood
together
necessityto gather the smoke

chimney-piece was
flue

the

the

only justify

can

constitutingthe fire-pJacein a room."
more
simply and fitlybe spoken of as
the fire-placeand
link between
Before

of

that will

it,perhaps for

upon

form

from

least

of dirt

minimum

The

to

the

with

by being beautiful,appropriate,and

the

is

of

done

chimney-piece as seen
itself be decorative,and

whatever

to

be

to

and

grate
may

to

is

88

amyATD

A

FARM

COTTAGE,

F,

PUTTENDEN

IV.

(GROUND FLOOR)

Trouf,Architect

The

Country Cottage

fire before

over*

the

from

that time

it reached
it has

onwards

First
A

f.

more

JV.

flue

become

proper;

more

and

Floor

COTTAGE,

FAllM

the

POTTENDEN

Troup,Architect

decorativelytreated,

and

the

stone

hood

the modern
chimney
disappearedand has become
breast, generallya 9-inch or. 14-inchprojection
from

the

wall.

The

with
fire-place

90

a

large stone

Roofs and
hood,

dates

and

that time

at

and

back

Chimneys

far

as

similar

the

as

JkxkIs

the

plaster,projectingover

FABM

F,

also

in

use,

and

canopiesof wood
fire,were
open

PUTTENOEN

COTTAGE,

IV,

century,

Floor

Attic

A

or

twelfth

Troupy Architect

probably

older

than

the

stone

ones.

In

of

a

stone

large living-room or
or

marble

has

a

hall,a chimney-piece

to
dignity and suitability

91

Country Cottage

The
place; but in
heavy substances

its

Now

mass.

then-

and

grey.

have

been

spoiltfor
of

the

foolish

were

characteristic
the

barbarisms

commonly
decide

which

block

one

to

and

of

the

the

materials,in the
years

employttigthem

often

itiodern craftsman

in

a

is

before

builder, and
in

similar

a

marbles

the

homely

stumbling-

alternative

to

chimney-piece is generally

of

ago,

and

stones

Yet

of

kinds

name

still

these

all

get

wood

artistic violence

the

the

it, and

cottage

afford

to

heavier

house-building,

fittinglyused

be

a

streaked

memories

our

of the

to

for

marble

those

firelight
plays

to

from

minds.

some

It

paint and paper,
pretentious domesticity

need

fair view

is apt

of

use

the

We

may

remembrance,
hundred

of

accessible

dwellings.
Mahogany
stone

a

pleasant

of it in

clean swept

take

can

the

earlyVictorian

imitations

period.

be

can

ordinary marbles
the time
being by

for

us

richly,

yield

or

dead- white

most

ill-considered

more

red,

hard

a

Moreover,

the abominations
when

in

be

the

close quarters.

in which

whites

agreeablythan

with

with

veined

warmly

soft translucent
more

shall

and

in

and

alabaster

a

be

may

we

of

or

chimney-piece^which
interesting to live with at
for

used

of

oppressive

beautiful

a

marble

of

be

to

cold

such

apartment

apt

are

and

slab

coloured

small

a

similar

learning
92

done

carving
makes

;

or

us

way.
that

and
to

the
these

moulding
shrink

a

from

Happily the
it is possible

V

The

Country Cottage
simple, restrained, and
the
a"sthetic
gain, from
firm, durable, and well-

mahogany in
The
dignified way.

to

treat

standpoint,of using
is that

it

brings

the furniture
too

of

use

avoids

introducing

general scheme

;

and

restful effect

the

use

Besides

abundant

us

with

relation

of wood,
for

scope

taste

Adopting this, and making,
chimney itself open frankly into

without

tural
adding superfluous architecare
dressings,"we
following perhaps the
simple and straightforwardof all methods.

The

'*

essential condition

furniture

and

simple and

even

but

incongruous with
polished furniture.

the

a

latter

are

at

often

and

frame

brick

the

the

highly

brick

decorative

modern

to

tiles form

bricks and
the crude

hearth
felt

once

upholsteryand

link between

ordinary chimney

Plain

its character.
with

Glazed

be

must

room

well

much

the

is that

success

the

primitivein

be

convenient

of

decoration

chimney,

which

for its

linen harmonise

and

and

a

and

fire-place

brick.
the

room

most

oak

to

the

into

once

into the

is limited.

it were,

the

at

homogeneous

a

is still left

in the
as

for

space

there

this

of the room,

making

where

setting of

fresh materials

many

thus

a

for the

wood

seasoned

a

of

the

ceramics

drawing-room

The

simplestand least pretentiousmethods
surface
of finishinga brick
are
nearly always
soberly furnished with
pleasing; and in a room
fire.

oak

and

fashioned

linen
open

the

nearest

hearth"

even

94

approach
to

to

the hooks

the
to

old-

hang

II

and

Roofs
kettles

"

satisfactory. Such

safeguardsin

This

may

of

makers

But

and

the

in

inconceivable
of

labour

the

chimney

coal-dust, and

soot,

day

mats,

pillows for a cottage,
easilyshaken.

should

Of the materials used
and

the

as

wood

for

of metals

this

like

colour, will
of

the

builder

judicious use
already mentioned,

and

a

results.

It is of

tile work
no

be

attempt

a

can

country

suitable

cottage.

and

copper,

costly.

use

amongst
The

use

pleasant
within

the

a

of

ordinary plain tiles,as

small

also

importance

to

so

of

shows, it should
made

expensive

urged against the

found

will be

sofa

or

loose, light,and

pine, painted white or some
usually be the materials

and

of oak

in

purpose

brass, steel,or

mahogany

scope

chair

from

framing the fire,marble

in

objectioncan

same

woods

them

generallybe found too
ordinary way, and certainlynot

in

known

will

stone

The

from

be

almost

never

and

rugs,

be

never

they harbour

have
dust

be

to

extent

an

who

the

upholsteries,

for

to

clearing the

and

should

corner,

ashes

those

to

All

day.

to

cushions

form

to

needs

seat

Padded

clean.

fixed

and
tapestries,

enough

a

fender.

or

chilly persons
such

most

generally

curb

a

broad

for

seat

toast.

kept smooth
allowed

be

the

should

of

the way

sometimes

comfortable

probably be

hearth

a

have

a

will

fire

the

over

Chimneys

obtain

95

be

cottage.

used

that when
be
"

with

Brick

good

the brick

carefullydone,
artistic

'*

or

and

effects with

The
bad

CountryCottage

We
have
architects
known
workmanship.
to imagine inferior bricks,badly biiilt,
seem
in some
sloppyjointing,
mysteriousway yield

who
with
.

there is

also

It is absurd

artistic results.

to

suppose

that

especialmerit and beauty in leaving
the roof timbers
showing and the joistsnaked of
the adoption
plaster;there are occasions where
of such primitivemethods
are
pleasant,attractive,
some

reasonable, but

and

if
affectation,

good

when

enclosed
met

are

of

for

Reason

But

used
so

on

every

occasion

the

economise

stoves

and

coal, to

our

without

hearth

open

modern
chimney of most
at oncb
by innumerable

patent

and

an

any

doing.

forsake

we

ridiculous

it becomes

apartments

their

consume

the
we

in the way

rivals

which

grates,

for

promise

to

smoke,

own

cleansing,and so
housekeeper with

selfself-regulating,
forth, ever
dazzling the weary
dreams
pf that Utopia in which

there

is

dirty work

these

schemes

not

in

of
are

to

let the fire out,

no

more
a

to

patent.

be

stove

to

may

do.
be

but in others
ordinaryfire-place,
is required, unless
reconstruction
providedfor in the originalplan.

an

96

In

some

of

easilyfixed
a

good deal

such

stoves

4

n

Chapter

IX.

The

Hearth

"

have

WE

said

natural

the

domestic

metaphor,

house
middle

of

vital

relation

treated

in

always
G

in

as

to

that

so

room,

is

it,

relation

kept

in

and

other
to

pivot

on

point
to

of

change

which

all

Architecturally,

is

the

but

times,

the

Jire-place

parts

it, and
The

view.

91

are

its

of

centre

literallyto

early

it that
the

or,

the

Ardtilcct

FM,

necessarily

not

"

doors,

turn.

chimney

main

forms

focussing

the

arrangements

the

Hreside

or

life within

Htraa

therefore,

the

centre

family
the

that

stand
to

in

to

considered
relative

importance

the
that

bear

bears

the

the
and

position
of

this

Country Cottage

T^he
is
relationship

the first

from
and

from

than

outside

trees

it should

the

of
or

and

with

the

the

the

with

of

brow

it were,

strike, as

building,harmonising

features

the

across

the

chimney is often
as
we
approach it

cottage

a

from

realised

The

within.

thing seen

among

better

sometimes

hill

a

;

keynote of

other

exterior

general style.

of the poet, the artist,the traveller,;

In the eyes

chimney stands as the symbol of human
welcome
and
How
cheer.
to
charity,hospitality,
the cottage

the

day closes in,is
kindly signaldescribed by Wordsworth
the

wanderer,

as

the

"

Sent

up

if it be

even

in silence

place,suggesting at

least

shelter, and

warmth,

the

among

but

home,

not

chat !

fireside

the

homestead, gathered from its roof

Take

care

of the

roof, and

of itself,"
might become

care

and

it

appliesto

proportionto their
greatest possiblescope
In

arrangement,
the

And

when

the aesthetic
first

the

impressionof
and chimrfieys
!

house

axiom

an

with

point

will
with

take

tects,
archi-

peculiarforce.

size cottage roofs afford the

for

varietyin materials and
and
in
coverings and finishings,

generalplan of

dormer
A

in

cottages

resting-

primitivecourtesies,

of

"

"

temporary

a

the

"

trees

considered, from
critically
view, how
important is our

more

"

of smoke

Wreaths

from

and

mute

the

and
attics,chimney-shafts,

windows.

chimney, being

so

homely

98

and

practicala

The
thing,should

an

There

ornament

part of the scheme.
stuck

It

the

on

be

to

is

it

as

up,

of

integral

an

look

never

for

be in itself

never

instead

must

it should

why

it should

top

brought

unpretentious

reason

no

appendage

or

and

simple

but

be ornamented,

appear

be

always

in character.
not

Hearth

like

effect,but

thing
some-

always

reallyis,from

the

foundations.

adaptationof
needs, chimneys have been

modern

had

which
been

walls.
fit in
to

of

It is

not

chimney

new

such

make

will

in

which
look

not

of

side, and

old

feudal

growth

of

the

the

rooms

system

still less

;

the

addition
intrusion.

an

on

have

alterations

are
quite a
Fire-places in bedrooms
innovation.
They symbolise, in fact, the

up

to

fresh partition

by

originalscheme

the

part of the roof

find any

to

themselves

rooms

to

easy

cottages

added

larger apartments

pleasantlywith

a

these

and

none,

off from

cut

old

in the

Sometimes,

modern

ing
break-

its domestic

individualism,of personal

in a
word, of privacy for the
independence
of conditions
unit in family life; the
antithesis
"

in

old-fashioned

the

of

members
from

each
of

the

other
the

the

dwelling

The

gradual

kitchen

children

and
to

homestead,

family can
hardly
all. Undoubtedly
at

household
has

into

had

or

nursery

99

the

get

away

the

different

interests

of

side.

between

banishment

attics, has

tering
scat-

parts

unfavourable

its

separation of
parlour, and the

the

where

of
not

the
been

T^he
for

always

mediasval

the

round

and

alone

this

a

necessary
ture
architec-

frankly with
everything was
or
living-room^

cottage

main

place,

necessary

should

Whether

the

building of
have

the

may

be

that

frankly

set

in

should

others

any

be

the

or

chimney

and

where

hall

chimney.

a

old

an

dominant

just

was

which

central

had

the

one,

new

in

the

adaptation of

it

it" compromising

plan

grouped

But

of civilisation,
and

process

follow

must

a

better.

the

in the

stage

Country Cottage

and

tiously,
unpreten-

they are wanted, trusting to
them
cally,
aesthetito justify
utility

saving grace of
it generallywill.
as

the

of

One

the

features

characteristic

most

of old

English cottage-building,
especiallyin Surrey and
Sussex, is the large exterior chimney flanking one
side of the house.

in the

of

the labour

and

In- the

whose

more

is

certainlynot

dwelling; but
widely adopted, fuel

accessible

than

thought of.
the south, such

that

forests

covered

were

to

go

the

roast

never

out

of

one's

we

back

season.

find

way
such
loo

Only

ore"

and
in

of timber
lavish

course

for

door

proverbial ox,

in the

resources

could

to

now,

little

was

districts of
the

the

the

only destroyed in the
by furnaces for smelting iron

only had
enough to
was

so

carrying it

where

"

weald

centuries

log

was

densely wooded

Sussex

entire

it

cheaper and

much

was

when

days

plan
warming

for

economical

most

as

This

the
a

of
one

wood
Yule

country

seemed
use

the

limited
un-

of it for

Hearth

the
the

framing

of

cottage

counties,
the
often

with

with

curved

with

11

The
that
and

chief

it shall
not

an

oected

appear,

essential
be

like

and

Tudor
of

it were,

afterthought,or
look,

1

mil.

that

a

worse

Bnd

we

timbered

houses,

richly set
and

out

panels

Jii^mJub.

cusping, brought

to

work.

the

exterior

integral part

an

as

of

west
north-

the

cross-beams,

li III

I

diapering

elaborate

is in

storeys,

upper

traces, solid

perfectionin early

its

as

ex;amples

projecting

im-W^

It

particularly,

more

splendid

most

walls.

to

be

of

is

chimney

the

dwelling,

slapped alongside

still,hare

factory chimney,

a

discoo-

and

not

T'he

CountryCottage

blending obviously and
Very

often

this

difficulty
may

small

span

roof

connecting

the

of

part

upper

the

be

chimney

The

of

general
be

either

and

features, or
unbroken,

of

roof

shaft.

This

the

with

tional
addi-

of

allows

sometimes
in the

cheeks.

roof

cottage

a

also

roof-line and

chimneys,

make

to

as

by

over

main

small window

outline

treated

so

windows,

a

setting.

its

got

the

gives a pleasant break to the
and
height to the attics,
the introduction

with

happily

may

dormer

the dominant
deep overhanging eaves
be kept severely simple and
it may
finished

and

by being hipped

gabled

or

practicaladvantage of the
its .broad reposefuloutlines,
steep- pitched roof, with

at

ends.

the

The

is that with
warmed

air it adds

cosiness
besides

ample

its

in cold

adding immensely

Ralph Nevill,

his

in

the

considerablyto

of the house

its

to

book

that

period.
hipped

roofs

also
are

points

the

sharp point being

No

ridge-board was

each

to

about

in

the

by

used, but each

9 inches

It

top.
to

they
below

1 02

were

the

as

Elizabethan

ingeniously
old

cottages,

small

a

pair of
was

the

run

much

as

how

out

avoided

pinned together at the
obviously inconvenient
together to a point,and

Mr

Surrey cottages,
generallya sure

on

contrived

and

seasons,

appearance.

the

He

heat

and

climates

pitch of a roof is
index
of its date; those
sloping
the
60 degrees being earlier than
says

accumulate

to

spaces

gablet.
rafters

therefore

hip-rafters

therefore

junctionof

run

the

The
of

pair

Hearth

The

rafters.

invariably done

with

of
difficalty

the

haystacks,

found

be

will

thing

same

forming the point being thus avoided.
Verges or barge-boards were
formeriy among
the most
tion
important parts of the exterior decoraof
boards

hung
of

may,

of

bestowed

What

modern

leave

his

has

A

attics

a

from

to

space

the

most,

vertical

a

only
small

plane, or

probably
large dark loft,

be

for the

without

not

window,
in

the

be

its

charm,

when

the

in

the

picturesque

within.

They

desirable, but

sometimes

cheeks

rooms.
bed-

or

rooms

to

a

utilise

of windows,

be said

or

many

to

nurseries

beautiful

adopted

for
has

man

from
satisfactory

convenient, and

should

get

or

would

children

judicious arrangement

without

they

and

much

economy

a

modern

Skylightscannot

often

as

slopingceilingis
often

are

house.

are

the

possible cubic
with

to

by ghosts

of

The

circumstances.

steep-pitchedroof

beloved

labour

roof must,

in the

study
predecessor, who

his

fine

very

work.

put

upon

or

is characteristic

be

to

a

lavish

the

century

are

generation,while

and

and

decoration

architect

than

they

Examples

tracery is in

;

depend

more

all

the

roses

dormers

fashions.

many

sixteenth

course,

be

in

such

on

wooden

carved, pierced, moulded,

in which

fifteenth and

to

be

Tudor

decorative

are

gable-ends of roofs, and

adorned

still survive

of

the

at

course,

otherwise

design

These

cottage.

a

it is

impossible

lunette

even

of

the

span

on

a

roof

T^he
aforesaid.

most

wiodow

A

something
world, and

Country Cottage

from

which

one

not

merely

at

mistakes

common

windows

upper

out

of them.

be

able

have

to

command

disposalof

the
and

their

well

considered.

distant

windows,

since

seeing what

to

a

and

the

of

the

to

up

house

see

should

disposition

they

often

may

and

ing
surround-

the

near

should

wind

do

much

are

not

be

about

care

a

interested

more

window.

The

in.

duction
intro-

leads, high balconies, roofwithin
rather

of

makeshifts
small

balcony

the

town

to

of

scope

of

one

is
practicable,

where

windows,

and

sun

gardens, etc., hardly comes
country
cottage, being
of

set

always be at
sedentary workers,

Children

of covered

addition

floor

the

of the road

invalids

passes

and

to

positionsshould

they

;

of the

one

if desired, and

about

view

aspects

view

the

in

the

upon

stand

to

taken

These

country.

and

the

always

be

dormer

the best

above

window-seat,

a

specialpains should
of attic and

sky,

properly

out

buildingis

window

Every

look

the
in

has

one

naturally and
can

high

too

that

so

room,

is

the

a

promises
com-

life ;

but

the

of

the

top

one

often

great

a

joy

the possessor.

to

A

the
of

ugly
the

have
the

cottage

country
modern

roof

belongs to

of

habit

is concealed

roof

the

should

offer

no

buildingthat
by the walls, and
having been built
so

of
appearance
instead of supporting it.
a

castle

or

fortress,not
104

to

for

excuse

A
a

the

set

these
round

parapet

dwelling-

I

l^he Hearth
shape of the
settingshould always

its

roof

The

house.

roadway,

and

be

and

clearlyseen

of the greatest

one

the

of

manner

from

the

of charm

sources

hanging
by any attempt to do away with overThese
ness
eaves.
give distinction and sharpthe outline, make
a
picturesque way for

is sacrificed

to

or

evergreen
beautiful

birds, and

to
give hospitality
flowering creepers,

watercourses,

shadow

the

on

and

to

throw

a

walls.

gradual disuse of thatch, and the decay
of the
of thatching as
craft, is one
a
country
in
deplorableresults of enforcing,indiscriminately
rural districts,
bye-laws properly suited to a town.
The

In

face

the

restrictions
the

as

of

for isolated

obvious

alone,
thatched

fire are
number

of
the

where

the

such

the

run

As

kept
the

a

and

are

to

their

tenants

bours,
neighhave

an

fire,for themselves

willing to

pay

for

a

of fact the risks of

matter

exceedinglysmall,as is proved by the great
of examples which survive, of considerable
up,

as

this traditional method

in Kent
and

Dorset, Somerset
for

danger

risk of

price they

cottage.

and

builders

age, in districts where
been

of

villagesby fire
drought, there yet remains ample room
they could be
cottages on sites where

right to
as

said for necessary

materials, in view

of homesteads

possiblesource
and

be

can

inflammable

to

devastation

in times

no

of all that

danger

can

and

Hants

be

made

householder.

105

has

Sussex, Devonshire,
;

and

by

due

each

provision
individual

wT.*n

T^he
The

shape

and

of the

colour

in relation

the

building,and

the roof and

restful
below

note

;

thatched

and

the
when
red

roof, or

^fcawB"T"

Country Cottage

considered
whole

I

to

walls.

should

the

prevailingcolour

the

materials

White

colour
ones

chimney

has

contrast

relieve the

chosen

be
of

for

chimneys strike a
been
freely used
pleasantlywith a

sombreness

of slates.

They also go well with rough-cast and with
the chimneys are
weather-boarding. Even when
not
arranged in one
they ought to have a
group,
If economy
certain unityof treatment.
is to be much
studied, the shafts themselves

may

be

low, finished

with

high chimney-pots; and this plan will have the
practicaladvantage of lessening the tendency to

down-draughts, especiallyif the shafts are high
is certainlythe best plan. It is
as
well, which
all possible provision
that
obviously desirable
of smoky
against the nuisance
chimneys shall
be made
from the beginning,in the planning and
of the chimney shafts and the kind of
construction
that the outside
used
in the fire-place,
stoves
pearance
apwill not
be spoiltby unsightlyremedies
in the shape of cowls.
No
discussion of the chimney questionwould
be
in the
complete without mention of the possibility,
house
or
present day, of building a comfortable
cottage without
any chimneys at all. A photograph
of such
house, built recentlyat Longford, near
a
Sevenoaks, was
published in the dailypress as an
illustration of what
might be done to banish the
1

06

T[he
dirt and

labour

of

Hearth

from
fire-places

heatingit throughout with
a

small

larger

stoke-hole
or

more

in the

hot

form

unsightly than

cellar.

107

the

air

dwelling,by
pipes,served by

of

an

an

outhouse,

ordinary

no

coal-

Chapter

Air

X.

and

Light

"

THE

house

is

the

housewife

difference

her

temperature

of

Unless

is

she

the

and

according
the

of

amount

housewife

the

in

different
that

tact

dealing

and

air

what

the

should

be.

will

family

accept

suffer

and

be
the

"

and

temperaments

with

of

enforce

to

power

may

is

individual

submit

or

"

stitutes
con-

fresh

some

of the

ruling

their

to

and

members

her

enjoy

among

what

rooms

by

the

Every

to

as

comfort,

overruled

other

is

opinion

much

different

preferences

stronger

of

how

and

the

there

theory

and

health

to

necessary

dwelling-

themselves.

own

draught,

in the

which

on

inhabitants

has
a

ventilation

one

greatest

them,

of

question

by

the

of

the

shown
wishes

to

household.
The

part

a

of

of the

the

the
**

write,

that

way

work,

far

cold

fresh

cottage

air

that

because

spoiling

and

there

is

the

windows

no

lo8

need
are

every

read,

to

secondly,

difficulty of
old-fashioned

and

valetudinarians

in

comfort

the
sits

one

theoretical

subtle

building

through

indoors;

recreate

or

flow

in which

of ventilation

way

of

one,

can

without

corners

more

persuading

people

practical

"

cosy

in the

difficulties

first, the

are,

such

chief

two

for
open.

them

to

They

be
are

j4ir
cold

only

of

fires in

camp

everybody
other ?)can

country

this

delight
how

the natural

circulation

and

by keeping
depressing and chillingto
stale within

four walls.

by

two

or

changed
of

economy

ought

be

to

essential

them

different

set,

sides

may

sound,

with

many

if

they

a

the

of

of

the

great convenience
different windows
the

wind.

The

ours.

warmth

is

windows,

keep

to

few

the

;

result
"

sun

to

be able

109

a

and

to

ardent

to
two

on

room

to

it

as
warm

because
firstly,
will

and

;

according
most

that

Paradoxical

easier

more

stantly
con-

Hence

necessary,

than with

the

be

to

like

of

of

so

only breathed

climate

room.

aspected

is

last economy

very
a

we

air grown

as

warmed.

whenever

windows
well

when

condition

it is often

windows,

more

is

are

system

as

number

reasonable

a

have

is the

practisedin

Another
have

fuel

is what

it still needs

well

as

his

keeping

Nothing

the

close

cold,

the

out

of

warm.

Even

people

a

town-dweller

which

"

or

ment
enjoy-

is lost in

keep

to

order

really mean

one

of the

much

not

time

some

methods

true

good

in

at

to

should

(and

degenerate

efforts

his

accustomed

of warmth

far the

how

strayed,in

from

open

fullyrealise

and

room,

been

have

exhilaration

and

has

know

firingby shutting
living in stagnant

and

who

the

deep-rootednational

our

windows

those

Only

Light

economise

trying to

and

doors

air.

of

because

meanness
our

and

the
**

"

the

secondly,it

open

to

be,

and

close

direction

fresh-airist"

T'he

Country Cottage

will

naturallygrumble

if he has

for

consecutive

in

days

the

gale, without
the

window

faces

which

east

him

be

pivot into
arranged.

hall

the

a

sheltered

and

a

only

be

for

their

natural
to

draughts

is

did

said he

cold

feet.

the

floor of

to

end

that

enough

low

add

to

are

the
for

open

opening
one's

at

knees

ventilation

stand

the

to

be

bottom

and

feet,

of

the

should
be

be

up.
windows

to

used

make

a

it is

to

writer

once

could

tain
main-

for very

should

long

done
and

to

snug

with
make
as

it

dust-trap,and
be set
only just

a

see

of them

out

It should

be

less
need-

should

be

made

but

unfortunatelythere
found of upstairswindows
only, serving only to chill

bottom,

stillexamples

anybody

occupants

that all such

top and

pious

becoming

the

aspect

sunny

protection from

that

should

windows

to

very

comfortable

as

without

having

without

to

room

undoubtedly

likelyto

of mind

frame

sometimes

namely, to
balcony, for

that

is
on

open

windows

A

Everything
a

a

are

room

believe

not

made

be

can

a

or

needed.

most

Christian

a

purpose,

part of

lower

the

in

they

garden

a

this
to

do

French

site.

adopted where

out

way

cold, unless

room

closing
opening one

door,

Large, full-lengthwindows
make

of

staircase,may

or

easterly
north-

a

Where

the

impossible,a fanlight over
a

and

south.

or

his desk

at

of

teeth

alternative

of

front

in

the

sit

to

while
room

no

making

the

impossible.

proper
More

"^
p--'-'---^

IM

E.

iV.

M-^rihall,

Arihi

^-

Country Cottage

T^he
remarkable

house

little country
room

the

at

top only, by

the

long fixed
weather, though

above

hottest

tolerably cooled
opened
have

never

the

If the
and

a

it is

"

to

introduce

draughtiness
for

excuse

adopted,care
or

curtains

casement

the

should

only

are

window

this

space

the curtain-rods
the

window,

behind

it.

may

this

be

often

to

to

space

plan
112

for

of

and

the

a

out

in

free

upper

the

clear.

blinds

or

length of

full

keep

arranged

of

top

is

blinds

window

to,

an

plan

the

hang

upper

cover

made
this

the

as

objected

in order

leaving
If

taken

to

be

a

When

the

demanded

it will

since the undeniable
is

leaving

adopted

secondary
worked
by a

be

may

up

is

is

for

transom

far

as

able
miser-

a

proportion of
long, and if the

too

it shut.
be

an

the

that

weather,

keeping

of

for
interesting

most

casement

a

proper,

If, however,
curtains

of

could

one

the consequence.

the

which

in cold

use

of it,yet

be

a

ments
case-

upper

moderately high

are

of casements,

cord, for

these

was

important

be

might

room

of windows

not

in the

that

so

looking out
and
ordinary way;

system

rooms

casements

of

pleasure

should

floor

necessary
number

sides

undoubtedly

windows

ground

both

imprisonment

this is

cottage

the

having

casement

of

panes,
the

which

windows

means

by

in the

of

sense

"

on

window

open

in

completely spoiltby

was

opened
placed

recentlyfound a pretty
which
the only sitting-

have

still,we

the

the

light,

soffit of

play

of air

and

lower

Air
windows

is

windows

essential

have
the
blow

the

thing

is

openings in
air can
be changed
the
directly on

least

Further,
ventilator

one

of

the

the

that
the

in each

a

part by which

and

good plan
which

room

wall

breaking-up of a
leaded
lights,"adds

The
or

of

knees

the

have

to

at

shall be

at

chimney
layer of

a
a

very

little

of escape*

chance

"

wind

lettingthe

ventilatinginto
will always be
there
stack, otherwise
stale air just under
the ceiling,with
top

should

room

upper

without

it is

or

convenient.

most

every

feet

sash

ordinary

the

are

some

occupants.

Light

adopted,

not

singlecasement
The

and

into small

window
very

much

to

panes,

the charm

gives the advantage that when
it is easilyand
small
is broken
one
cheaply
pane
for a mansion, has
repaired. Plate-glass,
except
a hard, commercial
look, and is quite out of place

of the cottage, and

in

surroundings.
glass for windows

cottage

with

one

of

the

crafts, and

in

modern

neglected.

Stained

most

of
days one
glass again affords

for the exercise

scope

right use of lead
and
stitutes
door-panels condelightfularchitectural
The

of

taste

;

a

looking passage or staircase may
brightened by a judicious shaft of
and

in

rare

cases,

where

the

cold
be

the

most

immense
and

bare-

warmed

and

coloured

window

light,
space

is

ample and the aspect good, the introduction of
slightlytinted glass may be an improvement to
the
bedroom
or
parlour. Blue and green give
H

113

The
coolness

to

Gauntry Cottage

warmth.

apparent

red

apartment;

an

Both

red

increases

and

have

yellow

and
stimulating influence; blue, green,
especiallyviolet, have a soothing effect on
The
be
colours, however, must
nerves.
chosen

and

well

they

applied, or

its

more

the
well

be

may

a

too

of the
staircase
suburban
painfullyreminiscent
windows
of earlyVictorian
days, which combined
so
deplorably well with its "grained" yellowbrown
painting and the mock-marble
paper of its
walls.

The

framework

wood

lead

quarry

considerably,but
1

8

inches

much

at

from

the

from

is

well

to

be
the

used

muUions

may

vary

it

within

keep

of course,

it may,

of

either

be

very

within
deal

; and

with

ro'bms will natulallymake

the

to

exterior

of

9

glazing
and

height of

great difference

for

between

space

it is

most,

may

smaller.

The

to

casements

The

8tone"

or

when

of

the appearance
as

well

indeed

windows
the

rule

to

as

it is

that

of the windows
their convenience

only
we

that, both

when

up

architects
maximum

the
have

two

made

floors.
a

of

firm

we

come

the

realise

for comfort

should
be
beauty, no cottage room
feet high unless
thei;e is a large

takes

a

stand

and
than

more

which

hall

Several

portance
im-

modern
for

this

height in cottages, notwithstanding
vexatious
bye-laws to the contrary, feeling
many
as
they do that it is difficult to obtain good
114

Atr
the

proportions in
a

low

itself

rears

seem

to

the

justifiedby

rooms

it
are

horizontal

their

always

Bay-windows,

a

of

look

the

on

of

instead

;

aggressively,as

when

do

Light

elevations

it takes

structure,

and

and

being

upstart,

an

inevitably

must

loftier

than

is

measurement.

pleasant

break

in

a

the general outline is austere, are
frontagewhere
especiallydelightfulin a country cottage, where
fresh opportunity of a sidewelcomes
one
every
post
glimpse of the distant prospect, and an outway
wherein
the

road.

for

watch

to

When

comers

and

up

leaded

adopted,

lights" are
agreeable than

**

down

the plain
be
more
nothing can
for a
it be
rectangular form, whether
single
window
hanging
projectingfrom the ground floor,or over-

from
elevation.

The

decorative

in

houses

above,
rounded

need

behind

it,with

and

frittering
away

no

detail.
have

been

association

with

bays
the

last

a

very

The

form

sit

in, should

should

so

up

whole

the

familiar

and

so

and

early Georgian
substantial building
a fairly
broad
and
simple outline,
of its sober beauty in ornamental
more

spoiltfor
jerry-buildingduring

suburban
but

wide-angle
us
by their

common

somewhat

fiftyyears,

the

bay

Anne

Queen
to

seems

carried

or

there

is

no

reason

why

pleasingif properly treated
harmonise
with
the general scheme
and made
to
from
of the frontage. Considered
within, the
bay-window, being likely to be a cold place to
not

be

be

kept, if possible,within
IIS

the

T^he

of the

direct warmth

placesit
thick

CountryCottage

be

may

a

fire.

In cold

and

great convenience

curtain,reachingfrom floor

exposed
have

to

a

ceiling,
hung
the opening of the bay, which
across
straight
may
the room
make
more
cosy at nightwithout closing
behind it,and may also,
the windows
when needful,
be partially
drawn
as
a
draught-screen
during the
day. The benediction of the housewife from
to generation will rest
generation
upon the builder
who
providesfor fixtures of this sort being easily
At the very least,
and firmlyattached.
the topmost
to

of every interior wall beneath
the cornice,if there be one, should be absolutely
inches

three

for

holding strong nails or
picturerail,from which weights are
sound

such

and

woodwork

should be obvious
on

and

hold

may

fixinga
to be hung,
long screws

accessible.
easily

in halls and

landingsand
be

as

for

passages

Curtains
times
some-

may

dustuseful, but their disadvantage
as

forgotten. The place in
be put is at the
which
not
certainly
they must
of stairs,however
head of any flight
small, for
here they might easilyprove
a
death-trapto a
person unfamiliar with the house, and approaching
traps

them

must

from the other side.

Lunettes,
made

be

never

to

or

open^"

and

small
-are

circular

for

be

hoped

that the

day of
Il6

always

also; while

rooms

and pantries
they are
cupboards
to

"

for stairs and landings,

convenient

sometimes

windows

invaluable.

the

long

dark

for
It is

cup-

jiir
the

under

board

of

corner

the

and

Light

stairs,or

in

landing, is

for

for

the

are

and

could

that

germs

household.

soiled,is

ends

dust

and

lie

to

the

dirt, and
that

the

any
and

worn

is

All

of

manner

there, in varying
often

of

and

and

moral

also

damp

about

wanted

not

cupboard,

leisure,energy,

in

or

way."

accumulate

into

put

contrived

hang there for months
forgotten or regarded as being

allowed

everything

be

clothing, often

Personal

together, either
of
safely "out
and

well

sphere,
stuffy atmo-

to
spring clean
breeding-ground

successful

most

Such

done.

ever

cupboards, with their stagnant
one
unchanged from
another,

ill-ventilated

some

it

;

odds

short,

in

the house

to

insist

is

little

requires no

courage

of

states

the

on

regular over-hauling and weeding-out of such
the
accumulations, and
purifying of all dark
if possible with light,but certainly
with
corners,
air.

However

always
more

to

or

be

be

well

some

less in

corners,

is that

of fixed

be

well

aired

is

passages,

darkness, and

managed

should

house

the

these

and

the

lit, there
and

will

recesses

important thing

parts of the

ventilated, kept

house
as

bare

heavy furniture as they can be, and
only occupied by things constantlyin use, so that
the contents
and
the
extent
thereby to some
surrounding air
get changed in the ordinary
of life. Cupboards facinga door or window
course
are
easily kept clean ; and when
required for
and
stores
of, such as
things to be taken care
and

"

"

117

The
linen and

should
articles
charm

be

CountryCottage

personalbelongings,their own
securelyshut and no soiled or

ever

about

put
old

into

them.

lavender

-

There
scented

is

a

doors

dusty
dainty

shelves

and

the air is not
where
clothes-presses
musty" but
and fragrant
by scrupulouscleanliness
kept sweet
of habit and by the sound buildingand thorough
ventilation of the house.

U8

I

Chapter

Fixtures

XL

and

"

'S
Fitting:

NOT

is the

only

important
of

the

whole

of the

economy

improved

house

and
be

knocking

and

shallow

be

out

long

be

tidy

the

and

of the

in

set

that

so

his

becoming
un-

they

chair;

No

room.

is
and

the

in

can

and

they

or

open

as

in

house

can

which

the

inadequate;
shelves

well

the

but

make

may

of

distinction

and

beauty

staircases

tendency,

quarters,
the

be

ment
arrange-

the

in

as

comfort

occupiers.

The

on

the

by

comfortable

accommodation

difference

rooms

the

and

disposal of cupboards
all the

of

back

into

contents

cupboard

interior

enormously

be

may

the

mean-looking, always tumbling

their

kept

and

disturbing somebody

the

against

fact

in

very

treatment

whole

places,

without

at

got

The

They

awkward

it

decorative

marred

cupboards.

but

architectural
the

may

tion
ventila-

proper

house,

view.

deplorably

or

of the

never

of

point

utilitarian

may

from

interior, both

the

the

cupboard-room

the

regards

as

largely affects
of

of

question

to

build

whole

for

stabilityin

of

removals,

the

good

a

domestic
to

clearly

now

have

furniture

marked
into

It must

one.

life,and
not

up

in

the
at

house,

least

simplify the

only

many
is

make

labour

cupboards

and

The
shelves, but
hat

Country Cottage
the

also

umbrella

and

principalseats

stands, and

not

have

to

to

suites" from

**

obvious

the

exercise

of

think

stick, and

through

it intact

would

welcome

convenience

apron

of

but

for its

would

be

at

a

nice

of

people
for

its

accepts

as

one

as

the

and

cap

evening

of

dress

the

if the

ality,
person-

the

habitable.
and

easier

On

the

wife
house-

individual

substantial

most

in

furniture

and
were

building.

the
is

it

nicest

good

displayof

articles of

part of the

a

their

similarlyno

loss for the

house

as

all look

and

;

Broadly speaking,
contains

It is

change.

subordinate

at

universallynecessary
provided

preserve

number

the

last

they give the best possible
display. It is generallyagreed that

her

in

of

cling

the

to

to

in another

look
people who
some
quiet uniform

taste

great

such

and

they

sense

one

still

arrangement

uniforms

maid-servants

In

men.

scope

such

conventional

certain

too

simplicity
; just

and

house-

impossible
would

great

a

some

extent

some

furniture, to

own

that

to

many

all vicissitudes

certain, however,

The

another.

be

pains

no

some
cumber-

individualityin

that

the

dwelling,and

to

would

furnishing; that it
please all tastes, and
tenaciously to their

of

and

that it would

objectionis

prevent

abode

one

lounges,

some

wardrobes

heavy

carry

even

in the

fixtures

tables, as permanent

and

other

less
to

hand

furniture

keep
few

it

a

clean

room

and

venient
really coneasilyopened chests, drawers, and

I20

a

Fixtures
boxes,

will be

use,

immense

an

to

temper,

things in regular

hold

to

chief
To

littered floor.

home,

tools

work

;

nor

A

with

limited
if

floor and

table

than

more

The

day.

perhaps

few

a

the

most

with

the
to

kinds

bindings
other

the

and

into

of dust.

edges

side

of

them

recentlyhad

a

in

all

cases

take

not

dust

every

the

fireplacehave
most
able
objectionif their

all events,

at

Care

room.

of

be

should

there

the

where

in

the

the

A

wall

kitchen

cupboards
121

the

lady

completely spoilt

prettiestgowns
with

in

leakage

no

shaft.

chimney
crack

is

kept

always

upstairs cupboards

by being hung againsta
evidentlycommunicated
fact,

clear

next.

the

fireplace,that

her

a

valued, should

are

the

case

from

real

very

a

and

come

around

Books

and

by

recesses

boards
cup-

is
soundly-builtdrawers
and dust-proof; cupconvenient
boards

above

in the

taken

one.
every-

with

disadvantageof catching all

the

about

cottage

a

will

sweep

at

their

such

room

doors
well-fitting

Cupboards

be

that

minutes

dresser

it is

is secured

means

space

in

a

keeping

with

level

a

but

space;

that

by

work

for

given

extravagance

an

appear

economy

on

much

is

untidy stacks
top shelves, an eyesore to
completely lined with

workroom

its

do

be

avoided

be

various

in
on

may

constant

not

of time, toil,and

to

who

those

but

dusters, brushes, and

nuisance

materials

and

neither

their feet

of

should
facility

every

their

saving

nothing

say

The

brooms.

Fittings

and

are

which

flue
set

;
near

in

T^he
the

fireplaceit

that

Country Cottage
is better

constantlyin

are

frequentlydusted
And

week.
a

the

and

the top of the

of shelves

if

shaking
A

they

not

are

this
to

is

Nothing

to

since

the

drifts about

and

the

than

again
beauty

will

human
the

staircases

limbs

flightof

house
with

it a difficultand

steps with

are

almost

is old.

of

as

comfort

a

whole.

beauty

or

straight,and

narrow,
a

the

enormous

an

mean-looking

inhospitablegangway

an

tion
accommoda-

of the interior

steep stairs,generallywith
"

first.

make

to

of

state

arrangement

fatal either
a

the

last

cupboard

the

than

the

make

upon

more

cottage

before

if

running in front
if cupboard
convenient

worse

depend

difference

few

in

dresser, should

or

great deal of shelf and

side

a

be

stairs, and

one

once

Curtains

room.

bookshelves

will

a

be

can

provided, but they are
apt to
and need regularbrushing and
dust-traps,

as

those

things

of shelves

doors,
well-fitting

sometimes

are

cannot

serve

in

with

series

a

they
least

at

naturallyaccumulates

dirtiest air

doors

of

bookcase

a

possiblebe hung
at

cleaned

for

them

that

so

use,

topmost

of

or

recess,

keep

to

which

upon

certain

to

rail

be

at
a

broken

the
Avoid, if possible,

spiralturning half-way ; making
the V-shaped
wasteful job to cover

a

matting,and

often

throwing
into disuse.
A spiralstaircase
corner
a valuable
is a picturesque and convenient
thing ; but when
of getting
the spiralis merely adopted as a means
the corner
round
it is generally awkward,
and
carpet

or

\1Z

Fixtures

and

Fittings
of

of

keeping with the rest
is nearly always better to treat
natural and straightforward
way
out

the

.them

It

stairs.
in the

more

making a plain
turning is required,
flight,
straight
particu-r
;

the
landing where
and then beginning another
larly avoiding that odd couple of stairs which
two
jerry builders love to set in between
many
in different parts of the landings and
or
flights,
where
they are always a danger and a
passages,
unfamiliar
of short sight and
nuisance
to
persons
the dwelling. Still more
with
reprehensibleis
of a
of putting one
the custom
step at the door
square

as

room,

has

been

modern

in certain

done

cottages

exceptional
difficultiesis this necessary, and everythingpossible
floor of the building
should
be done
to give each
that

could

we

Only

mention.

under

'

level.

unbroken

an

stairs is
advantage of broad and shallow
as
so
regards safetyand comfort, and the
great*,
look of simplicitythey give tcT the house, that,if

The

this

than

space
the

of

be

this

is

the

whether
to

when

be
a

the
be

not

space

enclosed

the

cubic

more

for this purpose,
staircase

into

the

seriouslyconsidered.
incidental cupboard-room,
quite so abundant, though
be

immediately

will of

course

straightstaircase

the cottage there

up

spared

throwing

done,

take

to

living-room should

perhaps, will
is

well

can

alternative

main

If

threatens

treatment

runs

will often

123

be

the

under

stairs

be

optional.

up

the

space

middle

above

But

of

it for

The
fine

Country Cottage

rooms

cupboard running between
upstairs. Such a cupboard

whose

vaults

a

childish

Claus
a

vision;

himself

the

have

must

possessions, of

of

the

been

of pegs

useful

most

knew,

once

we

treasure-house

a

main

two

utterlyimpenetrable to

distribution

proper

be

seemed

the

which

personal

number

certain

With

this may

storing-placefor

which

Santa

keeper.
shelves

and

our

only
too
to
accumulate, however
sure
rigorously one
may set oneself in a cottage to lead the simple life.
It might easilybe argued that cupboards and all
such

comfort

cleanliness

and

have

in

all yet risen

not

limited

a

the

to

philosopherwho, when
practical
his severely bare apartment,
to
put

you
he

One

kind

?"

clothes

your

them

usuallyput

of

a

main

**

of this

dark

red

ventilation
must
at

between

include

a

if
can

or

the

visitor

a

do
that

answer

as

a

the

a

many

124

modern

a

easilyadapted
the

course

shall

door

window
be

becoming

is

Of

be

any

other

fullycovered

with

screen,

acts.

and

seat

table-level,and

that

are

shutter

be

can

room."

dark

fittingand that
perfectly
in it,this
opening occur
a

to

that

where

in

necessary,
that

"

essentials

by

And

cupboard, however,

namely, one
photographic

cottage,

able

was

of

height

asked
"

But

space.

on.

increasingly popular,

as

are

handy receptaclesare a dangerous snare, and
foster the hoarding instinct so fatal to
to

serve

we

a

The

table, or
smaller

or

for

removable
interior
a

fittings
shelf

broad

shelves

as

can

and

Fixtures
be

accommodated,

be

used

for

the

entirelyto
taken

and

purposes

of the

cult

is also

cupboard

given

not

over

be

must

care

camera,

to

leave

anything in it (such as hanging
will easilybe spoilt
by the stains of

to

not

if the

and

general

Fittings

garments) that
the developer. Naturally the photographer will
prefer,when
possible,to do his developing in a
bathroom
of
or
scullery, for the convenience
it is a
much
here
more
running water
; but
complicated business to shut out all light,and to
freedom
from
secure
interruption;as a rule the
cupboard makeshift, with all its limitations, is
/

conducive

more

the

shutters

wood-work
the

to

less

was

these
household

j

but

and

windows,

sometimes

In the older

to

cottages,

important to the
when
they were

the

when

than

day,
to-

safety of

the

districts

in country

secure

were

peace.

of beauty
neglected source
fittingsis the provisionof

part of doors.

upper
life

domestic

much

Another
among

to

longer

no

so

(thieves finding little to tempt them,
and
there
being generally somebody at home),
ornamental
mere
they became
appendages, and
and
degenerated accordingly in form
setting.
Now, however, the country cottage is becoming
necessary

more

and

the

more

treasures,

who

of

resort

like

to

be

people with
able

to

lock

they spend a few days
question,therefore,presents

securely while
The
a

shutter

practicalone

again ;

and

X25

when

artistic

the old

it

in

up

town.

itself as

patterns

T'he
modified

are

they

as

added

to

for

;

"

pieces are

the

when

pleasant on

thrown

harmonies
or

green,

these

wall

and

of

form

an

top

to

and

the

meet

may
out
with-

series of

a

gets

bottom
abundant

exterior,

otherwise

for

the wood-work

good
and the

bare

colour-

cast
rough-

perhaps when they are painted
against rough-cast or white
plaster,that
look most
shutters
restful and homely
outer
brick.

It is

effect,but alternative

present

themselves

the

within

note

scope

in their

on

charm

that

against

afford

between

a

to

new

into

decorative

back

frontage, and

in the

framed

boards

They give a

sun.

both

windows

shutters

outer

louvre

these

certainlybe

must

of ventilation,a

standards

modern
be

Country Cottage

schemes

will

readily

designer. For windows
ground floor, portable shutters, well fitting
to

the

and

will
matching the surrounding wood-work,
occasionallybe convenient, as also for glasspanelleddoors.

126

11

Chapter

XIL

WE

its site
different

its

rooms,

the shelter
the

materials

that

the

doors

and

will

shut, and

have

judicious

and

likely

chop

to

deface

and

destroy light

kind.

But

it

been

has
about

what

beautiful

only

here

the

moment

the

a

;

of

will

time, and

last touches

to

the

until

be

or

work
to

soundly

case

been

there

the

house-warming
127

are

say
and

become
we

can

general principled

really have

site is chosen

who

left

will have

in any

should

not

practical needs,

our

the

have

the

be

built

and

a

decorative

a

better

dwelling

few

which

all the
the

the

making

repeat

of decoration,
minds

that

are

in

for

with

firewood

of

there

have

we

we

for

the

will

wanted

we

chances

less
If

decoration.

simply
the

the

done,

and

further

tenants

fixtures

that

is certain

that

seasoned,

assume

that

its

complete,

are

together

balusters

the

up

its

main

easily open

for

building, for instance,

been

the

well

put
"

of

provided

will

hand,

generous

a

of

will

been

sidered
con-

ventilation,

and

We

modation
accom-

aspects

dwelling

windows

materials

the

the

rattle.

not

have

have

suitable

are

We

some

We

securityof

and

that

that

and

of its furniture.

essentials

and

drainage

lighting,

and

heating

of

the

and

planned

sort

require.

we

Crafts

have

we

the

give

to

cottage

our

and

that

assume

now

may

Arts

"

cook

in

our

from

the

has

put

supper.

"-iA^^ate*M"B"te"iKHtai^l^i^

^he
We

of the need

hjive already spoken

proportionin

the

and

forth

so

added

thin
ormolu

they

but

a

in the

to

support

scheme.

a

It will

the

aspirantthat
designers or workmen

remind

to

used

carvings and
being adopted unless

clear purpose

easilyfind

not

forward
straight-

machine

never

well, however,

will

only

mouldings,

mountings
serve

harmonious
the

masses,

good

for its natural purpose
buttresses, for example, not being

"

wall \

the

of

device

ornaments,

as

of

balance

of every

use

of

exterior, and

and

arrangement

be

Country Cottage

either

he

ready to co-operate with him in making things
simple and unadorned, and leavingout superfluous
will he find it cheap to
do so.
trknmings, nor
On

the

cottage
left

contrary,
will

often
for

than

out

the

man

have

to

what

who

pay

is

wants

for

more

what

is

Paradoxical

in.

put

plain

a

sound, simplicity is the most
though it may
expensive thing in the market ; and the intending
builder will seriously
deceive himself if,in thinking
little he

how

he

fails

prejudiceand
before

to

custom

he

who

to

of

his

set
"

face

finish,"has

again
left

was

out

and

of

with

reckon

can

moulding
Voysey,

in the

reallywants

one

dead

he

will have

banish

so

much

from

his

plan.

as

how

has

of

come
over-

one

ventional
con-

C. F. A.
architects

time-honoured
he

ing,
dwell-

to

Mr

of the first modern

us

a

weight

which

againstthese
told

the

of

way

had

tricks
to

pay

trivial ornament
be
to
again for some
his design because
it was
so
startlingly

128

Arts
unusual,
the

therefore

and

window-sill
a

door

of

finish"

the jamb

or
projection,

a

the wall without

straightinto
flourish.

ornamental

for instance,

make,

to

without

set

highly distasteful,to

so

workman

average

Grafts

and

He

a

of

sort

any

realise that

cannot

ornament
or
necessarilymean
something emphasised or added, and that a piece
be highly decorative
and perfectly
of work
may
^^

does

not

without

finished

naturallysuppose,
things,

that

a

will

bookcase

ornament

any
when

all.

at

We

begin to seek these
perfectlyplain door, table, or
we

surely

less

cost

than

^'

a

fancy"

to
come
fancy" having now
of fancy on
the makei^s
dearth
the utter
mean
frothiness of treatment
part and a merely mechanical
lets good material
which
seed
in
to
run
that have
become
forms
sterile by
ornamental
and lost any grace and spontaneity
much
repetition,
have had.
that they may
once
The
ness
practical
keynote, however, of the costliof plain fittings
lies in the fact that it is
made
for
always dearer to have a thing specially
one

us

word

the

"

in the way

we

pattern which

sort

balusters

and

dozen
poor
I

to

accept

carpenter, builder,

the

So

long

as

we

and

so

forth

execution
or

the

as

score,

standard

that have
a

result
so

patterns

129

or

of

be

joiner

is

with

chairs,tables,
become

long

standard

a

content

are

of doors, window-frames,

design and
the

it than

want

day.

using every
the

**

in

made

by

cheap

lines

being

will

poor

available, but

The

Country Cottage
with

want
a
thing simple and
directlywe
shall
it we
thought bestowed
upon
the priceof its being unique. Hence

have

not

must

Next

to

surfaces

is

a

to

of the

building,and
of

kinds

ornament,

the

in

remote

incongruous

in

and

classic

be

perhaps
of

out

general
in which
locality

the

the

stylesproper
the

in

place

be

character
it stands.

to

citywould

a

village

are

do
pilasters
the images

of

Metal

flowers.

become

not

it

favourite

the

or

a

unpretentious in design,in
bold.

All

wilds.

of

or

the

surface

of many

marks

iron and

a

lead

are

that

storms

of

the

Urns

common

should

be

simple

should

upon

course

and

cottage

gains

fine
con-

pleasant

more

treatment

decoration

exterior

far

birds

for

work

;

look

conventional

Crenerallyspeaking,cottage decoration should
itself to homely and
primitiveforms.
and

and

quite seemly
districts,would

while

town;

a

of

must

the
itself,

material

the

suited

beautiful

of the

of design;
good work

This

consideration.

claims

Certain

pay

for
generaldemand
expect it to be cheaply had.
simplicityof form, the treatment

for until there
we

to

one

difficulties in raisingthe general standard

some

and

proof,
be weather-

in

beauty

its face.

with

Wrought

time-honoured

most

materials, the former

sharp detail and
the opposite kind

sketchy rather
soft metal

as

allowing for a good deal of
definition,the latter demanding
of treatment-r-suggestive and

than

lead

fine.

should

Ornament

always

130

be

for

such

modelled

a

and

Arts
carved, for

not

relief.

high

The

the fact that
has

cast

other

any

disease
due

rather

within

a

but

;

than

good

before

of

Lead

holds

metals

and

ness,

of.

sight

We

regards

intrinsic

We

and
think

of

was

the

unpleasant
of
the

thought

beauty

have

Cinderella

to

come

purposes,

spirit of
human

beautifullydone.

non-corrosiveabove
less

no

been

.

of

think

lead

treat

to

which

service
Lead

had

Far

a

the

far

sort

a

much

as

artistic

for

of

dirty
not

otherwise

craftsman,

too

lost

as

should

we

stuff.

mediaeval

the

as

used

be

to

special

as

to

it

its

long

too

adaptabilityto

workshop,

water

common

or

applying a beautiful
no

the

inspiring of metals,

least

and

has

apt

are

dullest

ends.

which

value

decorative

such

and

a

the

cooking supply.

over

has

qualities,it

are

serve

may

all
distilling

But

they

households

on

drinking or

durability.

serviceable

this kind

are

dirt

and

dust

unique place among
of its smoothness,

a

of

cases

of which

impresses

found

be

water-pipes

of

of

boiling or

account

on

to

metal

scare

it for the

using

traced

the

to

if it

purpose

importance

be

to

small

a

water-

that

is
probability

accumulations

to

them

made

The

place.
supposed

will

substance

convenient

its

take

to

pipes and

history; and in spite of
epidemic of lead-poisoning
the safetyof the metal
upon
it is unlikely that
purpose,

doubts

so

and

detail

ancient

for this universal

even

give

to

of lead for

use

the modern

some

Grafts

it is unsuited

is of very

tanks

and

menial
wider

to

who
be

range

T'he

Country Cottage
that

of

at
application
in
metal; and

palaces

and

other

any
uses

"

walls

^in

of

VioUet-le-Duc,

M.

treated, says

was

"

than

larger architectural
spires,and in the

its

roofs

cathedral

perhaps

time

In that treasurework."
goldsmith's
house
of seventeenth-century
gossip,the diary of
Mr Samuel
Pepys,the author describes the leadwork
in the palace of Nonsuch, built by Henry VIII.
'*

like colossal

**

great thing,"he notes,

One

walls, with
also

were

latticed

and

The

scale,

cottage is

revival

of

utilitarian and

not

leadwork

in

its

afford scope

likelyto
such

on

ample room
sympathy, both

intelligenceand
Mr

iron standards.

is

there

but

mean

lead, hung between

modern

for the

to

an

imposing

use

it with

its

in

decorative

more

Lethaby, in his admirable
subject,describes and illustrates

strictly

capacity,
handbook

R.

W.

of the

most

thepostsand quarters in the
lead and gilded."Staircase balustrades
with
panels of pierced
frequentlymade

is cpvered,I

house

is that

**

charming
littleventilator found in the wall of an old Surrey
of a lozenge-shaped pieceof pierced
cottage, made
lead.
Commenting on the neglectedpossibilities
on

the

of

such

author

says

adaptable to
perfectly

more

of

range
any

the

work,

other

ease

of

well

or

that

treatments

metal

whatsoever.

:

noble

No

"

use

be

cannot

a

metal

is

through a
matched
by

It combines

extreme

bility,
endless duramanipulationwith practically
from a tiny ink
and a suitability
to any scale,
a

medal

to

the

statue

132

of

a

horse

and

rider,

T'he
Versailles

a

fountaiOy
in

spire. Only
be

as

why

it is

vehicles

of

material

a

be

not

strike

in

again,

lead-covered

spire or

will
and

in

get

we

with

in rain and

a

its

sun.

possibilities
hoped that its decorative
builders
recognised more
fullyby modern
and

architects,
returned

that

of

the

will

heads

such

architecture

highly thought of
was
signed by the

so

lead

of

methods

rainwater

Roman

fittingswere

most

old

the

and

In

to.

decorative
that

and

old

the

shimmering

green

treating pipes, gutter,
be

dignity,

be

to

be

or

should

charm

time,

turret,

reason

no

its old

which

colour

of

architecture, and

of

of

course

quaint mouldy-blue
It is

of

so

think

seems

traditional

kinds

of

note

been

have

There

something

to

humbler

the

wonderful

art."

it

specially

so

are

to

"

would

England

in

hardly possibleto

full of

so

restored

in

even

lead

cathedral

greatest

which

metals

that

degraded
them

the

tin, and

iron,

"

the

or

century

our

possiblefor

hers

Country Cottage

work

plumber.
Pewter
into

and

for

use

years,

and

interior

when

small

light

decorative

much

strain

bolts
and

and
the

used

effective

and

handles,

white

or

bars,
latches

has

metal

come

fittingsduring
with

hinges

for

and

window
and

and

hinges

will

shutter

of

a

venient
con-

doorplates and

Locks

wear.

last few

it is

all

such

and

buttons,

finishings as
hard

the

judgment

material

much

very

not

receive

and

keys,

fastenings,
large

doors

II

Arts
of

must,
remains

and
of

be

course,

Crafts

possibilitiesfor

where

the

tarnish

will

advantages of a metal
be keenly appreciated.

of

labour

where

white

saving

metal

is used

its benefits

will

An
in

hold
house-

a

this

in

way

for

gas-fittings,bedsteads, hooks,
rails,and
forth, it is important
so

or

to

\

"

share

may

is used

metal

lacquered

not

enormous

candlesticks

where

and

;

fittings

that

secured

be

can

lamps, lanterns, and

even

metal

white

still

there

iron, but

hanging
that

see

the

oughly
lacquer or other surface preparation is thorlook
house
a
good ; for nothing makes
so
shabby and poverty-strickenas tarnished and
so
steel, once
ill-keptmetal fittings.Polished
largelyused for stoves, fenders, and fire-irons,is
veritable
a
badge of slavery to the housewife,
the time and
and
labour
required to keep them
far
A
in order
are
worthy of a better cause.
beautiful

more

and

natural

'^finished

bright," by

leaves

clean

it

smoothness

but

is that of

modern

method

iron

which

shining, but not with the
polishedsteel,and needing nothing

of

occasional

an

the

surface

and

oiled

rag

to

keep

it in

good

condition.
Enamel

is

an

which

ornament

sparinglyused for house
piece of colour, wisely
plate, lamp,
charm
is

set.

and
But

or

decoration.

introduced
will

bracket,

distinction

having

to

should

the

once

135

into

often
scheme

struck

A

the

be very

gem-like
a

give
in

door-

great

which

it

keynote of

i

T'he
simplicityand
cottage,

homeliness
should

care

method

decorative

ling, except in
surroundings.
but

to

adopt

a

easilyvulgarisedas enamelsober, dignified,and congruous

Enamel

well with

harmonises

beautiful

the

small

be

a

oak,

bright iron, but
good material,

cupboard
like

room

that

in

cupboard

the

with

rich

glint

introduced

\ in

case

will

be

must

work.
wood-

other

standard-lamp

a

of

fact

door

well-chosen

a

the

staircase, too,

the

newel-post
can

a

harmonious

and

On

colour

panel in

lightup

picture,but

or

not

a

so

enamelled
and

warm

taken

to

elaborate detail,for its setting. Sometimes

not

small

a

be

is proper

deal, with copper or
aluminium; it demands

with

but

which

with

not

not

Country Cottage

enamelled

an

newel-post

the

points in the interior which may
of
whether
decoration
most
fittinglyreceive
it forms, like the
ornament
carving or added
;
of interest to the eye, and may
a centre
fireplace,
while
be adorned
its surroundings
even
lavishly,
are
quite frugalin character, so long as there is a

is

of

one

those

"

basic

harmony
The

two.

of material

heads

important doors, can
\

and

there

of

and

should

established

serve

of

and

windows,
also

between

colour

as

the

pointsfor

generallybe
between

a

the

the
more

tion
decora-

certain
doors

respondence
cor-

and

and
in some
as
early
fireplace,
Queen Anne
of the
Georgian houses,where the generaltreatment
opening and the styleof its carvingsand mouldings
the

are

the

same.

Brackets

or

shelves

136

over

doors

are

Arts
chieflyuseful
should

not

china

be

Grafts

the rail of

secure

encouraged

as

and
hric'iirhrac^

and

gather

to

and

they
receptaclesfor

mere

the

;

these

that

dust

them.

around

It should

curtain

a

hardly be

repeat that

to

necessary

all

having about the house at all
be good enough to be stained
should
and
not
is in its grain and
painted. The beauty of wood
in the texture
of its surface, and
anything laid
it must
be such as to reveal and emphasise
upon
wood

that

these

is worth

and

not

The

them.

efface

to

mixture

modern
house-decoration
paint in most
is chieflyused
to
cover
materials, and
up poor
surface to the world.
present a tolerablywashable

known

as

simple and
of service;
the
woody

the

but
less

less abominable

better

only

paint;

of

good enough

life with

with

a

equanimity, or

smooth

and

is

wear

should

the

positively
scarcely
used

wood

furniture

surface

dull

where

the

of

be

necessary.

the

and

stand

to

be

Varnish

for doorsy staircases,panels,and
be

quality

exacted

be

is done.
than

the
will

treatment

Scrubbing should
dirty work

either

often

clean transparent stain will

A

be

which

should
and

tear

finished
can

be

by regularrubbing with
a rag, and
some
simplecleansingpreparationwhich
will not pretend either to give high polishor
to
kept

in decent

remove

to

metal

except

condition

inevitable
should
where

be

of paint
application
much
as
as
possible,
metals are
exposed to

The

scars.

avoided

tarnishable

137

TThe
the open
and

air, as

in

railings.

The

borne

in

mind

look

like

then

let

when
to

us

rule

is,

at

see

which

it is

If

metal

has

that

once

shame

painted metal,

wood

painted to match the
attached). Similarlyif the

shutter

is

is hidden

of

kind
the

painted,
it does

obviously paint,and
as

be

to

(as

to

it be

surface,

be

material,

one

it is

be

gates

always

must

make

of wood

other

that
to

grain
some

sometimes

never

pretend

not

iron bar

an

bicycles,and

another.

let it

and

Country Cottage

veins

by

*an

have

not

wood

of

opaque
the

imitated

marble

natural

paint,let
grain of
its

upon

often

have

to

"

been

painted plaster
copied upon
the fireplaces
of bygone years.
around
be well
it may
Yet
just here to point out
that technical honesty of this kind
is not
quite
the same
thing a^ that aggressive literalness,
studied and irritating
simplicitywhich has become
our

identified

past

with

ten

from

rushed

cultivated
call

the

it

a

an

anxiety
method,

to
never

art"

**new

The

years.

reaction
have

"

artifice and
to

the

"

in

decoration
and

frankness

might

one

"

which

nothing of the
us
forget for a

the

widespread

opposite extreme,

unnatural

lets

this

pretence

forced naturalness

conceal

of

leaders

of

movement

have

almost
in

its

constructive
moment

how

It has
often) the thing is done.
become
insist
to
even
a
point of artistic honour
shall show
that all wrought metal
the hammer
construction
marks, and that every piece of wood

(badly

very

"38

Arts
shall

show

attached

the
to

and

joints. Peculiar
and

seams

crudity have

been

great craftsmen
self-conscious about

conveniently
No

themselves

good
that

one,

the

its

hinge

of

an

if

enough to carry a
need
not
craftsmanship

church

form

main

carried

ordinarycupboard

massive

also.

well

the

in

be

fell

they

furniture

a

not

so

letting the

of

piece of
decoration, is

Yet

been

not

good ; but
background,

it should

but

and

If their joints

things.

fashion

recent

fasteningsof

necessary
in

and

the

into

the

doubt

of past ages have

well

apparent,

as

these

been

has

virtue

edges; baldness
signs of grace.

raw

read

the

were

Crafts

door.

so

a

far

becomes

Sincerity

exaggeration
of practical
details,and the emphasising of points
trusive.
which
might just as easilybe left quiet and unobin craftsmanship as, indeed, in
Truth
all art
does
consist in proclaiming everynot
thing,
from
it were,
the house-tops. It is
as
is
house
possibleto be quite satisfied that our
well built, without
always seeing the timbers that
the
floor ; nor
does
leaving a
support
upper
surface entirelyraw
wooden
strike us
as
a
great
of polishing
the old method
improvement upon
It is useful
and
it by hand.
as
a
necessary
timely protest against the artificially
high polish
of our
and veneer
childhood's
days, when a table
in

the

mean

"

"

was

made

to

certainlynever
such

shine

like

intended

a

to

article of furniture

had

139

mirror, which
be,
to

and

be

when

it

was

every

protected by

TThe
tiresome

lest the immaculate

covers

be scratched.

CountryCottage

We

need

not

return

surface should
to

the

savage

and

in our
revolt against a decadent
primitive
refinement
this kind.
of
over
elegance and
Artistic sincerity
consists rather in an attitude of
-

mind

which

is

and
discriminate,
open
all materials and opportunities
as
at

once

ready to use
they come, yet also to select and arrange them
and adaptthem to the purpose in hand.
wisely,

140

Chapter

IT

XIIL

between

the

different

sharper

down

lost

and

is carried

out

brought

patterns
flat

or

and

surfaces,

selected,

they do
be

not

of

blended

the

and

greater

clash.

The

with

the

thrown

so

easily softened
scheme

whole

the

The

scale.

various

textiles

on

room,

more

carefullycompared

pains

must

be

of

number

that

taken

colours

must

designs restrained

and

plain colour,

the

not

same

decorative

a

discrepancies that

larger
be

must

for

in

the

when

as

into

restricted, the

masses

are

a

upon

structure

together, are

and

sight of

the

important

more

nearer

arise

to

sure

of

harmony

larger house;

a

contrast,

that

parts

even

in

being

parts,

almost

are

is

than

cottage

into

different

decoration

and

remembered

be

always

must

Decoration

"

colour

such
of

background

the

by

properly
decorated

materials.
It is

mistake

a

wall-paper
the

adds

designs should
A

paper

be

limited

in

a

a

small

room,

size

there

is

of small

and

but

be

Friezes
a

dado

large-patterned

a

room.

reason

It does

why

141

cottage

an

excellent

ventional
con-

ground
back-

entirely pleasing even
are

"

figured

quiet pattern, and

will make

pictures, and
space.

no

to

a

altogether from

banished

in treatment,

for

that

suppose

apparent
But

contrary.

walls.

to

rarelysuccessful

in

especially of panelled

l^he
if the money

wood
of

Country Cottage

spaciousnessto

"

for

hardly be said that a
displayingaccumulations

on

the

walls

should

its

and

ancestral

an

and

the

not

place

sideboards,

it

expresses

ornamental

It

room.

of bric-a-brac,
whether

"cluttered

be

entrance

is

cottage

shelves

on

housewife

homely
sport

or

part of the

the upper

need

effect

helpsto give an

permits

"

heirlooms

nor

up** ^as the
by trophies of
"

suited

better

to

hall.

is a pleasantand appropriatemethod
Stencilling
of decoratingwalls and hangings where
a simple
and unpretentioustreatment
is required. A cottage
for this
opportunities
gives one of the best possible

work,

the

when

passages
of

washed,

are

the

staircase, and

rooms,

distempered,or
when

papered, or

surmounts

of

walls

a

The

paper.

bare

stead
painted in-

washed

actual

frieze

is
stencilling

easilyand quickly done ; the labour of the craft
consists chieflyin cutting the stencils ; and these,
of course,
once
made, can be used again and again.
"

Home

arts

"

have

been

the last twenty

years, and

efforts in the

way

one

to
cottage-builder

do

his

so

own

method

saving
wrong.
also be

hands;

yet

in which

grace

Some

the

of

so

by amateur
panels,screens,

to

recommend

of the decoration

reticence, is least

;

the
with

stencilling,
perhaps, is
beginner,if only he have

simple decorations

easilydone

within

discredited

hesitates
much

abused

much

of decorative

forth, that

and

so

and

we

142

have

the
the

likelyto go
in plastermay
seen
some
quite

Decoration
kitchen

from

redeemed
fire-places

ugliness
by a few strokes of the paint-brushconveying some
lightdecorative figure in the quietest of tones,
blendingwith the general scheme of the paintand
In all applieddecorations, care
be
should
paper.
taken
of the decoration
to keep the subject-matter
in a certain congruitywith its position
; for instance,
there
is something obviously wrong
in putting a
common

representation of

waves

fire

so

;

and

less

no

tops down

decorative

years

with

stork's

in

traditions

close

bringing clouds
part of

devices

with

frieze,or

a

have

particularparts

nest

the

in

into the lower

Many

such

on

wall

a

been

of

and

associated

for

house

the

the

of

The

designs.

and

favourite

which
inscriptions,

time-honoured
for decorative

purposes

and
fireplaces,

other

eye.

Sun-dials

feature in

and

lamps

feature
considered

exposure

withoat

make

of

the

and

or
as

lanterns
exterior.

garden, and
to
are

form

adopted

gateways,

also

They

the

M3

be made

may

and

ornament.

important

an

will

point of view
weather, care
being

from
to

ways

doors

over

be

can

and

points that readilycatch the
a
delightfuland romantic

cottage wall

different

in many

Gate

a

creatures

Symbolic figures also abound,

within.

to

the

upon

both

ornaments

and

crowing

has

become

"

chimneys, for example
just as well be adhered

arrangement

have

panel.

"

may

a

tree-

or

his home
long since made
other
familiar
weather-vane; and many

cock

to

have

to

of aspect
taken

be
and

that the

The
shall

cottage

Country Cottage

be

their clear and

steady light*
harmony with the

colour, in

another

will add

lamp, or

part of the door

shine

on

of

tramping

which

and

up

out

turns

It should

prove.
names

all know

down

muddy

which

be

chosen

as

possible,easy

remember

the annoyance
and

bye-

stony

illusive No.

an

the

as

43,

case

15,
may

be necessary
to
urge that if
instead of numbers, these should

simple and straightforward

as

are

; and

on

not

adopted

are

or

on

lightwill clearly

we

be 45

to

to

the number

row,

the

garden-pathsafter

and

ways

where

for

night;

a

distinction

clearlypainted,either
glass above the door, or

some

it at

particular

a

be

the

on

in

by

of the exterior,

rest

If numbered

of the cottage should
the

of

Glass

of interest and

note

the homestead.

in darkness

easilyidentified

read, easy

to

liable

not

to

say, and

to

speltin

be

easy

to

different

The

of the rural postman should
capacities
be unkindly strained
not
by such jaw-breaking
nomenclature
as Llanfairfechan,
Paramahatta, Ballyways.

and

magrorty,

Decoration

in

its aspect and

on

shelter
door

in

and

an

its

"

to

form

room,

may

be

furniture.

like.

the

porch

purpose

"

will

naturallydepend
whether
it be mainly a

exposed place to
approach less bleak

it be

whether

or

in

the

a

a

sort

of

in which

allowed
Broad

and

sunny
summer

case

in

the

fixed

way
seats

144

front

inhospitable,
pleasantplace to sit
lounge and reception
and

great deal

a

the

make

of
may

licence

more

decoration

then

be

and

put if

Decoration
permit (a

space

if

and

slope

a

of buttresses

means

much

the

It is
will

be

to

wall

will it be

that

assumed

afford

not

the

to

comfortable

more

much

none),
for the back by
of the porch, so
than

worse

contrived

be

can

is

seat

narrow

the

country

for the

scope

sit in.

to

cottage

laying out

grounds and flower-beds, though indeed
of
gardener will often achieve wonders
blossom

within

however,
make

door, with
a

of

row

add
the

all that

a

plot on

grass

within

trees

considerablyto
path is of brick

the

his

the

leaf and
times,
Some-

will

boundary
of

to

front

perhaps
It will

waU.

the

be

the

to

gate

either side, and

the charm

skilled

a

walls.

done

be

can

from

gravel path

a

feet of

few

a

of

entrance

if

edge laid longitudinally,
in some
or
pattern such as herring-bone. Another
is to place single bricks end
pleasantarrangement
in

in

the

fillingin

direction

based

on

of

between

flags cut

even

the

form

a

to

of

on

repeating pattern and
small
pebble, flint,or

some

with
the

shape required.
hedging will only be

careful

observance

of

Efforts

repaid

in

if

shrubs

what

neighbourhood, and of what is
already there in the way of a hedge or a bank.
Nothing is more
delightfulthan an old hospitable
all sorts
of flowery visitants
hedge into which
have strayed in the course
of generations, sweetbriar and wild roses, honeysuckleand convolvulus,
well

grow

in the

"

attachingthemselves
hawthorn
K

or

other

the

to

bush.

145

more

One

solid and

of the

abiding
first things

TThe
the

Country Cottage
from

foreign countries is
the beauty of our
English hedgerows, not only
the thick-set growths that flank the country lane,
but even
the little boundary shrubs
that divide
field from
as
hardly hedgerows"
garden;
that

strikes

visitor

**

"

Wordsworth

says

wild."

run

their

little lines of

"
"

Evergreen
but

own,

the

bushes

sportivewood

have
that

hedge

of

charm

a

the

reflects

is perhaps to
be
changing seasons
generally
be
preferred. In setting this, provision must

for the winter

made
be

sturdy enough

twigs

also
and

observed;

slender

local

there

of
pleasing ways
fencing as there
the

make

to

a

its

growth

are

peculiaritiesmay
probably as
boards

placing
of

are

and

If wood

expense.

seasoned, and
surface

it may

arranging
the

first

from

the

is used

either

by weather,

many

balustrade.

indoor

an

be

rails in

and

shaping

of

balusters

standpoint of
well

the

when

hedge

Obviously, strength or security-are of
importance, but lightnessis desirable
be

must

bare.

are

fences

In

and

season,

be

it

must

left

to

be

improve

its

tarred

painted. Low boundary walls of stone
belong properly to certain districts,and

and
their

or

fiint

sober

and

cold

somewhat

or

it may

look

makes

a

hocks
perfect background for the colouring of hollyand
gillyflowers.
of model
In the case
villagesand communal
settlements

a

great

deal

146

can

be

done

in

the

f

Decoration
of

and

quadranglesto
tecture.
of the archiwith
harmonise
the generalspirit
The
will probablyhave its own
estate
garden-plots,
ponds and stream, avenues,
playing
Relds, and bowling-green, with rustic bridges
for the
and a modest
bandstand
where required,
But no
summer.
attempt at formal gardening
should
where
the cottages are
be made
homely
and pastoral
in character.
Attempts to combine
the ceremonial
and courtlystylewith the rural
and archaic will never
please the sensitive eye.
The
developments of the next few years may
bring,perchance,the garden villageas well as
the
garden city"within habitable reach of the
will depend on the
ordinarycitizen;but success
and unpretentiously
buildingbeing done sincerely
fulfil a genuine need, and not in the spirit
of
to
"restorer"
who
the modern
recentlyshowed the
way

laying out

greens

"

'^

**

present writers

a

which

house

had

been under

his

built as
saying proudly, Tou see this was
Italian villa,but we^ve made it Tudor !
Not
an
shall be regained the comfort and
by such means
beauty of an Englishcottage home.
care,

"

"

M7

Index

the

ARCHiTEcr,

of,

need

of

diversity

Cottages,

27

ment
treat-

in, 36
additional

Baths,

of,

expense

4"

Cottages,

of, 36

rows

in

Bedrooms,

79
modi6cation

Byelaws,

of, 16

pertaining

"

and

age
drain-

to

foundations,

Bydiaws, local,

chimney
adaptation

of

old,

family

Cottage,

14

of, 98

Cottage,
Cottages,
need

37

of.

pairs, economy

"

modern

to

99
life in

84

a,

istics
character-

building,
,,

what

caller,

Casual

the,

69,

to

of

overflow
contractioa

roof

Cottage,

of, 43

of,

,,.

42,

9i"

materials
9S"

94,

9*"

and

pieee

,,

of, 88, 89, 90,

Chimney

corner,

for,

Cottages,
of

34

chief

exterior,

10

7
sentimental

old,

tion
Idealisa-

52
and

Cottages,
Cottages,

East

Cottage

building,

form

grate,

91

upholsteries
essential

thamptonshire
Nor-

53

of

Anglian,

56

traditions

19

Cottage,

of,

proportion

good

128

1

shape

Chimney,

professional

Yorkshire

of,

of, 95
Chimney,

100,

pf, 98
for

9^

shaft, the,

Chimney

English,

,,

woman,

43

Chimney-piece,

old

101

71

70,

Cesspools,

with

do

colour

and

of,

Cottages,

106

and,

parapets
and

Kent

104

Sussex,

53

,,

smoley,

Chimney,
Cost,

questions

106

of,

14,

19,

Cottages,

*3
metal

Cottages,

worle

of,

of

avoidance

originality in,
luxury
Cottage,

marked

a

single,

kind

Cottage,
in

building

pairs,

or

furniture

of,

120

movable

wanted

Cottages

35
of

fixed

furniture

of,

120

28

Cottage

119,

Cottage,

130

Cottage,

Cottage, general
of finished, 127

consideration

a-brac

rows,

of, 28

Cottage,

149

of

domestic
accumulation

in,

to

suit

every

life, i
of

bric-

142

numbering

of,

144

Index
Fittings for baths, lavatories,
Cottage, building of, 27
choice of,47
in
quadrangles,
Cottages, built
Fittings for baths, lavatories,
and W.C.'s, choice of, 45
Foundations, chief things to
be avoided, 23

Cottage, scope for la3ringout
flower-beds
of grounds and
of, 145
Cottage, harmony in different
parts of the, 141
Cupboards, 35, 117, 118, 119
nttings of dark
Cupboard,
124
Cupboard, dark

Friezes,

village,development

Garden

of, 147
Garden, consideration

room,

of, 24

124

room,

disadvantageoi

, ,

of, 141

use

place,
fire-

Hedoino,

145

Hospitality,questions of, 10

121

Cupboard accommodation,

and

Householder

122

ciples
prin-

main

of sanitation, 39

Decoration, porch,

Housework,

144

of,

subject matter

,,

9

Ideals, semi-suburban, 7

Drain,

cleaning of, 40

proper

of

Increase

with

women

employment,
Individual

accessibilityof traps,
portanceInferior
joints,and connection, im-

East

of, 40

Emigrants

from

English

materials,

135,
localness
art,

building and
difference

136

Fences, 146
tricks
Finish, time-honoured
of, 128
of
centre
Fire-place, natural
family life,97
Fire-places in bedrooms, 99
Fire, objectof, 88

Fire-place,main

tures,
lightstruc-

18

beween,

81

Tenure,

Land

Lead,
, ,

questions of, 14

of, 131
of,
neglectedpossibilities
use

132
Main

and

dimensions

position of, 86

use

mean

of, 24

of, 35
KrrcHEM,

Fire-place,

of the

town,
Jerry

diversityof, 5
Enamel, use of,

9

tenant, the, 37

economy
the

daily

sewer,

connection

with,

40

Material,discovery of, 1 8
living-room, Materials, technical honesty
of, 1 38
living-room,
Metal, saving

in

use

of
Fire-place,fittings
85

main

of labour

in

use

of white, 135

of plain Metal, applicationof paint
Fittings, costliness
137
woodwork,
129
Model
villages,
of
29, 30, 31
sanitary,45
Fittings,repair

150

to,

Index
Model

villages,
laying

of, Room,

out

sitting

work,

or

79,

80

146

transit, facilities of, Room,
76

Modern
21

furnishing of upstairs,

artist's,craftsman's,or
mechanic's, 68
Room, student's bed, 77
Room,

of

Need

stead

home'

permanent

a

for

labouring class,6
Neighbours, 13
New
up-to-date '' building,9
*'

"New

art," 138, 139,

140

for

care

,,

retaining

best," 73, 74, 75
Room, play, 80, 81, 82, 83
**

height of, 1 14
Rough-cast, use of,56

Rooms,
Pkksons

world,

with

outside

white

oblong, L-

or

metal, use

T-shaped,

Staircases, planning

main

living-room,64

strongest

,,

for

argument

Surfaces,treatment
living-room,72, 73
Plan, objectionto main livingThatc^j, use

65

room,
main

domestic

of

economy

of, 130

67
Planning

of

of, 15,

105

Tiling, charm

living-room,65

Plan, advantage

of, 61
gaujpein, 60

II

L-shaped,

roof,62

,,

Tradition, respect for, 21
of

house,

of

part

any

a

Trapping
Two

86

Planning

and

ventilating,
40

demands,

3

of stairs,68

turesque,
symmetrical and picVcHTiLATioN, question ot,

"

difficulties

63

Planning,

,,

Walung,
,,

,,
,,

butt, position of,

,,

4"

,,

to

nature,

Roofs,
Roof, general
treatment

102

3

,,

of, 102,
outline

of

103

,,

tage,
cot-

and

stone

low

Plaster,use of, 142
ProvisioBing, 12
Rain.watxr

108

of, 108

important

most

in, 64

rooms

Return

122,

use
of, 142
Stencilling,
value
of, 25
Sunlight,

main

Plan,

of,

"3

77

Plan,

47

Servants, staff*of, 4
Sewage, disposal of, 38
Soil-pipes,kind of, 41
Soil in relation to health, 22

of, 134
Pipes, size of,43
Plans, types of, 32
,,

sink,

ScDLURT

12

and

Pewter

frequent

wanting

not

communication

boundary, 146

choice

of

brick

and

material,50
variety in, 49
methods
of, 49
tendency of, 49
brick and flint,
50
brick, 50

,,

Walls,

tsi

flint, 50

thickness

of,

stone,

^6, 58

50

Index
Walls,

W.C.

buttresses,58

cob, 50

"

Wall

with

use
of^ 141
papers,
in bathroom, bad

haying, 46
Waste-pipes, discharge of,41
"

eaves,
Waste-

44

no

prac-

ice of

carried

and
Weather-boarding
in, 59
weather-tiling,
variety
Windows,
large, full-length,

Windows,
"

casement,
small panes

1 1 2
or

leaded

lights,113

above

Windows,
Window,
Windows,

position of, 104
curtains
of, 116

proper
s6il.pipes, imexternal
shutters to,
trapping of, 38
Water,
quality of, 26
125, 126
small circular,116
of
hot, 47, 48
Windows,
supply
it
bay, 115
supply of, 26
and
26
colour, 113
boiling of,
blinds
of 1 12
use
of,
Weather-boarding,
15,
,,
Wood, use of stained, 137
and
varnished, 137
Weather-boarding
use
of, 59
painted, 137
weather-tiling,
and

II

it

II

II

152

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