The Fleets at War
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THE FLEETS AT WAR
WAR BOOKS
CLOTH
NCr.
VOL.
I.
^^^
(«-"•-,„, ,._ fct«^.
THE WAR RPrAhi
VOL.
11.
^
THE FLEETS AT WAR 'a ARCHIBALD
HURD.
VOL.
111.
THE CAMPAIGN OF
™« kV
B, CBORCE HOOPER
book t, th,
SEDAN
MttlTABY
IV.
rit^^tl^
VOL.
THE CAMPAIGN ROUND
UEGE
1
SIR Supreme Admiral,
ADMIRAL
JOHN JELLICOE.
British
Home
Fleet.
THE FLEETS AT
WAR
ARCHIBALD HURD
Aatkor ol'
ofthaSM,'
Iti lUi
Mv/al
(part MtiNf)* iiOt
HODDER AND STOUGHTON
LONDON NBW YORK TOKOKTO
PREFACE
It
ia
hoped that
this voltmie will
prow
ol
pu-
manent vmhw as prewntmg a oonapectus of the
great
navies engaged
fai
war wheo
hostilities
opened, and in particular of the events of rin-
gukr
significance in the naval contest
^liiich
between
ia
Great Britain and Germany
oocnmd
the years immediately preceding the war.
Grateful acknowledgment
is
made
to
Ifr.
H. C.
Bywater
volume.
for valuable "fiftflncf in preparing this
A.H.
CONTENTS
Intioooctiom
I.
—^Th> OmmiG Pbasi
9
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IX.
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V
INTRODUCTION
THE OPENING PHASE
Peaceful Victokibs of British Sea Power
The
declaration of war against Germany, followed at it was by similar action against AustriaHungary, was preceded by a sequence of events
so remarkable in their character that if any British writer had made any such forecast in times of peace he would have been written down as a romantic optimist. Owing to a series of fortimate circumstances, the British Fleet our main line of defence and ofEence—was fully mobilised for war on the morning before the day ^August 4th at 11 p.m. ^wben war was declared by this country, and we
—
—
—
were enabled to enter upon the supreme contest in our history with a sense of ctmfideace which was communicated to all the peoples of the British Empire. This feeling of .. 'u:ance and courage furnished the best possible augury for
the future.
fortni^t of diplomatic relaticms being broken <^ with Germany, and less thqn a
»
^tbin a
10
week
after
The
Fleets at
War
Austria-Hungary by her acts had declared her community oi interest with her ally, the British Navy, without firing a gun or sending
a
single torpedo hissing through the water,
had
achieved four victories.
(1) Germany's elaborate scheme to produce a feeling oi panic in this country—hence the
army
of spies,
who took advantage
of our
open hospitahty, using the telephone and providing themselves with bombs and aims
had
(2)
failed.
Germany's
over-sea
commerce
was
strangled.
on the seas began to resume its normal course owing to the growing confidence of shipowners and
(3)
British trade
shippers.
British Expeditionary Foicr, as detailed for foreign service, had been transported to the Continent under a guarantee
(4)
The
of safety given
by the
British Fleet,
These successes were due to the influence of sea-power. Confidence in the Navy, its ships and men, and a belief in the competency of Mr. Winston Churchill and Prince Louis of Battenberg and the other Sea Lords, and the War StaH. steadied the nerve of the nation when it received the first shock. Apparently the crisis developed so swiftly that there was no time for effective co-operation between the German spies. All the
mischievous s*ories of British reverses which were
—
The Opening Phase
11
dnmiily pnt in diculation in the early period ol hoetiUtiei weie tncked down ; tot ooce truth w«s
nearly as swift at rnrnour, thou^ the latter was the result of an elaborately orgudaed scheme for throwing the British people off their mental
a feeling of panic could be created in this country, a frightened nation would bring pressure to bear on the naval and miUtary authorities and our strategic plans ashore and afloat would be interfered with. A democracy in a state of panic cannot make war. The carefully-laid scheme miscarried. Never was
balance.
It
if
was conjectured that
a nation more
Fleet.
self-possessed.
It
had
faith in its
In the history of sea power, there is nothing comparable with the strangulation of German oversea shippmg in all the seas of the world. It followed almost instantly on the declaration of war. There were over 2,000 German steamers,
of nearly 3,000,000 tons gross, afloat
tiUties
when
hos-
opened. The German sailing ships mostly of small size—numbered 2,700. These vessels were distributed over the seas far and wide. Some scores of them, in fact ^were captured, others ran for neutral ports, the sailings of others were cancelled, and the heart of the German mercantile navy suddenly stopped beating. What must have been the feelings of Herr Ballin and the other pioneers as they contemplated the ruin, at least temporary ruin, of years of splendid enterprise ? The strat(^cal advantt^es enjoyed by England in a war against Germany, lying as she does like a bunker across Germany's approach to the oversea world, had never been
—
—
12
The
Fleets at
War
nndentood by the maia of Gfuouna, nor by thdr tateuiMn. Shipownen lud wme coaception of what would happen, but even they did not anticipate that in lew than a week the great engine of commercial activity ovenea would be brought to a ttandttill. By its prompt action on the eve of war in instituting a system of Government insurance of war risks, Mr. Asquith's administration checked any indication of panic among those responsible for our sea afiairs. The maintenance of our oversea commerce on the outbreak of hostilities had been the subject of enquiry by a subcommittee of the Committee of Imperial Defence. When war was inevitable, the Government produced ^his report, and relying on our sea power,
immediately carried into efiect the far-reaching and statesmanlike recommendations which had been made, for the State itself bearing 80 per cent, of the cost of insurance ot huU and cargoes due to capture by the enemies. Thus at the moment of severest strain ^the outbreak of war ^traders recognised that in carrying on their normal trading operations overseas they had behind them the wholehearted suppcnt of the British Government, the power of a supreme iieet, and the guarantee of all the accumulated wealth of the richest country in the world. None of the dismal forebodings which had been indulged in during peace were reaUsed. Traders were convinced by the drastic action of the Government and by the ubiquitous pressure of British sea power on all the trade routes that, though some losses might be suffered owing to the action of
—
—
The Opening Phase
GarmiB cndMn and ooovarted
18
maithaiitiiMa, tha dangar of to natiictad a charaetar and had bean lo admirably covarad by the Government'a insurance icheme that they conld " cany
wu
oo " in cahn courage and thna contribute to the mooeaa of BiHi3h arms. Naviea and armies must accept defeat if they have not behind them a
civil
population freed from fear of starvation. perhapa, than either of these victories of British sea power the safe transportation to the Continent of the Expeditioaary Force as detailed for foreign
Even more remarkable,
wu
Within a fortnight of the declaration of war, while we had snfiered from no threat of invasion or even of such raids on the coast as had been considered probable incidents in the early stage of war, the spearhead of the British Army had been thrust into the Continent of Europe. It is often the obvious which paaaea without
service.
btelligence that the Expeditionary Force had reached the Continent fired the imagination of Englishmen, and they
official
recognition.
The
no little pride that at so early a stage in the war the British Army—the only^Iong-service army fai the world—should have been able to
felt
its stand beside the devoted defenders of France and Belgium. It is, of course, obvious that the army of an island kingdom cannot leave its base except it receive a guarantee of safe transport from the Navy. The British Army, whether it fights in India, in Egypt, or in South Africa, must always be carried on the back of the British Navy
take
14
If
The
during the
Fleets at
of
War
yean
fearful anticipation it
peaceful dalliance and h*d been suggested that,
an unconq iwred Genoan fleet, we could Continent, throw an immense b -dy of man va the days or and complete the oprtation w'thin ten
in face of
t war, the stot so from the declaration oi exaggerawould have been regarded as a gross was the amazing achievement. It
tion.
emm
This
reflected credit
let it
on the military machinery ; but
of not be forgotten that all the labours would have the General Staff at the War Office before the been of no avaU unless, on the day Navy declaration of war, the whole mobilised of British had been able to take the sea in defence
Interests afloat.
do well not to ignore these obvious facts, Navy must because they are fundamental. The
We
Force, always be the lifeline of the Expeditionary and eveiyensuring to it reinforcements, stores, carry out its thing necessary to enable it to with the high purpose. That the Admiralty, fdt approval of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, military authontlM itself justified in giving the command a certificate of safe transport before the indicated high conof the sea had been secured fleet did come fidence that when the German would be forth to accept battle the issue to be no doubt, though victory mi^t have purchased at a high price. this all. Thanlts to the ubiquitous
m
Nor was
operations of the British Navy, the
Govemmwit
from miUtary aid
was able to move two diviaons
India,
of troops
the offers of Dominions] which were immediately made by the
and to accept
all
:
HMS. Kim
Oeortt V.
photo: Cribb. SoMtei.
KING GEORGE V CLASS.
KING GEORGE
V,
CENTURION, AUDACIOUS,
AJAX.
Displacement: 23,000 tons.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
I3.5in.,
5.
16 4m.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Eroadsidc
10 I3.5in.
Ahead
fire
4 >3-5in.
4 l3-5in-
:
The Opening Phase
It
is
a flash by aU the scattered peoide of the Empire that the Fleet, with its tentacles in every sea, maintains the Empire
in
was
realised in
umty: when "the
earth
was fuU
of
the seas were
anger"
full of British
ships of war.
It was in these circumstances that the war opened. Every incident tended to remind the people of the British Isles and the subjects of the King who Uve in the far-iiung Dominions and those who reside in the scattered
Colonies and Dependencies of the essential truth contained in the phrases which had come so tnppmgly to the lips in days of peace. Men recognised that the statement of
Crow"
well not to ignore
upon the sea as set forth in the Articles of War was a declaration of policy which we had done
our dependence
"It fa upon the Navy that, under the good Providence of God, the wealth, prospmty and peace of these islands and of the Empire do mainly depend."
true these words rang when, in defence of our honour, we had to take up the gage thrown down by the Power which claimed supremacy as a mihtaty Power and aspired to primacy aa a Poirar. Those who turned to Mr. Arnold
How
na^
White s admirable monograph on "The Navy and Its Stoiy," must admit that this writer, in
picturesque phrase,
tacts
i
had
set forth
fundamental
in
"Since the first mariner risked hu life a canoe and travelled coastwise for his
18
The
Fleets at
War
tance.
Sosucce^y^
its
done
work
t^J^^Xout
generations o4 hearing
of
iordgn Bo^fS'S.e Idt tne stiU Uving and
lii^S'slLe *" pam
of
the Bntish fjavy
n»
j^^^^.
Charies France,
would-be
ment
v..
of his ambition. PhiUp II. of
™«t«,?^„^T£i^e.
SP^. Lo^j^IV.
i^*^**^^of of^^^
rCc^edtSs^P^ansby
British sea power."
that they
ow^^^*^^^er
.^
tyrant,
th^
om in ,''™"'?™f. to in gained confidence
='«'*'
t^fJL'^/^r^
V „hich cMifronted
SeTti^UirfviSed to
°^^TlS?-of
the
cal^^ess.
the mi«hti«t °^*^^2l^^ dSt impose Uieiryolce
Brit^
people took
up the i^*
wm ^^^^^^
p.
es
i»-
vy
of
sry
mp
I
of
and
the
ain-
ules
ince,
ersal
s
in
s
by
fact
i
'
past
they
^>nt^
bievetiid
of
ghtiest
r
yoke
xKinge h thdr
:
H.M.S. Orion,
Photo: Sport
&
C«neraJ.
ORION CLASS.
ORION, CONQUEROR, MONARCH.
THUNDERER.
Displacement
:
22,500 tons.
I3.5in.,
3.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Broadside
10 I3.5in.
Ahead
fire:
4 i3-5'n-
4 l3-5in-
The Opening Phase
17
conditions.
It
the hour stinck England was fuUy prepared, confident in her sea power, to take up the defence of all the democracies of the world against the tyrant Power which sought to impose the iron caste of mihtarism and materialism upon nations that had outgrown medieval
tion.
realised that the men of quietiy, but persistentiy. working out our salva-
th^ httie
government, their world-wide trade, and that atmosphere which distinguishes the British Empire from every other empire which has ever existed. In the yMTs of peace men had often asked themselves whether a new crisis would produce the men of dKtiny to defend the traditions we had inherited from our forefathers. While peace
still
Mid forty miUion subjects of fntdom. their rights to self
cootury to recognise that, in spite of many cross currents and eddies of pubUc opinion. »te had been preparing the British peoples, all unconsciously, for the arbitrament of a war on the issue of which would depend aU the inter ests, tangible and intangible, of the four hundred
we cannot
smse ot honour forced upon them aU unwillingly Glanang back over the record of naval prognM dunng the earlier yean of the twentieth
fail
tiie
King-4heir
reigned
destiny^
When
^m
m
I
reaUse tiie bearing of British naval the years which preceded the outbreak of war. we shall do wea to cast aside all party bias and personal animosities and study the ^sequence of evente after the manner of the ^histonan who collates the material to his hand, analyses it without fear or favour, and sets down
we would
pohcy
18
The
Fleets at
War
Puituing this his conclusions in all faithfulness. year 1897. the oouree we are carried back to
Since the
throne in cate to his subjects the essential truths as to the influence of sea power upon history which he had read in Adr^iiral Mahan's early books. His educational campaign was a failure. In spite of all the efforts of Admiral von Hollmann, the Minister of Marine, the Reischstag refused to vote increased supplies to the Navy. At last, when he had been finally repulsed, first by the Budget Committee and then by the Reischstag itself. Admiral von Hollmann retired admitting defeat. The Emperor foimd a successor in a
German Emperor had ascended the 1888, he had endeavoured to communi-
naval
who, then unknown, was in a few years to change radically the opinion of Germans on the value of a fleet. Bom on March 19th, 1849, *t Custrin, and the son of a judge, Alfred Tirpitz became a naval cadet in 1865, and was afterwards at the Naval Academy from 1874 to 1876. He subsequently devoted much attention to the torpedo branch of the service, and was
officer
mainly responsible for the torpedo organisation and the tactical use of torpedoes in the German Navy a work which British officers regard with admiration.* Subsequently he became Inspector of her Torpedo Service, and was the first Flotilla Chief of the Torpedo Flotillas. Later he was appointed Chief of the Stafi at the naval station
—
• German Sea Power: Its Rise, Progress and EconcHuic Basis, by Archibald Kurd and Heniy Castle
(London
:
John Murray
1913).
The Opening Phase
in the Baltic
19
of
and
of the
Sopreme Command
During these earlier yean of his sea career. Admiral Tirpitz made several long voyages. He is regarded as an eminent tactician, and is the author of the rules for German naval tactics as now in use in the Navy. In 1895 he was promoted to the rank of RearAdmiral, and became Vice-Admiral in 1899. In 1896 and 1897 he commanded the cruiser squadron in East Asia, and immediately after
Fleet.
of State of the Imperial Navy In the following year he was made a Minister of State and Naval Secretary, and in 1901 received the hereditary rank of nobility, entitling him to the use of the honorific prefix
Office.
the
German
became Secretary
" Von."
With the advent of this sailor-statesman to the Marineamt, the whole course of German naval policy changed, and in 1898 the first German Navy Act was passed authorising a navy on a standard which far exceeded anything hitherto attained. It provided for the following
ships:
THE BATTLE FLEET
19 battleships (2 as material reserve).
8 armoured coast defence vessels. 6 large cruisers. 16 small cruisers.
ao
The
Fleets at
War
FOREIGN SERVICE FLEET
Large Cruisers
For East Airica
For Central and South America
Materia] reserve
-
a
i
3
Total
6
Small Cruisers
For East Asia
For Central and South America For East Africa For the South Seas
Material reserve
-
3
-
3
2 2
...
-
.
.
^
14
Total
I Station ship.
dramatic departure in German naval aroused hardly a ripple of interest in England. Then occurred the South African War, the seizure of the " Bundesrat," and other incidents which were utilised by the German Emperor, the Marine Minister, and the official Press Bureau, with its wide extending agencies for inflaming public opinion throughout the German Empire against the British Navy. The ground having been well prepared, in 1900 the naval measure of
policy
This
The Opening Phase iV. which WH to have <H>verad a period of
and men.
21
dx
yean, wat supeneded by another Navy Act,
practically doubling the establiihment of ships This is not the time, nor does space permit, to trace the evolution of German naval
policy during subsequent yeare or to analyse the successive Navy Acts which were passed
as political circumstances favoured further expansion. The story'—and it is a fascinating narrative in the light of after event»—may be read elsewhere. The fact to be noted is that the British peoples generally viewed the early indications of German naval policy without suspicion or distrust. Most men found it impossible to believe that any Power could hope to challenge the naval supremacy which had been won at such great sacrifice at the BatUe of Trafalgar, and which the British people had continued to
of the Mediterranean Squadron; he had already made a great name in the service as a man of original thought and great courage,
command
enjoy virtually without challenge throughout the nineteenth century. Happily, the hour when preparations had to be made, if made at all, to maintain in face of any rivalry our sea command, produced the man. In the autumn of 1901 Lord Selbome, then Fir»t Lord of the Admiralty, paid a special visit to Malta to discuss the naval situation with a naval officer with whose name not a thousand people in the British Isles were then familiar. Sir John Fisher had, as recently as 1899, taken over the
possessing a genius for naval politics and naval administration. He had represented the British
22
The
Fleets at
War
at the Hague Peace Conference, but he night have walked from end to end of London, and not a dozen people would have recognised him. In the following March, thanks to Lord Selbome, he became Second Sea Lord, and a naval revolution was inaugurated. Elsewhere I have recapitulated the remarkable Navy of the renais-
Navy
sance of British sea power.*
was devoted to the personnel. schemes of training for officers and men and for the Naval Reserve were introduced. A new force—the Royal Fleet Reserve— was established, consisting of naval seamen and other ratings who
First, attention
New
had served afloat for five years or more; a Volunteer Naval Reserve was initiated; steps
were taken to revise the administration of the naval establishments ashore, and to reduce the
proportion of officers and
duties, freeing
men engaged
in peace
On
for service in ships afloat. the anniversary of Trafalgar in 1904, after a
them
short period in command at Portsmouth order to supervise personally the reforms in training and manning policy ahready introduced. Sir John Fisher Lord Fisher as he is now known returned to the Admiralty as First Sea Lord. Instantly,
m
—
—
with the support of Lord Selbome and Mr. BalPrime Minister, to whom all honour is due, the new Board proceeded to carry into effect vast correlated schemes for the redbtiibution of the fleets at sea and the more rapid mobilisation of ships in reserve, the reorganisation of the Admiralty, and the re-adjustment of our
four, then
• Fortnightly Review, September, 1914.
The Opening Phase
23
world naval policy to the new conditiona In accordance with a plan of action which the new First Sea Lord had prepared montiu in advance. Our principal aea frontier has been the Mediter^ ranean. It was necessary to change it, and the operation had to be carried out without causing undue alarm to our neighbours at that time we had no particular frienck, though the foundations of the Entente were already being laid. Without asking your leave from Parliament, the great
—
Fisher supplied fuel, proceeded to carry out the most gigantic task to which any Governmental Depart-
administrative
engine,
to
which Lord
ment ever put its hand. Overseas squadrons which had no strategic purpose were disestabunimportant dockyards were reduced to cadres ; ships too weak to fight and too slow to run away were recalled a whole fleet of old ships, which were eating up money and adding nothing to our strength, were scrapped the vessels in reserve were provided with nucleus crews. Wth a single eye to the end in view victory in the
lished
;
;
;
main strategical theatres conservative influences which strove to impede reform were beaten down. With the officers and men taken out of the weak ships, and others who were wrenched from comfortable employment ashore, a great fleet on our new frontier was organised.
In the preamble to the 1900 it had been stated
:
—
—
German Navy Act
of
not absolutely necessary that the German Battle Fleet should be as strong as that of the greatest naval Power, for a great
is
" It
"
24
The
Fleets at
War
naval Power will n^i, as a rule, be in a position to concentrate aU its strildng foroe against us. But even if it should succeed in meeting us with considerable superiority of
strength,
Fleet
the defeat of a strong German would so substantially weaken the
enemy
have would no longer be secured by an adequate
fleet."
that, in sjMte of the victory he might obtained, his own position in the world
Lord Fisher had not studied the progress
of the
German naval movement without
in this passage
realising that
was to be found the secret of the strategic plan which the German naval authorities had formed. With the instinct of a great strategist, he reorganised the whole world-wide machinery of the British Navy, in order to suit
the
new
circumstances then developing.
The war in the Far East had shown that changes
were necessary in the design of British ships of all classes. The First Sea Lord insisted that the matter should have inmiediate attention, and a powerful committee of naval officers, shipbuilders,
and
scientists
began
its sittings
at the Admiralty.
of
The moment its report was available. Parliament was asked for authority to lay down groups
which the " Dreadnought was the most famous. In the preceding six years, sixteen battleships had been laid down for Great Britain, while Germany had begun thirteen ; our
ships of
new
types, of
computed in modem ships of the line, had already begun to shrink. Secretly and rapidty' "' feur units of the new type—the " Dreadnought
sea power, as
The Opening Phase
with her swift
sisters,
26
the " Indomitable," " Inflexible," and " Invincible "—were rushed to completion. No battleship building abroad carried more than four big " guns ; the Dreadnought " had ten big guns, and her swift consorts eight.* Thus was the work of rebuilding the Bntish Fleet initiated. Destroyers of a new type were idaced in hand, and redoubled
which Lord Fisher was the first to realise were essential to this country, and were capable of immense
development as offensive engines of warfare. We gamed a lead of eighteen months over other Powers by the determined policy adopted.
Jost as the task of rebuilding the Fleet had been mibated. a change of Government occurred,
made
progress
was
in the construction of submarines,
and there was reason to fear that the stupendous task of reorganising and re-creating the bases of our naval power would be delayed, if not abandoned. In Lord Fisher the nation had, fortunately, a man of iron will. Though Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, above all
things
States Na\^ Department that it had prepared plans for a smp similar in armament to the Dreadnought
in
• It
b
offidaUy admitted by the United
and was awaiting the approval of Cmgnss begummg construction. American olceis nad come to the same conclusions as to the inevit1904, before
AtotaS
^^ »* battleship design as the British
*''* ^*^y imposed by the necessity of r>\^P^' lu obtaining the consent of Congress, the United SUtes
"• ^^ exetase of its powers, ij« Bntidi R^'t-^^f^*^.' tne Admiralty acted directly the designs of ^ the new ships were ready.
26
The
Fleets at
War
desirous of airesting the rivalry in naval anna-
ments, was Prime HGnister, and Lord Tweedmouth was Fiist Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Fisher, supported by his colleagues on the Board, insisted on essentials. Delays occurred in German shipbuilding, and the Admiralty agreed that British shipbuilding could be delayed. In 1906, 1907, and 1908 only eight Dreadnoughts were begun. Subsequent events tend to show that this policy was a political mistake, though we eventiutlly obtained more powerful ships by the dday. Germany was encouraged to believe that under a Liberal Administration she could overtake us. Between 1906 and 1908 inclusive we laid down eight large ships of the Dreadnought type; and Germany laid down nine, and began to accelerate
her programme of 1909. liien occurred a momentous change in British
affairs.
Lord Tweedmouth,
after
the
famous
incident of the
German Emperor's
letter, retired
and Ms place was taken by Mr. Reginald McKenna, who was to show that a rigid regard for economy was not incompatible with a high standard of patriotism. In associafrom
office (1908),
tion with the Sea Lords, he surveyed the naval
In the following March occurred the Germany had accelerated her construction, and our sea power was in peril. The whole Board of Admiralty determined that there was no room for compromise. Mr. McKenna, it is now no secret, found arrayed against him a large section of the Cabinet when he put forward the stupendous programme of 1909, making provision for eight Dreadnoughts, six protected
situation.
naval
crisis.
The Opening Phase
cruiseis,
27
twenty destroyers, and a number of submarines. The naval crisis was accompanied by a Cabinet crisis, in spite of the fact that
as Foreign Secretary, gave the naval authorities his fuU support. Unknown
to
Edward Grey,
Sir
the nation, the the Navy
AdmiraUy
resigned,
and
for
a time
had no superior authority.
day.
The Cabmet was converted ; the necessity for prompt, energetic action was proved. The most in the way of compromise to which the Board would agree was a postponement
announcing the construction of four of the eight armoured ships. But from the first there was no doubt that, unless there was a sudden change in German policy, the whole octette would be built. When the programme was presented to the House of Commons, the Prime Ifinister
in
act
won the
This dramatic
was in a position to tell the country that, though aU the ships were not to be laid down at once, they would all be laid down in regular rotation, in order
that they might be «ady ample time to the situation which was developing.
to Mr. McKenna thair wholehearted support; either the Govenunent had to be driven from office, or the Liberal Party had to agree to the immense commitment represented in the Navy Estimates. The programme was agreed to. This, however, is only half the story. Neither the Government nor the Admiralty
and
Sir
Edward Grey gave
m
meet
it
Perhaps
was well
not
in the circumstances that this fact was revealed. Public opinion became active.
The whole
roused,
patriotic sentiment of the country was and the jingle was heard on a thousand
28
The
Fleets at
War
pUttfoma, " We want eight and we won't wait." The Admiralty, which had already determined upon its policy, remained silent and refused to hasten the construction of the ships. Quietly, but finnly, the Boaxd resisted pressure, reali-^g
in possession of all the facts. Secrecy is the basis of peace as well as war strategy. The naval authorities were unable
it
that
it,
and
only,
was
to defend themselves by announcing that they were on the eve of obtaining a powerful weapon
which couid not be ready for the ships if they were laid dovn at once. By waiting the Navy was to gain the most powerful gun in the world. In order to keep pace with progress in Germany, it was necessary to lay down two of the eight ships in July, and be satisfied with the la-inch guns (projectile of 850 lbs.) for these units. The construction of the other six vessels was postponed in order that they might receive the new i3-5-inch gun,withaprojectile of about i,4oolbs. Twoof the Dreadnoughts were began at Portsmoux.< and Devonport Dockyards in the following November, and the contracts for the remaining four were not
placed until the spring, for the simple reason that the deUveiy of the new guns and mountings
and
their equipment could not be secured for the vessels, even if their hulls were started without a moment's delay. Thus we obtained six
battlediips which are
still unique; in no other so powerful a gun to be found to-day as the British iS'S-mch weapon. In 1910 and in 191 1 Mr. McKenna again fought for national
Navy
is
safety,
Fleet.
and he won the
essential provision for the
all
He
risked his
in defence of
our sea
The Opening Phase
power.
29
probably during thon years of most unpopular Minister the Liberal Party ever had. What has been the sequel of his tenacity and courage and patriotism? What has bwi gained owing to the bold front which Lord Fisher presented, as First Sea Lord, supported by his coUeagues ? Sixteen of the eightem battleships and battle-cruisers of the Dreadnought type, the fifteen protected cruisers, and the Mxty destroyers, with a group of submarines, which the Board over which Mr. McKemu prestruggle the secured, constituted the spearhead of tte Bntish Fleet when the crisis came and war had to be declared against Germany in defence of our plighted word.
He was
«ded
With the addition of one more chapter, this story of the renaissance of British sea power is complete. In the autumn of ign, over seven years afti Lord Fisher had begun to shake the
Navy mto renewed
Scott
He had
tHe EngUsh-speaking world realised his ambition Lord Fisher, under the age clause, had already been compelled to vacate his seat on the Board retuing with a peerage, and his successor. Sir Arthur Wilson, was also on the eve of retirement had to be freed to take over the 5^^j?«^ ,« , Weldi Church BiU and to place his legal mind aj the service of the country at the Home Office.
Board the splendid inteUect of Sir John Tellicoe Mr Winston ChurchiU replaced Mr. McKemu^ as Fust Lord. Thus the youngest statesman of
Percy m his gunnery reforms, and brou^t to tl^
life,
encouraged Sir
done
his
work and done
the ideal
it
Wmstwi ChurchiU proved
weU.
Mr
man
to put
30
The
Fleets at
War
the finishing touches to the great task which had been initiated during Lord Selbome's period of office. Perhaps the keynote of his administrais to be found in the attention which he devoted to the organisation of the War Staff, the elements of which had been created by lormer Boards, and the readjustment of the pay of officers and men. No service is efficient for Mrar in which there exists a rankling feeling of in-
tion
justice.
The rates of pay were revised and increased
;
of officers
facilities
and men
were opened
men of the lower deck to reach commissioned rank. About 20,000 officers and men were added to the active service of the Fleet. At the same time with the ships provided by former Boards, the organisation of the ships in Home waters was placed on a higher standard
up
for
of efficiency, particular attention being devoted to tha organisation of the older ships so as to keep them efficient for war. The Naval Air
Service was established, and pressed forward with all speed.
its
development
Thus the work
of reform and the task of changing the front of the British Navy had been brought to completion, or virtual completion, at the moment when
Germany, by a concatenation of circumstances, was forced into a position where she had to fight the greatest of sea Powers, or admit the defeat of
her ambitions. A study of the sequence of events which immediately preceded the outbreak of hostilities is hardly less interesting than the earlier and dramatic incidents which enabled us to face the supreme crisis in our history with a measure
all
:
The Opening Phase
of
81
asmred confideooe. On March 17th, 1914, Mr. Winston Churchill spoke in the House of Commons on the Navy Estimates. It is common knowledge that he had just fought a stem battle in the Cabinet for adequate supines, and It was assumed at the time, from various incidents, that he had been compelled to submit to some measura
received, however. Cabinet authority to ask Parliament for the largest sum ever devoted to naval defencfr-^51,500,000.
of retrenchment.
He
In the course of his speech on these Estimates he made the announcement that there would be no naval manoeuvres in 1914. He stated
"
We have
decided to substitute this year
grand manoeuvres—not, of course, for the numbeiless exercises the Fleet is always carrying out a general mobilisation of the Third Fleet.* We are calling up the whole of the Royal Fleet Reserve for a
for the
—
period of eleven days, and those who come up for that period will be excused training next year, and will receive £1 bounty in
addition to their r^ular pay.
"
We have had a most admirable response. We
10,170 men, seamen, and others, and 1,409 marines, are required to man the ships of the Third Fleet. have already, in the
few days our circular has been out, received from 10,334 men volunteers, and from 3,321 marines. I think that reflects
replies
great
credit
on the
spirit
of
the
Rnerve
* The Third Fleet consists of the oldest ships of the Navy maintained in peace with skeleton crews.
82
The
generally,
Fleets at
War
npon the
facilitated
and aho
reflects credit
employen, who must have greatly
this operation all over the coontry.
I
henby
to me that it has never been undertaken before. The cost, including the bounty of ;£i. wiU be about ;£5o.ooo. Having no grand manoeuvres yields a saving of
£230,000, so there is a net saving on the substitution of £180,000."
It
surpri^
extend to them the thanks of the Admiralty. " This test is one of the most important that could possibly be made, and it is raally
was hardly
surprising in the circumstances
persons thought the Admiralty was bent merely upon economy. If the naval authorities had had foreknowledge of the course of events they could not, in fact, have adopted a
that
many
principal ships passed before the King off the Nab Lightship, a column of seaplanes and aeroplanes circling high above the ships, and then disappeared in the Channel to carry out what
The
onwards, week by week down to the middle of July, the eUborate and complicated drafting arrangements were examined and readjusted. Then, after the assassinations at Sarajevo and on the eve of the final developments on the Continent, which were to make war inevitable, the test mobilisation was carried out.
course.
From March
wiser
were
believed to be peace exercises, but were, in fact, to prove the manoeuvres preliminary to war. Later in the same week, the vessels of the Patrol Flotillas were engaged in testing a new scheme for sealing this narrow exit to the North Sea.
NEPTUNE CLASS. COLOSSUS, NEPTUNE, HERCULES
differences).
(slight
Displacement: 19,200 to 20,000 tons. Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 I2in., 16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
3.
Astern
fire:
Broadside
10 I2in.
Ahead
fire:
8 i2in.
6 i2in.
The Opening PJuue
cjto looad the Fim «Kl •n mpecti for wir, «Kl, irftar
88
sWSmL »iv^
«IdltiSSJ;
oaterieafc
movemento of aU British m»!itwS on^y in the nuin rt«t,,icd th-tSTboT^
footins, and tdOy Immediately the cnrtain feU. Udfaw from vImt the
war
wm
moMbeiL^
Two battlnhii».
which
£ tadinrtW
IZ
were also compulsorily porohasedfrm Clule, the appointment ot Admind Sir JoS JeUicoe as supreme British Admiral ct neets was announced.
to
to^
"WmS^ prov^^LST^ «onjtoo»na^rt«ngth
in his
ow
Paris had denounced only a riiort time befbn pamphlet as the " War Tiadon
by
the Admiralty.
^pr«ne
Thk
is
win remember in gratitude thT <tec»ion exhibited by Mr.
crisis.
mUioutdelay^confadon. or panic.
Ae y«it war dnuna on the sea we^
^o^^Z^ ^H^ andTS.
iSiSS ChmchiuTSw
countfTS
pX£Si cSKd
^Ita^
SrS:
He provedlSLS
«njj«.ce of British miBtaiy pow«J
Secretaiy for
not the phce to rebte the storv of th«
^
War
lay in the fact that he did
unteMe all sd«aes of defence^by an Wnrtan. which is the nerve centiJdfa
maSe
i^
**
Empire
The
Fleets at
War
offi«M
hwed aU
A« in Oppodtlon he in advertising our dependence
Minister reeponsible
hi.
had been foremoet upon the itiZ^
Kheme. on
the assumption that
rthTySy £
naXuthSy
tS
to be hurled oven^a as soon as the tt able to give guarantee of safe passage. ItiS the hght of this essential truthXuhe ditionary Force was organised, and the VoluntS
m
W
m^
wrJo'^d w«e "i? made no doubt,
can ever expect to
fore
^^Territorial Army.
;
M^tSS
no man who avoids them do anything. But at
provision of the
miUtary schemes, the value of |>Bcame apparent when we were
c^eted
withdrawmg a penny from the nwessan^ fleet. Lord Haldane initSS^S
w£
of Europe, which such a standing that offw challenge to our supremacy afloat The survey of British naval poUcy in the years umnediately preceding the be mcomplete were no madTJoX^ f of which we were insistently reminded hostUitiea opened, that sea JoweTevS moS than mUitary power, must st^d defeated torn the very outset, unless it is supplemented by economic power. In the past the weaJnS. o^
fleets of
^ i^* ^esg
"^ ottSrS ''ri''^' °^*"y
^"^
confronted vdih
-^
contest^SiTw^
Sy^S
wS
JT
ref^c
W^oSd
^. howev« formidable
It
*^*^ "^"^ ^y «D^t°^r However great the
apparent.
^ has^
power on the
the militai^Tarm
Z^
must be ready on the instant to organic
The Opening Phase
3S
every department of life oo a wtf bull. Armed forces which have not behind them a reeolute community are robbed of more than half their power. A feeling of panic is always apt to infect a democracy, and then tmder the paby of fear the tendency is for pressure to be brought to bear on the supreme naval and military authorities, with the result that strategic plans,
matured
effective.
in
peace,
become confused and
of
in-
An
illustration
the
influence
of
the fears of the civil population upon war policy was furnished during the Spanish-American War. Under the pressure of nervous public o^idoa, the Naval Board was compelled to depart from the sound strategy of concentration upon the main objective, and to dissipate no little of the power at its command in order to provide some
measure of
towns.
peril,
local protection for various coast Fortunately, British naval policy had
be«j developed on lines which minimised this and our economic resources had been surveyed, and adequate preparations made to afford to our sea power every possible economic support. As to the first, fear of mvasion or raids, the coast and port guard ships, with little more than skeleton crews, had been abolished;
in their place patrol flotillas of destroyers
and
submarines had been created to keep an efficient and active watch and ward along the sea frontier wWch the enemy at our door -n'^bt threatoi. This provision was supplemented by the mobilisation of all our national rescurces, under the direction of the Committee o' Tt -lerial Defence. When Jfr. Balfour foimded (his Dwiy he buOded
3«
The
Fleets at
War
When war came not only were the nuun fleete not tied to our shores but every department of State
plete plan of the
hrttothanhelmew.
had befoiJk T'roT duty which itlSTto
l??™
flg. Lt'^th?.'^ V mthout which
°**''"'^ ^' could
It
suppSt'^'S
not hopTto achie^
During the
yem
which immediately preceded
oTt wde^preadmg organisation. On July 35th loia Mr.A^uith inaspeechintheHoieofO^mmoS'
gave the nation , ,me conception of of one aspect of the work which was then K?n^ ^tly performed by this smaU BBed by our Constitution, and
'^
°^**'* of Imperial Tetl^at qmeUy at work co-ordinatmg the
arms, and laying thf
Dd<S^
naval and
fouSdS
tli^^^'
Zy^Z^.
hSnipSi
that
;r^*!?° of war
"" ««b<ommittee fcJT^*^ r^.r '!t^ <fepartmental action the ooSiS
with no and (hstrust. Mr. Asquith related Committee of Imperial Defence hal
^
be^
smce
regarieTaTit
.^
birth,
X apSLt^
of the
n Descnbmg
of
at
2^ttee
this particular
work
Imperial
Defence.
Mr
A^uSS
D^artaents
"This subcommittee. wWch is composed of the pimapal officials of the various
of
State,
has.
after
^^
g.ti^l-^chdefiJitSy^^rt^^ Department-^.ot merely thTwar (SS and the Admiralty,
but the
Home (SSJ
The Opening Phase
87
the Board of Trade, and every Department of the State-^ts responsibility for action under every head of war p(dicy. The
Departments themselves, in pursuaaoe of the instructions given by the War-Book, have drafted all the proclamations, Orden
in Council, letters, telqpams, notices,
and
which can be foreseen. Every possible provision has been made to avoid delay in setting in force the machinery in
the unhappy event of war taking place. It has been thought necessary to make this Committee permanent, in order that these war arrangements may be constantly kept up to date."
in the last days of July, 1914 ? During the period of strained relations, the War-
so forth,
What happened
Book was opened, and every
State
official
in every
Department concerned—eleven in allhad before him a precise statement of exactly what contribution he had to make in mobilising the State as an economic factor for war. Proclamations, Orders in Council, letters, and telegrams
flowed forth throughout the British Isles, and to the uttermost parts of the Empire, in accordance with the pre-arranged plan which had been so assiduously elaborated. Hardly had the Navy
been mobilised, the Army Reserves called out to complete the regular Army, and the Tenitoiials embodied, than the nati<m realised that, without wmfasion, it had itself been placed upon a wmr
The creatirai of the British WarBook must be acclaimed as a mooameiit to the
footing.
38
The
Fleets at
War
perepicaaty of Mr, Asqnith and the Ministers who assisted him on the Committee of Defence, and to the splendid labours of the Secretary of the Committee, Captain Maurice Hankey, C.B and the smaU staff associated with him. 'xhis organisation, which owed so much to the " staff mmd " of its former secretary. Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Ottley, imposed upon the nation a charge of only about ^fo.ooo a year, which was returned mcreased by a thousandfold when the cnas came, and the United Kingdom, existing under the most artificial conditions owing to its dependence on the sea for food and
was prepared,
raw materials
the world.
and armies the wholehearted and organised support of the richest nation in
offer to Its fleets
for the first time in its history to
Whai the curtain fell upon the seas, the nation had the assurance that everything which foresight could suggest had been done to make secure our essential supremacy. The newspapers preserved a discreet sUence as the Home Fleets took up their stations in the main strategical area. They were convinced, by irrefutable
dence, that adequate power had been concentrated this theatre to enable the North Sea to be sealed, thus confining the main operations of the naval war to one of the smaUest water areas the world.
evi-
m
m
Those who study the conspectus of sea power at the moment when the fog tad from view all that was occurring in waters would miss the rtsal significance picture which British sea power presented
British
of
war
distant
of the at this
.
.
The Opening Phase
dramatic
8fl
moment
if
they
failed to recognise
the
means by which the British Navy was able to impose an iron grip upon the great highways which are the life blood of British commerce. When war occurred the British sea power was predominant
all the outer seas in contrast with every other Power engaged in hostihties. At every point the British fleet was supreme in con-
in
other Power now engaged Austria and Italy were hardly represented outride the Mediterranean; Germany had only one armoured ship and two small
in hostilities.
trast
with
every
cruisers in the Mediterranean
and a few small
cruisers in the Atlantic
she
had the
tinental
though largest squadron of any ConPower, the Admiralty r^^arded our
;
in the Pacific,
forces as being at least twice as strcmg. This balance of strength was maintained in accord-
ance with the
Alliance.
terms
of
the
Anglo-Japanese
From the moment of the ultimatum all the Empire was at war. At a hundred and one points of naval and military importance a state of war existed. Wherever the British flag was flying and it flies over about one quarte. of the habitable globe—officers and men of the sea and land services stood awaiting the devdopment of events.
—
What precise orders were issued by the alty cannot be revealed, but telegnma
were received during the early days trf houmdicated that at all the great junctkxM ot
Empire
sections of the British
Navy lad
concentrated,
and
their
."^NiuMndtiM
:
40
The
Fleets at
War
Jwcted
tarn the lifeline of the Empire.
to omit no measure necesuiy to mUiiof concentration which for
^^
Under the icheme
previou-ly had been the ouUtanding fwture. not only of British naval policy, but3 the naval pohcy of aU the Great tte nmnber of ships in distant seu had beS reduced, but the fighting vahie of the umts was higher than ever before. The charactcr of the British naval representation outside
tm y«m
Pow^EnropT
BriS
official statement of the composition of the squadrons which were held on the leash by the Admiralty, awaiting the "«6 "« develoiHnent of events
from the following
MEDITERRAJIEAN FLEET.
SflOADRON.-Inflexible (Flag), T«Sf^^"'?"" Indefatigable. Indomitable.
^
Duke of Edinburgh. Wairior jjj^'«"S.-Chatham. DubUn. Gloucester, WeyAttached Ships.—Hussar, Imogene.
(^«Pot ftS^T'^'J'-T^-^'"*'^ B^. Foxhound. Grampis
Beagle. Bulldog,
Ship).
/in'i^m"?Tv.^'"^* (Flag), Black Prince,
Sqdadron.
- Defence
GTMjtopper. Harpy, Mosquito, Pincher, RacSon,
SowuwNis.— B 9, B
ro,
B «,
; ;
The Opening Phase
Toi«DO BoATi.—No».
064, 070.
41
046.
063,
044, 045,
GIBRALTAR.
SuBUARnos.—B 6. B
ToRPBDO Boats.—83,
94. 95. 96.
7,
B 8.
88, 89. 90, 91. 98, 93,
EASTERN
(Flag),
FL^:ET.
East Indies Squadron.—Battleship Swiitsure crnisen Dartmouth, Fox sloops Alert,
;
Espi^le, Odin. Spidax.
China annouzed
Alacrity,
Thistle.
Squadron.—Battleship
cruisers Minotaur (Flag,,
Trtoa^
Hampshire
etc..
cruisers Newcastle,
Yarmouth
;
gunboats,
Bramble,
Britomart,
Cadmus,
Qio,
New Zeaiand DnasiON.—Croiaeis
Psyche, Pyramus, Torch.
Philomel,
ATTACHED TO CHINA SQUADRON.
Destroyers.—Chelmer, Submarines.—C
Cohie,
Fame,
Jed
Kemiet, Ribble, Usk, Welland.
36,
C
37,
C
38.
Torpedo Boats.—Nos.
gale,
035, 036, 037, 038.
River Gunboats.— Kinaha, Moorhen, NightinRobin, SandfHper, Snipe, Teal, Woodcock,
Woodlark. Widgeon.
42
The
Fleets at
War
(Flag.)
AUSTRAUAN FLEET.
Battle Croisbrs.—AustnOia
CROiSEH8.-Eiicounter. Melbourne, Sydney.
DEsraoYBRS—Puiamatta, Wanego, Yana. SOBMARINBS.—AE I. AE a.
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
CROiSBi».-Hyacinth
(Flag), Pegasus. Astnta.
WEST COAST OF AFRICA.
GnNBOAT.—Dwarf.
S.E.
COAST OF AMERICA.
Crdisbr.
—Glasgow.
WEST COAST OF AMERICA.
Sloops.—.Algerine, Shearwater.
WEST ATLANTIC.
Lancaster; cruiser Bristol.
AR»iooRHDCRnisERs.-Suffolk. Berwick,
«*.i!«ex, Essex
wo^
*^ °P«>^ PJ»«s ^ the wJ'i*!!!!!'**^ war between mx of great
fleets of
of the
to the conditions of the
be i^mplete wen. no referent
the worid
Sde
Gennaa
Fleet.
A month
The Opening Phase
4S
before the final cleavage between the two natioai, Kiel had kept high festival in honoar of the
Navy. At the invitation of the Gennan Govenunent, Vice-Admiral Sir George Wairender had taken some of the finest battleships of the British Navy into this Gennan port. During the Regatta Week official Germany entertained the officers and men with the utmost hospitality, and, for a time, the Emperor had his iag, the flag of an honorary admiral of the British Navy, flying from the mainmast ol one of the latest "Dreadnoughts," the "King George V..» and was in technical command of this important section of the Home Fleet. Luncheons, dinners, and receptions filled the days over which the yacht racing extended, and when Sir Geoige Warrender steamed out of Kiel to meet at a rendezvous at sea the British squadron, under Rear-Admiral Sir David Beatty, which had been
British
visiting the Baltic ports of Russia,
and the other
squadrons which had been entertained by the peoples of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, every indication encouraged the belief that peace was more completely assured than at any time during
this century.
The
Kiel festivities at
its
Fleet, reinforced
an end, the High Sea by a number of reserve sh^,
put to sea for
waters.
summer
cruise in Norwegiai'
The Emperor, in the Royal Yacht " Hohenzollem," ako left fcnr the coast of Norway. These were the conditions when the b(dt f^. Can it be doubted that, when in after years and in full knowledge, the history of the war is written, it will be ccmduded that Germany, in
**
The
Fleet! at
War
^vtag hir ropport to Awtria-Huagtiy, had no
With much
labour,
and at gnat
sacrifice
sha
be tawdiihed in the eyes of a timid and comthe Britbh people to be
;
but
it
was not a fleS
S^Sco'SSS*"'^^^*-J^ni^o,rs.;:b-tW^?s
S^r^'^ ^."
n«
first
»ea power
was
^S.
buther navy was
programme of four "Dreadnoughts"
still
possessmg six only-as weD as in
deficient in
crSeSl torpSo^ST
France
at the outbreak of the war.
and MediterTaneaTtot to »JUon the former's portion was fTm tS fiiS weU-nigh hopeless, and her ships retired *^«»
Great
Britain
in
oave ftced the naval
the
forces
of
*"
"~ toS "
The French German
acts
fleet
was
in
good condition to
I^LlT^^
and German words irSd beS m ships and men. its admiTtnS asboieremodeUed. and its fleets at searo^SS Government had
strengthened
coSTS
enteS
the most conspicuously able sailors Ainmd Bou^ du Lapeyr^re. and of the period could
c^^
"
•*»°»val"P«ts with confidence
aS
:
RoMia htd ioly compuativdy noentty takm Mriooa stepo to
replace tbe fleet the kwt in the war whh Japan. ihip-building project, known as the " Ifinor Progianune," was being carried out, bat lo far none of the vessels it comprised had become available for service. When war occuircd. four
The Opening Phase WM not to fortunate. She
48
A
" Dreadnonghts," which were begun as far back as Z909, were not 3ret ready, and seven others were on the stocks, but not yet launched. Eight small cruisers kid down under the "Minor Programme" were buUding, two of them in a Gennan yard, and the remainder in Russia, and
there
was besides a
laige
fiotiUa
all
of
torpedo
craft under construction.
With
these vessels
in commission, the Russian
Navy would have
become once more a
factor to be reckoned with.
As
it happened, Russia faced the war practically without any considerable sea power.
had begun, a dramatic faiddent reminded the world that Japan, the ally of Great Britain in the Far East, was not viewing the course of events unconcerned. On Monday,
hostilities
When
August 16th, it was announced that the Japanese Government had delivered an ultimatum to
Germany
in the following terms
consider it highly important and necessary in the present situation to take measures to remove the causes of all disturbance of peace in the Far East, and to safeguard general interests as contemplated in the Agreement of Alliance between Japan
"We
and Gtatt
Britain.
46
The
Fleets at
War
lecare fim and enduring peace in Eaitera Asia, the esUblishment of which is the aim of the laid Agreement, the Imperial Japanese Government sincerely believes it to be its duty to give advice to the Imperial German Government to carry out the following two propositions
"In otder to
"I. Withdraw immediately from Japanese and Chinese waten the German men-o'-war and armed vessels at
all kinds, and to disarm at once those which cannot be withdrawn.
"a. To deliver on a date not later than September 15th to the Imperial Japanese authorities, without condition or compensation, the entire leased territoty of Kiau-Chau, with a view to the eventual restoration of the same to
China.
" The Imperial Japanese Government announces at the same time that in the went of its not receiving by noon on August 23rd an answer from the Imsignifying uncOTditional acceptance of the above advices ofiered by the Imperial Japanese
perial
German Government
ment, Japan
will
actiOT as it may deem necessary to meet the mtuation."
Governbe compeUed to take such
confronted with heavy odds, Japan remembered the events tolloi^ ing the war of 1894-5, when this Power,
When Germany was
The Opening Phase
47
having joiiMd in robbing her of the tpoU of her victory over China, henelf entered into pone*sion of Ktao Chau, as the price for the lives
of
two murdered
Thus,
at
missionaries.
the
sea
touch
of
German
tlie
arrogance,
world anayed themselves against her— the British, Freoch. and Russian fleets in European waters, and the
four great
of
Powers
great
navy
of
Japan
in the Pacific.
In this wise did the struggle for the command of the sea open. Germany reaped as she had sown. Since 1898 she had boasted how she would challenge the greatest sea Power. When the day and hour came it was not the British fleet only, but the navies of France. Russia, and Japan which confronted her. By her words and acts she had alienated the sympathies of every nation except her ally, Austria-Hungary. The war began with her fleets and squa^boos sheltering behind the forts of her naval bases, and with a few cruisers in the Atlantic being hunted by an overpowering force of British and French ships. Sudi was the fruit of her diplomacy and her forward naval policy ; her shipping suffered instant strangulation ; her colonies were divorced from the Motherland, and she was confronted with the approaching ruin of that worldpolitic which had been her pride and inspiration.
:
HMS.
V..t„rd.
pj^„.
s^, ^ f.^^j
VANGUARD
ST.
CLASS.
VINCENT, VANGUARD. COLLINGWOOD.
Displacement
:
19,250 tons.
I2in.,
3.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
i8 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Broadside
8 i2in.
Ahead
6
fire:
6 I2in.
i2in.
:
CHAPTER
I
The Relative Standing or the British and Germam Fleets
The
is
relative strength of the British
and G<nnan
declared
navies at the
moment when war was
of historical interest.
the British
particulars have been pnpared from " Fightinc Ships, 1914." and brought-up todate by the inclusion (rf the two Turkish battleships and the two Chilian destroyer leaders, which were purchased on the outbreak of hostilities by
The appended
Goveramnt
BRmsB Navy.
Snpcr-Dreadnougfat battleships
•
-
11
Super-Dreadnought battle^ruisers
I>readnou(^t battleships I^nxlaoaiht battle-cr^sen
3
—
•
M
18
5
Total of ships of Dreadnou^t era (Three more super-Drndnoughts
3a
Msr
completioa, and due commission late in 1914.}
48
to
::
80
The
Relative Standing of the
Pra-Dntdnoo^ts I
Foiwenhil ihipt all completed be-
tween 1905 and 1908
Older and
less
•
-
8
powerful ships com•
pleted between 1895 and 1904
30
-
38
70
Total battleships
•
AmKnaed Cniiaeis
Big,
heavily-aimed
shipe
com9
pleted between 1905 aid 1908 " County " daas, slower and less
powerful,
comideted 1903 and 1905
between
-
15
"Drake" and "Ciessy"
dass, sli^tly bigger and better, but older ships, completed between
1901 and 1903 Total armoured cruisers
-10
-
—
34
Cruisers:
Big protected cruisers, " Diadem class, ai knots. 6in. guns (18891903)
"
6
-
Older and smaller (1890-1893)
-
9
15
Fast Light Cruisers " Arethusa " class, 3.500 tons, 30 knots, burning oil, c(Hnpleted
1914
8
class.
"Town"
5.400
to
4.800
-
tons. 25 knots (1910-1914)
15
British
and German Fleets
51
35-knot ihipt, round about 300 tow (1903-1907) . -15
—
20-lmot ships, 3,100 to 5.400 tona (1896-1900) . i6
19-knot shipt. 5.600 tool (1805. 1896)
30
i6
.^.
9
5 9
87
Older
i6-5 to
^ps, a.500 to 195 knots
4.300 teas.
(1890-1893)
•
9
Total protected cruisers
Destroyers. 36 to 35^ knots (1893. ^914)
aa;
Torpedo-boats, 36 to ao knots (1885^9^*)
109
Submarines, from i.ooo to aoo tons. q>eed from 20 to 11-5 knots
surface.
to 7 knots submerged (1904-1913) .
Minelajrera
13
yj
«
•
Repair Ships
It
need hardly
be
added
that
a
number
of these vessels—including the two Pie-Dtvadnought battleships " Swiftsure " and " Triumph "
»nd groups of cmiaen, destroyers, and subnarines—were on duty in the outer seas when war opened.
68
The
Relative Standing of the
GnMAN
FtSBT.
-
Super-Dreadnougfats (3 bailding)
None
13
Dnidnouglit battleihipt Dreadnought bftttle-cruisen
-
•
-
-
s
rt
(Three other battleshipt are due to oaauniMkm in 1914.)
Pre-Dreadnouc^t battleahipa (18911908)
aa
Old coast defence battleships (18891893)
8
Annoured
Imots
cruisers (1897-1909) to tons, 8.900 24-5 to 19 15,500
9
Big protected cruisers (1893-1910), 6,000 tons, 19 knots 24-Jmot cmisos (1904-1913), 3,000
to 5,000 tons
-
6
a5
—
31
(Most of these ships have belt armour as thick aa that of thr
" County" armoured cruiaen.)
Biitish
dass
of
Small
cruisers,
ai knots (1893-1910)
a
15a
Destroyers (1889-1913J, 34 to a6 knots
Torpedo-boats (1887-1898), a6 to 32 knots
Snhtnarines, about equal to British in siae and speed
45
301040
a
Minelayers
British
AH
cruiMT,
the
and German Fleets 88 Gennu Navy, except one battto-
two aimoand crniMis, and a few cruiian. wore concentrated in the North Sea and Baltic whan war occonad.
1^
II
CHAPTER
II
The British Navy
BRITISH BATTLESHIPS
DREADNOUGHTS
IRON DUKE CLASS. IRON DUKE (Flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir John
Jellicoe,
Conunuder-m-Chief of the
Home
FleeU).
MARLBOROUGH,
EMPEROR OF
INDIA.
BL.'.BOW.
(Completed 1914.)
the very latest additions to the British battle-fleet. The displacement is 35.000 toK. but with a full supply of coal, ammunition, and stores on board the actual figure is nearly 27,000 tons. The length over all is 645 ft., the maximum breadth is 89I ft., and under normal conditions the ship draws 28ft. of water. Parsons' turbines, designed for 29,000 h.p., give a speed of 21 knots, which was excMded by over one knot on trial An octremely powerfid arsiafine ships are
These
ment is carried. It consists of ten 13.3-in. and twdve 6-in. guns, with some small quick-fireis
on high-angle mountings
for use against aircraft.
The
all
mounted in twin turrets, are on the centre line, and can thus be trained
big guns,
M
Iron
Duke
Class
66
OB dthar txoadside, while lour train ahead and the lame nnmber astern. Ten of the 6-in. gvuu are disposed in an upper-deck battery forward,
the remaining two in casemates right at the stem. This disposition was adoptcKi owing to the fact that torpedo attacks are usually delivered
from ahead, and
it
is
necessary, there-
guns as possible can be trained on the approaching boats before they are able to discharge their torpedoes.
quick-firing
fore, that as
many
very complete in this class. On the waterline there is a i2-in. bdt. with lo-in. armour rising above this as for as the upper deck. The belt thins to 6-in. forward and aft, but the extreme ends of the ship are unarmoured. On the turrets there is la-in. armour, with 6-in. plating over the secondary battery. Four 21-in. submeiged torpedo tubes are fitted. The fuel supply is well over 3,000
protection
is
Armour
tons.
than 1,000
The complement of these ships totals more officers and men. Thiey each cost
over £2,000,000 complete.
AGINCOURT.
(Completed 19x4.)
This battleship, although she was only launched January, 1913, has had a very chequered
Originally
in
laid down as the Rio de Janeiro for the Brazilian Govenuaent at Elswick, she was purchased before conpletion by Turkey, and was on the point of leaving for Turkish waters imder the name of Osiqan I.,
career.
M
transfer is
Agincourt and Erin
«4iMi dM takan ov«r by tlM BfitUi Adminlty on the outbrwk of war with Gmaaay. Totey ia uadentood to h»v« made a proteit. but tha
WM
and this ftae v«iiel has already passed into onr battle fleet. She is quite unique in desiga. The dlq>iaoemeat
fact,
is
ft., and the -*-'r-d ^Med, which was made 00 trial, 33 knots. Her main aimameDt consists of no fewer than fourteen ts-in. garx mounted in seven doable turrets on the cenue-Nne, an anangemant whkh pennits all touiteoi weapons to be find on either
an accompHihwl
37,500 tons, Isifth 63a
broadude.
twenty
firers
6-in.
is
In the secondaiy battery are mounted quick-firing guns, and the tale of
ccunpleted
by sixteen mall quickand three torpedo tubee. The ship k anaoured with 9-in. ptaites fifn^hirs. taperh^ to 6 in. and 4 in. at the eads. Annour the same thickness (^-in.) protects the la-in. tuiiets, and than ia 6-in. platii^{ over the aeoondary guna. The maximun coal capacity ia 3,500 tone. A complement of 1,100 ci&om and maa ia reqnkad to woi^ this huge veaaai. which eost aawfy £3,700,000 to build and equip.
wei^poas
^
ERIN.
(Completed 1914.)
lUa
veaael
waa
laid
down
at
Ban
Turkish Govesament, and named tet waa taken over by the British .„ the ouAieak of war with Germany. _ in September, 1913, sh^-. '^^fpjam n^Mo teaah
b.a. «xpeetod to giw • tpeed of ax kiu^ In fentnl her datign cormponds to that of the Iron Duke elMs. The enrnment eomiiti ol ten X3S-iB., lixteea 6-la., tad four la-pounder guai^ with five nbmerged toipodo tnbee.
>•
5»5
lAMi tn
King George V. Clau ft. loag. aad hM tnrUaM at 31.000
67
The five douUe tvmti ia iriiich the big font •re moonted «re 00 the centre-line, thus eDowfaic
to be uicd on etch bioediide. Armour pnrteetioB is very complete, the main belt being la in., the turrets ta in., end the secondary betteiy 5 in. thick. Her coal capwrity
is
•n ten
wM^ooi
3,100 tons.
Tha complement
b
900
officers
and men.
yet been
The
made
price paid for this ship has not public.
KING GEORGE
KIMG GEORGE
AJAX.
V.
V. CLASS.
(Completed 1913-13.)
CENTURION. AUDACIOUS.
affl07ig tlie
^ —' syr-Pttviao'jght
Thtm im
"wseJs are
meet powerful
s«*ice, with mask^miw ioe.", st jtss, &c., on board, ^l«"y*ylaee about 85,000 tma. They are 596 ft. in Ingth, with a beam of S9 ft., and their turbines o< 37.000 h.p. drive them av a speed of aij haets.
consists of t-i i3-5-in. sixtasn 4-in. guns, with tfeTse su -aeiwed torpedo
— f***^ * » uoii.i«a]iy 43,000 tons, but
battkeh^M.
The
dis-
>iHien in
The armameat
ad
68
Orion Class
an moontad
can
fire
All the big gnna, which
in turrets
in
pain
on the centre
Protection
is
line,
broadside.
armour belt amidships, above and at the ends. The turrets are of ii-in. armour. The secondary battery of 4-in. quickfirers is practically unprotected. A "axinium
supply of 2,700 tons can be carried. The complement is 900 officers and men. Each of these ships cost more than £1,900,000 to build
fuel
on either afforded by a za-ia. with tUnaer pUMw ^
and equip.
ORION CLASS.
(Completed 1911-ia.)
ORION.
MONARCH.
ment and 545
ft.
CONQUEROR. THUNDERER.
in length.
Super-Dreadnoughts of 33,500 tons displace-
The Orirai dass, to which these ships belong, inaugurated the " super-Dreadnought " era by reason of the
super-calibre guns with
which they are armed.
TlMy
are
propelled
by Parsons' turbines of
37,000 h.p. at a speed of 21 knots, but did considerably better than this on the trial runs. The main armament comprises ten i3'5-in. breech-loading guns, firing a 1,350 lb. projectile at the rate of two per minute.
These guns are mounted in five twin turrets on the centre line of the vessel, and all of them can be trained on either broadside. Sixteen
Neptune Class
4-la-
q uick-firwi tra moantod for uw agtinst torpedo ormft, and there are three ax-ia. nbmeiged torpedo tubes. The annour belt it
thick
of the
i3-in.
emidihipt.
the
tuireto
xi-in.
malfer gum are protected by 4-iii. aimour. Coal and oU to the amount of 3,700 tons can be canied. The complement of these ships is 900 officers and men. They cost complete neariy £3,000.000.
Some
NEPTUNE
CLASS.
(Completed 1911.)
NEPTUNE. COLOSSUS. HERCULES.
These are Dreadnought battleships of 30,000 tons diq)lacement. They are 310 ft. in length, and have Parsons' turbines of 35.000 h.p., which give them a speed c * 31 knots. The main batteiy consisU of ten la-in. guns. 50 cahbies (f.#.. 50 ft.) long, mounted in five twin turrets. Two of
these turrets are in echelon amidships, the remaining three being on the centre Une. an aiiange-
ment that pennits
action
arc.
all
ten guns to
come
into
on either broadside
through a limited
In the class to which these ships belong the super-posed turret appeared for the first time
in the British
Na
y.
Sixteen 4-in. quick-firers
and three submeiged torpedo tubes complete
MicMCorr nsoiuTioN tht chmt
(ANSI and ISO TEST
CHART No
2)
Ui
13.2
M2.2
US
^
I
2.0
1.8
L25 i
1.4
1.6
APPLIED ItVMGE
16S3 East Main Str«at
Rochaiter, New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phorw (716) 288 5989 Fan
In
USA
w
60
St.
Vincent Class
There
is
the aimament.
an
fuel
ii-in.
annour
is
belt
on the waterline.
to the big guns.
tons.
siniilar
protection being given
The
capacity
2,700
The complement numbers over 800
officers
and men.
These vessels cost about £1,700,000
apiece to complete.
ST.
VINCENT CLASS.
(Completed 1910.)
ST.
VINCENT.
COLLINGWOOD. VANGUARD,
These ?i« Dreadnought battleships with a displacement of 19,250 tons. They are 500 ft. long, and have Parsons' turbines of 24,500 h.p.. which give them a top speed of 21 knots. Their main battery comprises ten i2-in. guns of powerful type, mounted in five twin turrets, the ^aposition of which allows eight guns to be used on either beam. They also carry eighteen 4-in. quick-firers, some mounted on top of the turrets, and others in the superstructure. There are three submerged torpedo tubes.
The waterline is protected by armour barely 10^. thick, this being also the thickness of the turret armour. Coal and oil to the amount of 2,700 tons can be carried. The comidement of these battleships numbers rather more than 800 officers and men. They cost about £1,700,000
to build and complete.
Bellerophon Class— Dreadnought 61
BELLEROPHON
BELLEROPHON.
CLASS.
(Gnnpleted 1909.)
TE2IERAIRE. SUPERB.
earliest
These ships are some of our
noughts. Thieir displacement
is
Oread-
18,900 tons, length 490 ft. Parsons' turbines of 23.000 h.p. propel them at a maximum speed of 21 Imots, which they can maintain for several hours without difficulty. Ten i2-in. guns form the piimaiy armament, which is mounted in five twin turrets, so ^&posed as to allow eight guns to fire on the broadside. They cairy, further, sixteen 4-in. quickfiring gons to repel attack by torpedo craft, and there are three torpedo tubes below water. On the waterline and the big-gun positions there is ii-in. annour. The maximum supply
of coal
and
oil is
2,700 tons.
The complement
is 800 officers and men. These battleships cost about £1,700,000 to build and complete.
DREADNOUGHT.
(Completed 1906.)
This famous battleship was laid down at PortsOctober, 1905, and comfitiied by December, 1906, and thus establidied a rec(»d for speedy construction. She was designed by a
mouth
m
Lord Nelson Class
oommittee of experts to meet the requirements of modem naval tactics, and with various modifications the main principles she embodied have since been almost universally adopted. She displaces 17,900 tons, and is 520 ft. long. Parsons' turbines of 23,000 h.p. give her a speed uf 21 knots. She was the first battleship ever fitted
with turbine machinery. The armament con^sts of ten 12-in. guns, mounted in five twin turrets, which are so pl,iced as to give a broadside fire of eight and an axial fire of six guns. For keeping off torpedo craft a battery of twenty-four 12-pounder quick-firers is provided. There are five submerged torpedo tubes. Waterline and vitals are protected by ii-in. armour, as also are the gun turrets. The ship has a great amount of internal protection against mine or torpedo explosion. She can carry 2,700 tons of coal. The complement numbers about 800 officers and men. This' battleship
cost
I
lis
upwards of £1,800.000 to build and equip.
LORD NELSON
LORD NELSON.
CLASS.
(Completed 1908-09.)
AGAMEMNON.
These battleships are sometimes called semiDreadnoughts, because they approximate to the Dreadnought type in tonnage and armament.
The displacement is 16,500 tons, length 410 ft., and engines of 16,750 h.p., giving a speed of over 18 knots. Each of these vessels is armed with
Battle Cruisers
<B
four la-in. and ten g-i-in. breech-loading guns, all mounted in armoured turrets. The four la-in. and eight of the 9-2-in. guns are in twin turrets, the other two 9-2-in. being in single turrets.
disposition of the armament is such that four la-in. and five 9-2-in. can fire on each broadside. An outstanding defect is the smalhiess oJE the double 9-2-in. turrets, which hardly give
The
elbow room to the crews and do not allow full advantage to be taken of the extraordinary rapidity with which the 9-3-in. piece can be worked when there is plenty of space.
the whole, however, these ships are extremely powerful units. For driving ofi torpedo craft there are twenty-four 12-pounder quickfirers mounted in the superstructure. Five torpedo tubes are fitted. Armour protection condsts of a i2-in. belt amidships, and there is
similar plating
On
on the
12-in. turret'
le smaller
turrets having 8-in. armour.
is
The lad capacity
2,500
ofi&cers
Each battleship carries 750 and men and cost £1,650,000 to build and
tons.
complete.
BATTLE CRUISERS
TIGER.
(Completed 1914.)
Th
Navy.
the largest battle cruiser in the British
She was built at Clydebank, and was approaching completion at the outbreak of war. The displacement is 28,000 tons, length 660 ft.
64
Lica Clati
oi 100,000
h.|».
gives ^aed oi at leait 38 knots. Her aimameot "f^-fU ei|^t 13'S-in., twelvu 6-in., and lome mailer
guns,
and Panooi' tuiliiiiM
m
torpedo ^tubee. guns are in double turrets on the
three
all
with
The
Ug
centr»-litte,
can be fired on either broadside. The 6-in. guns are mounted in an annoured battery. For a battle cruieer this ship is heavily armoured. She has a belt at least 10 in. thick
amidships,
and
and the
turrets are of equal thirinHm,
She can stcce as much as 4,000 tons of coal and oiL The complement is about 1,100 officen and men. In appearance the " Tiger" is quite unlike other British battle cruisers. She has three equal-sized funnels and only one mast. Her total cost is understood to be not less than
£3,300,000.
LION CLASS.
(Completed I9i2-i3.)
LION.
PRINCRSS ROYAL.
QUEEN MARY.
These battle cruisers displace 27,000 tons. are 660 ft. in length, and 88} ft. btoad. They have turbines of about 70,000 h.p., which enable them to steam at 28 knots, though this speed has been greatly exceeded in servicft The
I
1
armament consists of ten 13'5-in. guns, discharging a {Kojectile oi 1400 lb. weic^t, at the rate of two rounds per minute.
1 3
HM.S.
BtlUrophoH,
BELLEROPHON CLASS.
BELLEROPHON, TEMERAIRE, SUPERB.
Displacement: 18,000 tons.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
:
i2in.,
16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes j.
o
Astern
6
fire:
^H-Ahead
fire:
Broadside
8 i2in.
l2in.
6 I2in.
'
ii
lodetedgtble
The* WMpdu
turret!
Om
4^
tubet.
u
on the
mam annour belt
a
3,000
tons,
on either broadBde. Sfacteen quick-fiien are carried for repeUfaig torpedo attack. Thera are alio two submeifed
torpedo
mounted in four donUe ceDtre-L'oe. and can thus be fiied
are
The
is
abcut 9
plating on the turrata.
with xo-in The fnU fuel capacity
to. thick,
and the complement numben and men. Theee ships averand £3,085.000 to build and complete.
980
officers
INDEFATIGABLE CLASS.
(Completed 1911-13.)
INDEFATIGABIE.
NEW
These
vessds
AUSTRALIA. ZEALAND.
aft
exceeded dunng triab. The mam armament conasts of eight la-to. gmis. mounted to four double turrets, two being placed tee and
displace about 10.000 tons are 555 «• to length. 80 ft. brwd. and ar» designed for a speed of 35 knots, which was nmch
They
and two diagonally amidships, thus per-
In
addition
there
are
sixteen
taws mounted to the superstructure, and two submerged toipedo tubes. A 7-to. annour belt protects the waterlme, the same thickness beinc on the turrets. The fuel capacity is mdudmg oU. A complement of 2.500 790 offic«^ and men IS carried. These ships cost about £i.3«o.ooo each to build and comjrfete.
4-to.
quick-
S
8
66
Invincible Class
INVINCIBLE CLASS.
(Completed 1908-09.)
INVINCIBLE.
INFLEXIBLE. INDOMITABLE.
class
were the first battlecruisers to be built. The type is a cruiser edition oi the Dreadnought, combining great ofiensive qualities with high speed. The displacement is
Invincible
The
17,350 tons, length 530 ft., and the turbines of 41,000 h.p. are designed for a speed of 25 knots.
In service, however, these vessels have steamed at more than 28 knots. They are armed with
mounted in four double turrets, one turret being placed at each end and the other two en echelon amidships. This system enables all eight weapons to be fired on either broadside through a very limited arc. Sixteen 4-in. guns are mounted for repelling torpedo attack. The waterline and vital parts are protected by 7-in. armour, this being
eight i2-in guns,
also the thickness of ihe turret
plates.
Coal
amount of 2,500 tons can be carried. The complement is 780 officers and men. These vessels each cost over £1,700,000 to build and
to the
equip.
King Edward
Class
«7
PRE-DRF A ONOUGHTS.
KING EDWARD CLASS.
(Compteted 1904-06.)
KING EDWARD
VII.
DOMINION.
COMMONWEALTH,
HINDUSTAN.
AFRICA.
.""^EALANDIA.
BRITANNIA.
HIBERNIA.
an^ homc^eous
h.p. give
The King Edward
class
u considered to be the group of pre-Dreadnonght
battieshipe in the world. 16.350 tons, length 435 ft.,
a speed
of
6ix. twdve 12-pounder. and twelve 3-Ponnder guni.' " " with four torpedo
mmt consists of four 12-in.
tubes.
The displacem^i, and engines of xS.ooo over 19 knots. Tht annaiour 9-2-in.. t«n
good protection.
3.200 tons.
'***P°'" being in a box batteiy. Broadside fire is f«,m four 12-in.. two and five 6-in. gur A 9-in. armour belt pro^ On the main turrets t;.rS i2-m. pktmg, and the smaller guns <0so
i^'^^"^.
tJ^^^t^
*^"'
"° "°™*«'^
^
armoured
9^^
,
rr^P*^
A
The maximum
have
coai
.-oplyfa
complement of 820 officera^and '^^^ ^P« '^^ ««t about ^.„'*J!T^-. 41450.000 to build and equip.
61
Swittiure Claii
SWIFTSURE CLASS.
(Compltted 1904.)
SWIFTSURE.
ThMe
TRIUMPH.
faftttlMhipt
wen
bnilt for the Chilian
GovemmeBt, but both were poxchkied by Gntt Britain before they were comoleted. The dis11,980 tons, lenfth 436 ft., and engines of ia,500 iLp. give a speed of 30 knots. For their ti«f the aimantent of these vessels is
placement
it
most formidable. It comprises four n>*in., teen 7'S-hi., and fourteen 14-poander gons,
foui^
wHh
I
two torpedo tubes. The lo-in. wsa poas are fai two twin turrets, the 7'5*'''. guns being in an
armoured battery. The waterline and vital parts are protected by 7-in. of armour, which te increased to lo-in. on the turrets and there is 6-in. {dating over
tlie
I
i
•
secondary
tons.
battery.
The
coal ci
supply
is
700 offieen and men is carried. The ships eadi cost £845,000 to build and complete. In all but very calm weather they lose much at their fighting value owing to the nearness of the 7'5in. battery to the water, a positi(»i which makes it imposable to work these guns in a seaway. In othv respects, too, the type is considcnd latmitK to
3,000
A
complement
standard British desJfpL
Ian
wt
Ife-
tnd
Its.
I
it
rtth
in
an
by
-in.
ver
is
*n Mt
ery 1«« ery
io»-
to
HM.S.
DrtaJnott^t.
Photo: Sport
&
Genera/.
DREADNOUGHT.
Displacement
:
17,900 tons.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
I2in.,
5.
24 I2pdrs.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Brokdside
8 I2in.
Ahead
fire:
6 I2in.
6 i2in.
Duncan
Class
DUNCAN
CLASS.
(Completed 1903-04.)
DUNCAN.
ALBEMARLE.
RUSSELL.
EXMOUTH.
CORNWALLIS.
These are vessels of 14,000 tons displacement, 405 ft. in length, with engines of 18,000 h.p., and a speed of 20 knots. Their armament consists
of four i3-in., twelve 6-in.,
guns,
i2-in.
and ten la-pounder with four tubmerged torpedo tubes. The
guns are in
fire is
turrets,
the 6-in. ia casemates.
12-in.
Broadside
guns.
from four
and
six 6-in.
The dass to which these ships belong was designed with a view to speed, to gain which sacrifices
were necessary.
Hence the annour pro-
tection
very light, the thickness of the belt being only 7-in. on the waterline. The turrets
are of the
b
same moderate
and men
thickness.
The maxiccnnplement
mum
cost
fuel capacity is 2,000 tons.
is carried.
A
of 750 officers
The average
was £1,000,000 to build and complete.
70
Formidable Class—Canopus Class
FORMIDABLE
FORMIDABLE. IMPLACABLE. VENERABLE. PRINCE OF WALES
CLASS.
(Completed 1901-04.)
IRRESISTIBLE.
LONDON.
BULWARK.
QUEEN.
This class displaces 15.000 tons, is 400 ft. long, and has engines of 15,000 h.p.. giving a speed of about 18} knots. It is anned with four 12-in., twelve 6-in., and sixteen la-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. The waterline IS armoured with g-in., the turrets with la-in.
is 6-in. armour on the casemates containing the secondary guns. The full coal capacity is 2,100 tons. These ships carry 780 officers and men. They cost more than
plates,
and there
£1,000,000 to build and equip.
CANOPUS
CANOPUS. GOLIATH.
CLASS.
(Completed 1900-02.)
OCEAN. GLORY.
VENGEANCE.
ALBION
These diijK belong to a class of old pre-Dreadnoughts which are rapidly losing their fighting
value.
They displace
12,950 tons, are 390 ft. long.
Majestic Class
and have engines of 13,500
71
h.p., which give a speed of nearly 19 knots. The annameot conprises four la-in., twelve 6-in., and ten 12-poimder guns, all of obsolescent pattern. There are four torpedo tubes. A belt only 6-in. thick protects the waterline, but there is 12-in. amunir <» the
turrets. Cool to the amount of 1,750 tons can be carried. The complement^numbers 750 officers and men. These ships cost about £850,000 each. They were designed with very light draught to enable them to navigate the Suez Canal. They are still comparatively fast steamen.
gun
MAJESTIC CLASS.
(Completed 1895-98.)
MAGNIFICENT.
MAJESTIC.
JUPITER.
CiESAR.
VICTORIOUS.
MARS.
PRINCE GEORGE.
HANNIBAL.
ILLUSTRIOUS.
is the oldest group of battleships in the Navy. The displacement is 14.900 tons, length 390 ft. and engines of 12,000 h.p. give them a maximum speed of knots.
The Majestic
class
They are armed with four 12-in., twelve 6-in,, and sixteen i2-pounder guns of old type, with five torpedo tubes. The armour belt is 9-in. amidships, and there is 14-in. armour on the
17J
,i1
7S
big
Armoured
gun
can
tuirets.
Cruisers
tons
be
Coal to the amonnt of 1,900 stowed. A complement of 750
Is
officers
and men
more than
caiiied.
The
ships
cost
slightly
;f90o,ooo each to build
and
complete.
ARMOURED
MINOTAUR
CRUISERS
CLASS.
(Completed 1908.)
MINOTAUR. SHANNON. DEFENCE.
These vessels are armoured cruisers of 14,600 tons, 490 ft. in length, and have engines of 27,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23 knots. They cany a very powerful armament, consisting of four 9.2-in., ten 7.5-in., and sixteen 12-pounder guns. The 9.2-in. and 7.5-in. guns are in aimotired turrets, the four first named being mounted in pairs, the 7.5 in. singly. Protection is afforded by a 6-in. belt amidships, with 8-in. armour on the 9.2-Jn. turrets, and 6-in.
armour on the smaller
coal supply
is
turrets.
The maximum
complement of borne. These
2,250
tons.
A
is
about 800
ships cost
officers
and meu
more than £1,400,000 each to build and complete.
Warrior—Black Prince Classes 78
WARRIOR
WARRIOR.
ACHILLES.
CLASS.
(Completed 1906-07.)
NATAL.
COCHRANE.
These are armoured cruisers of 13,550 tons. They are 480 ft. in length, and have engines of 23,000 h.p., giving a speed of 33 knots. The
armament consists of six g-2-ia. and four 7'5^n. guns, all mounted in single turrets, and so disposed that ax heavy goas bear on each broadside.
There
are, besides,
twenty-four 3-pounder
quick-firers
three
belt
for use against t(wpedo-craft, and submerged torpedo tubes. The armour and turrets are 6 in. thick. The maximum
and a comirfement over 700 officers and men is carried. Each vessel cost about £1.200.000 to build and comof
plete.
coal capacity is 2.000 tons,
BLACK PRINCE
BLACK PRINCE.
CLASS.
(Completed 1906.)
DUKE OF
BURGH.
EDIN-
These armoured cruisers have a di^lacement oi 13.550 tons, are 480 ft. long, and have ogines of 23,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23-3 knots.
They are armed with six 9-2^0., ten 6-in., and twenty 3-poimder gv», with three toq>edo
74
tnbes.
battery.
Devonshire Class
The big guns are mounted
in
tingle
tunets, the 6-in. weapons being in an
armound
Owing to the low freeboard
of these ships,
their 6-in. guns are too near the water to
be
worked in rough weather. They are protected on the waterline by a 6-in. armour Mt, with similar plating on the gun turrets and battery. The full coal capacity is 2,ooo tons. These cruisers carry 700 officers and men. They cost nearly £1,200,000 to build and complete.
DEVONSHIRE
ANTRIM.
CLASS.
(Completed 1905-06.)
DEVONSfflRE.
CARNARVON. HAMPSHIRE.
in
lengtl',
ROXBURGH.
ARGYLL.
h.p.,
is
Armoured cruisers displacing 10,850 tons, 450 ft.
with engines of 20,500
giving
a speed of 22.3 knots.
for vessels of this size,
7.5-in.
The armament
and
weak
consists only of four
and
six 6-in.
gims, with twenty small
and two torpedo tubes. mounted in turrets, the 6-in. weapons in casemates. There is a 6-in. belt amidships, and 6-in. plating on the turrets and casemates. The maximum coal capacity is 1,800 tons. A complement of 655 officers and men is carried. The average cost, complete, of these ships was nearly £900,000,
quick-firers
The
7.5-m. guns are
" County " Class—Drake
"
Class
78
COUNTY "
CLASS.
(Completed 1903-04.)
KENT.
ESSEX.
MONMOUTH.
BERWICK.
DONEGAL. LANCASTER. CORNWALL. CUMBERLAND. SUFFOLK.
The displacement of this class is 9,800 tons. They are 440 ft. in length, and have engines of 22,000 h.p., which drive them at a speed of 23 knots. The armament consists of fourteen &-in.. eight 12-pounder, and three smaller quickof the 6-in. weapons are mounted in twin turrets placed at the bow and stem, the remainder being in casemates. There are two torpedo tubes.
firing
guns.
Fotir
is very light throughout, there being only a 4-in. belt amidships, with 5-in. armour on the turrets. The full coal supply is 1,600 tons.
Protection
A
complement of 540 officers and men is carried. Each ship cost complete about £750,000.
DRAKE
DRAKE. LEVIATHAN.
CLASS.
(Completed I902-03.)
GOOD HOPE.
KING ALFRED.
These vessels are among the best of the older armoured cruisers. Each disfdaces 14,100 tons.
76
is
Cressy Class
ft.
enginet of 30,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23 knots. On trial and in
service
this
500
long,
and
hu
speed has been
much
exceeded,
1^
IH!
and the ships can still steam at 24 knots. They are armed with two g-a-in. breech-loaders, rixteen 6-in., and twelve la-pounder quick-fiiing
guns.
weapons are in single turretk, one placed at each end of the ship, the 6-in. guns being mounted in casemates. Two torpedo tubes are fitted. The armour protection on the turrets, casemates, and belt has a uniform thickness
Coal to the amount of 2,500 tons is stored in the bunken. The complement consists of 900 officers and men. These cruisers averaged about one million sterling complete.
of 6-in.
The
Ug
CRESSY CLASS.
(Comideted 1901-04.)
CRESSY.
SUTLEJ.
HOGUE.
BACCHANTE.
ABOUKIR.
EURYALUS.
class of ar-
The Cressy group are the oldest moured cruisers on the active list.
They
dis-
place 12,000 tons, are 440 ft. in length, and have engines of 21,000 h.p., producing a speed of 21
was exceeded on trial by one knot. The armament comprises two g'2-in. breechloaders, twelve 6-in., and twdve 12-poimder qnkk-firing guns, with two torpedo tabes.
knots, which
:
H.MS.AHmm,,n.
P*.l.: CriM. &.,»,„.
AGAMEMNON CLASS. AGAMEMNON AND LORD NELSON.
Displacement: 16,500 tons.
Speed: i8i knots; Guns: 4
i2in.,
5.
10 g.zin.;
Torpedo tubes:
Vstern
2 12m.
fire:
Broadside
4 I2in.
S 9-2in.
Ahead
fire
2 i2in.
4 9.2in.
4 9-2in.
ArethuM Cbut
TIm Ug gga*
fore
77
in aaaamataa.
an
mounted
ia
and
is
aft,
tbe
6-in.
mapona
Then
bdt anidihipa, annour at fb» and s-in. piatinf on the caiemataa. The eoal bunlcms can ttore i,6oo tona. A cgmpleiMnt oi y ofiloen and men ia carried. The coat of this class whan complete avenged £750,000.
a
6-in.
ame
thJcloiew oo the tnrrets,
>
ARETHUSA
ARETHUSA.
CLASS.
(Completed 1914.)
PENELOPE.
AURORA.
GALATEA.
INCONSTANT,
PHABlXm.
ROYAUST. UNDAUNTED.
These an the light annonnd crniien which llr. Chnrchin has described as "destroyers of destroyers." They displace 3,600 tons, are 410 ft. long, and have turbines of 37,000 h.p., giving a speed of 30 knots. The armament consists of two 6>in., six 4-U1., and four macliine guns, with
four torpedo tubes.
a belt of 3-in. armoor amidships, with 3^in. plating above this. The boilera an fired entirely by al fud. el which about 790 trnw an carried. The complement numlien about 370 offiesn and men. The ooat of this daaa haa not yet been made puUic.
is
Then
78
Protected Cruisers
PROTECTED CRUISERS
{y/lih protective deck* instead of
belts.)
umouied
EDGAR
EDGAR.
CLASS.
(Conpleted 1893-94.)
HAWKE.
THESEUS.
ENDYMION. GRAFTON. GIBRALTAR.
These vessels are the oldest cruisers we posseu, diq>lacing 7,350 tons, and having a speed of i9i knots. They are armed with two 9.3-in.,
ten 6-in., and seventeen smaller gmis, with two torpedo tubes. Coal capacity, 1,350 tons. Complement, 544 officers and men. Cost over
£400,000.
ROYAL ARTHUR
CLASS.
(Completed 1893-94.)
ROYAL ARTHUR. CRESCENT.
This class displaces 7,700 tons, and has a speed of 19} knots. The ermarient is one 9.2-in., twelve 6-in., and seventeen smaller guns, with two torpedo tubes. There is a steel deck over engines and boilers. Coal capacity, 1,350 tons.
Complement, 560
£400,000.
officers
and men.
Cost, about
Terrible-Diadem Clais
79
TERRIBLE
(Completed 1898.)
the largest protected cruiser in the British Navy. She diq>laces 14,200 tons, and can steam at aa knots. Her armament consists
is
This
and many smaller guns, with four twpedo tubes. Over engines and boilers there is a steel deck 6-in. thick.
of
two
9.a-in., sixteen 6-in.,
Coal
3,000 tons. Complement, officers and men. Cost complete, £708,000.
capacity,
840
DIADEM
DIADEM.
NIOBE. AMPHITRITE.
CLASS.
(Completed 1899-1902.)
EUROPA.
ANDROMEDA. ARGONAUT.
SPARTIATE.
ARIADNE.
speed,
tubes.
Protected crusiers of 11,000 tons and 20) knots anned with sixteen 6-in. and twelve i2-pounder quick-firing guns, with two torpedo
Engines and boilers are protected by a 4-in. Coal capacity, 2,000 tons. steel deck. Complement, 677 officers and men. Cost, about £550,000. The Niobe is now, a unit of the Canadian Navy.
80
Melbourne—Nottingham
Classes
MELBOURNE CLASS
(Completed 1913.)
MELBOURNE.
SYDNEY.
These are protected cniisos belonging to the Australian Navy. They displace 5,600 tons, are 430 ft. long, and have a speed of 25} knots.
The armament
tubes.
consists of eight 6-in.
small quick-firers,
and some with two submerged torpedo
tons.
The coal capacity is 1,000 ment o! 400 officers and men
A
comple-
is carried.
They
each cost complete about £350,000.
NOTTINGHAM
CLASS.
(Cnnpleted 1914.)
NOTTINGHAM.
BIRMINGHAM.
LOWESTOFT.
Three of our latest light cruisers. They are of 5,440 ttms, with turbines of 22,000 h.p., giving a speed of 25} knots. The armament is nine 6-in. and four small quick-firers, with two snbmoged torpedo tubes. There is a thin armour belt on the wateriine. Coal capacity, zfioo ton?. The oanplement is 400 officers and men.
ses
the
ins, its.
•me edo
3le-
iey
me
ing ine lb>ur
too
1.
LION CLASS.
LION, PRINCESS ROYAL.
Displacement
:
26,350 tons.
Speed: 28 knots; Guns:
8
I3.5in.,
3.
16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
3t
-^^^J—^-^-^f^jrl TzTrT-
—
Ahead
fire:
Astern
2
fire:
Broadside
8 I3.5in.
i3-5in.
4 i3-5in.
Chatham Class—Falmouth
Class 81
CHATHAM CLASS
(Completed 1912-13.)
SOUTHAMPTON.
DUBLIN.
CHATHAM.
These vessels are light cruisers of 5,400 tons, with turbines of 32.000 h.p., and a speed of 25)
knots.
They carry an armament
quick-firers,
of eight 6-in.
and four small
tubes
with two torpedo
submerged. Coal capacity, 1,000 tons. Complement, 400 officers and men. Cost complete, about ;£35o,ooo.
FALMOUTH
FALMOUTH.
CLASS.
(Completed 1911-12.)
WEYMOUTH.
DARTMOUTH. YARMOUTH.
Light cruisers displacing 5,250 tons, driven
by turbines of 22.000 h.p. at a speed of 24! knots. They are armed with eight 6-in. and four small quick-firers, an^ two submerged
torpedo tubes.
The
coal capacity
is
1,000 tons.
Complement, 390 officers and plete, about £335.ooo.
mm.
Cost c«m-
r
83
Bristol
Class—Active Class
BRISTOL CLASS.
(Completed 1910.)
GLASGOW.
LIVERPOOL.
GLOUCESTER.
NEWCASTLE.
BRISTOL.
These vessels are
propelled
4-in.,
by
light cruisers of 4,800 tons, turbines of 22,000 h.p., at a speed
of 25 knots.
The armament is two 6-in., ten and some small quick-firers, with two subofficers
meiiged torpedo tubes.
Complement, 375
plete,
Coal capacity, 850 tons. and men. Cost com-
over £350,000.
ACTIVE CLASS.
(Completed rgxi-ia.)
ACTIVE.
FEARLESS.
These vessels belong to the Scout category,
and
3,440 tons. Their turbines of 18,000 h.p. give a speed of 25 knots, but this is often exceeded. They are armed with ten 4-in.
displace
quick-firers,
and have two deck torpedo tubes. Coal capacity, 600 tons. Complement, 320 officers and men. They averaged complete about £270,000. Th^ ill-fated Amphioo was a sister-ship.
and four smaller
Blanche Class— Boadicea Class
8:1
BLANCHE
CLASS.
(Completed 1910-11)
BLANCHE.
BLONDE.
They
dis-
Light cniisen of the Scout type.
place 3,350 tons, and have turi>iiies of 18,000 h.p., giving a speed of 35 knots. The aimament
ten 4-in. and four 3-pounder quick-firers, with two torpedo tubes mounted on deck. Coa capacity, 600 tons. Complement, 385 officers and men. Cost complete, about £375,000.
is
BOADICEA CLASS.
(Completed 1909-10.)
BELLONA.
BOADICEA.
Light cruisers of the Scout type, displacing 3,300 tons, and having a speed of 35 knots, which is frequently exceeded by two knots. Armament: Six 4-in. four 3-pounder quickfiring guns, two deck torpedo tubes. Coal capacity. 600 tons. Complement, 363 officers ai^ men. Cost complete, £330,909.
84
Sentinel
Class-"
Gem
**
Class
SENTINEL CLASS.
(Completed 1905-06.)
ADVENTURE.
ATTENTIVE. FORESIGHT.
PATHFINDER. PATROL.
SENTINEL. SKIRMISHER.
FORWARD.
them a speed pf armed, they carried a battery of la-poundeis. but these were replaced recently by nine 4-in. quick-firers, a change which much mcreased the fighting value. The coal supply IS 400 tons, and they have a complement of a68 officers and men. The average cost, complete, f w. .
25 toots.
These vessels were the first fleet scouts. They are of about 3,000 tons dispkoonent. and have engines of 16,500 h.p., which give
As
originally
was over £270,000.
"
GEM " CLASS
DIAMOND.
SAPPHIRE.
(Completed 1905.)
AMETHYST.
TOPAZE.
Light cruisers of 3,000 tons, wi*h a speed of 22 knots. Armed with twelve 4-in. and some smaller qm^c-firing guns, with two torpedo tubes on deck. The coal supply is 500 tons, the complement 296 officers and men, and the average cost complete, was ibotrt £a35.b6o.
Challenger Class—Highflyer Class 86
CHALLENGER
CLASS.
(Completed 1904-06.)
CHALLENGER.
ENCOUNTER
an
(Australian Navy).
These vessels protected cruisers of 5,880 tons, capable of steaming ai knots. The armament ccmsists of eleven 6-in. and some smaller
quick-filing guns.
Over the engines and bdlers
deck.
there
capacity
and
The coal 1.335 tons, the complement 454 o£BoeiB men, and they averaged, complete, £360,000.
is
is
a
3-in. steel protective
HIGHFLYER CLASS
(Completed 1900-01.)
HERMES.
HIGHFLYER. HYACINTH.
These protected cruisers displace 5,600 tons.
They have a speed of 20 knots, and are armed with
eleven 6-in., several smaller quick-fiiing guns, and two torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 1,100 tons. They carry a complement of 456 offioos and men, and each ship cost,
complete,
over £a8o,ooo.
86
Pelorus Class—Arrogant Class
PELORUS CLASS
(Completed 1897-1901.)
.
PROSERPINE. PELORUS. PEGASUS.
PERSEUS.
PROMETHEUS.
PSYCHE.
PYRAMUS.
PIONEER.
PANDORA.
of this class is about 3,300 tons, speed 30 knots, and the armament consists oi dgfat 4-in. and some smaller quick-fiiing gnns,
The displacement
with two torpedo tubes mounted on "'ack. The coal capacity is 530 tons. They have a comple ment of 334 officers and men, and each vessel cost complete, about £150,000.
ARROGANT
FURIOUS.
CLASS.
(Completed 1898-99.)
VINDICTIVE.
Protected cruisers of 3,750 tons and 19 knots speed, armed with ten 6-in. and some smaller quick-filing guns, and two torpedo tubra. Coal capacity is 1,175 tons. The complement consists of
439
officers
and men.
Each cost complete,
over £380.000.
Talbot Class—Astrea Class
87
TALBOT
ECLIPSE.
CLASS.
(Completed 1897-98.)
MINERVA. TALBOT.
DIANA.
DORIS.
JUNO. VENUS.
ISIS.
DIDO.
These vessels are protected cndsers oi 3,600 tons, with a speed of 19} knots. Tbey are aimed with eleven 6-in. and some smaller gmis, and have
tons,
two torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 1,030 and the complement 416 officers and men. Each coat complete about £375,000.
ASTR^A
ASTRiEA.
CLASS.
FLORA, FOX.
(Completed 1894-93.)
CAMBRLAN.
CH.*.RYBDIS.
HERMIONE.
The displacement of these cruisers is 4,360 tons. They have a speed of 19} knots, and are armed with two 6-in., eight 4.7-in., and some smaller guns. The coal capacity is 1,000 tons. A complement of 312 officers and men is carried. They
averaged complete about £223,000.
88
Sappho Clftsi—iEolui Class
SAPPHO CLASS.
(Completed X893.)
SAPPHO.
A light cruiser of 1400 tons displacement, with
a speed of 19} knots.
6-in., eight 4.7-in.,
armed with two and some smaller guns, and
is
She
has four torpedo tubes.
tons.
The
is
coal supply is 1,000
officers
Her complement
373
and men.
She cost complete £176,000.
^OLUS
CLASS.
(Completed 1892-93.)
MOLVS.
SIRIUS.
RAINBOW (Canadian MELPOMENE.
Navy).
BRILLIANT.
These light cruisers displace 3,600 tons, and Live a speed of 20 knots. They are armed with
two
and some smaller guns, b«ides four torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 535 tcnis. Hie complement is 273 offioers and
6-in.,
six 4.7-in.,
Pearl
Clais—Medea Class
89
PEARL
CLASS.
(Compteted 1893.)
PHILOMEL.
A
light cruistt of 3.373 tooi,
with a speed of
Annament: Eight 4.7-in., and thirteen smallergmis. Two torpedo tubes. GMlcapadty 440 tons. The complement is 317 officers and
iQlmots.
men, and the ship cost complete aboat £164,000. She is the co^ vessel of the Pearl Class lemahiing
on the active
list
M£dea
class.
(Ccnnpleted 1889.)
MEDEA.
This
list.
the oldest li^t cruiser <» the active She displaces 2,800 ti»s, has a speed of
is
19 knots, and is armed with six 4.7-in., and rourteen smaller guns, besides four torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 400 tcm. The eonplemest
is
about 300
officers
and man.
90
Destroyers
" L"
Clais
DESTROYERS.
L" CLASS.
(Completod 1914.)
LLEWELLYN.
LENNOX.
LOYAL.
LEGION.
LAERTES.
LYSANDER.
LANCE.
LOOKOUT.
LAUREL.
LAFOREY.
LAWFORD.
LOUIS.
UBERTV.
LARK.
LYDIARD.
LEONIDAS.
LUCIFER.
LANDRAIL.
LAVEROCK.
LINNET.
These are among the very latest destroyers. They were launched in 1913, and have a disfdace-
mentof965tons. The designed speed is 39 knots, which was exceeded on trial. They consume oil fud only. The armament condsts cS three 4-in.
guns and four torpedo tubes, and they cany 100
officers
and men.
Dettroyen "
K"
Clau
n
K"
CLASS.
(Completad 1913.)
ACASTA.
PORPOISE.
ACHATES.
AlfBUSCADE.
UNITY.
VICTOR.
ARDENT.
FORTUNE.
CHRISTOPHER.
COCKATRICE.
CONTEST.
LYNX.
MIDGE.
OWL.
SHARK.
SPARROWHAWK.
SPITFIRE.
GARLAND.
PARAGON.
HARDY.
These destroyers were built under the 1911 programme. The displacement is 935 tons, and they can steam at mOTB th an 30 knots. The
armament
tubes.
ment
is
and two torpedo Oil fuel only is consumed. The compte 100 officers and men.
is
three 4-in. guns
92,
Destroyers " I" Class
I
" CLASS.
(Com{deted 1911-12.)
LURCHER.
FIREDRAKE.
OAK.
HORNET.
HYDRA.
DEFENDER
DRUID.
JACKAL.
TIGRESS.
BADGER.
BEAVER.
ACHERON.
ARIEL.
LAPWING.
LIZARD.
ARCHER.
ATTACK.
SANDFLY.
PH(BNIX.
GOSHAWK.
HIND.
FERRET.
FORESTER.
Ocean-going destroyers of about 700 tons, with a speed of more than 30 knots. The annament
consists of
two
4-in.
and two iz-pounder guns,
Oil only is consumed.
with two torpedo tubes.
is seventy-two officers and men. These boats were buih under the 1910 projramme.
The complement
Destroyers
"H" CidS8-«G" Class 93
"H"
CLASS..
1910-1
'..)
(Comp:
irfed
ACORN. ALARM.
BRISK.
CAMELEON. COMET, FURY.
5MRTIN. MINSTREL. NEMESIS. NEREIDE.
NYMPHE.
REDPOLE. RIFLEMAN. RUBY. SHELDRAKE. STAUNCH,
GOLDFINCH
HOPE. LARNE. LYRA.
:'!lj,"'°\'?'* torpedo tubes.
These destroyers were bnilt under the 1909 programme. Their displacement is ;6o tons, the designed ?peed 27 knoU. The armament i^ ^° la-pounder guns, with two
OU
only
is
conamied.
complement
Tlie
is
76
officers
and men.
"G"
BASILISK.
CLASS.
PINCHER. RACOON.
(Completed 1910.)
BEAGLE. BULLDOG.
FOXHOUND. GRASSHOPPER
HARPY. MOSQUITO. GRAMPUS.
RATTLESNAKE. RENARD.
SAVAGE. SCORPION. SCOURGE.
WOLVERINE.
These destroyers, which were built under the 1908 programme, hav« a displacement of 976
U
Destroyers
"F"
Class
knots. They are armed tons and a speed of 27 la-poundcr guns, and with one 4-m. and three
two torpedo tubes. officers and men.
The complement
is
96
"F"
CLASS.
(Completed 1908-9.)
AFRIDI.
MOHAWK.
TARTAR.
COSSACK.
GHURKA.
These are ocean-going destroyers, of more than 33 about 880 tons, with a speed with five la-pounder knots. They an armed OU only is conKuns and two torpedo tubes. 60 officers in the furnaces. Complement.
displacing
sumed and men.
"F"
SARACEN.
CLASS.
NUBIAN.
(Continued.)
AMAZON.
displacwnMt, These destroyers are of 975 tons knots. The and have a speed of more than 33 tub«. armament is two 4-in- PJ^ and two torpedo complement is 67 only is consumed. The
OU
officers
and men.
Destroyers "
F"
Class
95
"F"
CRUSADER.
CLASS.
ZULU.
(Continuad.)
MAORI.
Ocean-going destroyers of more than i,ooo tons displacement, with a speed of nearly 34
knots.
They bum
oil
fuel only.
two
guns and two torpedo tubes. plement, 71 officers and men.
4-in.
Armed with Com-
"F"
CLASS.
(Continued.)
VIKING.
An
ocean-going destroyer of 1,090 t<»is and
a speed of 34 knots. She is armed with two 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. Oil only is
burned.
The complement
is
71
officen
and
men.
SWIFT.
(Completed 1908.)
This
tons,
is
the largest destroyer in the British
fastest.
is
She displaces 2,170 designed for a speed of 36 knots, but is said to have done as much as 39 knots in service. The armament is four 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. She is officially classed as
Navy, and also the
and
a
flotilla
leader.
1^
96
Destroyers "
E"
Class
Hj:
1
'
"E"
ARUN. BOYNE. CHELMER.
CLASS.
(Completed i90*-5.)
KRNNET.
LIFFEY.
1
MOY.
NF.SS.
1
1
CHERWELL.
COLNE. DEE.
NITH.
j
1
OUSE.
DERWENT.
DOON. EDEN. ERNE. ETTRICK.
EXE. FOYLE.
RIBBLE.
ROTHER.
STOUR.
SWALFTEST.
TEVIOT.
;;
URE.
USK.
1
!'
f
GARRY.
ITCHEN.
JED.
WAVENEY
WEAR.
WET.LAND.
1
KALE.
These destroyers comprise the " River " class. They displace about 550 tons, have a speed of 12-poander 2$i knots, and are armed with four
guns and two torpedo tubes. is 72 officers and men.
The complement
:
;
INDEFATIGABLE CLASS. INDEFATIGABLE, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND.
Displacement: 18,750 tons.
Speed: 28 knots; Guns:
8
12m., 16 4in.
3.
Torpedo tubes:
Astern fire: 6 I2in.
Broadside
8 I2in.
Ahead
fire:
6 uin.
'
3
Destroyers
"D"Cla88— « C " Qass 97
"
D"
CLASS.
(Completed 1897-1900.)
ANGLER. COQUETTE. CYGNET. CYNTHIA.
DESPERATE. FAME. MALLARD.
STAG.
These boats represent the dder type of destroyers. They displace more than 300 tons, have a speed of 30 knots, and are armed with one i2-pounder, five snnller guns, and two
torpedo tubes.
The complement
is
60
officers
and men.
"C" CLASS.
(Completed 1897-98.)
ALBATROSS. AVON.
BAT.
BITTERN. BRAZEN. BULLFINCH. CHEERFUL. CRANE. DOVE. ELECTRA.
FAIRY. FALCON.
KESTREL. LEOPARD. LEVEN. MERMAID.
OSi?REY.
OSTRICH.
RACEHORSE.
RECRUIT.
ROEBUCK.
STAR.
FAWN.
FLIRT.
SYLVU. THORN. VELOX.
VIGILANT. VIOLET. VIXEN.
FLYING FISH.
GI?SY.
GREYHOUND.
VULTURE.
comparatively old group of destroyers of knots 30 speed. Armed with one la-poondes.
A
M Destroyers " B " Class-" A" Class
nnalkr gun, and two torpedo tuba. complemeat is about 60 oflken and men.
five
The
"
B"
CLASS.
(Completed 1895-1900.)
ALBACORE. ARAB. BONETTA. EARNEST. EXPRESS.
GRIFFON.}
PANTHER. PETEREL,
QUAIL. SEAL. SPITEFUL.
SPRIGHTLY.
SUCCESS.
KANGAROO.
LIVELY. LOCUST,
SYREN.
MYRMIDON,
An
THRASHER. WOLF. ORWELL.
early class of destroyer, with a speed of 30 knots. Amuunent: one la pounder, five
6 pounder guns, two torpedo tubes. ment : about 60 officers and men.
Comple-
"A"
CONFLICT,
CLASS.
(1894-5.)
RANGER, FERVENT, SUNFISH, LIGHTNING. SURLY, OPOSSUM. ZEPHYR, PORCUPINE.
These are our oldest destroyers, having been launched nearly twenty years ago. The speed is 27 knots. Armament : one 12-pounder, five
smaller guns,
two torpedo
tubes.
Comiriement,
50
officers
and men.
lass
The
i of
five
iple-
eed
five
mt.
H.M.S.
litJomilaklt.
Photo; SymonJt
&
Co.
INDOMITABLE CLASS.
INDOMITABLE. INFLEXIBLE, INVINCIBLE.
Displacement: 17,250 tons.
Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 8
I2in.,
3.
16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern fire: 6 I2in.
Broadside
8 i2in.
Ahead
6
fire:
i2in.
Flotilla
Leaden—Submarines
99
FLOTILLA LEADERS.
(Completod 1914.)
KEMPENFELT.
Chilian
NIMROD,
Thate two large dattroyen wwe orderad by the Govcnumnt from Meatn. White ft G>., and pnrchaaed by the Britiih Admiralty on the outbreak of war. The diapUoenuDt ia 1.830 tons, speed man than 31 knots, and the arma-
ment consists of six 4-in. quick-firm, two Maxims, and three torpedo tubM. The comidement is about no officers and men.
SUBMARINES
"
A " CLASS.—These submarines are the oldest
The displacement
is
in conunission.
304 tons,
and on the surface they can travel at la knots, below water at 9 knots. They are armed with two torpedo tubes. Complement: 11 officers and
men.
boats displace 314 tons, and have a surface and submerged speed of 13 and 9 knots respectively. They are armed with two torpedo tubes. Sixteen officers and men are
carried.
"
B
"
CLASS.—These
class has a disidacement about 320 tons. Above wato- their speed is 14 knots, below it is 10 knots. They are fitted with two torpedo tubes, and have a crew of 16
"
C " CLASS.—This
of
officers
and men.
100
"
Submaritiet
D " CLASS.-TheM an
tabfy
new boats
o<
about 350 tout disptaoemnt. On tbe nnteco tbe speed is 16 knots, below water it is zo knots. They are armed with three torpedo tubes, and are also believed to have a qniek'^ring gun. The complement is about 30 officers and men.
"E"
CLASS.
The " E " class comprises our latest boats, and no official details of the class have been published. The displacement, however, is about 800 tons, and the surface speed 16 knots. Then are four torpedo tubes and two quick-firing
guns, the latter being on disappearing mountings. About 23 officers and men are carried.
A.E. z and A.E.
a.
(Australian boats.)
These boats are
dass.
identical
with
the
"
E
NAUTILUS.
"
F " CLASS.
SWORDFISH.
These boats, although not officially described, are known to be of extremely powerful type.
displace nearly z.ooo tons, can travel at 18 or 19 knots on the surface and 12 below, and are armed with six torpedo tubes and two guns.
They
The complement
u
about 27
officers
and men.
CHAPTER in
Thb Gikmam Navy
german
battleships.
class.
dreadnoughts.
kOnig
GROSSER KURFURST.
Thb "KSnig "
clue, to
(Completed 1914-15.)
KRONPRINZ.
HARKGRAF.
KONIG.
yMdh thew
vesseb be-
long, are the last Uttleahipa to cany the la-in. gnn, as the battleships laid down rince are to be anned
with 15-in. weapons. 11ie''KAiiigs"arec(nisidend by Goman eiqwrts to be veiy successful ships. The displacement is 35.500 tons, the length on the water-line 574 ft., and the enguies an intended to develop 38,000 s.h.p. 3o| knots. The normal coal supply is 1,000 tons, but, if necessary, no fewer than 3,600 tons of fuel, including (nl, can be carried. Ten izin. guns, 50 cals. long, represent the main armamaot. They are mounted in five twin turrets, all on the centre line, so arranged that four guns can fire ahead or astern, and all ten cm eithn broadside. Fourteen 5.0-is. onick-firiog guns are
101
102
Konig Class-Kaiser Class
battery,
momted in an armoured broadside
bong available on
either
sevm
beam. There are also ten ai-pounder quick-firere for repeUmg torpedo attack. Five submened torpedo tubes, to discharge the
are
igfin.
torpedo,
fitted.
These ships are strongly armoured, having a belt i3j m. thick amidships, with good protection to guns and main fighting stations. The
last
" Kronprinz." expected to be ready before next year. The complement nimibers 1,130.
this class, the
vessel
of
is
not
KAISER CLASS.
(Completed 1912-13.)
KAISER.
PRINZREGENT
FRIEDRICH DER
LUITPOLD. GROSSE. KONIG ALBERT. KAISERIN.
one of them, the at 23j knots for a short •*^'V.**®*'™"S penod. These were the first German battleships to be fitted \wth turbines,
trial,
much
In design the ships of this class are very similar to our " Neptune " class, but are much larger, the dwptacement being 24,300 tons. The designed speed IS 20} knots, but some ships
of the class did
better than this on
submeiged torpedo tubes. rag guns are twin-mounted in five turrets,
arers, with five
The armament consists of ten 12-iii. /nms fourteen s.g-in., and twelve 21-pounder quickThe two
Helgoland Class
of
103
which are placed di'^jonally amidships, whilst the other three turrets are on the oeatn Una. By this means all the big guns can be trained on either broadside, throuj^ a fairly wide arc. Stem fire is nominally from eight, bow fire from
six
guns.
The
5.9-in.
quick-firers
are
in
an
armoured battery.
A
feature of
belt,
this class
is
is
armour
which
13I
in.
the very strong over vital parts
amidships.
Each ship
carries 1,080 officers
and
men, but the Friedridi der Grosse. which is the flagship of the commander-in-chirf, has a complement of more than i.ioo. Two vessels of this class, " Kaiser " and " Kdnig Albert," recently completed an ocean cruise of 20,000 miles, and are said to have proved
excellent sea boats. city is 3,600 tons.
Their
maximum fud
capa-
HELGOLAND
HELGOLAND.
OSTFRIESLAND.
CLASS.
(Completed 1911-12.)
THURINGEN. OLDENBURG.
vessels
The " Helgoland " rl.% to which these
belong, represents the second group of
German
Dreadnoughts.
ful units,
They
are
but the
d^gn
undoubtedly powerhas been shaiply criti-
cised in
Displacing 22,440 tons, and with a designed speed of twenty knots, which has been slightly exceeded in service, this class is armed with twelve ia-in„ fourteen 5.9-in.,
Germany.
104
fonrteen
I
Nassau Class
ai-pomden, and
six
tubes.
sabmened torpedo *^^
The big guns are in twin turrets, of which four are placed on the broadside, and two <m the centre-line. This disposition aBows onty elAt guns to be trained on either beam in other
j
words, only 66 per cent, of the heavy annament is availaUe on the broadside. The designers have exi^ained this appemit defect by pointing out that if the ship we» attacked on both sides simultaneonaly it could reply effectively on each broadside. Nevertheless, this system was not aM)roved by German experts, and was subsequently abandoned in favour of a
turret (fispositien whidi permits the free use of all big guns on each beam, as in the " Kaiser "
I
!;i
and " Kftnig " classes. The "Helgolands" have iif-in. armour on the water-line. They are very steady in rough wither, and all have dene wdl at gunnery.
The maximum
coal supply
officeis
is
3,000 tons.
is carried.
cwnplement of 1,106
A
and men
NASSAU CLASS.
(Comideted 190^10.)
NASSAU.
RHEINLAND.
POSEN.
WESTFALEN.
The " Nassau "
class, to which these vessels bdoog, were the first Dreadnouj^ to be built by Germany. For their size they have an extremely powofttl armament, but too much was
;|S
Nassau Class
lOS
obviously attempted on the displacement, and they are admittedly faihues.
These ships displace 18,600 tons. They have exceeded their designed speed of nineteen knots
by more than one knot. The armament comprises twelve iz-in., twelve 5.9-in., sixteen 2i-po«iden, and six sabmerged
torpedo tubes.
four
Owing to the
disposition of the
broaddde tmtets only eight of the big guns can be used on one bnndside, so that the ships, in spite of their more numerous armament, can train only the same number of heavy guns on the beam as the British Dreadnou^t. So much room is taken up by the gun positions and their magazbMS, Ac, that q»oe between
decks
is
very limited, and the
officers
and men
zzj^n.
can scarcely be accommodated.
Over
tection.
vital parts df th6 hull there is
armour, but the turrets have
It is
much
th&meir pro-
hdd by
experts that these ships
would be quickly put out of action if subjected to heavy fixe, and it is considered doubtful whether they would be able to stand for long
the concussion of their
guns.
own numerous heavy
officers
The complement
full
is
966
and men.
The
coal capacity is 2,700 tons.
106
Derfflinger
BATTLE-CRUISERS.
DERFFLINGER.
(Completed 1914.)
Germany's newest battleLaid down at the end of 1911 at Hamburg, she was intended to be launched on June 14th last year, but, owing to a mishap to the slipway, she did not go afloat until a fortnight
cruiser.
later.
The
Derfflinger " it
She was performing her trials when war broke out, but was then no doubt hurriedly com-
Her displacement is 26,300 tons, and she has a length on the waterline of 689-ft., with a mmrimntn breadth
pleted
in commission.
and placed
of 95.ft.
endurance are the outstanding features of this ship, which in propMtion to her size is by no means heavily rrmed. The main battery consists of eight i2-in. guns in four double turret^, all on the centre line. Twelve 5 -g-in. quick-firers represent the secondary battery, and twelve 2i-pounders the anti-tnpedo armament. There in in addition some special anti-aerocraft guns. Four submerged torpedo tubes are fitted.
fuel
High speed and great
thickness of the armour belt ir i2-in., but great attention has been paid to the protection of the guns and other important
positions.
The macimum
The
fuel capacity reaches the enor-
mous
figure of 4,300 tons,
which includes about
Seydlitz
1,000 tons of
oil.
107
The turUim an of a new pattern, designed to irork up to 63,000 shaft hoise-power, giving a qwed of 36^ knoU but
;
there is eveiy reason to suppose be exceeded in service.
this figure will
no ram The appearance of this huge vessel is strikingly formidable, and she is undoubtedfy a most valuable addition to the German cruiser squadron, though in armament she is outclassed by contemporary British battlessuisers. Complement, 1.135 of&cen and men.
peculiarity is the straight stem,
fitted.
A
being
SEYDLITZ.
(Complsted 1913.)
The
herself,
battle-cruiser Seydlitz is in
a dass by
of the
though her design dosdy resembles that Holtke and the Goeben. of wh: -h she is
a slightly larger edition. Her displacement is 24,600 tons, length 656 ft., and she has Parsons'
turbines of 63,000 h.p., designed for a speed of 26} knots, though she is reported to have attained
over twenty-eight knots on trial. She was built at the Blohm and Voss yard,
Hamburg, and was commissicmed last year. Her armament comprises ten ii-in., twelve 5 -9-™., and twelve 21-pounder guns, with four snbmerged torpedo tubes. The b%gui», mounted
in
double turrets, are so disposed that
all
fired
on
either broadside, whilst eight
can be can be
trained astern
and
six ahead.
loe
Moltke Class
the watecUne amidslups there
belt.
On
armour
protected.
3i35o tons, 13,000 miles at moderate speed.
u » i»-in. The gun positiaiM are also well The maTimnm fuel capacity b equivalent to a steaming radius of
however,
is
a notorious "coaleater," and consumes an enormous amount of
fuel
This
ship,
when running at high speed. Her complement numbm i,io8
officers
and
meUa
MOLTKE
CLASS.
MOLTKE. GOEBEN.
(Completed 1911-12.)
These ships displace 22,640 tons, the length on water line is 610 ft., and the extreme breadth 96J ft. They are propelled by Parsons' turbines, of 52,000 h.p., designed to give a speed of twentyfive knots, but on trial the maTimnm speed was
slightly over twenty-eight knots,
and
since being
in service these
two
battle-cruisers are said to
have proved themselves to be the fastest armoured
vessek in the German fleet. The fuel capacity b over 3,000 tons, and at economical speed the vessels can cover 12,000 miles witliout replenishing their bimkers.
The armament
of
is fairly
powerful.
It consists
Si
twelve s-g-in., and twelve 21poimder guns, with four submerged tcwpedo tubes. Two turrets amidships are en ,
ii-in.,
ten
TMim
Von
broadside.
special
dcr
Tann
an
1O0
the xenniniiig three being on the centra line, 80 that eO ten Ug gmis can be find on either
Theie ships
anangements
for
reported to have rapidly loading the
heavy gnns. but the report is not authenticated. For battle-cmisers the protection is remarkably good, there being ii.in. armour on the waterline. In eveiy respect these vessels an among the most powoful units of the Genmui fleet.
They have a complement
men.
of 1,013 officers
and
VON DER TANN.
(Completed 2910.)
The Von der Tann was the first battle-cruiser by Gennany. She was launched in 1909 and ommiissioned in the following year. The
built
of the British Invincible was closely followed, but certain improvements were introduced.
design
On a
carried
5-9-in
displacement of 19,100 tons there
is
an annament
of eig^t
ii-in.
and ten
guns, with sixteen 21-pounders for repelling torpedo attack. Four submerged torpedo tubes are fitted. The vessel has a length
is equipped with Pars<ms' turbines of 43,600 h.p., deigned for a speed of twenty-five knots. On trial she touched twentydght knots, and has done even better than this
ft.
of
560
She
^ce.
110
The
all
Deutschland Class
four double turrets
ue
lo dispoaed tbat
availaUe on dther broadside through a very wide arc. The vitals of the ship are protected by an armour belt 9{-in. thick. She can carry 2,600 tons of fuel, which enables her to steam about 11,000 miles at economical speed.
eight guns are
Her complement numbers 911 officers and men. The Von der Tann flies the flag of Rear-Admiral
Tapken, Junior Admiral of the Scouting Squadron.
PRE-DREADNOUGHTS.
DEUTSCHLAND
(1906-08.)
CLASS.
DEUTSCHLAND.
POBIMERN.
SCHLESIEN.
HANNOVER.
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.
The main characteristics of the " Deutschland "
class,
to which these vessels belong, are as follow Displacement, 13,000 tons; spe«l, 19I knots; armam<Jit, four ii-in., foiurteen 6.7-in., twenty
2i-pounder guns, and six submerged torpedo
tubes.
The armour
belt is
9I
in.
at
its thickest,
with ii-in. armour on the turrets. The 6.7-in. guns are in a broadside battery, protected by 6i-in.
pUtes.
Out
aodI
of
Hn.
bich
monen.
liral
ron.
id" >w:
>ts;
nty edo
est,
-in. -in.
VICE-ADMIRAL INGENOHL.
Commander-in-Chief, German High Seas Fleet.
Bnuntchwdg
Class
ill
pepntar diipi in the G«iMa nvy, owing to tiMir handiiMM, good ^aed. and aaaIn^faig qnaUtiea. Th« annament is not ao loc^ midable ai it looks, owing to the slow rate of fin iron the secondaiy battoy. The 6.7-in.
projectile weighs is^lbs, and is thus too heavy to be handled by manual power, a fact which takes
Thm
an
this
gun out of the
quidE-fiiing category.
In fij^ting value the ships compare with our ForaidaUes. The coal supply b limHH to
The complement is 743 a&om and The " Deutschland " was for seme years flagship of the High Sea Fleet.
i,7Jo tons.
men.
BRAUNSCHWEIG
CLASS.
(Completed 1904-06.)
BRAUNSCHWEIG. HESSEN. ELSASS. LOTHRINGEN.
PREUSSEN.
in every respect as the " Deutschland " class, except that the armour belt is only
The same
QHn. thick.
WITTELSBACH CLASS.
(Completed 1902-03.)
WITTELSBACH. SCHWABEN. WETTIN. MECKLENBURG. ZHARINGEN.
The " Wittelsbach "
class, to
which these vessels
Dis;
belong, has the following characteristics:
placement, 11.643 tms : q>eed 18 knots ment, four 9.4-ui.. eighteen 5-9^a.,
arma-
twdve
112
Kaiier Friedrich Clau
(riz
aji-fcmitu, uid
nboMitd
to^pado tnbw.
Anldrii^
x»4ii.
tkm k
the
pladag
w tbc bifiiai tnmtt.
hMvy
fan*
a
Mt
of »4a. annoor. with
too wwk for the eiceptioaaBy pomrful taetics, noondaiy batteiy was ooMidered to compeniate for this defect. To older ships of the pte-Dreadnou^t period the " Wittelsboch " class might still prove formidable opponents. In service tlwy have been found defective in sea-keeping qualities, and the high fneboard and kfty supentnictan oAer an inviting target to hostile guns. Normally these ships form part of the reserve fleet. Prt^ioeals to reooostmct and modernise them two years ago were rejected, oo the ground
AHlwa^
an
modm
of their insignificant fighting value.
The
coal supidy
is
i,8oo tons.
is
A
complement
of 683 officers
and men
borne.
KAISER FRIEDRICH CLASS.
(Completed 189&-1901.)
KAISER KARL KAISER FRIEDDER GROSSE. RICH III. KAISER WILHELM KAISER BARBAII.
ROSSA. KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE.
Particulars of the Kaiser Friedrich class, of which these ships are representatives, are as
follows
:
knots
;
armament, four
Displacement, 10,600 tons ; q;>eed, 17 9-4'in., fourteen S-^^n.,
KAISER CLASS. KAISER, FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE, KAISERIN PRINZREG-LUITPOLD, KONIG ALBERT.
Displacement
:
'
24,200 tons.
14 6in., 12 24pdr3.;
5.
Speed:
21 knots;
Guns: 10 I2.2in, Torpedo tubes:
j^.fJrW^.'TV^i
*^
Astern
4 6in.
fire:
Broadside
10 i2.2in. 7 6in.
Aliead
4 6in.
fire:
8 I2.2in.
6 I2.2in.
Brandenburg Class
lis
fourteen 21-pounder guns and five submerged torpedo tubes. Protection is afforded by a narrow belt la-in. thick amidships, which tapers to 4-in. at the bows. The stem has no side
armour. In their original form each ship carried eighteen 5-9-in. guns, but all, excepting the Kaiser Karl der Grosse, underwent complete
reconstruc-
four sg-in. guns top-hamper were removed. This reduction in weight brought the lower edge of the armour belt dangerously near
the surface, with the result that are rolling the bc't comes out of the lower
projectile.
tion six or seven years ago, and much of the clumsy
when
when the
ships
huU
is
the water, and thus exposed to the smallest
this grave defect the ships were withdrawn from active service, and have been in reserve ever since they were reconstructed.
Owing to
Maximum
coal capacity
is
1,000 tons.
complement numbers 622
The
officers
and men.
BRANDENBURG
CLASS.
(Completed 1893-94.)
BRANDENBURG.
the
WORTH.
nch Wlhelm and Weissenburg) were Mid to
These vessels are the two oldest battleships in German navy. The class consisted originally of four ships, but two of them (Kurfiirst Fried-
B
114
German Coast Defence
Ships
Turkey in 1910, and are now included in the Turkish fleet as the Haireddin Barbarossa and
Toigut Reis. The displacement is 9,870 tons, the present speed about 16 knots. Six ii-in. guns of obsolete type form the main armament, which is mounted in three double turrets on the centre line. This disposition enables all six heavy guns to fire on either beam. There are also eight 4-1-in. and eight 21-pounder guns, with two submerged and one above-water
torpedo tubes. On the water-line amidships is a i6-in. belt of compotmd armour, and the big gun positions are protected by i2-in. plating. About 1,050 tons of coal can be stored. The complement is 585 officers and men. The fighting value of
this class
nil.
imder
modem
conditions
is
practically
COAST DEFENCE SHIPS.
(Completed 1890-7.)
11
AEGIR
HAGEN.
ODIN.
HEIMDALL.
FRITHJOF.
i1^
HILDEBRAND.
BEOWULF.
SIEGFRIED
These vessels comprise the very oldest class of German armoured ships, and are used only
Gennan Annoured
for
Cruisers
116
the local defence of harbours and coasts. The displacement is 4,000 tons. The speed originally was 15 knots, but is now considerably
less.
The armament consists of three old 9-4-in. and ten 2i-poimder guns, with four torpedo A narrow belt of g-m. armour protects tubes.
the waterline, but elsewhere the hull has very
little
protection.
officers
The complement numbers 307
mtsa.
and
GERMAN ARMOURED CRUISERS.
BLtJCHER.
(Completed 1909.)
The "
Bliicher " is the
most
modem
down
of Ger-
many's armoured
cruisers, as distinct
from the
in 1906,
battle-cruiser class.
She was
laid
at Kiel, as a " reply " to the British " Invincibles," then building. At that date the details of the new British ships were carefully guarded, with the result that the Germans, acting on incorrect information, designed a cruiser which was far behind the " Invincible " in every respect. The Blucher
displaces 15,550 tons, and is 527-ft. in length. She has reciprocating engines of 32,000 h.p.,
for
a designed speed
of
24 knots, which was
trial.
increased to 25 -8 knots on
The armament consists of twelve 8-2-in., eight 5-9-in., and sixteen' 21-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. The 8-2-in. guns are
116
German Armoured
Cruisers
twin-mounted in annonred tunets, so amnged that eight of these weapons bear on the brtMidside. The 5-9-in. guns are in an annoured
battery.
A
7-in. belt protects
is
and there
turrets.
The
the waterline and vitab, plating of equal thickness on the coal supply is 2,200 tons.
The complement numbers 888 officers and men. The " Blucher," which until lately was
used for gunnery training purposes, is the only German warship to be fitted with a tripod mast and a fire-control station on the British pattern.
SCHARNHORST.
GNEISENAU.
(Completed 1907-08.)
Both these armoured
in 1906.
cruisers
were launched
They displace 11,400 tons, and are 470-ft. in length. With engines designed for a8,ooo h.p., the trial speed was 23 knots. The armament is very powoiful for a ship of this dass, and consists of eight 8-2-in., six S-9-in., and eighteen
2i-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo
tubies.
Four
turrets,
of the big
guns are mounted in twin
mates.
the remaining four in broadside caseSix of these weapons can be fired on
either broadside.
The
5-9-in.
guns are in an
armoiured battery.
Six-inch
vital
parts,
armour protects the waterline and the same thickness being on the
main gun
is
positions.
The maximum
cral supfdy
2,000 tans.
German Armoured
A
compleinent of 764
earned.
Cruisers
117
is
officers
and men
The "Schambont"
miral in
flies
the flag of the adis
command
of the cruiser squadron in also
China,
and the "Gneisenau"
a unit
of
the China squadron.
YORCK.
(Comideted 1905.)
ROON.
The
principal details of these ships are
;
:
Dis-
designed placement, 9,350 tons Armament conh.p., 19,000 ; speed, ai knots. sists of four 8-2-in., ten 5-9-in.. and fourteen 3i-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo
length, 417-ft.
;
guns are mounted in iwo double turrets placed forward and aft, the 5-9-in. being in an armoured battery.
tubes.
The
8-2-in.
Protection
belt is only
is
very poor.
At
its
thickest the
4
ins.,
but there
is 6-in.
armour on
is
the turrets.
faulty,
The
general design of these ships
and they have not proved successful in service. The maxitnnm coal capacity is 1,400
tons.
A
complement
of
633
officers
and men
is
carried.
.
PRIWZ ADALBERT.
FRIEDRICH KARL.
(Completed 1903.)
These are vessels of 8,850 tons disi^acement, and 4X0-ft. in length. They have engines of 17,000 h.p., giving a speed of 31 knots. Their araument compTises four 8-3-in. guns in twin
118
German Armoured
Cruisers
aad twelve ai-pounder qnickfirers, with four torpedo tubes. The armour belt is only 4 ins. thick, but the two turrets are protected by 6-in. armoiu'.
turret*, ten s-g-in.,
Coal capacity
is
1,600 tons with bunkers
officers
full.
A
complement of 591
and men
is
borne.
PRINZ HEINRICH.
(Completed 1903.)
This vessel
is
one of the
earliest
German
armoured
She was built specially for service abroad, and was formerly on the China station. She displaces 8,760 tons, is 410-ft. in length, and originally steamed at 20} knots,
cruisers.
but
is
now
considerably slower.
Her armament consists of two 9-4-in., ten 5'9-in., and ten 2i-pounder guns, with four torpedo tubes, three of them submerged. The
big guns are in single turrets placed at each end, whilst the secondary armament is mounted partly
and partly in battery. only a 4-m. belt on the waterline, with 6-in. plating on the heavy turrets. The full fuel supply is 1,450 tons. Her complement numbers 567 officers and men.
in small turrets,
There
is
FURST BISMARCK.
(Completed 1900.)
This
the oldest armoiued cruiser in service. at present being converted into a torpedo
is
She
is
Gennan
training ship,
Cruisers
full
Its
arma-
and may not have her
ment on
bosurd.
The disfdacement
length 4ii-ft., speed 19 knots. 9-4-in., twelve s-Q-in., ten ai-pounders,
10,750 tons, She carries four
is
and six torpedo tubes. The big guns are in two twin An 8-in. belt protects the waterline, and turrets. the main gun positions have plating of equal thickness. This vessel was completed in 1900. having taken more than four years to build. Her present fighting value is small. The complement is 594 ofiUcers and men.
PROTECTED CRUISERS.
KAISERIN AUGUSTA.
(Completed 1893.)
This
service.
is
the oldest
German
protected cruiser in
Launched
in 1892, she has
a displace-
ment of 5,900 tons, and a speed of 20 knots. She is armed with twelve 5-9-in. quick-firing guns, and eight ai-pounders, with three torpedo tubes. There is a thick steel deck, which extends from bow to stem. The compIement|[is 439 officers and men.
VICTORIA LUISE.
HERTHA.
VINETA.
HANSA. FREYA.
(Completed 1898-99.)
These are vessels of 5,600 tons displacement,
and belong to the training squadron
for cadets
120
German Light
Cruisers
and boys.
They can steam at aboat 19 knots, but the small coal capacity of 900 tons limits
their radius of action.
of
The armament
consists
two
8-a-in.
six 5-9-in.,
guns m single armoured tuircts, and fourteen ai-pounder quick-finrs
4-in.
with three torpedo tubes. Amidships there is a
protective deck,
and armour of the same thickness protects the guns. A complement of 465 officers and men is
carried.
GEFION.
(Completed 1894.)
This is a protected cruiser of 3,700 tons, with a speed of about 19 knots, armed with ten 4.1-in. and six smaller quick-firers. There are no tor-
pedo tubes.
A
complement of 296
ofiicers
and
men
is carried.
HELA.
(Completed 1896.)
The " Hela "
is
a small
cruiser of a.ooo tons,
p
-
with a nominal speed of 20 knots. She is armed with two 2i-pounder and foii- smaller guns, and has three torpedo tubes. There is a steel deck over boilers and machinery. The complement is
191 ofiicers and men.
GAZELLE.
NIOBE.
(Completed 1898-1901.)
These vessels were the first fast light cruisers which Germany has built in such numbers during
German Light
Cruisers
121
Rcent yean. The displacemant is a,6oo tons, and the present speed about 30} knots. They an armed >with ten 4.1-in. quick-firmf guns and two submerged torptxio tubes. With coal bunken full the steaming radius at moderate speed is 4,000 knots. A a-in. steel deck protects boilers and engines from shell fin. Complement 370
:
officers
and men.
NYMPHE.
THETIS.
ARIADNE. AMAZONE.
MEDUSA. FRAUENLOB. UNDINE.
ARKONA*
* Fitted as a mine-layer.)
(Completed 1901-03.)
These ships an protected cruisers of 2,620 tons, with a speed of about 21} kn»ts. Aiinament Ten 4.1-in quick-firers and two torpedo tubes. There is a 2-in. curved deck over boilen and machinery spaces. With a full coal supply on board, these cruisers have a steaming radius at low speed of slightly mon than 4,000 knots. The
complement numbers 27s
officers
and men.
HAMBURG. BREMEN.
BERLIN.
MUNCHEN.
LUBECK.
LEIPZIG.
DANZIG.
(Completed 1904-06.)
These are protected cruisers of 3,300 tons, with a speed of over 32 knots. They an armed with
'
i
182
German Light
Cruisers
tm 4.1-in.
guni and two torpedo tubes. Starting with coal bunlcen full, they are capable of steaming 5,000 knots at low speed without re-co«ling. A complemmt of 303 officers and men is canied.
KCENIGSBERG.
(Completed 1907.)
A protected cruiser of 3,350 tons, with a maximum speed of 34 knots. She was launched in
1905.
Armed with
is
and two torpedo
low speed
officers
tubes.
ten 4.1-in. quick-firing guns The radius of action at
5,000 knots.
Complement:
33a
and men.
STUTTGART.
NURNBERG.
STETTIN.
(Completed 1908.)
Protected cruisers of 3,350 tons, which are aUe to travel at nearly 25 knots. They are armed with ten 4-i-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo
Tlie steaming radius at economical speed is 5,500 knots. Complement, 333 officers and
tubes.
men.
DRESDEN.
EMDEN.
(Completed 1907-08.)
Protected cruisers of 3,540 tons, with a maximum speed of 24} knots. The armament consists of ten 4.1-in. quick-firing guns and two tor-
pedo tubes.
The steaming radius
at low speed
is
German Light
about 5,800 knots,
fflcn.
Cruisers
123
Cmaplement, 361 offlom
ud
KOLBERG.
BfAINZ.
AUGSBURG.
COLN.
(Completed 1909-11.)
Protected cruisen of 4,280 tons, turbine driven, with a trial speed of nearly 37 knots. They are armed with twelve 4.z-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo tubes. Their radius of action with bunkers full is nearly 6,000 knots. The comple-
ments consists of 379
officers
and men.
MAGDEBURG.
BRESLAU.
STRASSBURG. STRALSUND.
(Completed 1913.)
Fast cruisers of 4,478 tons, able to steam at nearly 28 knots. TTiey are armeJ with twelve 4.1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo tubes. On the water-line there is 4-in. vertical armour, so that these vessels are, strictly speaking,
armoured cruisers. They have a large coal supply, and can cover more than 6,000 knots without
taking in fresh fuel.
Complement
:
370
officers
and men.
ROSTOCK.
KARLSRUHE.
These are the very
GRAUDENZ. REGENSBURG.
latest fast light cruisers.
(Completed 1913-14.)
They have a maximum spaed
of 28 knots.
The
124
Gennan Gunboats
4.i'4n. qakk-firing guw and two torpedo tnbM. At the watw-Une thm ia annour belt 4-iB. thick, and moch internal protection. The radina of action at economical peed ia 6,500 knota. A complement of 373 officen and men ia carried.
annuMBt k tmlva
n
GUNBOATS.
CONDOR. CORMORAN.
SEEADLER.
GEIER.
(Completed 1893-93.)
Gunboats of 1,600
15 knots.
:
tons,
having a speed of
They are aimed with eight 4.1-in. quick-firing gnns and two torpedo tubes. Complement 163 officers and men.
ILTIS.
JAGUAR.
TIGER. LUCHS.
(Completed 1898-00.)
Gunboats of 880 tons, with a speed of about 14 knots, and armed with small quick-firing guns. The complement numbers 136 officers and men.
PANTHER
EBER
(Completed 1903-3.)
Gunboats of 900 tons and 14 knots speed. They cany two 4.1-in. and some smaller guns. Complement 130 officers and men.
:
Gennan Torpedo-Boat Destroyers 1S6
TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS. V 43-48.
Launched
ipeed
tubes,
33)
1914. knots,
two
Diiplacement 630 toot, Annunent nnmunem: Five tocpedo az-pounder quidi-fi-Ms, and four
:
machine guns.
Complement,
7.1.
V
speed
2^-30.
1913. knots.
S
34— :'f.
65c
tn.ii,
:
Launched
3a|
Di«pla...:nent
Armanicnt Pivc torpedo tubes, two 2i-pounder quick-ftrnrs, and four machine guns. Complement, 7j.
V
speed
85—38.
1913. knots.
S 2X-J3.
Displacement
Launched
32}
Annament:
Rve
630 tons. torpedo
tubes, two ax-pounder quick-firers, machine gims. Complement, 73.
and four
S 13—24.
Launched
speed
tubes,
G
7—12.
Displacement
V
1—6.
350
tons,
19x2.
knots.
32)
Annament: Five torpedo
and two
two 2x-pounder quick-fixers, machine guns. Complement, 73.
G
speed
tubes,
192—197.
19x0.
knots.
V 186—191.
Displacement
Launched
32I
64s
tons,
Armament: Four torpedo
and two
two 2x-pounder quick-fiiers, machine guns. Complement, 83.
V 180—X85.
Launched
speed 32
1909.
knots.
S
X76—179.
630 tons. Four torpedo
Displacement
Armunent:
126 German
tubes,
Torpedo-Boat Destroyers
and two
two ai-pounder quick-firers, machine guns. Complement. 83.
G
Launched
^)eed
tubes,
174—175Displacement
31J
1910. knots.
645
tons,
Annament: Four torpedo
and two
two 31-pounder quick-firers, machine guns. Complement, 83.
G
Launched
169, 170, 172, 173.
1908. Displacement 628 tons, speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo tubes, two ai-pounder quick-firers, and two
machine guns.
Hi
I
Complement,
83.
S 165—168.
Launched
speed
tubes,
1908.
Displacement
600
tons
33
knots.
Armament: Three torpedo
and two
two 2i-pounder quick-firers, machine guns. Complement, 03.
V 162—164. Launched 1909. Displacement 600 tons. Speed 30 knots. Annament: Three torpedo tubes, two 2i-pounder quick-firers, two machine guns. Complement, 83. V
Launched
speed
tubes,
150—161.
Displacement
545
tons
30
1907. knots.
Armament: Three torpedo
and two
two 2i-pounder quick-firers, machine guns. Complement. 83.
S 138—149,
1906. Displacement 515 tons 30 knots. Annament: Three torpedo tubes, one ai-pounder quick-firer, three 4- pounder
Launched
speed
German Torpcdo-Boat Destroyers 127
quick-firers,
and two machine guns.
Comple-
ment. 80.
G
Launched
1906.
137-
Displacement 565 t<ms, speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo tubes, one 21-pounder quick-firer, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 80.
G
Launched
1906.
136.
Displacement 480 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three toipedo tubes, four 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 68.
G135.
Displacement 480 tons, Armament Three torpedo 27 knots. tubes, one 24-pounder quick-firer, two 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 68.
1906.
Launched
speed
:
G
Launched
1906.
133—134.
Displacement 480 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo tubes, four 4-poundtT quick-firers, and two machine guns. Camptemeot, 68.
S 125—131.
Launched
speed
tubes,
27
1904. knots.
Displacement
480
tons,
three
Armament: Three torpedo 4-pounder quick-firers, and two
Complement,
60.
machine guns.
S 120
—
124.
Launched 1904. Displaoement 460 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo
128
tubes,
German Destroyers
three
machine guns.
4-pounder qmck-firets, Comidement, 60.
and two
S 114—119.
Launched 1903. Displacement 415 tons, 26 knots. Aimament Three torpedo tubes, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 56.
speed
:
m
Three
I'
G 108—113.
S 102
S 90—101.
—
107.
Destroyers of
small
400
tons, launched
in
1901.
The maximum speed b 26
quick-firers,
knots.
Armament
three
,
torpedo
tubes.
two machine guns, The complement is 56
officers
and men.
is
TAKU.—This
30 knots speed. and two torpedo tubes. Complement 49 officers and men. She was captured from the Chinese during the Boxer campaign.
:
a destroyer of 280 tons and She carries three small guns,
10.—A destroyer of 350 tons and 28 knots speed, armed with five small guns, two machine guns, and two torpedo tubes. Complement,
60
r
D
officers
and men.
old destroyer of 375 tons and 24 knots speed. She carries three small guns, two Maxims, and three torpedo tubes. Comple-
D 9.—An
ment, 49
officers
and men.
old destroyers, of more than tons 300 displacement and about 22 knots speed. They carry some small guns and three torpedo
tubes.
^ 3—8 —Very
Complement, 49
officers
and men.
"''"'""'
Photo: Topi,.!
Wu, S,r«™.
HELGOLAND
CLASS.
HELGOLAND, OSTFRIESLAND, THURINGEN, OLDENBURG.
Displacement: 21,000 tons.
Speed: 21 knots; Guns: 12
I2.2in., 14
6.
Cm.. 14 24pdrs.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Broadside
8 I2.2in.
7 6in.
Ahead
6
4 6in.
fire
6 I2.2in. 4 Oin.
I2.2in.
German Submarines
D D
I
120
2
(CARMEN). (ALICE ROOSEVELT).
Very old destroyers, displacing 325 tons, with a speed of 21 knots. Amuunent five small guns and three torpedo-tubes. Comple:
ment, 46.
SUBMARINES.
U I—2.—These
marines, and The speed above water does not exceed 9 knots, and two torpedo-tubes are carried. Thei« is a
are the earliest German subdisplace about 150 to 200 tons.
crew of II.
U 3—8.—These
12 and 8 knots tubes are fitted.
boats belong to the second
German type. The displacement is about 350 tons, and the surface and submerged speeds are
respectively.
Three torpedoComplement, 14 officers and
men.
boats are believed to be of about 400 tons, with a surface sptsed of 15 knots, and to be armed with three or four torpedotubes. The crew consists of 17 officers and men.
U 9—20.—These
submarines displace about 800 tons, and are said to be able to travel at 18 knots on the surface. They are armed with four
torpedo-tubes
U
21
— —These
26.
and two small quick-firing guns. The complement is about 32 officers and men.
U 27—36.—These
type.
The displacement
boats are the very latest is about 900 tons, the
I
180
German Mine-Layers
and they can
travel at
surface speed i8 knots,
and men are
12 knots when submerged. The armament consists of four torpedo-tubes and two quick-firing guns on high-angle mountings. About 30 officers
carried.
MINE-LAYERS.
PELIKAX.—This
layer
in
is
the oldest
German mine-
commission.
She
1890, displaces 2,300 tons, I5i knots. The armaaent consists of four 31pounder quick-firing guns, and. of course, a large number of nunes charged with
was launched in and can steam at
high
a-
plosives.
ship for
officers
ship was specially built for mine-laying work, and was laundied in 1906. Her displacement is 1,935 tons, the deogned speed io knots. She carries eight ai-pounder guns, and has magazines for a large
mm. NAUTILUS.—This
and
She is used as a sesrgoing trainii« mine work. The com{dement is 105
number
and
of naval mines, with special gear for dropping
them.
iUx
crew
numbers
198
officers
men.
ALBATROSS.
built
for
—This ship, which was M>eciaMy
work,
is
mine-laying
was latacbed
2.185
tons,
tbe designed speed 20 knots. She is armed with eight 2i-pounder quick-fireis, and has magazines for a large number of naval mines, with spMiai gMr for dropping them. The crew bers X98 oificers and men.
1907.
The displacement
m
M
CHAPTER
IV
Admiral Sir John Jeiucob
Immedutelv
lised
the Home Fleets had been mobithe Admiralty issued the foUowing announce-
ment:
JeUicoe, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., has assumed supreme command of the Home Fleets, with the acting rank
of
Admiral
With the approval Sir John
of his
Majesty the King,
R.
Admiral,
Ws
His
Rear-Admiral Charles E. Madden, C.V.G., has been appointed to be
Thief of the Staff.
and
Majesty immediately sent an inspiring message to Admiral Sir John JeUicoe, as representiag the whole Navy, and it was communicated to the officers and men of the squadrons in
all
parts of the world.
grave moment in our National I send to you, and through you to the cheers and men of the Fleets of which
this
At
history
you have assumed command, the assurance my confidence that under your direction they wiU revive and renew the old glories of the Royal Navy, and prove cmce again the sure shield of Britain and of her Empire in
of
the hoiu- of
trial.
George
tti
R.I.
132
The
Qq
Fleets at
War
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe't reply to the Kine'i message «u as follows:
^
behalf of the officers and
men
of
Meet, beg to tender our loyal and dutiful thanks to your Majesty for the gracious message, which wiU inspire aU with detennination to uphold the glorious traditions
of
t.V'
Home
past.
(Signed)
cbnI
Commander-in-Chief,
John JeUicoe. on
T
u
T
...
J
one of the most distinguished •dmrals of the sea service. He has wide sea otpanoce, is a splendid administtmtw.
fixed, is
natiMi
a«
Home Fleet, whom the eyes of
the
and
is
*™^
Jidgmeir*
Itself
»
'»*'> 0* c<x»
"d
determined
i*^of•PPointment the nature
of Sir
of a romance.
smaU share in shaping the instrument 1m now commands, and he chose as his Chief «| Staff anothw most distinguished officer,
to
John JeUicoe was in He had no
be^
brother-in-law.
Sir
accord on matters of strategy and tactics, and were both associated the creation and equipment of the ^'"*' °" the fortunes ^^^ Bntish u"2"' of theV^!: Empire will depend. They were members of the famous Dreadnought Design Committee, and were associated with Adndral
The Admiralissimo and his chief staff are known to be in the most complete
Charles Madder, served to^^ether at the AdmnraJty on more than one occasion, both havmg. mdeed, been Sea Lords, and they married daughters of Sir Charles Cayzer, Bt.
officer
R«^Admiral
who happens John JefficoT^
m
*»^
Admiral JcUicoc
of the Ftect,
ist
his
of the Home leet, to which he was aj^jointed over the heads of eleven vice-admiitb—a fact which itself points to the high estimation in which he is held by the naval authorities.
-
naval adminlatratim. officer whom the Admiralty could hav« selected to go afloat at a juncture of luch transcendent importance enjoys lo comfdetely the confidence of the naval service Sir John Jellicoe. In Dwember. 1918, he became a member of the Board of Admiralty, and then vacated the command of the Second Division
fai
many No
Lord Fiaher of KUvmtone, in
refoinu
m
m
over a hundred marks. In the examination for subheutenant, which rank he attained six yean later (December 5, 1878), he took three " firsU," m Itself a remarkable achievement. On August 23. i88o. he promoted lie»
on December 5, 1839, he is the son of Captain J. H. JeHicoe. Educated at Rottingdean, Sir John Jellicoe entered the Royal Navy as a cadet on July 15, 187a. passmg out of the Bntannia " first of his " batch " by
Bom
wm
tenant,
on board the " Agincourt." be served in the Egyptian War. He was awartled the Egyptian medal and the KhecKve's braise star. On Us letum to England, in the foKkw^ yev he studied at the Royal Naval Coliege, Greenwich where he won the special £80 ptix tot
and two yean afterwards, aa a Ummt,^^
omaery
May. 1886, while serving on board the "Monarch." he was awanied the Board of Trade sil.er medal for galtoitiy in »vmg life at sea. by commanding a pg wlueh
lieutenants.
In
1«*
The
Fleets at
of
War
w»
went to the
mcue
itltar. the lea being «,
a itianded ship near Gibheavy that tte^t
and on the staff of the " ExceUent ^xceuent " pinnery establishment. Gawtted a commander in 1891, he was for a
Colossus,
fa collision with the "
Camperdown/^eS^
i"'^
urownea. itnii
was on the si^k c^S" the ship capsized he, with the aid of wJ ^,'^*'^«^'P•"»n. contrived to keep ; Umself afloat tiU picked up. Commander «lver medal was lost with other ef!ecti iS^J
Jellicoe
m^^er
At the time T^hrt °'"="?' of the
^50
rnlliainn
™- r-«
Wh«i
JST'S
»T
JeSs
*""*• 'ntimated that another fi u*** could be obtained on payment. After serving as commander of the " Ramillies " flagship 1". the Mediterranean, he was o the rark of captain (January jomed the OnhiaLe
m£? m^al
I
c!oUt7."*XdSl
1^1^^
m^T-^
tL^-.^T^"' the centunon
•n 1900.
**'«=*«! " on the
Wm
as flag captan in
t
China station.
D^J
narrowly e^aped death bJ a severe gunshot wound, Captain Id com -anded the Naval Brigade Ld
m
which he
W aS'S cS
Admiral Jellicoc
staff Officer,
w
when he gtined not only the C B bnt was awaided by the Gennan Emperor th^ Kcond elaai of the Red Eagle with eroiMd
Retiiming from China at the end of looi he was in Nownber of that
year,
superintrad the building
of
appofated to
by
he next served as Naval Assistant to the ControUer of the Navy, which post he vacated in Augtist, 1903, to take command of the " Drake "
:
war
contiart of diipa
Director of Naval Ordnance succession to Captain Barry.
and Torpedoes
in
said about the improvement good shootmg in the Navy, and fai this connection considemble praise is due to Admiral ^.^'^J'-^ » writer in the untied Seme* Jourtwl once remarked, reflec«n/r a judgment which is known to be weU foundedthe good work fostered by Admiral Sir Peroy Scott would have been heavily handicappedof
Much has been
m^^\I^T
*« ^^ *"« N.if^?*'^"""= Naral Ordnance proved himself
DirectoTof
original
t^^ir-M nnd prompt action, and one of the Sort cabbie gunnery experts in the Navy. Dnring the time he was ., command of the urake, he turned it into one of the best shootmg sh.^ of the Navy, and while he was at the
a man of
m
Cat«^n^Tn"
"^*°'"
*''*'
"^
*"''*
Naval
Ordnance
possible
S«!~ .J*"'"*
Jghtmg
l,ne
*"
was
to
being fitted with the most uj^t.^ '"^*'* ''^''*^' »^ well as to instal a Jire-control set of instruments each ship for
tlrtl T^
m
MKtOCOnr RBOUITION TBT CHART
'ANSI and ISO TEST
CHART No.
2)
Ui
IM
I.I
1^
1.4
L25 i
^
APPLIED IN/MGE
1653 East Main StrMl
Roch««t8r. Nbw Yorit U609 (716) 482- 03OO- Phorw
Inc
J&
USA
(718)
288- 5989 -Fa«
186
The
Fleets at
War
SSf 1^*^ "^ '^^'y
tenure of his appointment.
improved
dSrS *
:|!JW
CHAPTER V
bFFICERS AND
MeN OF THE
BRITISH
NaVT
From
the current
Navy Estimates the foHownumber of
officers
in 1914-15 for the naval service. First the strength of the Reserves is given, then the number of active service ratings and lastly
md
ing particulars are taken of the
men voted
the aggregate mobilised for war
ROYAL NAVAL RESERVE
(Contlrttog of Merchant Seamen. Yachtanen, etc.)
HoHE Force—Genbrai
Service
Numbers Voted
I9i4-"9IS.
Nombets borne on
ist Jan.,
i»>4
OFFICERS.
Executive Officera
Com. Engr Officers
Accountant Officers Warrant Engineers
'.340
14a'} I20 190
1.790
MEN.
Leading Seamen
•
220'
.
Seamen
.
.
Wireless Tel. Operators Engine Rm. Art. Ldg.Strs. fitoiteia
10,780
-
120 j6o
17.^80
-
no
. -
.
3.490.
Home Force—Trawler
Officers
Section
14a
Men
187
:
138
Officers
I
and
Men
600 400
NsWIOUNDbAND lun
UAiiiA:
CObOMIAA
BlANCm
Urn nun
-
AusnucAsiA
Officers
ai,S48
«9.4«7
ROYAL FLEET RESERVE
(Consisting of
the Fleet for five yeara or more)
Naval Seamen and othen who hav*
in
aaas A.— Pensioners. Seamen Class •
Stoker Class
Police rat.
MEN
3.8oo 2,300 187 1,840
8.S»7
Royal Marines
Class
B
Seamen Class
Stoker Class
Police rat.
—
^Non-Pensionera.
}
I
9.1501 6,joo 10
18,710
Royal Marines Immediate Class.
Seamen Class
Stoker Class Royal Marines
—Non-Pensioners.
. . .
-
3,«3>-/
{
1,600 1,870
fioo
4,070
.
(a)
31.107
»7.734
ROYAL NAVAL VOLUNTEERS
Officers and
Men (efficients)
-
4,500
4.500
4.603
PENSIONERS
Sesmen
> •
Royal Marines
...
_
.
g .-^
,]^^
8,110 8,740
^1
Total
Total, Active Service Ratings
65.065
60,546
Totd Reserves
Grand
-
151,000 65,065
.
I44.»7I 60,546
(j) 216,065 205,417 Includes joo Sooth African Division. (^ 1,562 Ranks and Ratings on the Activ* List. Rwra Flwt Reserve Men and Pensioners have been lent for serno0 tinder Colonial and Foreign Govenimmts.
total .
.
(a)
— —
of the British Navy
189
When war was declared there was no dearth of The officers and men for the British Fleet.
presentation
a Supplementary Estimate to Parliament by the Admiralty, after the declaration of hostilities, gave rise to a misunderstanuing. This action was a mere formality in order to keep the right side of Treasury precedure, and it did
of
that 67,000 additional officers and men were going to be raised. What happened was that Reservists to the number of about 60,000 were called up and they were forthwith transferred to Vote A., which fixes the number of active
not
mean
service officers
and ratings and provides pay
for
them.
Whereas ParUament provided in the spring of 1914 for an active persoimel of 151,000 with 60,000 Reservists, the two totals had to be added together
so as to obtain Parliamentary sanction for full
pay being provided for 211,000. In addition the new vote left room for a slight actual expansion consisting of a number of retired oificers and a ngs to be quota of artisan and other skilled
.
forthwith raised.
Thus we get an aggregate of 218,000 officers and men for service ashore and afloat. This total includes cadets and boys under training, and
approximately 200,000,
it
may be
available for service in the
Home
assumed, were Fleets and the
squadrons in distant seas. It is an axiom that in peace we have more ships than we can man, whUe in war we shall have a good surplus of men When passing from after planning all the ships.
a pe 3 a war footing. Royal Fleet reservists well-udined men with from five to seven years'
140
Mrvice
?leet
Officers
and
Men
othen became available and the having no incooaidei^ able surplus to make good the i-amMitj^ of
—and
was
fully mobiliaed,
battle.
CHAPTER VI
The Comiiander-in-Chikf of the German
Fleet
a certain parallel between the drcumstances which have brought the commanr
There
is
deis-in-chief of the British
fleets
and German
battle
into the portions they respectively
hdd
to-day.
Just as Admiral Sir John Jellicoe was long since " ear-marked " for the supreme command of the Home Fleets, so was Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl selected for the control of the German Hi^ Seas Fleet years before his appoint-
ment was actually gazetted. The German commander-in-chief, whose
flag
the Dreadnought, Friedrich der Grosse, is without doubt one of Europe's most distinpmhH naval officers. In a navy where more than elsewhere, a premium is placed upon scientific leadership, this officer early attracted the attention of his superiors by reason of the skill and resourcefulness he displayed during
now
flies
in
manoeuvres.
first officers
He
is
cruiser tactics,
and
said to have specialised in to have been cue of the
to urge
upon the Navy Department
ui
the
wisdom
of adopting the battla^ndser design
142
The Gommander-in-Chict
when that novel conception
materialised in the " Invincible." He is also known as the British leading advocate of that system of tactics which is known in Gennany as the " riickdchtslose Offensive," and wluch in homely idiom may be translated as " going for " the enemy hammer
and tongs.
In a word, Admiral von Ingenohl is the embodiment of the strikingly progressive spirit which pervades the modem German navy. It
is
by no means a
spirit of
mere
reckless dash,
1
11
which reckons on gaining a victory solely by impetuous onslaught. Under modem conditions, tactics such as these might well be fatal to those \v!io employed them, owing to the deadly precision of heavy guns and the development
of
the
torpedo.
The German
school
of naval
thought favours, instead, a preliminary period of " mosquito warfare," seeking thus to reduce both the material and the moral strength of an enemy before the actual clash of armoured squadrons takes place.
That
this idea is'faithfully to
be adhered to
of the present
clear from the opening incidents campaign at sea, which have already shown that reliance is placed on the torpedo and the mine as a preliminary means of di linishing our preponderance in big ships. So far, indeed, the German plan of campaign has been singularly
is
true to the principles advocated
by the leading
German
warfare.
authorities
who have
written of
nav^
They lead us to
anticipate a
of this " Kleinkrieg " before the
good deal High Seas Fleet
emerges from cover. On the other hand, it were unwise to suppose that the Gerr^an Fleet will
of the German Fleet
148
continue to act strictly by the book, especially in view of the character of its commander-in-chiief. Id Gennan naval circles Admiral van Ingenohl
is
known as one of the first German flag officers who completely freed themselves from the miUtary traditions in which the fleet
was cradled and
has been reared.
The German navy, as is well known, was founded as a branch of the army, and its early development proceeded on distinctly
mihtary Unes. Until *Se present Emperor came to the Throne the Head of the Admiralty was always an anny officer, and it followed
that, in so far as the different conditions per-
mitted, the strategy
and
tactics of the fleet
were
brought into line with those of the land forces. Ships were regarded primarily as imits for coast defence, in the most Umited sense of the word. This held true far into the nineties, and it is actually less than two decades since Germany
first
undertook the construction of ships which were specially designed to meet and defeat the foe in open sea. It seems probable that Admiral von Ingenohl owes something of bis broader views on naval strategy to the large amount of foreign service he has seen. Bom in 1857 of comparatively humble parents, he entered the navy at the age of 17. The service in those da3rs enjoyed nothing like its present prestige. It oflered no attractions to the sons of the upper classes, and was completely overshadowed by the army, then in the zenith of its brilliance and popularity, after the successful war against France. The navy drew a large majority
of its offioeis
from a
class
whose
social status
was
144
The Commander-in-Chiet
cooflidend waicdy high enough to give its mmh the entrte to the anny. Proof of this will be seen in iae conspicuous absence of naval officers who are hereditary nobles. Admiral von Ingenohl,
in
Tirpitz,
ofikers,
conunon with Grand-Admirals von von Koester, and several other flag received his patent of nobihty as a mark
of Imperial favour. WlJle on his maiden cruise in foreign waters the young officer was privileged to see smne
fighting.
His ship, the old " Vineta," was one of a small German squadron which was assembled to teach the Chinese pirates a lesson. Nineteen years later he was again in action in the same
quarter of the globe, and against the same opponents, when the gunboat " litis," which he conimanded, shelled a battery at Tamsni, whieb had fired on a German steamer. In the intervals of command afloat he was engaged at the Navy Department, where he put in (me spell of neariy three and a half years as divisional chief of the
ordnance board, and subsequently directed a department of the Admiral Stait. His first important independent command was the battleship " Worth," in her day one of the best ships He was next appointed to the in the navy.
cruiser
" Kaiaerin Augusta," and shortly after " Hertha," a more powerful ship of the to the same class. After another short interval of shore work he was appointed to command the Imperial yacht " Hohenzollem," where, of course, he came under the direct eye of the Kaiser, who
was quick to recognise his quaUties. As early as 1889 he had been a Ueutenant in
b« sen
ige.
von
flag
Ark
ten
MM
«of
l>]«d
teen
une
1
he
hieh
vals favy
lariy
the
d a
fint
(ttle-
ihipa
the
after
i
the
of
1
i
the
urse,
who
Dt in
POSEN CLASS.
NASSAU, POSEN, RHEINLAND, WESTFALEN.
Displacement: 18,900 tons.
Speed: 20 knots; Guns: 12
iiin.,
12 6in., 16 34pdrs.;
6.
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
6
fire:
Broadside
8 Iiin.
Ahead
fire
iiin.
6 Iiin. 4 6in.
4 6in.
6 6in.
of the Gennan Fleet
itf
the old Imperial sradit ia iriiidi the Bmptrar made hie fint long eraiaea. On leaving the
" Hohouolleni " in 1908 he waa pfomotad to Rear-Admiral, and phuied in chuge oi the eecood division of the First Sqnadroa. In the following year he hoisted his flag aa admiral of the cmiaer squadron in China, whence he recalled twelve montha Uter to aaanme charge of the Second Battle Squadron in home waters. The commander-in-chief of the High Sea Fleet waa then Admiral von Holtzendorft, who, after GrandAdmiral von Koester (the presidnt of the Navy League), is considered to be the fineet naval strategist in Germany. Under this officer the
wu
battle fleet
u
said to
in efficiency, both in regard to
ship,
have increased remarinUy gwmery, seaman-
This period witnessed the introduction into the flee' >f up-todate shooting methods, and notably of kog^ range practice. In the manoeuvres of 1911 the
and general smartnese.
Second Squadron, commanded by Admiral vou Ingenohl, was held to have scored a decisive success against a much stronger fleet, which included seven Dreadnought battleships, whereas his own squadron was composed of older and weaker ships. In January, 1913, Admiral von HoUzendorf! hauled down his flag, and was succeeded by Admiral von Ingenohl as commander-in-chief.
The
leader of the
German
battle fleet has,
appointment for upwards of eighteen months, and it is to be supposed that he is thoroughly familiar with every
unit of his fine force, especially as the ships in
theref(»«, held his present
K
14^
The Commandcr-in-Chirf
active conunission spend more than nine months certainly stands of the year at sea. The fleet to benefit by thte comparatively long poiod of
single
command.
It will feel the confidence
bom
of experience in its distinguished leader, and he in turn, knowing exactly what his ships can do, need fear no check to nis plans by unsuspected
defects in personnel or material. Whatever the near future may bring, it is certain that the German navy will put forth its utmost efiort to and fulfil the hope placed in it by the nation,
those who anticipate a cheaply purchased naval victory for us are laying up a rude disappointment for themselves. The material resources of the German fleet alone can give some idea of its formidabiUty, but its potentiahty will be incalculably increased if the leadership is of the high order which the reputation of the present commander-in-chief leads us to expect.
CHAPTER
Officers and
VII
Men of the Foreign Navies
personnel of the navies
Officers
Non-conunissioned
officers
(including cadets).
and men.
Total (an
ranks).
Germany
Fiance
•
4.491
74.89J
6a,6ii
79.386»
65.433
».844 3.404
1.377
Rnnia
Anstria-Hungary -
57,000
19.13*
60,404
»o,509 54.663
Japan
-
4.713
49.930
• Including 7,726 " Seamen Artillaists " who do not serve at sea.
and " Mafines "
NOTES TO PERSONNEL STATISTICS
GERMANY.—The
mamied
largely
Imperial
German
Navy
is
by
conscription.
About 25 per
cent,
of the non-commissioned personnel consists, ever, of volunteers, or long-service men, who
howhave
These " professionals," as they are called, are the backbone of the fleet. They fill all the really important posts, such
their profession.
made the Navy
ua
148
Officers
and
Men
as that of gun-captain, gun-layer, torpedo-gnnner, and they are responsible for the efficiency of the conscripts under their charge.
leading signalman,
Seventy-five per cent, of the personnel is represented by conscripts mainly from the inland districts whose
W
i
Bl
term of service is three years, and who see the sea for the first time after entering the Navy. Enrolment takes place each October, and after two or three weeks of rudimentary instruction on shore, they are distributed among the battle-fleet and the torpedo flotillas. Hence, at the outbreak of war, 25 per cent,
personnel had been under training about 34 months, 25 per cent, about 22 months, and 25 per cent, no longer than 10 months. Owing to the limited period of service German naval training is extremely strenuous and intensive.
of the
German
Every
effort is
made
to specialize, newcomers being
selected for certain duties according to the aptitude they display. The German bluejacket is not a " handy man " in the sense that the British
sailor
is,
but he
is
said to
be
efficient
is
in his
own
strict,
par-
ticular groove.
Discipline
exceedingly
the relations between
cordial.
officers
and and men are rarely
scientific
The
officers are well
educated and very
in their methods.
FRANCE.—The
cipally
French Navy is manned prinon the conscript system, but as France has a
large maritime population, the majority of the naval recruits are men who have followed the sea since boyhood and who, therefore, adapt themselves very
quickly to service in the Fleet. There is also a large percentage of long-service volunteers. The period of compulsory service was, until lately, two years, but nnder the new Law this has been raised to three
of the Foreign Navies
years.
149
Authorities speak highly of the French bluejacket's intelligence and courage. Discipline is good,
but not so
strict
as in the
German Navy.
The
officers are, as
a rule, men of high ments and very keen on their work.
scientific attain-
RUSSIA.—The
exclusively
afloat.
Russian
by
conscripts,
Navy is manned ahnost who serve for five yean
Although his education generally leaves much to be desired, the Russian sailor has many
excellent qualities.
He
is
obedient, courageous,
never gets into a panic. with Japan, the Navy has been purged of many of the elements which impaired efficiency. The officers are now capable and zealous. The change which has come over the Fleet is evidenced by an "order of
and war Since the disastrous
the day," recently promulgated, which enjoins all naval officers never to surrender their ships under any circumstances, but to sink them if capture is
imminent.
Austro-Hungarian Navy is manned by conscripts and volunteers, the former largely predominating. Four years is the period of service. The men are drawn almost exclusively from the Dahnatian coast, and represent a very hardy and courageous type. The average of education is, however, very low, the percentage of Although Italian is the illiterates being abnormal. mother tongue of the majority, German is the official language of the Navy. All-round efficiency is maintained on a high level.
zeal.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.—The
The
officers
are
men
of
excellent education, wide knowledge,
and unlimited
Japanese Navy is principally manned on a compulsory basis, the term of activi
JAPAN.—The
1*0
Officers
and
Men
Nnrioe being three yean. The men are escdleBt in every way, smart, intelligent, rewureefal, and amenable to discipline. They display a wonderful
aptitude for manipulating the complex mechanism of a modem warship, as was proved in the
against Russia.
enterprising.
The
officers are highly trained
campaign and
:ni
II
CHAPTER Vni
German Natal Bases
KIEL
the growing importance of V^elmshaven, still retains its podtion as Germany's premier " Reichskriegshafen," or Imperial War Port. Its superb harbour, and the intei^
Kiel,
in
spite of
national regatta,
which
is
as the " Kider Woche," held each June, have made Kid one of
known
por'.a
the best r^atta,
of Europe. This year's was rendered remembered, it wiU be memorable by the presence of the Britisii Second Battle Squadron and some of our light cruisers. The Imperial Dockyard at Kid is said to be one of the best-equipped establishments of its kind
known
in the worlda
It
has two large building
slips,
on one
of
which
the Dreadnought battleship " Kaiser " was coostracted, and there are other slips for the building of smaller vessels. Of the six graving docks, two are large enough for Dreadnoughts. There is also a mammoth floating dock capable of raising vessels up to 39,500 tons, and five other pontoon docks
for
ships of
smaller dimensions.
Upwards
of
10,500 (^dals and hands are employed at the
yard, which qpecialiaes in repair and refitting woik,
in
182
The
Fleets at
War
U
also
though a good deal of new constniction
undertaken.
ffiel ti
the
official
^ General of the
PruMu, the
residence of Prince Hemy Kaiser's brother, who is InspectorFleet.
Some
four miles
way
Iwrbour IS Holtenau and the locks of the Kaiser Wilhehn Canal. Kiel fa very strongly defended against both land and seaward attack. The harbour entrance fa guarded by the batteries of Fnednchsort on the west, and those of Uboe and MSltenort on the east. At Friedrichsort
the
fairIS less
down
the
Battle are based on Kiel, which fa afao the tase for the Baltic Reserve Squadron,
attempting to force an entrance would have to run the gauntlet of the heavy fortress guns at almost point-blank range. Friedrichsort fa the home of the State torpedo factory, which supphes practically the entire navy with these weapons. In normal times the Second and Third
than 1.000 yards wide, so that ships
^^
Squadnms
Torpedo Divfaion.^and the submarine
Besides the
the First
flotillas
yard, there fa the Immenni shipbuildmg and engineering establfahaent known as the Germania Yard, owned
SUte
from 1866. when it was wrested from Denmark by Prussia, with the w*oIe of the Schleswig-Hobtein
proviace.
at Kiel are very extensive, and they pass automatically under State control in TOrtime. Kiel itself fa a large and thriving dty TOth a population'of 180.000. Its growth
facilities
r^ainng
tbt Howaldt Ym^, both of which coastmct warships of the largest sfae. Hence the building
by Krupps. and
and
datw
German Naval
Bases
163
HELIGOLAND.
HeligoUnd is the most remarkable of Germany's
This island, it wiU be rememwas ceded to Germany by us in zSgo. At that date the sea had made such inroads on the
bered,
soft
naval strongholds.
difis that
the complete disappearance of
freely
^Teligoland at
no very distant date was
predicted.
M^th characteristic thoroughness the Germans took measures to preserve their new acquisition. Immensely strong breakwaters and sea-walls were buUt all round the coast, but violent gales demolished much of the work, which had to be replaced
at great expense, and it is only in recent years that the ravages of the sea have been completelv '
checked.
of land
Simultaneously with this work a good deal reclamation went on. with the result that the area of the island has been sreatlv ' increased.
A large harbour for torpedo-boats and submarmes has been enclosed by two long moles
Inside there is a miniature dockyard, with rwair shops, magaanes. stores, &c. Outside this harbour there is a safe anchorage for warships of gieat size. It is estimated that
to end the naval works at Heligoland have cost GMmany something like £10.000.000 sterling. Fortifications of remarkable strength have been
erected.
from beginning
mounted
view of an enemy at sea, and so placed that every approach to the island is swept
These consist chiefly of heavy guns in steel turrets. weU concealed from the
by
their
fire.
As
184
these
The
Fleets at
War
the plateau thejr have a high command, and attacking ships would have to encounter a plunging fire.
gmu are mounted on
Nnmerous bomb-proof
control
stations
and
magazines have been excavated. It is understood that, given an ample supply of ammunition and provisions, Heligoland is in a position to resist attack by the strongest naval force for an
indefinite period.
a powerful wireless station, a naval flying depot, and a large naval hospital. The
is
There
garrison consists in the
main of four companies
is
seamen gunners. Admiral Jacobson.
of
The commandant
Rear^
The high
is
strategical
Its
importance of Heligoland
self-evident.
position,
some
thirty-five
is that of a strong outpost, defending the estuaries of the Elbe and
miles from the mainland,
Weser. A flotilla of destroyers or submarines based on the island could make things very uncomfortab's for a fleet endeavouring to blockade the German coast, and it was the recognition of
this fact
which led to the construction
wireless
station,
of the
new
torpedo harbour.
Thanks to the
communica-
tion can always be maintained with the mainland, and also by means of aircraft.
In
common
with most military nations, Ger-
many
appears to place undue reliance on fixed defences as an element of sea power, but it is obvious, from the vast sums of money she has
spent on its development, that Heligoland plays a leading part in the German plan of naval
strategy.
German Naval
BORKUM.
Bases
155
Borkum came into prominence a few years ago as the result of an aUeged case of espionage, in which two young British naval officen were concerned.
island of
The
Borkum
is
the
It
first
Frisian group.
German island of the commands the approach to
the Ems, and would offer a convenient foint d'appui for naval operations against the German coast. This, apparently, explains why it has been
strongly fortified
Its
by the Germans.
placed
guns are said to be numerous, and are well among the lofty sanf" dunes which are a
The garrison is supplied by the army, and includes some batteries of field artillery and machine guns. The experience gained during naval manoeuvres has shown that Borkum would be a difficult
place
feature of the island.
According to report, some of the guns in position are powerful enough to inflict
serious
to surprise.
damage on the
largest warships.
EMDEN.
Emden, the southernmost port of Germany on the North Sea, has of late years acquired
a btate dockyard there, in connection with the EiM-Jade canal, which was to be deepened suffiaenUy to allow fairly large warships to teavCTse it. So far, however, this project has not been earned out.
conaderable naval importance. There have been frequent reports of the pending establishment of
16«
The
ago
Fleet! at
War
ttatioo,
Two yean
Emden became a mine
and the headquarters of the "Arkona," a light cruiser converted into a mine-layer. Harbour works on a grand scale have lately been completed at Emden. There is a commodious basin fronted by wharves and warehouses, and fitted with up-to-date coaling plant. The canal which connects the port with the river is deep enough
to allow the largest ships to oraie up. During the present war it is probable that Emden is being used both as a mine and torpedo base. It relies for its defence on the batteries at Borkum, some miles out at sea, as ships entering
the River
island.
Ems
are compelled to pass dose to this
of Emden are very they are believed to that good, so good, in fact, have been dictated by strategical considerations. Emden has often been spoken of by German writers as a sally port, and as a convenient point
The railway connections
of assembly
and embarkation
for
an army
of
invasion.
Si-
WILHELMSHAVEN.
Wilhelmshaven ranks officially as Germany's second war harbour, though its strategical position
makes
its
it,
in fact, the principal base of a
German
began
infinite
ileet
operating in the North Sea. It career as a naval station as late as
1869, since
when enormous sums
of
money and
its
labour have been expended on
is
develop-
almost four times as laige as that of Kiel, and it is even more modem
11 „
i
ment. In area the dockyard
H^i
::\
Gemum
In
Naval Bates
157
eqidpinmt. It •ootains a bewildtriaf number of dock! and buint, tofeUwr with boUdinf and tton-houMe. slips, npeir ihopt, depots, There are three Dreadnought graving docks and
four smaller ones,
and
five floating docks,
of
which the hitest can raise vessels
tons.
up
to 39.SOO
Only one
constructing
of the building slips is available for
Dreadnoughts, but a so ^nd is being lengthened sufficiently for this purpose.
The
and workmen is about 10,500 under peace conditions. At Wilhelmshaven were built the Dreadnought battleships " Nassau," " Ostfriesland," and " KOnig,"
total
number
of officials
and at the present moment tlie battle-cruiser " Ersatz HerUia " is building there. The terminus of the Ems-Jade Canal is faiside the dockyard, but so far as is known this waterway is too shallow to permit the passage of any
class of warship.
The Jade Channel, which
haven,
to
is
leads to Wilhebns-
the
exceedingly difficult to navigate, owing innumerable and constantly shifting
shoals with
which
it
is
infested.
To luep
this
channel
elaborate dredging have to be carried on tliroughout the year, as otherwise it would speedily dlt up and become
clear
operati(»s
impassable.
Access to the harboiu-
is
gained
through huge locks, most of which can be used, if necessary, as emergency docks for repuring damaged ships. When these locks are ckised the labour is entirely cut off from the sea, thus affording the ships inside complete tecaiity
against torpedo attack.
168
The
Fleets at
War
the hubour b, howevw, it is not large enough to contain the iHiole flbet, and comeqoently extra mooringi were reoea^
Commodioai
u
and oUmi sdmU craft. The locks are designed on so huge a scale, and
laid outside for cruisers
are so efficiently operated that several squadrons of big ships can be passed through te a few
hours.
Wilhelmshaven is the base of the First Battle Squadron, the Scouthig Squadron (•'.«., all the battle-cruisers and other cruisers of the High Sea Fleet), the and Torpedo Division, and of a submarine flotilla. It is very heavily fortified. The approach to the Jade Channel u commanded by the batteries of Wangerooge, an island garrisoned by seamen gunners, and said to have very powerful guns. There is a flying station at Wilhelmshaven, with hangars for a dozen seaplanes.
CUXHAVEN
Cuxhaven has lately become an important German naval base. Situated as it is at the
extreme entrance of the Elbe estuary, it commands the approach to the great commercial
Hamburg, seventy miles up the river. Cuxhaven has no dockyard of its own, but it possesses a harbour large enough to accommodate great ships o*. war, and certain facilities for carrying out repairs are provided by the depot of the Hamburg-Amerika Line, of which
port of
it is
the headquarters. A mile or two west of the harbour are the batteries of Ddse, mounting a.nomber of heavy
Gemian Naval
guns and
tnltod
Baiet
IM
ftv*
quicMrm. TImm defmoM an wo'
by tht navy, and an faniicaad by
companiaa of MaoMo guanen. Altboo^ tha moath of the Elbe it wide, only a nanrow chaimel it available for vaeelt of moderate dnuight, and the defencea have coo> tequently been designed to bring an overwhelming fire to bear
on
hoetile
veieelt
cring thit
navigaUe approach. For tome yeara Cuxhaven hat been the inindpal mine ttation of the Gemian navy. It it the bate for the mine-laying and mine-kweeping diviaiona, compoaed of apwial ihipa and a large number of old torpedo-boata equipped for tLd work. Thia atation ia reaponsible for the obiervar tion mine-fielda which doae the Elbe to hoatile
an artilleiy depot, a powerful wireleaa aUtion, and barracka for a large contigent of aeamen gunnera and ma rin ea
uipa in war.
It r^witaina
the principal bate of the German air fleet. An immenie ahed, 590-ftlong, 98-ft. high, and capable of shdtering two of the largeat dirigiblea, is approaching completion. This structure ia of the revolving type, thus permitting airshipa to dock or emerge without being exposed to the wind. It resta in an excavaition. When the shed is lowered the
Cuzhaven, moreover,
ia
roof
on a level with the surrounding country, and by this means the location of the shed is bidden from hostile aircraft. Near at hand there are permanent hangars for a number of seaplanes, with workshops for repairing; and fitting aircraft of every description. The German authorities are credited with
is
160
Th<
Fleetaf at
War
the intention of gradually developing Cuxhaven into a first-class naval tnse, in order to relieve the congestion at Wilhehnshaven.
BRUNSBUTTEL.
BrunsMttel is the western terminus of the Baltic-North Sea canal. It is situated about ten miles up the River Elbe, on the SchleswigHolstein shore. Some batteries are believed to exist at this point, armed with guns powerful
torpedo craft, but the real defences of the canal locks are the forts at Cuxhaven, at the mouth of the river. The widening of the canal, which is now the conpractically completed, necessitated struction of new locks on a gigantic scale at each end. Those at Brunsbiittel were completed eariy this year, in advance of the locks at the Kiel end. Bnmsbiittel has a harboiu: nearly 1,700-ft. long and 680-ft. wide. Large supplies of coal and oil are kept here, and there is a well-equipped coaling plant which enables vessels to coid with great rapidity. The canal locks are of such ma«sive construction that it is doubtful whether they could be seriously damaged by torpedo
enough to
repel
II
attack.
:
Mollkc
Photo: Ctitlral
Nam.
MOLTKE
CLASS.
(slight
MOLTKE AND GOEBEN
differences).
Displacement: 23,000 tons.
Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 10
iiin., 12 6in., 12
:
24pdrs.;
Torpedo tubes
4.
"I
1
r
Astern
fire:
Broadside
10 iiin.
Ahead
fire
8 nin.
2 6in.
6 nin. 2 6in.
6
6in.
CHAPTER IX
The Kiel Canal
Although
it is a generally accepted fact that the Kiel Canal forms one of Germany's most valuable naval bases, it is just possible that its
value in war will be found to be greatly overrated. There is no questicm that the size of the locks and the depth of the canal, viz., 36 ft., will allow battleships of the greatest draught to pass through ; but, to make the point
clear,
necessary to consider the natuiv of the navigable channels leading to both the Baltic and the Elbe entrances to this great strat^ical undertaking.
it
is
Dealing with the Kid end of the canal first, the entrance is situated some seven or ei^t miles up the estuary leading into Kid Bay. From Kiel Bay to the North Sea a vessd has, according to her draught of water, the chmce of toree routes into the Kattegat, viz.. Little Belt, Great Belt and tin Sound. The fiist-oamed could only be used by suull H^t drau^t veaseb.
MI
L
1«2
The
Fleets at
War
such as destroyers and submarines. The passage through the Great Belt, and also that via the Sound, would have to be navigated by a heavy battleship on a favourable state of the tide The least width across the LitUe Belt is abreast
of the
town
of Fredericia, in
Denmark, where
Denmark, and Helsmborg, in Sweden, the Sound is but htUe over a mile wide and only about 20 ft deep at low water. The eastern channel of the Kattegat has deep water, and the distance
of
off
the passage is less than three-quarters of a mile wide. In the Great Belt the navigable channels are restncted in places to about a mile or even lew width. Between Helsingor, in
m
•i'f
between the Scaw, the northern end Denmark, and the nearest outlying island the Swedish coast, is about twenty-five
'
miles.
From the above showing, it will be seen that the narrow and tortuous passages which a warship must use if she wishes to proceed from Kiel Bay to the North Sea present an easy problem to render them unnavigable by the use of submarine mines. And, again, the narrowness of the entrance to the Kattegat lends itself to easy watching by the scouts of a fleet in the North Sea. German naval
authorities,
of
course,
of
realised
Kiel
years
remedy the
Kiel Canal.
the geographical disadvantages ago, and, in an attempt to
evil,
widened and deepened the
of
is
The Elbe entrance
situated at Briinsbuttel,
the
canal,
which
is
from Cuxhaven. which, as
some seventeen miles is weU known, is the
The
Kiel Canal
163
Gravesend of Hamburg. The cbannels between Briinsbuttel and Cuxhaven, wtach are very narrow, have a sufficient depth at low water for vessels of a moderate draught, and the anchorage room, except for ships drawing but a few
limited. big battleor more, as she would do with stores and ammunition on board, would have to navigate the distance from the canal entrance to Cuxhaven on a flood tide, and if required to bring up would have to moor in the usual manner with two anchors. In fact,
ship, feet of water, is
somewhat
ft.
A
drawing 30
the
same navigational procedure would have to be followed after passing Cuxhaven until the ship would nearly reach No. 2 Lightship at the
mouth
of the Elbe.
Of course, the Germans have no need to block the available room in the Elbe with big ships, for they have many other deep-water anchor^
all
ages close at hand. The entrance of the Weser River, from Roter Sand Lightship to
Hohe Weg
the Jade are both excellent big ship anchorages. Turning to available shelter for smaller craft on the German North Sea coast,
in
Lighthouse,
and
Schillig
Road,
River,
this
can be
found in numerous
inlets
and channels from the
borders of Denmark in the north to the entrance of the Ems in the south.
that the long chains of off-shore lightGerman coast have been withdrawn from their stations, and that the navigation lights on shore have been discontinued. Should Geman warships, which we may assume ar«
ships along the
We know
But now we have reached an important point.
Land btim
Forts
M
of Canil sho»nthus -^-^r
„
K
Roods ft RgurtadmciUdipUisiitMansfiWiaa'sHiQ
I
coinnicHT.sKciAUTn(tfM(wn««|rflii|iffi*tt««| itCEOCBaphwi'w
«uxANiiaiGMi$tr.itu
166
The
Fleets at
War
^read about in the referred to, make a
various anchorages already dart to sea, especially at
night-time, there is every probability of some of them stranding on the numberless flats and shoals which extend for many miles seaward from the low-lying shore of Germany. And,
with the absence of lights and with mine-sown channels to navigate, getting back on a dark,
dirty night to their havens would inevitably cause destruction to many a ship, whether large or small. The wilder the weather, the more
dangerous coast claim. The cruisers, when chasing their quarry, would hold the whip-hand. The sounding machine and hand-lead would tell them when to 'bout ship.
this
toll
would
British
It
is
mterestmg to mention that for twofifty-six
tWrds of the
the great depth of water required for battleships, forces vessels to proceed at their slowest speed
possible.
miles length of the Kiel Canal the banks on either side are pr Aically flat, and, owing to the nature of the soil, which is largely peat, they are constantly subsiding into the channel. This, besides necessitating constant dredging, order to maintain
m
m
A
battleship
would
take,
therefore,
the best part of twelve hours to get through from the Elbe to Kiel.
i
In view of the fact that the distance from to the Scaw, via the Sound passage, is miles— from Kiel to the Scaw via the iiitri325 cate channels of the Great Belt is about 245 miles— a battleship would occupy thirty-six hours fully, under the best conditions of tide and
Kiel
The
Kiel Canal
167
weather, to reacti the waten of the North Sea. In these days a naval battle can be decided in a fractional part of that time.
168
The
British
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I
I
I
I
it
11
MU
I
178
The
i
British
Navy
I
3
i
I i
I
Icn
9 9 o^ Ot ot
es
as
I
s;
1
w
Ii:«
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Iffi
lillll
li o3a»
K^iM
Cruisers
179
It
at
M <« N M A M M M nM 5 fO 6 Ot 9t *
9
Ot o> 9>
%
•
'•III
I
I
1
.c
'
ill
Mil
illllll
180
The
British
Navy
'I
Is
1'
ml
l,
t
1
5 II
5
III
l'lli"'g
llllllll
l"l""l
llllfel
Destroyers
181
.ss
1
8
»A
«
»^
9
I
S
•
'._•'
liss-* isffllli
I
5J!h
""sflll I
•J
g|l|i89l
M
-I"
M
M m
British
The
Navy
8 'M
i
liMikiiiiiil
el
f3«5
r^ssi^i
J ^1
•?''illllsri^
P
o
Torpcdo-Boats—
mi mm
if sea
Hiii 4 '
I
mm an
i
'^ntrann
'
184
The German Navy
i iii
M
illl
Hi
fill
ii
m
1
1
|^==
|"^=
it
11
1
|::f
M:g
|||
:
W gP O S U (A Ml
"
k
\
1
I
I
M
^
I
t
I
I
|L
I ft fill
0;
X
I
Pre-Dreadnoughts
186
m
<f>ng
44
I..
-a
III
•A
llJI
m
ii'J
jsrd
li-.i
mi
ilii
n-ii.u. u-ti MM H M MM MM MM
i
I
I—
»5
S
m S
#^
3
X
r.
8
i
go
4 > 8 V E
V
.§.
Hit
a>i
Ml
18«
The German Navy
in
.SS3
i •n
m Hi
tins
*>«5
J
,f
•?ldlJdll
hhfd
>3
I
3
••«Sh
:.i
1
s
8^1^11
i!
g
ii
I
?
n
#
>5
•
•
I
•
I
I
bJb
^
mi
hi
hie
Armoured
44] ^"S. i.V [i^i
S.
Cruisers
187
mm
3
«-'l
|...J|i i
M
M
.
M M
liitelll iiji
I
(^
q
p.
T
d
i
i
Si
r
«^
*•*
«x
o
"i
i'i 1.4
OOt
ei
M
t
n
I
o M
00
3. •0
N
«
8
1
i
«.
M
» M
•
^
,
H
i
SI
,?l
1 1
188
The German Navy
M
ill
•li'il
Ill
il
m
ill
'A
ill
?M|^
I
8.8.
®« mi
88.
fit.J
g i
3>
i
11
Cruisers
189
'3
?3
rr^
190
The German Navy
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
J|
El
!
lilf II II
-
I
41
=1
^
it
S
o
It
*
•
I
I
I
•
II
I
S»'
«•
'
'
•
•
«
Us J
l,i'
'llll llll;
I'
Ml
Submarines—Minetvers
I
I
idd
I
Mi
..
11
5 \
%.
"^
4*
fl
t:
'if
* w
r ^
*i
•**
2
°^
i a S
5 I -
III
-S
6,
If ^
2
%
a
^ Is
(/}
S
^
4?
-a
g s
=3
I
I' ?
-;
I
'^
^ a s S
*
Iff III
*
s
. •
IMIIJ _ •
: •« a s
111 II*
« * *
IW
The
Fleets at
War
iiiiil
Mmi
<
.
|.o.ia |;
Si
i.|:|:.:::|:|
I I
|,
s
v
§
J:
!.!
I
1 S
I
I
'ill
I'):
I
llllllllll
The French Navy
198
2
/
si^i
H^
m
A:
m
s
I
I:|
o
3
%
S
I
I
I
I
) >
t M
I «
in
III
m
The
Fleet* at
War.
nil ^
viffi
"P'
.
H
IS
liU
:*5
ill
^ i g
M^
£
11
=
— «---- "B'"
Ml
s
II
«
^
S
s
1
<5
o
s
:ll,
1
:3
.
In
The French
ilil
i
ill
m. lis
>*
j"d|"j8'' i-i'
2 .Sii hi: jid*ti:i|TlliJ
^zr.
^ H'
I
1
III
§;
«
1
aai
IW
The
Fleets at
War
^1
WHH
f'li ilfililliil
i I
2;
I
I
s
S3
S
I
The
Russian Navy
IM
J..
J.
I
!S
'Sift
1--.5
nm mmi Hto
i
5
5>
I
iiif i'"
s
pig^^llSp^llp!
J o
I
i
I
11
P
The
Fleets at
War
{tllfailhilllli
m
.9
if- ii
I
Iddl
-
fill
•!«ll
12.8
%
W^l^
Slrj|fs|
I
I
Is
J-
\A
I $
The Austro-Hungarian Navy.
£i
I
aM
m
is
4m «|
ill? 1*6
lla -al^l "lltij^"!
> <
< t—
Pi
< O z K o H < M K H
Si
§1
O^ 0^ O^
9>
C<<
I
:|
Sll
o in
ri
'B >^
S
a
2es
The
Fleets at
War
mm
I !
1 "III "I*
m
Is.'
4
I I
I s
I
i
f
H
i
I {
»
g H!f|ffl i s
^ ;^liA&r:^ ? I tl's-lll I
(^
oc
I
i
^
r^!ii.
Si nlM 11 3|
ii
Japanese
Navy
it
SOS
i
M X
2
i
10^
1
"'
Si
'/
4.-8
3
III 11
'^l
§
i Ii ll sjii
>' ii fi
II
tlPh II*
! il
..".8.
u IM
'^••1
fililliii]^
i04 British
and German Naval Guns
BRITISH.
Length
(in
wjy.t
Piojeetil B (ialbft)
Calibre of Gnn
in.
Wdghi
(ton.).
Mnuh
Vtlodty
(infoot-
Hnssla Battgy
(inibottoni).
caUdtm)
wcondi)
15
13-5
96 76
68 58 50
45 45 ^^ /
I
1,950 ^'^5° 1,400
2,500
84,510 69,000 51,290 49,500 39,250 30,000 23.000 14,520 12,500 9,300 6.000 5,250 4,300
1,900
} 2,800
2,950 2,900 2.580 3,000 3,000 2,350 3,000 2,600 3,000 2,750 2,200 2,l88 3,000
12 12 12 10
9-2 9-2 7-5 l'^ 6
50
45
40
45
H 28
25 i5i
J'* 8
6
6
7i 7
2 2
47
4
50 40 50 45 50 45 40 40 50
850 850 850 500 380 380 200 200 100 100 100 40 31
G£R]HAN.
15 12 12 II II II
g-4 8-2 8-2 8-2
82J
"^i
S* 36
32|
18
15,
45 50 45 50
45
1,675
^
I3l 12
67
5-9
61
5
5 9
41
3-4
4l I*
i-i
40 40 50 45 40 40 45 40 40 40
860 661 661 661 419
275 275 275 154 lOI lOI
35 ax
2,920 3,084 2,920 3,084 2,920 2,756 2,750 3,084 2,900 2,750 2,756 2,920 2,756 a,750 2,730
99-000 56,660 50,830 43,600 39,000 34,800 22,000 18,170 16,300 14,500 6,452 5.856 5.200 1,890
—
Wfw * «« U*., PriKim, UmLn md ««««.
INDEX
Axiultl?. Mr..
M,
j6,
5l * "^
BiMouT, Hr. A. J., n, sj BaltonlMCb Ptlaee Lonb M, lo Beattr, Rev-Admlial Sii David. i<
—
rrrt
fi
nil I
11
art.
Plurton, 77
BlilidiNtTT.The: Armoured Cniiien
Abookir, 76
AcliUIea.7]
Aotrlin, 74
K«mi*.77
Sbusa«,7s
SnOolli, 41, 75
S<>thi.7<
Undiiatod, 77
Aictbnu, 77 Ani7B,74 Aiinra,77
AtUdud SUpt
HiaHr,4o
Wanior. 40,73
Bwchule, 7<
Bnwidi,4J,7] Bl«*l'*e.,4..7j
BMIla Crateni Amtnlli, 4t, (3
iKlebtliibli, 40, f3 Indomllabla, •3, 40, «6
Cuiurma,74
Caehfue,7]
Comn||,75 C»«J.7«
CumberiHid. 73 DefeDce, 40, 7s
Devonfhlie, 74
iBAuiUi;
t3, 40> loTindbltk OS, «6, 141
M
Una, (4
NevZMlud,«3
Maew RoTil, «4
Oman Mur, 64
40, 7.
OoMf.1,7,
D»la
'>'"1». 73, 133 of Edinbarili,
S»». 41, 73
Ear]n]iii,76
Drnttofta: Acuta, (I
Achate!, 91
G«Ut<^77
Good Hope, 73
Hofue,76
Hampthlre, 41, 74
locOQitant, 77
AelKna, gs
Acon,)3 AMdi,94
Alann. 93 AIbacoie,9a AA>troaa,97 A]naiao,94 Amboicult^ (t
Angler, 97
K«nl.73 Kta« AHred, 73
l-ancuter, 43, 73 Uviattu, 73
ilwtMr,
41,
7j
Anb, 98
An)«t,9i
Arid, 9a
UoDmoatb, 73 K.nl,73 F(«lope,77
Ara,9«
ao5
206
illl* Niry,
Index
n*—(ml.
MtUkHnr,
AI<Mk.»i
Mmtsr, 9'
hctone, 91 Foihonad, 40, 9)
BMiw.ta
MMm(DapolSliir).4o
aa]FM,9«
FB|fK9«
F^.9>
Culud,9l
0««^.9«
akuikl,94
BnM,9r
BaDliieb,97
GlWr.9r
GMiiHb,9l
Goiliawk,9<
n
Ca6laoa,(] CkMifd,97 i»l » .r.4i,9«
i
Grm b<ipp«c,4»,^3
Gnxhouad.9y
Gflfl0D,9«
Gnapui,4o, 91
CkM««ll.9«
Cl>ilitii|>bac,9i
Budy, 9t Hupr, 4«i 9S
Mail. 91
Cock«MM,9l
Colai,4i.9«
»>»^95
Ifonwt,9>
IlclHa,96 jKsk>l,9i J«<l.4i.*«
Cooat,9j
ClMMt;9t
CoqwtK9r
CoMOll.94
Cruw,97
Cnia«br,95
C»«i>et,97
ibK9<
Kiii|UDo,9l KtaiMI,4i,9«
C]«tut,9r 1>M*9«
I>i<eDikr,9«
IMlal,9f LMCt«,9a
tafoc»7,9a
D«nwii»,9« I>«V«al>,9;
I>o<a,9<
Uaoa,9«
LuidxaU,99
Upw<ac9a
Uik,9a
Don, 97
I>ciild,9i
LUMb9]
LAv«coek,9« LAwfi>nt90
a«M,9«
»"lM,9r
«»,9«
BtMcl[,96
1^00,90
LannoK, 9» Le(Nildu,9a '*>l«<l,9?
Ba>9<
«VW*9l
Mn'.9r
Faloin,97
FtaBo, 41, 97
I*™i^9r
Ubutr.f u*r.9«
Uiktaia(;9«
Fawn, 97 Flfnt.9s
Arnat,9i
Uwly,9l
Index
aritkkNiT7,
Brill* M**y,
9tr
UM«o
LnelHr, ft Lrdtacd,** Lyai, gi
««ity.9«
i« ll .94 ••"IP.40.9J
—
L)m,9] Ljiudn,** lUhid.*;
Hurt, 95
>lutln,«]
>.9t
ktki^9>
Spwnwkawk, tf
S|>4HfDl,««
Spttfn,9(
StMr.97
Star,
iMl>.9>
lilDslnl,M l«<*«wk,»«
MotqoJto, 4», f $
97
Staiiaeb,9|
Stonr, 9«
HjmiMoa, t*
SBooeti,9t SanlUb, 9<
Swale, 9* Swift. 95 Syl»ia,9r
NtRkHf]
N<ii,9«
Nllll,9<
NnUu, 94
OiUi,«>
Stiib,9I
Tartar, 94
flpo»>m,«i
T«,9«
Tovlot, 96 Tkoni,9;
OndI,9(
0^n»T.»7
•Mlfch,97 Oaaa,9«
Owl, (I
Thiaaher, 9l
"•»"•. t»
Ualtr.91
Un.9(
Vlk.4l.9(
Valoa,9r
{"•iniauta, «a
Betenl,)* I'koali.ft
Plnchar, 40, 9)
INxctipliM, ft Focpoln,*!
Vletor,tl
Vll|llanl,97
VlUat, 9]
VM.t,97
Vlao, 97 Valtiin,9r Wan>|D, 41
(hull, 98
"«»»".
lUoebane, fr 40, 9j
4>,
WaTCMy, 96
Wtar,9C
9j
Willaad, 41, 9« Wiilf,9< WaiveilBB. 40. 91
RitthmkB,
lUeniit, 97
«»*<>K9J
Ra>td,4«,9j
RiUib, 4t, 9* '. 9J
•.97
Yam,4>
ai«ii»t.9» Zulu, 95
908
Index
B!<ll*llr^.H_«^
A(o.5,
97 <l
71
'•M
"•. 9». «94
•7 7« ,70
C«*>|Mod,ee
«<*»«<.
St. 134
,70 Ji*Har,7i
*lHUwu»VU.,tt
<I, «l
I>i«4nn|fct,
M.
ap<i>gro(Ia4ii,54
>(a»>Mc»l,ri
>ia|aalle,7l
*. J»
HnalMiM
Ita*DriB,94
••B1.7I 0«<a»,70
KhtG«ai.V..43,5>
L«<INelMB,6l
Mullxmiitb, 54
MMaGa(iap,7i
MaoaiilWaIia,7*
Q<M«.7D
IliaiaU,<(
SvUlaan, 41, ]i, TMiiaph,4i,]i,M
M
St Vlncait,<a
Vaoaial>la,7B
VaafgaMa,7o
Vle«oiloai,7i
i.«7
TimmiR, «i
1lranileRr,s< Vaofiianl, <«
VMflhUuleii:
K«Bi|nnleH,f9
MliiiTod,f9
Actln,aa
AdTaiita»,l4
Jlabt,U
Aaa«b|it,l4
GattMla:
AkaUT,4i
Bnmble, 4z
Bfltonart* 41 Cadmus, 41
*»«*lliW^79 AadniMda, 7f
*•»»»••, 7»
*«<•*>», 7»
00,41
I>«aif,4a TUatle, 4t Pto-DKAdnonglits
Africa, 67
Aatna,4i,l7
Att>atiia,l4
BeOoaa,!] Binntinham, $»
Bkiidia,ls
Blonda, 83 Boa(lieia,l3 BillIlait,M
Bcl>to'.4i, la Cambri u, 17 ChaOaier, 15 Cbanrbdis, (7
AJbamark, 69 AlUoa, 70
Britaimla, t}, 153 Bnlwarit, 70
CaaaT,7z
Caaoinia,;o CoauBooinalUi, <; Caawallia, «9 DoBliiloB, 6;
rh a tham,
40, it
CRaianl,7>
Dartaontli, 41, il
Doncan, 69
BuMoth,
GIoiT, 70
69
Diaden, 79
FomldabV, 79
Gollalk,7a
Diaaaad,a4
Dia]ia,t7 Dido, 17
Doriii»7
Index
BM*lb«y,1
la,40,ti
t.f
._r,4f,lj
*«•*•. 79
Tmikm,U
rkn.tf
Fenatd,<4
Fai,4i,i7
FWaii>.M UbnUtx,}!
GiMfow, 4>, •>
Clooewttr, 40, *•
IlanloDt,<7
llllli<7>r,(]
Ryidntb, 43, ts
J"0.»7 Umpool,*!
La«nto(l.lo ll«lM,6t MdioiinM, 41,10
l,«7
•h«e>itli,4i,ta
Nottindwrn, ae
itedon,M
fktbtadir,l4 Fktnl,l4
'•«Hil>,4<,M
MDfa,M
l^nra>,M
FkU<iaid,4i,lt
Pnmtttm,t6
nMnfriaCiM
l'»»<**4«,M
RaMww.M
RoTdAiUmi,;!
Sappbin, 14 Sttppbo,U
Slilii«,M r,a4
210
T^'H««lc»li
Index
mm.
Navy,
N«kO]l,4l N*. 044,41
I,
Ml
_.
KaWf,
.J«, 151
"•045,41
N*.04(,4I Na.06],4i N* 0*4,41 Na.O;*,4l
N«kiS.4>
Xalanla,iaa
lei, 13^
KMrMbat«,iM *™WHa«,i«
KwfaiM,in
>(uk(iil,m
No.N,4l
»•.•», 41
Naam, i«4, i,^ OUwImi, U]
**'»<«Ua»d, »], ijf
Ma«*.4>
N*. )i, 41 No. t<. 41 >l*'f]>4l 'fc-»4.4« Mo- 9S, 41 N*. 9«. 41
haaa, ia4
Mamfiai UlfoM,
tMalaad, 104
Tklflafw, loj
«
WailhiM, 1,4
Qnaboali:
Coador, i>«
CmpbaB-BuiMniiu, Mr itair. ts
Bt, i)( CkgRhm, Mr. vnutot, le, •«,
CajFw.SIt
ChuK
Cocnocaa.ia4
bar, 1*4
ji, ij Gclar, ti4
RikK, Ucd, ti-M,
If, 15]
IMa. 114, 144
Ji|«ar,
GerauNavr.Tke: AlBosnd Cnitim I
BMokir, Its
»4
ttetkar, 114
nm CBlnnau, 116 Mu Adilbwt,
SAuakcnt, y«di,iiy BMthCcnlMn:
aorti«a,ie«
Mabkb
Sawdbf. 114
TIi«, 114
Kail, iir Biamank, liS
Mlaa-Uran:
Albalmia,ij* Aitoaa,iai
NaatUaa, is*
iiy
MuIMulek,iia
lit
MIIU.IS0
Pn-DnadwMiklBi
BiaadtabiBi, tsi
BmMakinIt, III £ottnUaad,iu
I,
dan Deiewie SUpa
IMtlH,n« s>^ts,ior VoaderTku,f4f
III
:,
no
1,111 Kalaar, Baitantiat, iia
mthM
Ham,
Aeglr, 114 Biowolf, 114 114 114
Kaiaar Kalaar III
KaiNinMitekni:, tit Kad dtr Gfoiiab lla WUkala tfar Ottm,
IMmdall,it4
HUdebiaad, 114
0<ta, 114 Slcffrla^ XX4
KaiaarWnhalaa,iM
Lalhrioin, til
t.
Ill
L
iia
DnadDoackta I'He<Meh*cGfaaia,m,i4i
I
,
110
I
SaUaawtrHtMriii,
Index
III
211
Wtiia,iii ftiiMkkMk, III
W«rt», iij, 144
i(««.uirteU|«,itt
'^''••iii
in ^in .Ml
•
No.Oi(CMa«|,iif
Not.
O]
to
m,
III
•
III
CMQ.111
;iii
.
121
>i» in
•
'»•»»• ii»
No. Df, iM No. Dio, lit Nat. Q; to Oil, IMS to C4«, tij N<a. Gio( to Giij, lal Noi. Giji to G|J4, i>7 N". GlJSi 117 No. Glj«, iiy No. Olj7, 11^ Hot Ollt, Giro, Gin. Gi;j. IM
N» 0»
N» 01/4, Ol»>, ia«
Nn. Gifi
Gt>a<kiu,it]
llmliilH.
Hwn,ii« Hih,iM
m
to OifT^ Noi^ Sli to Sm^ Its Nm. Sii to «!), laj
m
NoLaMtoSj«,it5
N« Slot to Sior, Its
'•••'
Not. «)• to
Sim, It!
riiMikiA«mi,iif,i44
Sim
to Siif, III
>!<>«.*IMtoSlt4,Ity Nti. Slt5 to Sljl, 117 Km. Sij( to Si4», It*
'"""
«« lu
NM.Sl«f toSiM,
It*
Mta,Si;«toSi;t,it|
"1 "1
lit
"*.VitoV».Ji5 Ma. Vij to Vi(, • I)
Not. Vtf ,
to V4». It) Not. Vljo to Vi«i, It*
•Ill
No* V4J
Vw Its
MIoKiao NoUnii.im
«**««. MJ
Sl>Mfe«it.M, StUtdil; lu
Wot. Vi(t to Vl»4, It* Not. Viio to Vi«5, 111 N.1. ViM to Vi(i, It)
"Mniiii
Gnr,SltM<niil,t7
BddlM,Lt«l,)],]4
Ktaktr, Ctptoia Htuilia,
CA, ,|
Uadiaikiu
riokt4S.I44
IMtol >do«i A4i«lnl Tta, 14J
WmU, i«9. 144
Noi. Ui, Ut,
"o-I'ltoW.iil
„f
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THE FLEETS AT WAR
WAR BOOKS
CLOTH
NCr.
VOL.
I.
^^^
(«-"•-,„, ,._ fct«^.
THE WAR RPrAhi
VOL.
11.
^
THE FLEETS AT WAR 'a ARCHIBALD
HURD.
VOL.
111.
THE CAMPAIGN OF
™« kV
B, CBORCE HOOPER
book t, th,
SEDAN
MttlTABY
IV.
rit^^tl^
VOL.
THE CAMPAIGN ROUND
UEGE
1
SIR Supreme Admiral,
ADMIRAL
JOHN JELLICOE.
British
Home
Fleet.
THE FLEETS AT
WAR
ARCHIBALD HURD
Aatkor ol'
ofthaSM,'
Iti lUi
Mv/al
(part MtiNf)* iiOt
HODDER AND STOUGHTON
LONDON NBW YORK TOKOKTO
PREFACE
It
ia
hoped that
this voltmie will
prow
ol
pu-
manent vmhw as prewntmg a oonapectus of the
great
navies engaged
fai
war wheo
hostilities
opened, and in particular of the events of rin-
gukr
significance in the naval contest
^liiich
between
ia
Great Britain and Germany
oocnmd
the years immediately preceding the war.
Grateful acknowledgment
is
made
to
Ifr.
H. C.
Bywater
volume.
for valuable "fiftflncf in preparing this
A.H.
CONTENTS
Intioooctiom
I.
—^Th> OmmiG Pbasi
9
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OmCBIS AND
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OF TBB SUTISB
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AND HBM OF THB F(»BIGN
147
I5X
NAVnS
Vni. CBKIIAM
IX.
NAVAL BASBS
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V
INTRODUCTION
THE OPENING PHASE
Peaceful Victokibs of British Sea Power
The
declaration of war against Germany, followed at it was by similar action against AustriaHungary, was preceded by a sequence of events
so remarkable in their character that if any British writer had made any such forecast in times of peace he would have been written down as a romantic optimist. Owing to a series of fortimate circumstances, the British Fleet our main line of defence and ofEence—was fully mobilised for war on the morning before the day ^August 4th at 11 p.m. ^wben war was declared by this country, and we
—
—
—
were enabled to enter upon the supreme contest in our history with a sense of ctmfideace which was communicated to all the peoples of the British Empire. This feeling of .. 'u:ance and courage furnished the best possible augury for
the future.
fortni^t of diplomatic relaticms being broken <^ with Germany, and less thqn a
»
^tbin a
10
week
after
The
Fleets at
War
Austria-Hungary by her acts had declared her community oi interest with her ally, the British Navy, without firing a gun or sending
a
single torpedo hissing through the water,
had
achieved four victories.
(1) Germany's elaborate scheme to produce a feeling oi panic in this country—hence the
army
of spies,
who took advantage
of our
open hospitahty, using the telephone and providing themselves with bombs and aims
had
(2)
failed.
Germany's
over-sea
commerce
was
strangled.
on the seas began to resume its normal course owing to the growing confidence of shipowners and
(3)
British trade
shippers.
British Expeditionary Foicr, as detailed for foreign service, had been transported to the Continent under a guarantee
(4)
The
of safety given
by the
British Fleet,
These successes were due to the influence of sea-power. Confidence in the Navy, its ships and men, and a belief in the competency of Mr. Winston Churchill and Prince Louis of Battenberg and the other Sea Lords, and the War StaH. steadied the nerve of the nation when it received the first shock. Apparently the crisis developed so swiftly that there was no time for effective co-operation between the German spies. All the
mischievous s*ories of British reverses which were
—
The Opening Phase
11
dnmiily pnt in diculation in the early period ol hoetiUtiei weie tncked down ; tot ooce truth w«s
nearly as swift at rnrnour, thou^ the latter was the result of an elaborately orgudaed scheme for throwing the British people off their mental
a feeling of panic could be created in this country, a frightened nation would bring pressure to bear on the naval and miUtary authorities and our strategic plans ashore and afloat would be interfered with. A democracy in a state of panic cannot make war. The carefully-laid scheme miscarried. Never was
balance.
It
if
was conjectured that
a nation more
Fleet.
self-possessed.
It
had
faith in its
In the history of sea power, there is nothing comparable with the strangulation of German oversea shippmg in all the seas of the world. It followed almost instantly on the declaration of war. There were over 2,000 German steamers,
of nearly 3,000,000 tons gross, afloat
tiUties
when
hos-
opened. The German sailing ships mostly of small size—numbered 2,700. These vessels were distributed over the seas far and wide. Some scores of them, in fact ^were captured, others ran for neutral ports, the sailings of others were cancelled, and the heart of the German mercantile navy suddenly stopped beating. What must have been the feelings of Herr Ballin and the other pioneers as they contemplated the ruin, at least temporary ruin, of years of splendid enterprise ? The strat(^cal advantt^es enjoyed by England in a war against Germany, lying as she does like a bunker across Germany's approach to the oversea world, had never been
—
—
12
The
Fleets at
War
nndentood by the maia of Gfuouna, nor by thdr tateuiMn. Shipownen lud wme coaception of what would happen, but even they did not anticipate that in lew than a week the great engine of commercial activity ovenea would be brought to a ttandttill. By its prompt action on the eve of war in instituting a system of Government insurance of war risks, Mr. Asquith's administration checked any indication of panic among those responsible for our sea afiairs. The maintenance of our oversea commerce on the outbreak of hostilities had been the subject of enquiry by a subcommittee of the Committee of Imperial Defence. When war was inevitable, the Government produced ^his report, and relying on our sea power,
immediately carried into efiect the far-reaching and statesmanlike recommendations which had been made, for the State itself bearing 80 per cent, of the cost of insurance ot huU and cargoes due to capture by the enemies. Thus at the moment of severest strain ^the outbreak of war ^traders recognised that in carrying on their normal trading operations overseas they had behind them the wholehearted suppcnt of the British Government, the power of a supreme iieet, and the guarantee of all the accumulated wealth of the richest country in the world. None of the dismal forebodings which had been indulged in during peace were reaUsed. Traders were convinced by the drastic action of the Government and by the ubiquitous pressure of British sea power on all the trade routes that, though some losses might be suffered owing to the action of
—
—
The Opening Phase
GarmiB cndMn and ooovarted
18
maithaiitiiMa, tha dangar of to natiictad a charaetar and had bean lo admirably covarad by the Government'a insurance icheme that they conld " cany
wu
oo " in cahn courage and thna contribute to the mooeaa of BiHi3h arms. Naviea and armies must accept defeat if they have not behind them a
civil
population freed from fear of starvation. perhapa, than either of these victories of British sea power the safe transportation to the Continent of the Expeditioaary Force as detailed for foreign
Even more remarkable,
wu
Within a fortnight of the declaration of war, while we had snfiered from no threat of invasion or even of such raids on the coast as had been considered probable incidents in the early stage of war, the spearhead of the British Army had been thrust into the Continent of Europe. It is often the obvious which paaaea without
service.
btelligence that the Expeditionary Force had reached the Continent fired the imagination of Englishmen, and they
official
recognition.
The
no little pride that at so early a stage in the war the British Army—the only^Iong-service army fai the world—should have been able to
felt
its stand beside the devoted defenders of France and Belgium. It is, of course, obvious that the army of an island kingdom cannot leave its base except it receive a guarantee of safe transport from the Navy. The British Army, whether it fights in India, in Egypt, or in South Africa, must always be carried on the back of the British Navy
take
14
If
The
during the
Fleets at
of
War
yean
fearful anticipation it
peaceful dalliance and h*d been suggested that,
an unconq iwred Genoan fleet, we could Continent, throw an immense b -dy of man va the days or and complete the oprtation w'thin ten
in face of
t war, the stot so from the declaration oi exaggerawould have been regarded as a gross was the amazing achievement. It
tion.
emm
This
reflected credit
let it
on the military machinery ; but
of not be forgotten that all the labours would have the General Staff at the War Office before the been of no avaU unless, on the day Navy declaration of war, the whole mobilised of British had been able to take the sea in defence
Interests afloat.
do well not to ignore these obvious facts, Navy must because they are fundamental. The
We
Force, always be the lifeline of the Expeditionary and eveiyensuring to it reinforcements, stores, carry out its thing necessary to enable it to with the high purpose. That the Admiralty, fdt approval of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, military authontlM itself justified in giving the command a certificate of safe transport before the indicated high conof the sea had been secured fleet did come fidence that when the German would be forth to accept battle the issue to be no doubt, though victory mi^t have purchased at a high price. this all. Thanlts to the ubiquitous
m
Nor was
operations of the British Navy, the
Govemmwit
from miUtary aid
was able to move two diviaons
India,
of troops
the offers of Dominions] which were immediately made by the
and to accept
all
:
HMS. Kim
Oeortt V.
photo: Cribb. SoMtei.
KING GEORGE V CLASS.
KING GEORGE
V,
CENTURION, AUDACIOUS,
AJAX.
Displacement: 23,000 tons.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
I3.5in.,
5.
16 4m.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Eroadsidc
10 I3.5in.
Ahead
fire
4 >3-5in.
4 l3-5in-
:
The Opening Phase
It
is
a flash by aU the scattered peoide of the Empire that the Fleet, with its tentacles in every sea, maintains the Empire
in
was
realised in
umty: when "the
earth
was fuU
of
the seas were
anger"
full of British
ships of war.
It was in these circumstances that the war opened. Every incident tended to remind the people of the British Isles and the subjects of the King who Uve in the far-iiung Dominions and those who reside in the scattered
Colonies and Dependencies of the essential truth contained in the phrases which had come so tnppmgly to the lips in days of peace. Men recognised that the statement of
Crow"
well not to ignore
upon the sea as set forth in the Articles of War was a declaration of policy which we had done
our dependence
"It fa upon the Navy that, under the good Providence of God, the wealth, prospmty and peace of these islands and of the Empire do mainly depend."
true these words rang when, in defence of our honour, we had to take up the gage thrown down by the Power which claimed supremacy as a mihtaty Power and aspired to primacy aa a Poirar. Those who turned to Mr. Arnold
How
na^
White s admirable monograph on "The Navy and Its Stoiy," must admit that this writer, in
picturesque phrase,
tacts
i
had
set forth
fundamental
in
"Since the first mariner risked hu life a canoe and travelled coastwise for his
18
The
Fleets at
War
tance.
Sosucce^y^
its
done
work
t^J^^Xout
generations o4 hearing
of
iordgn Bo^fS'S.e Idt tne stiU Uving and
lii^S'slLe *" pam
of
the Bntish fjavy
n»
j^^^^.
Charies France,
would-be
ment
v..
of his ambition. PhiUp II. of
™«t«,?^„^T£i^e.
SP^. Lo^j^IV.
i^*^**^^of of^^^
rCc^edtSs^P^ansby
British sea power."
that they
ow^^^*^^^er
.^
tyrant,
th^
om in ,''™"'?™f. to in gained confidence
='«'*'
t^fJL'^/^r^
V „hich cMifronted
SeTti^UirfviSed to
°^^TlS?-of
the
cal^^ess.
the mi«hti«t °^*^^2l^^ dSt impose Uieiryolce
Brit^
people took
up the i^*
wm ^^^^^^
p.
es
i»-
vy
of
sry
mp
I
of
and
the
ain-
ules
ince,
ersal
s
in
s
by
fact
i
'
past
they
^>nt^
bievetiid
of
ghtiest
r
yoke
xKinge h thdr
:
H.M.S. Orion,
Photo: Sport
&
C«neraJ.
ORION CLASS.
ORION, CONQUEROR, MONARCH.
THUNDERER.
Displacement
:
22,500 tons.
I3.5in.,
3.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Broadside
10 I3.5in.
Ahead
fire:
4 i3-5'n-
4 l3-5in-
The Opening Phase
17
conditions.
It
the hour stinck England was fuUy prepared, confident in her sea power, to take up the defence of all the democracies of the world against the tyrant Power which sought to impose the iron caste of mihtarism and materialism upon nations that had outgrown medieval
tion.
realised that the men of quietiy, but persistentiy. working out our salva-
th^ httie
government, their world-wide trade, and that atmosphere which distinguishes the British Empire from every other empire which has ever existed. In the yMTs of peace men had often asked themselves whether a new crisis would produce the men of dKtiny to defend the traditions we had inherited from our forefathers. While peace
still
Mid forty miUion subjects of fntdom. their rights to self
cootury to recognise that, in spite of many cross currents and eddies of pubUc opinion. »te had been preparing the British peoples, all unconsciously, for the arbitrament of a war on the issue of which would depend aU the inter ests, tangible and intangible, of the four hundred
we cannot
smse ot honour forced upon them aU unwillingly Glanang back over the record of naval prognM dunng the earlier yean of the twentieth
fail
tiie
King-4heir
reigned
destiny^
When
^m
m
I
reaUse tiie bearing of British naval the years which preceded the outbreak of war. we shall do wea to cast aside all party bias and personal animosities and study the ^sequence of evente after the manner of the ^histonan who collates the material to his hand, analyses it without fear or favour, and sets down
we would
pohcy
18
The
Fleets at
War
Puituing this his conclusions in all faithfulness. year 1897. the oouree we are carried back to
Since the
throne in cate to his subjects the essential truths as to the influence of sea power upon history which he had read in Adr^iiral Mahan's early books. His educational campaign was a failure. In spite of all the efforts of Admiral von Hollmann, the Minister of Marine, the Reischstag refused to vote increased supplies to the Navy. At last, when he had been finally repulsed, first by the Budget Committee and then by the Reischstag itself. Admiral von Hollmann retired admitting defeat. The Emperor foimd a successor in a
German Emperor had ascended the 1888, he had endeavoured to communi-
naval
who, then unknown, was in a few years to change radically the opinion of Germans on the value of a fleet. Bom on March 19th, 1849, *t Custrin, and the son of a judge, Alfred Tirpitz became a naval cadet in 1865, and was afterwards at the Naval Academy from 1874 to 1876. He subsequently devoted much attention to the torpedo branch of the service, and was
officer
mainly responsible for the torpedo organisation and the tactical use of torpedoes in the German Navy a work which British officers regard with admiration.* Subsequently he became Inspector of her Torpedo Service, and was the first Flotilla Chief of the Torpedo Flotillas. Later he was appointed Chief of the Stafi at the naval station
—
• German Sea Power: Its Rise, Progress and EconcHuic Basis, by Archibald Kurd and Heniy Castle
(London
:
John Murray
1913).
The Opening Phase
in the Baltic
19
of
and
of the
Sopreme Command
During these earlier yean of his sea career. Admiral Tirpitz made several long voyages. He is regarded as an eminent tactician, and is the author of the rules for German naval tactics as now in use in the Navy. In 1895 he was promoted to the rank of RearAdmiral, and became Vice-Admiral in 1899. In 1896 and 1897 he commanded the cruiser squadron in East Asia, and immediately after
Fleet.
of State of the Imperial Navy In the following year he was made a Minister of State and Naval Secretary, and in 1901 received the hereditary rank of nobility, entitling him to the use of the honorific prefix
Office.
the
German
became Secretary
" Von."
With the advent of this sailor-statesman to the Marineamt, the whole course of German naval policy changed, and in 1898 the first German Navy Act was passed authorising a navy on a standard which far exceeded anything hitherto attained. It provided for the following
ships:
THE BATTLE FLEET
19 battleships (2 as material reserve).
8 armoured coast defence vessels. 6 large cruisers. 16 small cruisers.
ao
The
Fleets at
War
FOREIGN SERVICE FLEET
Large Cruisers
For East Airica
For Central and South America
Materia] reserve
-
a
i
3
Total
6
Small Cruisers
For East Asia
For Central and South America For East Africa For the South Seas
Material reserve
-
3
-
3
2 2
...
-
.
.
^
14
Total
I Station ship.
dramatic departure in German naval aroused hardly a ripple of interest in England. Then occurred the South African War, the seizure of the " Bundesrat," and other incidents which were utilised by the German Emperor, the Marine Minister, and the official Press Bureau, with its wide extending agencies for inflaming public opinion throughout the German Empire against the British Navy. The ground having been well prepared, in 1900 the naval measure of
policy
This
The Opening Phase iV. which WH to have <H>verad a period of
and men.
21
dx
yean, wat supeneded by another Navy Act,
practically doubling the establiihment of ships This is not the time, nor does space permit, to trace the evolution of German naval
policy during subsequent yeare or to analyse the successive Navy Acts which were passed
as political circumstances favoured further expansion. The story'—and it is a fascinating narrative in the light of after event»—may be read elsewhere. The fact to be noted is that the British peoples generally viewed the early indications of German naval policy without suspicion or distrust. Most men found it impossible to believe that any Power could hope to challenge the naval supremacy which had been won at such great sacrifice at the BatUe of Trafalgar, and which the British people had continued to
of the Mediterranean Squadron; he had already made a great name in the service as a man of original thought and great courage,
command
enjoy virtually without challenge throughout the nineteenth century. Happily, the hour when preparations had to be made, if made at all, to maintain in face of any rivalry our sea command, produced the man. In the autumn of 1901 Lord Selbome, then Fir»t Lord of the Admiralty, paid a special visit to Malta to discuss the naval situation with a naval officer with whose name not a thousand people in the British Isles were then familiar. Sir John Fisher had, as recently as 1899, taken over the
possessing a genius for naval politics and naval administration. He had represented the British
22
The
Fleets at
War
at the Hague Peace Conference, but he night have walked from end to end of London, and not a dozen people would have recognised him. In the following March, thanks to Lord Selbome, he became Second Sea Lord, and a naval revolution was inaugurated. Elsewhere I have recapitulated the remarkable Navy of the renais-
Navy
sance of British sea power.*
was devoted to the personnel. schemes of training for officers and men and for the Naval Reserve were introduced. A new force—the Royal Fleet Reserve— was established, consisting of naval seamen and other ratings who
First, attention
New
had served afloat for five years or more; a Volunteer Naval Reserve was initiated; steps
were taken to revise the administration of the naval establishments ashore, and to reduce the
proportion of officers and
duties, freeing
men engaged
in peace
On
for service in ships afloat. the anniversary of Trafalgar in 1904, after a
them
short period in command at Portsmouth order to supervise personally the reforms in training and manning policy ahready introduced. Sir John Fisher Lord Fisher as he is now known returned to the Admiralty as First Sea Lord. Instantly,
m
—
—
with the support of Lord Selbome and Mr. BalPrime Minister, to whom all honour is due, the new Board proceeded to carry into effect vast correlated schemes for the redbtiibution of the fleets at sea and the more rapid mobilisation of ships in reserve, the reorganisation of the Admiralty, and the re-adjustment of our
four, then
• Fortnightly Review, September, 1914.
The Opening Phase
23
world naval policy to the new conditiona In accordance with a plan of action which the new First Sea Lord had prepared montiu in advance. Our principal aea frontier has been the Mediter^ ranean. It was necessary to change it, and the operation had to be carried out without causing undue alarm to our neighbours at that time we had no particular frienck, though the foundations of the Entente were already being laid. Without asking your leave from Parliament, the great
—
Fisher supplied fuel, proceeded to carry out the most gigantic task to which any Governmental Depart-
administrative
engine,
to
which Lord
ment ever put its hand. Overseas squadrons which had no strategic purpose were disestabunimportant dockyards were reduced to cadres ; ships too weak to fight and too slow to run away were recalled a whole fleet of old ships, which were eating up money and adding nothing to our strength, were scrapped the vessels in reserve were provided with nucleus crews. Wth a single eye to the end in view victory in the
lished
;
;
;
main strategical theatres conservative influences which strove to impede reform were beaten down. With the officers and men taken out of the weak ships, and others who were wrenched from comfortable employment ashore, a great fleet on our new frontier was organised.
In the preamble to the 1900 it had been stated
:
—
—
German Navy Act
of
not absolutely necessary that the German Battle Fleet should be as strong as that of the greatest naval Power, for a great
is
" It
"
24
The
Fleets at
War
naval Power will n^i, as a rule, be in a position to concentrate aU its strildng foroe against us. But even if it should succeed in meeting us with considerable superiority of
strength,
Fleet
the defeat of a strong German would so substantially weaken the
enemy
have would no longer be secured by an adequate
fleet."
that, in sjMte of the victory he might obtained, his own position in the world
Lord Fisher had not studied the progress
of the
German naval movement without
in this passage
realising that
was to be found the secret of the strategic plan which the German naval authorities had formed. With the instinct of a great strategist, he reorganised the whole world-wide machinery of the British Navy, in order to suit
the
new
circumstances then developing.
The war in the Far East had shown that changes
were necessary in the design of British ships of all classes. The First Sea Lord insisted that the matter should have inmiediate attention, and a powerful committee of naval officers, shipbuilders,
and
scientists
began
its sittings
at the Admiralty.
of
The moment its report was available. Parliament was asked for authority to lay down groups
which the " Dreadnought was the most famous. In the preceding six years, sixteen battleships had been laid down for Great Britain, while Germany had begun thirteen ; our
ships of
new
types, of
computed in modem ships of the line, had already begun to shrink. Secretly and rapidty' "' feur units of the new type—the " Dreadnought
sea power, as
The Opening Phase
with her swift
sisters,
26
the " Indomitable," " Inflexible," and " Invincible "—were rushed to completion. No battleship building abroad carried more than four big " guns ; the Dreadnought " had ten big guns, and her swift consorts eight.* Thus was the work of rebuilding the Bntish Fleet initiated. Destroyers of a new type were idaced in hand, and redoubled
which Lord Fisher was the first to realise were essential to this country, and were capable of immense
development as offensive engines of warfare. We gamed a lead of eighteen months over other Powers by the determined policy adopted.
Jost as the task of rebuilding the Fleet had been mibated. a change of Government occurred,
made
progress
was
in the construction of submarines,
and there was reason to fear that the stupendous task of reorganising and re-creating the bases of our naval power would be delayed, if not abandoned. In Lord Fisher the nation had, fortunately, a man of iron will. Though Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, above all
things
States Na\^ Department that it had prepared plans for a smp similar in armament to the Dreadnought
in
• It
b
offidaUy admitted by the United
and was awaiting the approval of Cmgnss begummg construction. American olceis nad come to the same conclusions as to the inevit1904, before
AtotaS
^^ »* battleship design as the British
*''* ^*^y imposed by the necessity of r>\^P^' lu obtaining the consent of Congress, the United SUtes
"• ^^ exetase of its powers, ij« Bntidi R^'t-^^f^*^.' tne Admiralty acted directly the designs of ^ the new ships were ready.
26
The
Fleets at
War
desirous of airesting the rivalry in naval anna-
ments, was Prime HGnister, and Lord Tweedmouth was Fiist Lord of the Admiralty, Lord Fisher, supported by his colleagues on the Board, insisted on essentials. Delays occurred in German shipbuilding, and the Admiralty agreed that British shipbuilding could be delayed. In 1906, 1907, and 1908 only eight Dreadnoughts were begun. Subsequent events tend to show that this policy was a political mistake, though we eventiutlly obtained more powerful ships by the dday. Germany was encouraged to believe that under a Liberal Administration she could overtake us. Between 1906 and 1908 inclusive we laid down eight large ships of the Dreadnought type; and Germany laid down nine, and began to accelerate
her programme of 1909. liien occurred a momentous change in British
affairs.
Lord Tweedmouth,
after
the
famous
incident of the
German Emperor's
letter, retired
and Ms place was taken by Mr. Reginald McKenna, who was to show that a rigid regard for economy was not incompatible with a high standard of patriotism. In associafrom
office (1908),
tion with the Sea Lords, he surveyed the naval
In the following March occurred the Germany had accelerated her construction, and our sea power was in peril. The whole Board of Admiralty determined that there was no room for compromise. Mr. McKenna, it is now no secret, found arrayed against him a large section of the Cabinet when he put forward the stupendous programme of 1909, making provision for eight Dreadnoughts, six protected
situation.
naval
crisis.
The Opening Phase
cruiseis,
27
twenty destroyers, and a number of submarines. The naval crisis was accompanied by a Cabinet crisis, in spite of the fact that
as Foreign Secretary, gave the naval authorities his fuU support. Unknown
to
Edward Grey,
Sir
the nation, the the Navy
AdmiraUy
resigned,
and
for
a time
had no superior authority.
day.
The Cabmet was converted ; the necessity for prompt, energetic action was proved. The most in the way of compromise to which the Board would agree was a postponement
announcing the construction of four of the eight armoured ships. But from the first there was no doubt that, unless there was a sudden change in German policy, the whole octette would be built. When the programme was presented to the House of Commons, the Prime Ifinister
in
act
won the
This dramatic
was in a position to tell the country that, though aU the ships were not to be laid down at once, they would all be laid down in regular rotation, in order
that they might be «ady ample time to the situation which was developing.
to Mr. McKenna thair wholehearted support; either the Govenunent had to be driven from office, or the Liberal Party had to agree to the immense commitment represented in the Navy Estimates. The programme was agreed to. This, however, is only half the story. Neither the Government nor the Admiralty
and
Sir
Edward Grey gave
m
meet
it
Perhaps
was well
not
in the circumstances that this fact was revealed. Public opinion became active.
The whole
roused,
patriotic sentiment of the country was and the jingle was heard on a thousand
28
The
Fleets at
War
pUttfoma, " We want eight and we won't wait." The Admiralty, which had already determined upon its policy, remained silent and refused to hasten the construction of the ships. Quietly, but finnly, the Boaxd resisted pressure, reali-^g
in possession of all the facts. Secrecy is the basis of peace as well as war strategy. The naval authorities were unable
it
that
it,
and
only,
was
to defend themselves by announcing that they were on the eve of obtaining a powerful weapon
which couid not be ready for the ships if they were laid dovn at once. By waiting the Navy was to gain the most powerful gun in the world. In order to keep pace with progress in Germany, it was necessary to lay down two of the eight ships in July, and be satisfied with the la-inch guns (projectile of 850 lbs.) for these units. The construction of the other six vessels was postponed in order that they might receive the new i3-5-inch gun,withaprojectile of about i,4oolbs. Twoof the Dreadnoughts were began at Portsmoux.< and Devonport Dockyards in the following November, and the contracts for the remaining four were not
placed until the spring, for the simple reason that the deUveiy of the new guns and mountings
and
their equipment could not be secured for the vessels, even if their hulls were started without a moment's delay. Thus we obtained six
battlediips which are
still unique; in no other so powerful a gun to be found to-day as the British iS'S-mch weapon. In 1910 and in 191 1 Mr. McKenna again fought for national
Navy
is
safety,
Fleet.
and he won the
essential provision for the
all
He
risked his
in defence of
our sea
The Opening Phase
power.
29
probably during thon years of most unpopular Minister the Liberal Party ever had. What has been the sequel of his tenacity and courage and patriotism? What has bwi gained owing to the bold front which Lord Fisher presented, as First Sea Lord, supported by his coUeagues ? Sixteen of the eightem battleships and battle-cruisers of the Dreadnought type, the fifteen protected cruisers, and the Mxty destroyers, with a group of submarines, which the Board over which Mr. McKemu prestruggle the secured, constituted the spearhead of tte Bntish Fleet when the crisis came and war had to be declared against Germany in defence of our plighted word.
He was
«ded
With the addition of one more chapter, this story of the renaissance of British sea power is complete. In the autumn of ign, over seven years afti Lord Fisher had begun to shake the
Navy mto renewed
Scott
He had
tHe EngUsh-speaking world realised his ambition Lord Fisher, under the age clause, had already been compelled to vacate his seat on the Board retuing with a peerage, and his successor. Sir Arthur Wilson, was also on the eve of retirement had to be freed to take over the 5^^j?«^ ,« , Weldi Church BiU and to place his legal mind aj the service of the country at the Home Office.
Board the splendid inteUect of Sir John Tellicoe Mr Winston ChurchiU replaced Mr. McKemu^ as Fust Lord. Thus the youngest statesman of
Percy m his gunnery reforms, and brou^t to tl^
life,
encouraged Sir
done
his
work and done
the ideal
it
Wmstwi ChurchiU proved
weU.
Mr
man
to put
30
The
Fleets at
War
the finishing touches to the great task which had been initiated during Lord Selbome's period of office. Perhaps the keynote of his administrais to be found in the attention which he devoted to the organisation of the War Staff, the elements of which had been created by lormer Boards, and the readjustment of the pay of officers and men. No service is efficient for Mrar in which there exists a rankling feeling of in-
tion
justice.
The rates of pay were revised and increased
;
of officers
facilities
and men
were opened
men of the lower deck to reach commissioned rank. About 20,000 officers and men were added to the active service of the Fleet. At the same time with the ships provided by former Boards, the organisation of the ships in Home waters was placed on a higher standard
up
for
of efficiency, particular attention being devoted to tha organisation of the older ships so as to keep them efficient for war. The Naval Air
Service was established, and pressed forward with all speed.
its
development
Thus the work
of reform and the task of changing the front of the British Navy had been brought to completion, or virtual completion, at the moment when
Germany, by a concatenation of circumstances, was forced into a position where she had to fight the greatest of sea Powers, or admit the defeat of
her ambitions. A study of the sequence of events which immediately preceded the outbreak of hostilities is hardly less interesting than the earlier and dramatic incidents which enabled us to face the supreme crisis in our history with a measure
all
:
The Opening Phase
of
81
asmred confideooe. On March 17th, 1914, Mr. Winston Churchill spoke in the House of Commons on the Navy Estimates. It is common knowledge that he had just fought a stem battle in the Cabinet for adequate supines, and It was assumed at the time, from various incidents, that he had been compelled to submit to some measura
received, however. Cabinet authority to ask Parliament for the largest sum ever devoted to naval defencfr-^51,500,000.
of retrenchment.
He
In the course of his speech on these Estimates he made the announcement that there would be no naval manoeuvres in 1914. He stated
"
We have
decided to substitute this year
grand manoeuvres—not, of course, for the numbeiless exercises the Fleet is always carrying out a general mobilisation of the Third Fleet.* We are calling up the whole of the Royal Fleet Reserve for a
for the
—
period of eleven days, and those who come up for that period will be excused training next year, and will receive £1 bounty in
addition to their r^ular pay.
"
We have had a most admirable response. We
10,170 men, seamen, and others, and 1,409 marines, are required to man the ships of the Third Fleet. have already, in the
few days our circular has been out, received from 10,334 men volunteers, and from 3,321 marines. I think that reflects
replies
great
credit
on the
spirit
of
the
Rnerve
* The Third Fleet consists of the oldest ships of the Navy maintained in peace with skeleton crews.
82
The
generally,
Fleets at
War
npon the
facilitated
and aho
reflects credit
employen, who must have greatly
this operation all over the coontry.
I
henby
to me that it has never been undertaken before. The cost, including the bounty of ;£i. wiU be about ;£5o.ooo. Having no grand manoeuvres yields a saving of
£230,000, so there is a net saving on the substitution of £180,000."
It
surpri^
extend to them the thanks of the Admiralty. " This test is one of the most important that could possibly be made, and it is raally
was hardly
surprising in the circumstances
persons thought the Admiralty was bent merely upon economy. If the naval authorities had had foreknowledge of the course of events they could not, in fact, have adopted a
that
many
principal ships passed before the King off the Nab Lightship, a column of seaplanes and aeroplanes circling high above the ships, and then disappeared in the Channel to carry out what
The
onwards, week by week down to the middle of July, the eUborate and complicated drafting arrangements were examined and readjusted. Then, after the assassinations at Sarajevo and on the eve of the final developments on the Continent, which were to make war inevitable, the test mobilisation was carried out.
course.
From March
wiser
were
believed to be peace exercises, but were, in fact, to prove the manoeuvres preliminary to war. Later in the same week, the vessels of the Patrol Flotillas were engaged in testing a new scheme for sealing this narrow exit to the North Sea.
NEPTUNE CLASS. COLOSSUS, NEPTUNE, HERCULES
differences).
(slight
Displacement: 19,200 to 20,000 tons. Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10 I2in., 16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
3.
Astern
fire:
Broadside
10 I2in.
Ahead
fire:
8 i2in.
6 i2in.
The Opening PJuue
cjto looad the Fim «Kl •n mpecti for wir, «Kl, irftar
88
sWSmL »iv^
«IdltiSSJ;
oaterieafc
movemento of aU British m»!itwS on^y in the nuin rt«t,,icd th-tSTboT^
footins, and tdOy Immediately the cnrtain feU. Udfaw from vImt the
war
wm
moMbeiL^
Two battlnhii».
which
£ tadinrtW
IZ
were also compulsorily porohasedfrm Clule, the appointment ot Admind Sir JoS JeUicoe as supreme British Admiral ct neets was announced.
to
to^
"WmS^ prov^^LST^ «onjtoo»na^rt«ngth
in his
ow
Paris had denounced only a riiort time befbn pamphlet as the " War Tiadon
by
the Admiralty.
^pr«ne
Thk
is
win remember in gratitude thT <tec»ion exhibited by Mr.
crisis.
mUioutdelay^confadon. or panic.
Ae y«it war dnuna on the sea we^
^o^^Z^ ^H^ andTS.
iSiSS ChmchiuTSw
countfTS
pX£Si cSKd
^Ita^
SrS:
He provedlSLS
«njj«.ce of British miBtaiy pow«J
Secretaiy for
not the phce to rebte the storv of th«
^
War
lay in the fact that he did
unteMe all sd«aes of defence^by an Wnrtan. which is the nerve centiJdfa
maSe
i^
**
Empire
The
Fleets at
War
offi«M
hwed aU
A« in Oppodtlon he in advertising our dependence
Minister reeponsible
hi.
had been foremoet upon the itiZ^
Kheme. on
the assumption that
rthTySy £
naXuthSy
tS
to be hurled oven^a as soon as the tt able to give guarantee of safe passage. ItiS the hght of this essential truthXuhe ditionary Force was organised, and the VoluntS
m
W
m^
wrJo'^d w«e "i? made no doubt,
can ever expect to
fore
^^Territorial Army.
;
M^tSS
no man who avoids them do anything. But at
provision of the
miUtary schemes, the value of |>Bcame apparent when we were
c^eted
withdrawmg a penny from the nwessan^ fleet. Lord Haldane initSS^S
w£
of Europe, which such a standing that offw challenge to our supremacy afloat The survey of British naval poUcy in the years umnediately preceding the be mcomplete were no madTJoX^ f of which we were insistently reminded hostUitiea opened, that sea JoweTevS moS than mUitary power, must st^d defeated torn the very outset, unless it is supplemented by economic power. In the past the weaJnS. o^
fleets of
^ i^* ^esg
"^ ottSrS ''ri''^' °^*"y
^"^
confronted vdih
-^
contest^SiTw^
Sy^S
wS
JT
ref^c
W^oSd
^. howev« formidable
It
*^*^ "^"^ ^y «D^t°^r However great the
apparent.
^ has^
power on the
the militai^Tarm
Z^
must be ready on the instant to organic
The Opening Phase
3S
every department of life oo a wtf bull. Armed forces which have not behind them a reeolute community are robbed of more than half their power. A feeling of panic is always apt to infect a democracy, and then tmder the paby of fear the tendency is for pressure to be brought to bear on the supreme naval and military authorities, with the result that strategic plans,
matured
effective.
in
peace,
become confused and
of
in-
An
illustration
the
influence
of
the fears of the civil population upon war policy was furnished during the Spanish-American War. Under the pressure of nervous public o^idoa, the Naval Board was compelled to depart from the sound strategy of concentration upon the main objective, and to dissipate no little of the power at its command in order to provide some
measure of
towns.
peril,
local protection for various coast Fortunately, British naval policy had
be«j developed on lines which minimised this and our economic resources had been surveyed, and adequate preparations made to afford to our sea power every possible economic support. As to the first, fear of mvasion or raids, the coast and port guard ships, with little more than skeleton crews, had been abolished;
in their place patrol flotillas of destroyers
and
submarines had been created to keep an efficient and active watch and ward along the sea frontier wWch the enemy at our door -n'^bt threatoi. This provision was supplemented by the mobilisation of all our national rescurces, under the direction of the Committee o' Tt -lerial Defence. When Jfr. Balfour foimded (his Dwiy he buOded
3«
The
Fleets at
War
When war came not only were the nuun fleete not tied to our shores but every department of State
plete plan of the
hrttothanhelmew.
had befoiJk T'roT duty which itlSTto
l??™
flg. Lt'^th?.'^ V mthout which
°**''"'^ ^' could
It
suppSt'^'S
not hopTto achie^
During the
yem
which immediately preceded
oTt wde^preadmg organisation. On July 35th loia Mr.A^uith inaspeechintheHoieofO^mmoS'
gave the nation , ,me conception of of one aspect of the work which was then K?n^ ^tly performed by this smaU BBed by our Constitution, and
'^
°^**'* of Imperial Tetl^at qmeUy at work co-ordinatmg the
arms, and laying thf
Dd<S^
naval and
fouSdS
tli^^^'
Zy^Z^.
hSnipSi
that
;r^*!?° of war
"" ««b<ommittee fcJT^*^ r^.r '!t^ <fepartmental action the ooSiS
with no and (hstrust. Mr. Asquith related Committee of Imperial Defence hal
^
be^
smce
regarieTaTit
.^
birth,
X apSLt^
of the
n Descnbmg
of
at
2^ttee
this particular
work
Imperial
Defence.
Mr
A^uSS
D^artaents
"This subcommittee. wWch is composed of the pimapal officials of the various
of
State,
has.
after
^^
g.ti^l-^chdefiJitSy^^rt^^ Department-^.ot merely thTwar (SS and the Admiralty,
but the
Home (SSJ
The Opening Phase
87
the Board of Trade, and every Department of the State-^ts responsibility for action under every head of war p(dicy. The
Departments themselves, in pursuaaoe of the instructions given by the War-Book, have drafted all the proclamations, Orden
in Council, letters, telqpams, notices,
and
which can be foreseen. Every possible provision has been made to avoid delay in setting in force the machinery in
the unhappy event of war taking place. It has been thought necessary to make this Committee permanent, in order that these war arrangements may be constantly kept up to date."
in the last days of July, 1914 ? During the period of strained relations, the War-
so forth,
What happened
Book was opened, and every
State
official
in every
Department concerned—eleven in allhad before him a precise statement of exactly what contribution he had to make in mobilising the State as an economic factor for war. Proclamations, Orders in Council, letters, and telegrams
flowed forth throughout the British Isles, and to the uttermost parts of the Empire, in accordance with the pre-arranged plan which had been so assiduously elaborated. Hardly had the Navy
been mobilised, the Army Reserves called out to complete the regular Army, and the Tenitoiials embodied, than the nati<m realised that, without wmfasion, it had itself been placed upon a wmr
The creatirai of the British WarBook must be acclaimed as a mooameiit to the
footing.
38
The
Fleets at
War
perepicaaty of Mr, Asqnith and the Ministers who assisted him on the Committee of Defence, and to the splendid labours of the Secretary of the Committee, Captain Maurice Hankey, C.B and the smaU staff associated with him. 'xhis organisation, which owed so much to the " staff mmd " of its former secretary. Rear-Admiral Sir Charles Ottley, imposed upon the nation a charge of only about ^fo.ooo a year, which was returned mcreased by a thousandfold when the cnas came, and the United Kingdom, existing under the most artificial conditions owing to its dependence on the sea for food and
was prepared,
raw materials
the world.
and armies the wholehearted and organised support of the richest nation in
offer to Its fleets
for the first time in its history to
Whai the curtain fell upon the seas, the nation had the assurance that everything which foresight could suggest had been done to make secure our essential supremacy. The newspapers preserved a discreet sUence as the Home Fleets took up their stations in the main strategical area. They were convinced, by irrefutable
dence, that adequate power had been concentrated this theatre to enable the North Sea to be sealed, thus confining the main operations of the naval war to one of the smaUest water areas the world.
evi-
m
m
Those who study the conspectus of sea power at the moment when the fog tad from view all that was occurring in waters would miss the rtsal significance picture which British sea power presented
British
of
war
distant
of the at this
.
.
The Opening Phase
dramatic
8fl
moment
if
they
failed to recognise
the
means by which the British Navy was able to impose an iron grip upon the great highways which are the life blood of British commerce. When war occurred the British sea power was predominant
all the outer seas in contrast with every other Power engaged in hostihties. At every point the British fleet was supreme in con-
in
other Power now engaged Austria and Italy were hardly represented outride the Mediterranean; Germany had only one armoured ship and two small
in hostilities.
trast
with
every
cruisers in the Mediterranean
and a few small
cruisers in the Atlantic
she
had the
tinental
though largest squadron of any ConPower, the Admiralty r^^arded our
;
in the Pacific,
forces as being at least twice as strcmg. This balance of strength was maintained in accord-
ance with the
Alliance.
terms
of
the
Anglo-Japanese
From the moment of the ultimatum all the Empire was at war. At a hundred and one points of naval and military importance a state of war existed. Wherever the British flag was flying and it flies over about one quarte. of the habitable globe—officers and men of the sea and land services stood awaiting the devdopment of events.
—
What precise orders were issued by the alty cannot be revealed, but telegnma
were received during the early days trf houmdicated that at all the great junctkxM ot
Empire
sections of the British
Navy lad
concentrated,
and
their
."^NiuMndtiM
:
40
The
Fleets at
War
Jwcted
tarn the lifeline of the Empire.
to omit no measure necesuiy to mUiiof concentration which for
^^
Under the icheme
previou-ly had been the ouUtanding fwture. not only of British naval policy, but3 the naval pohcy of aU the Great tte nmnber of ships in distant seu had beS reduced, but the fighting vahie of the umts was higher than ever before. The charactcr of the British naval representation outside
tm y«m
Pow^EnropT
BriS
official statement of the composition of the squadrons which were held on the leash by the Admiralty, awaiting the "«6 "« develoiHnent of events
from the following
MEDITERRAJIEAN FLEET.
SflOADRON.-Inflexible (Flag), T«Sf^^"'?"" Indefatigable. Indomitable.
^
Duke of Edinburgh. Wairior jjj^'«"S.-Chatham. DubUn. Gloucester, WeyAttached Ships.—Hussar, Imogene.
(^«Pot ftS^T'^'J'-T^-^'"*'^ B^. Foxhound. Grampis
Beagle. Bulldog,
Ship).
/in'i^m"?Tv.^'"^* (Flag), Black Prince,
Sqdadron.
- Defence
GTMjtopper. Harpy, Mosquito, Pincher, RacSon,
SowuwNis.— B 9, B
ro,
B «,
; ;
The Opening Phase
Toi«DO BoATi.—No».
064, 070.
41
046.
063,
044, 045,
GIBRALTAR.
SuBUARnos.—B 6. B
ToRPBDO Boats.—83,
94. 95. 96.
7,
B 8.
88, 89. 90, 91. 98, 93,
EASTERN
(Flag),
FL^:ET.
East Indies Squadron.—Battleship Swiitsure crnisen Dartmouth, Fox sloops Alert,
;
Espi^le, Odin. Spidax.
China annouzed
Alacrity,
Thistle.
Squadron.—Battleship
cruisers Minotaur (Flag,,
Trtoa^
Hampshire
etc..
cruisers Newcastle,
Yarmouth
;
gunboats,
Bramble,
Britomart,
Cadmus,
Qio,
New Zeaiand DnasiON.—Croiaeis
Psyche, Pyramus, Torch.
Philomel,
ATTACHED TO CHINA SQUADRON.
Destroyers.—Chelmer, Submarines.—C
Cohie,
Fame,
Jed
Kemiet, Ribble, Usk, Welland.
36,
C
37,
C
38.
Torpedo Boats.—Nos.
gale,
035, 036, 037, 038.
River Gunboats.— Kinaha, Moorhen, NightinRobin, SandfHper, Snipe, Teal, Woodcock,
Woodlark. Widgeon.
42
The
Fleets at
War
(Flag.)
AUSTRAUAN FLEET.
Battle Croisbrs.—AustnOia
CROiSEH8.-Eiicounter. Melbourne, Sydney.
DEsraoYBRS—Puiamatta, Wanego, Yana. SOBMARINBS.—AE I. AE a.
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
CROiSBi».-Hyacinth
(Flag), Pegasus. Astnta.
WEST COAST OF AFRICA.
GnNBOAT.—Dwarf.
S.E.
COAST OF AMERICA.
Crdisbr.
—Glasgow.
WEST COAST OF AMERICA.
Sloops.—.Algerine, Shearwater.
WEST ATLANTIC.
Lancaster; cruiser Bristol.
AR»iooRHDCRnisERs.-Suffolk. Berwick,
«*.i!«ex, Essex
wo^
*^ °P«>^ PJ»«s ^ the wJ'i*!!!!!'**^ war between mx of great
fleets of
of the
to the conditions of the
be i^mplete wen. no referent
the worid
Sde
Gennaa
Fleet.
A month
The Opening Phase
4S
before the final cleavage between the two natioai, Kiel had kept high festival in honoar of the
Navy. At the invitation of the Gennan Govenunent, Vice-Admiral Sir George Wairender had taken some of the finest battleships of the British Navy into this Gennan port. During the Regatta Week official Germany entertained the officers and men with the utmost hospitality, and, for a time, the Emperor had his iag, the flag of an honorary admiral of the British Navy, flying from the mainmast ol one of the latest "Dreadnoughts," the "King George V..» and was in technical command of this important section of the Home Fleet. Luncheons, dinners, and receptions filled the days over which the yacht racing extended, and when Sir Geoige Warrender steamed out of Kiel to meet at a rendezvous at sea the British squadron, under Rear-Admiral Sir David Beatty, which had been
British
visiting the Baltic ports of Russia,
and the other
squadrons which had been entertained by the peoples of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, every indication encouraged the belief that peace was more completely assured than at any time during
this century.
The
Kiel festivities at
its
Fleet, reinforced
an end, the High Sea by a number of reserve sh^,
put to sea for
waters.
summer
cruise in Norwegiai'
The Emperor, in the Royal Yacht " Hohenzollem," ako left fcnr the coast of Norway. These were the conditions when the b(dt f^. Can it be doubted that, when in after years and in full knowledge, the history of the war is written, it will be ccmduded that Germany, in
**
The
Fleet! at
War
^vtag hir ropport to Awtria-Huagtiy, had no
With much
labour,
and at gnat
sacrifice
sha
be tawdiihed in the eyes of a timid and comthe Britbh people to be
;
but
it
was not a fleS
S^Sco'SSS*"'^^^*-J^ni^o,rs.;:b-tW^?s
S^r^'^ ^."
n«
first
»ea power
was
^S.
buther navy was
programme of four "Dreadnoughts"
still
possessmg six only-as weD as in
deficient in
crSeSl torpSo^ST
France
at the outbreak of the war.
and MediterTaneaTtot to »JUon the former's portion was fTm tS fiiS weU-nigh hopeless, and her ships retired *^«»
Great
Britain
in
oave ftced the naval
the
forces
of
*"
"~ toS "
The French German
acts
fleet
was
in
good condition to
I^LlT^^
and German words irSd beS m ships and men. its admiTtnS asboieremodeUed. and its fleets at searo^SS Government had
strengthened
coSTS
enteS
the most conspicuously able sailors Ainmd Bou^ du Lapeyr^re. and of the period could
c^^
"
•*»°»val"P«ts with confidence
aS
:
RoMia htd ioly compuativdy noentty takm Mriooa stepo to
replace tbe fleet the kwt in the war whh Japan. ihip-building project, known as the " Ifinor Progianune," was being carried out, bat lo far none of the vessels it comprised had become available for service. When war occuircd. four
The Opening Phase WM not to fortunate. She
48
A
" Dreadnonghts," which were begun as far back as Z909, were not 3ret ready, and seven others were on the stocks, but not yet launched. Eight small cruisers kid down under the "Minor Programme" were buUding, two of them in a Gennan yard, and the remainder in Russia, and
there
was besides a
laige
fiotiUa
all
of
torpedo
craft under construction.
With
these vessels
in commission, the Russian
Navy would have
become once more a
factor to be reckoned with.
As
it happened, Russia faced the war practically without any considerable sea power.
had begun, a dramatic faiddent reminded the world that Japan, the ally of Great Britain in the Far East, was not viewing the course of events unconcerned. On Monday,
hostilities
When
August 16th, it was announced that the Japanese Government had delivered an ultimatum to
Germany
in the following terms
consider it highly important and necessary in the present situation to take measures to remove the causes of all disturbance of peace in the Far East, and to safeguard general interests as contemplated in the Agreement of Alliance between Japan
"We
and Gtatt
Britain.
46
The
Fleets at
War
lecare fim and enduring peace in Eaitera Asia, the esUblishment of which is the aim of the laid Agreement, the Imperial Japanese Government sincerely believes it to be its duty to give advice to the Imperial German Government to carry out the following two propositions
"In otder to
"I. Withdraw immediately from Japanese and Chinese waten the German men-o'-war and armed vessels at
all kinds, and to disarm at once those which cannot be withdrawn.
"a. To deliver on a date not later than September 15th to the Imperial Japanese authorities, without condition or compensation, the entire leased territoty of Kiau-Chau, with a view to the eventual restoration of the same to
China.
" The Imperial Japanese Government announces at the same time that in the went of its not receiving by noon on August 23rd an answer from the Imsignifying uncOTditional acceptance of the above advices ofiered by the Imperial Japanese
perial
German Government
ment, Japan
will
actiOT as it may deem necessary to meet the mtuation."
Governbe compeUed to take such
confronted with heavy odds, Japan remembered the events tolloi^ ing the war of 1894-5, when this Power,
When Germany was
The Opening Phase
47
having joiiMd in robbing her of the tpoU of her victory over China, henelf entered into pone*sion of Ktao Chau, as the price for the lives
of
two murdered
Thus,
at
missionaries.
the
sea
touch
of
German
tlie
arrogance,
world anayed themselves against her— the British, Freoch. and Russian fleets in European waters, and the
four great
of
Powers
great
navy
of
Japan
in the Pacific.
In this wise did the struggle for the command of the sea open. Germany reaped as she had sown. Since 1898 she had boasted how she would challenge the greatest sea Power. When the day and hour came it was not the British fleet only, but the navies of France. Russia, and Japan which confronted her. By her words and acts she had alienated the sympathies of every nation except her ally, Austria-Hungary. The war began with her fleets and squa^boos sheltering behind the forts of her naval bases, and with a few cruisers in the Atlantic being hunted by an overpowering force of British and French ships. Sudi was the fruit of her diplomacy and her forward naval policy ; her shipping suffered instant strangulation ; her colonies were divorced from the Motherland, and she was confronted with the approaching ruin of that worldpolitic which had been her pride and inspiration.
:
HMS.
V..t„rd.
pj^„.
s^, ^ f.^^j
VANGUARD
ST.
CLASS.
VINCENT, VANGUARD. COLLINGWOOD.
Displacement
:
19,250 tons.
I2in.,
3.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
i8 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Broadside
8 i2in.
Ahead
6
fire:
6 I2in.
i2in.
:
CHAPTER
I
The Relative Standing or the British and Germam Fleets
The
is
relative strength of the British
and G<nnan
declared
navies at the
moment when war was
of historical interest.
the British
particulars have been pnpared from " Fightinc Ships, 1914." and brought-up todate by the inclusion (rf the two Turkish battleships and the two Chilian destroyer leaders, which were purchased on the outbreak of hostilities by
The appended
Goveramnt
BRmsB Navy.
Snpcr-Dreadnougfat battleships
•
-
11
Super-Dreadnought battle^ruisers
I>readnou(^t battleships I^nxlaoaiht battle-cr^sen
3
—
•
M
18
5
Total of ships of Dreadnou^t era (Three more super-Drndnoughts
3a
Msr
completioa, and due commission late in 1914.}
48
to
::
80
The
Relative Standing of the
Pra-Dntdnoo^ts I
Foiwenhil ihipt all completed be-
tween 1905 and 1908
Older and
less
•
-
8
powerful ships com•
pleted between 1895 and 1904
30
-
38
70
Total battleships
•
AmKnaed Cniiaeis
Big,
heavily-aimed
shipe
com9
pleted between 1905 aid 1908 " County " daas, slower and less
powerful,
comideted 1903 and 1905
between
-
15
"Drake" and "Ciessy"
dass, sli^tly bigger and better, but older ships, completed between
1901 and 1903 Total armoured cruisers
-10
-
—
34
Cruisers:
Big protected cruisers, " Diadem class, ai knots. 6in. guns (18891903)
"
6
-
Older and smaller (1890-1893)
-
9
15
Fast Light Cruisers " Arethusa " class, 3.500 tons, 30 knots, burning oil, c(Hnpleted
1914
8
class.
"Town"
5.400
to
4.800
-
tons. 25 knots (1910-1914)
15
British
and German Fleets
51
35-knot ihipt, round about 300 tow (1903-1907) . -15
—
20-lmot ships, 3,100 to 5.400 tona (1896-1900) . i6
19-knot shipt. 5.600 tool (1805. 1896)
30
i6
.^.
9
5 9
87
Older
i6-5 to
^ps, a.500 to 195 knots
4.300 teas.
(1890-1893)
•
9
Total protected cruisers
Destroyers. 36 to 35^ knots (1893. ^914)
aa;
Torpedo-boats, 36 to ao knots (1885^9^*)
109
Submarines, from i.ooo to aoo tons. q>eed from 20 to 11-5 knots
surface.
to 7 knots submerged (1904-1913) .
Minelajrera
13
yj
«
•
Repair Ships
It
need hardly
be
added
that
a
number
of these vessels—including the two Pie-Dtvadnought battleships " Swiftsure " and " Triumph "
»nd groups of cmiaen, destroyers, and subnarines—were on duty in the outer seas when war opened.
68
The
Relative Standing of the
GnMAN
FtSBT.
-
Super-Dreadnougfats (3 bailding)
None
13
Dnidnouglit battleihipt Dreadnought bftttle-cruisen
-
•
-
-
s
rt
(Three other battleshipt are due to oaauniMkm in 1914.)
Pre-Dreadnouc^t battleahipa (18911908)
aa
Old coast defence battleships (18891893)
8
Annoured
Imots
cruisers (1897-1909) to tons, 8.900 24-5 to 19 15,500
9
Big protected cruisers (1893-1910), 6,000 tons, 19 knots 24-Jmot cmisos (1904-1913), 3,000
to 5,000 tons
-
6
a5
—
31
(Most of these ships have belt armour as thick aa that of thr
" County" armoured cruiaen.)
Biitish
dass
of
Small
cruisers,
ai knots (1893-1910)
a
15a
Destroyers (1889-1913J, 34 to a6 knots
Torpedo-boats (1887-1898), a6 to 32 knots
Snhtnarines, about equal to British in siae and speed
45
301040
a
Minelayers
British
AH
cruiMT,
the
and German Fleets 88 Gennu Navy, except one battto-
two aimoand crniMis, and a few cruiian. wore concentrated in the North Sea and Baltic whan war occonad.
1^
II
CHAPTER
II
The British Navy
BRITISH BATTLESHIPS
DREADNOUGHTS
IRON DUKE CLASS. IRON DUKE (Flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir John
Jellicoe,
Conunuder-m-Chief of the
Home
FleeU).
MARLBOROUGH,
EMPEROR OF
INDIA.
BL.'.BOW.
(Completed 1914.)
the very latest additions to the British battle-fleet. The displacement is 35.000 toK. but with a full supply of coal, ammunition, and stores on board the actual figure is nearly 27,000 tons. The length over all is 645 ft., the maximum breadth is 89I ft., and under normal conditions the ship draws 28ft. of water. Parsons' turbines, designed for 29,000 h.p., give a speed of 21 knots, which was excMded by over one knot on trial An octremely powerfid arsiafine ships are
These
ment is carried. It consists of ten 13.3-in. and twdve 6-in. guns, with some small quick-fireis
on high-angle mountings
for use against aircraft.
The
all
mounted in twin turrets, are on the centre line, and can thus be trained
big guns,
M
Iron
Duke
Class
66
OB dthar txoadside, while lour train ahead and the lame nnmber astern. Ten of the 6-in. gvuu are disposed in an upper-deck battery forward,
the remaining two in casemates right at the stem. This disposition was adoptcKi owing to the fact that torpedo attacks are usually delivered
from ahead, and
it
is
necessary, there-
guns as possible can be trained on the approaching boats before they are able to discharge their torpedoes.
quick-firing
fore, that as
many
very complete in this class. On the waterline there is a i2-in. bdt. with lo-in. armour rising above this as for as the upper deck. The belt thins to 6-in. forward and aft, but the extreme ends of the ship are unarmoured. On the turrets there is la-in. armour, with 6-in. plating over the secondary battery. Four 21-in. submeiged torpedo tubes are fitted. The fuel supply is well over 3,000
protection
is
Armour
tons.
than 1,000
The complement of these ships totals more officers and men. Thiey each cost
over £2,000,000 complete.
AGINCOURT.
(Completed 19x4.)
This battleship, although she was only launched January, 1913, has had a very chequered
Originally
in
laid down as the Rio de Janeiro for the Brazilian Govenuaent at Elswick, she was purchased before conpletion by Turkey, and was on the point of leaving for Turkish waters imder the name of Osiqan I.,
career.
M
transfer is
Agincourt and Erin
«4iMi dM takan ov«r by tlM BfitUi Adminlty on the outbrwk of war with Gmaaay. Totey ia uadentood to h»v« made a proteit. but tha
WM
and this ftae v«iiel has already passed into onr battle fleet. She is quite unique in desiga. The dlq>iaoemeat
fact,
is
ft., and the -*-'r-d ^Med, which was made 00 trial, 33 knots. Her main aimameDt consists of no fewer than fourteen ts-in. garx mounted in seven doable turrets on the cenue-Nne, an anangemant whkh pennits all touiteoi weapons to be find on either
an accompHihwl
37,500 tons, Isifth 63a
broadude.
twenty
firers
6-in.
is
In the secondaiy battery are mounted quick-firing guns, and the tale of
ccunpleted
by sixteen mall quickand three torpedo tubee. The ship k anaoured with 9-in. ptaites fifn^hirs. taperh^ to 6 in. and 4 in. at the eads. Annour the same thickness (^-in.) protects the la-in. tuiiets, and than ia 6-in. platii^{ over the aeoondary guna. The maximun coal capacity ia 3,500 tone. A complement of 1,100 ci&om and maa ia reqnkad to woi^ this huge veaaai. which eost aawfy £3,700,000 to build and equip.
wei^poas
^
ERIN.
(Completed 1914.)
lUa
veaael
waa
laid
down
at
Ban
Turkish Govesament, and named tet waa taken over by the British .„ the ouAieak of war with Germany. _ in September, 1913, sh^-. '^^fpjam n^Mo teaah
b.a. «xpeetod to giw • tpeed of ax kiu^ In fentnl her datign cormponds to that of the Iron Duke elMs. The enrnment eomiiti ol ten X3S-iB., lixteea 6-la., tad four la-pounder guai^ with five nbmerged toipodo tnbee.
>•
5»5
lAMi tn
King George V. Clau ft. loag. aad hM tnrUaM at 31.000
67
The five douUe tvmti ia iriiich the big font •re moonted «re 00 the centre-line, thus eDowfaic
to be uicd on etch bioediide. Armour pnrteetioB is very complete, the main belt being la in., the turrets ta in., end the secondary betteiy 5 in. thick. Her coal capwrity
is
•n ten
wM^ooi
3,100 tons.
Tha complement
b
900
officers
and men.
yet been
The
made
price paid for this ship has not public.
KING GEORGE
KIMG GEORGE
AJAX.
V.
V. CLASS.
(Completed 1913-13.)
CENTURION. AUDACIOUS.
affl07ig tlie
^ —' syr-Pttviao'jght
Thtm im
"wseJs are
meet powerful
s«*ice, with mask^miw ioe.", st jtss, &c., on board, ^l«"y*ylaee about 85,000 tma. They are 596 ft. in Ingth, with a beam of S9 ft., and their turbines o< 37.000 h.p. drive them av a speed of aij haets.
consists of t-i i3-5-in. sixtasn 4-in. guns, with tfeTse su -aeiwed torpedo
— f***^ * » uoii.i«a]iy 43,000 tons, but
battkeh^M.
The
dis-
>iHien in
The armameat
ad
68
Orion Class
an moontad
can
fire
All the big gnna, which
in turrets
in
pain
on the centre
Protection
is
line,
broadside.
armour belt amidships, above and at the ends. The turrets are of ii-in. armour. The secondary battery of 4-in. quickfirers is practically unprotected. A "axinium
supply of 2,700 tons can be carried. The complement is 900 officers and men. Each of these ships cost more than £1,900,000 to build
fuel
on either afforded by a za-ia. with tUnaer pUMw ^
and equip.
ORION CLASS.
(Completed 1911-ia.)
ORION.
MONARCH.
ment and 545
ft.
CONQUEROR. THUNDERER.
in length.
Super-Dreadnoughts of 33,500 tons displace-
The Orirai dass, to which these ships belong, inaugurated the " super-Dreadnought " era by reason of the
super-calibre guns with
which they are armed.
TlMy
are
propelled
by Parsons' turbines of
37,000 h.p. at a speed of 21 knots, but did considerably better than this on the trial runs. The main armament comprises ten i3'5-in. breech-loading guns, firing a 1,350 lb. projectile at the rate of two per minute.
These guns are mounted in five twin turrets on the centre line of the vessel, and all of them can be trained on either broadside. Sixteen
Neptune Class
4-la-
q uick-firwi tra moantod for uw agtinst torpedo ormft, and there are three ax-ia. nbmeiged torpedo tubes. The annour belt it
thick
of the
i3-in.
emidihipt.
the
tuireto
xi-in.
malfer gum are protected by 4-iii. aimour. Coal and oU to the amount of 3,700 tons can be canied. The complement of these ships is 900 officers and men. They cost complete neariy £3,000.000.
Some
NEPTUNE
CLASS.
(Completed 1911.)
NEPTUNE. COLOSSUS. HERCULES.
These are Dreadnought battleships of 30,000 tons diq)lacement. They are 310 ft. in length, and have Parsons' turbines of 35.000 h.p., which give them a speed c * 31 knots. The main batteiy consisU of ten la-in. guns. 50 cahbies (f.#.. 50 ft.) long, mounted in five twin turrets. Two of
these turrets are in echelon amidships, the remaining three being on the centre Une. an aiiange-
ment that pennits
action
arc.
all
ten guns to
come
into
on either broadside
through a limited
In the class to which these ships belong the super-posed turret appeared for the first time
in the British
Na
y.
Sixteen 4-in. quick-firers
and three submeiged torpedo tubes complete
MicMCorr nsoiuTioN tht chmt
(ANSI and ISO TEST
CHART No
2)
Ui
13.2
M2.2
US
^
I
2.0
1.8
L25 i
1.4
1.6
APPLIED ItVMGE
16S3 East Main Str«at
Rochaiter, New York 14609 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phorw (716) 288 5989 Fan
In
USA
w
60
St.
Vincent Class
There
is
the aimament.
an
fuel
ii-in.
annour
is
belt
on the waterline.
to the big guns.
tons.
siniilar
protection being given
The
capacity
2,700
The complement numbers over 800
officers
and men.
These vessels cost about £1,700,000
apiece to complete.
ST.
VINCENT CLASS.
(Completed 1910.)
ST.
VINCENT.
COLLINGWOOD. VANGUARD,
These ?i« Dreadnought battleships with a displacement of 19,250 tons. They are 500 ft. long, and have Parsons' turbines of 24,500 h.p.. which give them a top speed of 21 knots. Their main battery comprises ten i2-in. guns of powerful type, mounted in five twin turrets, the ^aposition of which allows eight guns to be used on either beam. They also carry eighteen 4-in. quick-firers, some mounted on top of the turrets, and others in the superstructure. There are three submerged torpedo tubes.
The waterline is protected by armour barely 10^. thick, this being also the thickness of the turret armour. Coal and oil to the amount of 2,700 tons can be carried. The comidement of these battleships numbers rather more than 800 officers and men. They cost about £1,700,000
to build and complete.
Bellerophon Class— Dreadnought 61
BELLEROPHON
BELLEROPHON.
CLASS.
(Gnnpleted 1909.)
TE2IERAIRE. SUPERB.
earliest
These ships are some of our
noughts. Thieir displacement
is
Oread-
18,900 tons, length 490 ft. Parsons' turbines of 23.000 h.p. propel them at a maximum speed of 21 Imots, which they can maintain for several hours without difficulty. Ten i2-in. guns form the piimaiy armament, which is mounted in five twin turrets, so ^&posed as to allow eight guns to fire on the broadside. They cairy, further, sixteen 4-in. quickfiring gons to repel attack by torpedo craft, and there are three torpedo tubes below water. On the waterline and the big-gun positions there is ii-in. annour. The maximum supply
of coal
and
oil is
2,700 tons.
The complement
is 800 officers and men. These battleships cost about £1,700,000 to build and complete.
DREADNOUGHT.
(Completed 1906.)
This famous battleship was laid down at PortsOctober, 1905, and comfitiied by December, 1906, and thus establidied a rec(»d for speedy construction. She was designed by a
mouth
m
Lord Nelson Class
oommittee of experts to meet the requirements of modem naval tactics, and with various modifications the main principles she embodied have since been almost universally adopted. She displaces 17,900 tons, and is 520 ft. long. Parsons' turbines of 23,000 h.p. give her a speed uf 21 knots. She was the first battleship ever fitted
with turbine machinery. The armament con^sts of ten 12-in. guns, mounted in five twin turrets, which are so pl,iced as to give a broadside fire of eight and an axial fire of six guns. For keeping off torpedo craft a battery of twenty-four 12-pounder quick-firers is provided. There are five submerged torpedo tubes. Waterline and vitals are protected by ii-in. armour, as also are the gun turrets. The ship has a great amount of internal protection against mine or torpedo explosion. She can carry 2,700 tons of coal. The complement numbers about 800 officers and men. This' battleship
cost
I
lis
upwards of £1,800.000 to build and equip.
LORD NELSON
LORD NELSON.
CLASS.
(Completed 1908-09.)
AGAMEMNON.
These battleships are sometimes called semiDreadnoughts, because they approximate to the Dreadnought type in tonnage and armament.
The displacement is 16,500 tons, length 410 ft., and engines of 16,750 h.p., giving a speed of over 18 knots. Each of these vessels is armed with
Battle Cruisers
<B
four la-in. and ten g-i-in. breech-loading guns, all mounted in armoured turrets. The four la-in. and eight of the 9-2-in. guns are in twin turrets, the other two 9-2-in. being in single turrets.
disposition of the armament is such that four la-in. and five 9-2-in. can fire on each broadside. An outstanding defect is the smalhiess oJE the double 9-2-in. turrets, which hardly give
The
elbow room to the crews and do not allow full advantage to be taken of the extraordinary rapidity with which the 9-3-in. piece can be worked when there is plenty of space.
the whole, however, these ships are extremely powerful units. For driving ofi torpedo craft there are twenty-four 12-pounder quickfirers mounted in the superstructure. Five torpedo tubes are fitted. Armour protection condsts of a i2-in. belt amidships, and there is
similar plating
On
on the
12-in. turret'
le smaller
turrets having 8-in. armour.
is
The lad capacity
2,500
ofi&cers
Each battleship carries 750 and men and cost £1,650,000 to build and
tons.
complete.
BATTLE CRUISERS
TIGER.
(Completed 1914.)
Th
Navy.
the largest battle cruiser in the British
She was built at Clydebank, and was approaching completion at the outbreak of war. The displacement is 28,000 tons, length 660 ft.
64
Lica Clati
oi 100,000
h.|».
gives ^aed oi at leait 38 knots. Her aimameot "f^-fU ei|^t 13'S-in., twelvu 6-in., and lome mailer
guns,
and Panooi' tuiliiiiM
m
torpedo ^tubee. guns are in double turrets on the
three
all
with
The
Ug
centr»-litte,
can be fired on either broadside. The 6-in. guns are mounted in an annoured battery. For a battle cruieer this ship is heavily armoured. She has a belt at least 10 in. thick
amidships,
and
and the
turrets are of equal thirinHm,
She can stcce as much as 4,000 tons of coal and oiL The complement is about 1,100 officen and men. In appearance the " Tiger" is quite unlike other British battle cruisers. She has three equal-sized funnels and only one mast. Her total cost is understood to be not less than
£3,300,000.
LION CLASS.
(Completed I9i2-i3.)
LION.
PRINCRSS ROYAL.
QUEEN MARY.
These battle cruisers displace 27,000 tons. are 660 ft. in length, and 88} ft. btoad. They have turbines of about 70,000 h.p., which enable them to steam at 28 knots, though this speed has been greatly exceeded in servicft The
I
1
armament consists of ten 13'5-in. guns, discharging a {Kojectile oi 1400 lb. weic^t, at the rate of two rounds per minute.
1 3
HM.S.
BtlUrophoH,
BELLEROPHON CLASS.
BELLEROPHON, TEMERAIRE, SUPERB.
Displacement: 18,000 tons.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
:
i2in.,
16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes j.
o
Astern
6
fire:
^H-Ahead
fire:
Broadside
8 i2in.
l2in.
6 I2in.
'
ii
lodetedgtble
The* WMpdu
turret!
Om
4^
tubet.
u
on the
mam annour belt
a
3,000
tons,
on either broadBde. Sfacteen quick-fiien are carried for repeUfaig torpedo attack. Thera are alio two submeifed
torpedo
mounted in four donUe ceDtre-L'oe. and can thus be fiied
are
The
is
abcut 9
plating on the turrata.
with xo-in The fnU fuel capacity
to. thick,
and the complement numben and men. Theee ships averand £3,085.000 to build and complete.
980
officers
INDEFATIGABLE CLASS.
(Completed 1911-13.)
INDEFATIGABIE.
NEW
These
vessds
AUSTRALIA. ZEALAND.
aft
exceeded dunng triab. The mam armament conasts of eight la-to. gmis. mounted to four double turrets, two being placed tee and
displace about 10.000 tons are 555 «• to length. 80 ft. brwd. and ar» designed for a speed of 35 knots, which was nmch
They
and two diagonally amidships, thus per-
In
addition
there
are
sixteen
taws mounted to the superstructure, and two submerged toipedo tubes. A 7-to. annour belt protects the waterlme, the same thickness beinc on the turrets. The fuel capacity is mdudmg oU. A complement of 2.500 790 offic«^ and men IS carried. These ships cost about £i.3«o.ooo each to build and comjrfete.
4-to.
quick-
S
8
66
Invincible Class
INVINCIBLE CLASS.
(Completed 1908-09.)
INVINCIBLE.
INFLEXIBLE. INDOMITABLE.
class
were the first battlecruisers to be built. The type is a cruiser edition oi the Dreadnought, combining great ofiensive qualities with high speed. The displacement is
Invincible
The
17,350 tons, length 530 ft., and the turbines of 41,000 h.p. are designed for a speed of 25 knots.
In service, however, these vessels have steamed at more than 28 knots. They are armed with
mounted in four double turrets, one turret being placed at each end and the other two en echelon amidships. This system enables all eight weapons to be fired on either broadside through a very limited arc. Sixteen 4-in. guns are mounted for repelling torpedo attack. The waterline and vital parts are protected by 7-in. armour, this being
eight i2-in guns,
also the thickness of ihe turret
plates.
Coal
amount of 2,500 tons can be carried. The complement is 780 officers and men. These vessels each cost over £1,700,000 to build and
to the
equip.
King Edward
Class
«7
PRE-DRF A ONOUGHTS.
KING EDWARD CLASS.
(Compteted 1904-06.)
KING EDWARD
VII.
DOMINION.
COMMONWEALTH,
HINDUSTAN.
AFRICA.
.""^EALANDIA.
BRITANNIA.
HIBERNIA.
an^ homc^eous
h.p. give
The King Edward
class
u considered to be the group of pre-Dreadnonght
battieshipe in the world. 16.350 tons, length 435 ft.,
a speed
of
6ix. twdve 12-pounder. and twelve 3-Ponnder guni.' " " with four torpedo
mmt consists of four 12-in.
tubes.
The displacem^i, and engines of xS.ooo over 19 knots. Tht annaiour 9-2-in.. t«n
good protection.
3.200 tons.
'***P°'" being in a box batteiy. Broadside fire is f«,m four 12-in.. two and five 6-in. gur A 9-in. armour belt pro^ On the main turrets t;.rS i2-m. pktmg, and the smaller guns <0so
i^'^^"^.
tJ^^^t^
*^"'
"° "°™*«'^
^
armoured
9^^
,
rr^P*^
A
The maximum
have
coai
.-oplyfa
complement of 820 officera^and '^^^ ^P« '^^ ««t about ^.„'*J!T^-. 41450.000 to build and equip.
61
Swittiure Claii
SWIFTSURE CLASS.
(Compltted 1904.)
SWIFTSURE.
ThMe
TRIUMPH.
faftttlMhipt
wen
bnilt for the Chilian
GovemmeBt, but both were poxchkied by Gntt Britain before they were comoleted. The dis11,980 tons, lenfth 436 ft., and engines of ia,500 iLp. give a speed of 30 knots. For their ti«f the aimantent of these vessels is
placement
it
most formidable. It comprises four n>*in., teen 7'S-hi., and fourteen 14-poander gons,
foui^
wHh
I
two torpedo tubes. The lo-in. wsa poas are fai two twin turrets, the 7'5*'''. guns being in an
armoured battery. The waterline and vital parts are protected by 7-in. of armour, which te increased to lo-in. on the turrets and there is 6-in. {dating over
tlie
I
i
•
secondary
tons.
battery.
The
coal ci
supply
is
700 offieen and men is carried. The ships eadi cost £845,000 to build and complete. In all but very calm weather they lose much at their fighting value owing to the nearness of the 7'5in. battery to the water, a positi(»i which makes it imposable to work these guns in a seaway. In othv respects, too, the type is considcnd latmitK to
3,000
A
complement
standard British desJfpL
Ian
wt
Ife-
tnd
Its.
I
it
rtth
in
an
by
-in.
ver
is
*n Mt
ery 1«« ery
io»-
to
HM.S.
DrtaJnott^t.
Photo: Sport
&
Genera/.
DREADNOUGHT.
Displacement
:
17,900 tons.
Speed: 22 knots; Guns: 10
I2in.,
5.
24 I2pdrs.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Brokdside
8 I2in.
Ahead
fire:
6 I2in.
6 i2in.
Duncan
Class
DUNCAN
CLASS.
(Completed 1903-04.)
DUNCAN.
ALBEMARLE.
RUSSELL.
EXMOUTH.
CORNWALLIS.
These are vessels of 14,000 tons displacement, 405 ft. in length, with engines of 18,000 h.p., and a speed of 20 knots. Their armament consists
of four i3-in., twelve 6-in.,
guns,
i2-in.
and ten la-pounder with four tubmerged torpedo tubes. The
guns are in
fire is
turrets,
the 6-in. ia casemates.
12-in.
Broadside
guns.
from four
and
six 6-in.
The dass to which these ships belong was designed with a view to speed, to gain which sacrifices
were necessary.
Hence the annour pro-
tection
very light, the thickness of the belt being only 7-in. on the waterline. The turrets
are of the
b
same moderate
and men
thickness.
The maxiccnnplement
mum
cost
fuel capacity is 2,000 tons.
is carried.
A
of 750 officers
The average
was £1,000,000 to build and complete.
70
Formidable Class—Canopus Class
FORMIDABLE
FORMIDABLE. IMPLACABLE. VENERABLE. PRINCE OF WALES
CLASS.
(Completed 1901-04.)
IRRESISTIBLE.
LONDON.
BULWARK.
QUEEN.
This class displaces 15.000 tons, is 400 ft. long, and has engines of 15,000 h.p.. giving a speed of about 18} knots. It is anned with four 12-in., twelve 6-in., and sixteen la-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. The waterline IS armoured with g-in., the turrets with la-in.
is 6-in. armour on the casemates containing the secondary guns. The full coal capacity is 2,100 tons. These ships carry 780 officers and men. They cost more than
plates,
and there
£1,000,000 to build and equip.
CANOPUS
CANOPUS. GOLIATH.
CLASS.
(Completed 1900-02.)
OCEAN. GLORY.
VENGEANCE.
ALBION
These diijK belong to a class of old pre-Dreadnoughts which are rapidly losing their fighting
value.
They displace
12,950 tons, are 390 ft. long.
Majestic Class
and have engines of 13,500
71
h.p., which give a speed of nearly 19 knots. The annameot conprises four la-in., twelve 6-in., and ten 12-poimder guns, all of obsolescent pattern. There are four torpedo tubes. A belt only 6-in. thick protects the waterline, but there is 12-in. amunir <» the
turrets. Cool to the amount of 1,750 tons can be carried. The complement^numbers 750 officers and men. These ships cost about £850,000 each. They were designed with very light draught to enable them to navigate the Suez Canal. They are still comparatively fast steamen.
gun
MAJESTIC CLASS.
(Completed 1895-98.)
MAGNIFICENT.
MAJESTIC.
JUPITER.
CiESAR.
VICTORIOUS.
MARS.
PRINCE GEORGE.
HANNIBAL.
ILLUSTRIOUS.
is the oldest group of battleships in the Navy. The displacement is 14.900 tons, length 390 ft. and engines of 12,000 h.p. give them a maximum speed of knots.
The Majestic
class
They are armed with four 12-in., twelve 6-in,, and sixteen i2-pounder guns of old type, with five torpedo tubes. The armour belt is 9-in. amidships, and there is 14-in. armour on the
17J
,i1
7S
big
Armoured
gun
can
tuirets.
Cruisers
tons
be
Coal to the amonnt of 1,900 stowed. A complement of 750
Is
officers
and men
more than
caiiied.
The
ships
cost
slightly
;f90o,ooo each to build
and
complete.
ARMOURED
MINOTAUR
CRUISERS
CLASS.
(Completed 1908.)
MINOTAUR. SHANNON. DEFENCE.
These vessels are armoured cruisers of 14,600 tons, 490 ft. in length, and have engines of 27,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23 knots. They cany a very powerful armament, consisting of four 9.2-in., ten 7.5-in., and sixteen 12-pounder guns. The 9.2-in. and 7.5-in. guns are in aimotired turrets, the four first named being mounted in pairs, the 7.5 in. singly. Protection is afforded by a 6-in. belt amidships, with 8-in. armour on the 9.2-Jn. turrets, and 6-in.
armour on the smaller
coal supply
is
turrets.
The maximum
complement of borne. These
2,250
tons.
A
is
about 800
ships cost
officers
and meu
more than £1,400,000 each to build and complete.
Warrior—Black Prince Classes 78
WARRIOR
WARRIOR.
ACHILLES.
CLASS.
(Completed 1906-07.)
NATAL.
COCHRANE.
These are armoured cruisers of 13,550 tons. They are 480 ft. in length, and have engines of 23,000 h.p., giving a speed of 33 knots. The
armament consists of six g-2-ia. and four 7'5^n. guns, all mounted in single turrets, and so disposed that ax heavy goas bear on each broadside.
There
are, besides,
twenty-four 3-pounder
quick-firers
three
belt
for use against t(wpedo-craft, and submerged torpedo tubes. The armour and turrets are 6 in. thick. The maximum
and a comirfement over 700 officers and men is carried. Each vessel cost about £1.200.000 to build and comof
plete.
coal capacity is 2.000 tons,
BLACK PRINCE
BLACK PRINCE.
CLASS.
(Completed 1906.)
DUKE OF
BURGH.
EDIN-
These armoured cruisers have a di^lacement oi 13.550 tons, are 480 ft. long, and have ogines of 23,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23-3 knots.
They are armed with six 9-2^0., ten 6-in., and twenty 3-poimder gv», with three toq>edo
74
tnbes.
battery.
Devonshire Class
The big guns are mounted
in
tingle
tunets, the 6-in. weapons being in an
armound
Owing to the low freeboard
of these ships,
their 6-in. guns are too near the water to
be
worked in rough weather. They are protected on the waterline by a 6-in. armour Mt, with similar plating on the gun turrets and battery. The full coal capacity is 2,ooo tons. These cruisers carry 700 officers and men. They cost nearly £1,200,000 to build and complete.
DEVONSHIRE
ANTRIM.
CLASS.
(Completed 1905-06.)
DEVONSfflRE.
CARNARVON. HAMPSHIRE.
in
lengtl',
ROXBURGH.
ARGYLL.
h.p.,
is
Armoured cruisers displacing 10,850 tons, 450 ft.
with engines of 20,500
giving
a speed of 22.3 knots.
for vessels of this size,
7.5-in.
The armament
and
weak
consists only of four
and
six 6-in.
gims, with twenty small
and two torpedo tubes. mounted in turrets, the 6-in. weapons in casemates. There is a 6-in. belt amidships, and 6-in. plating on the turrets and casemates. The maximum coal capacity is 1,800 tons. A complement of 655 officers and men is carried. The average cost, complete, of these ships was nearly £900,000,
quick-firers
The
7.5-m. guns are
" County " Class—Drake
"
Class
78
COUNTY "
CLASS.
(Completed 1903-04.)
KENT.
ESSEX.
MONMOUTH.
BERWICK.
DONEGAL. LANCASTER. CORNWALL. CUMBERLAND. SUFFOLK.
The displacement of this class is 9,800 tons. They are 440 ft. in length, and have engines of 22,000 h.p., which drive them at a speed of 23 knots. The armament consists of fourteen &-in.. eight 12-pounder, and three smaller quickof the 6-in. weapons are mounted in twin turrets placed at the bow and stem, the remainder being in casemates. There are two torpedo tubes.
firing
guns.
Fotir
is very light throughout, there being only a 4-in. belt amidships, with 5-in. armour on the turrets. The full coal supply is 1,600 tons.
Protection
A
complement of 540 officers and men is carried. Each ship cost complete about £750,000.
DRAKE
DRAKE. LEVIATHAN.
CLASS.
(Completed I902-03.)
GOOD HOPE.
KING ALFRED.
These vessels are among the best of the older armoured cruisers. Each disfdaces 14,100 tons.
76
is
Cressy Class
ft.
enginet of 30,000 h.p., giving a speed of 23 knots. On trial and in
service
this
500
long,
and
hu
speed has been
much
exceeded,
1^
IH!
and the ships can still steam at 24 knots. They are armed with two g-a-in. breech-loaders, rixteen 6-in., and twelve la-pounder quick-fiiing
guns.
weapons are in single turretk, one placed at each end of the ship, the 6-in. guns being mounted in casemates. Two torpedo tubes are fitted. The armour protection on the turrets, casemates, and belt has a uniform thickness
Coal to the amount of 2,500 tons is stored in the bunken. The complement consists of 900 officers and men. These cruisers averaged about one million sterling complete.
of 6-in.
The
Ug
CRESSY CLASS.
(Comideted 1901-04.)
CRESSY.
SUTLEJ.
HOGUE.
BACCHANTE.
ABOUKIR.
EURYALUS.
class of ar-
The Cressy group are the oldest moured cruisers on the active list.
They
dis-
place 12,000 tons, are 440 ft. in length, and have engines of 21,000 h.p., producing a speed of 21
was exceeded on trial by one knot. The armament comprises two g'2-in. breechloaders, twelve 6-in., and twdve 12-poimder qnkk-firing guns, with two torpedo tabes.
knots, which
:
H.MS.AHmm,,n.
P*.l.: CriM. &.,»,„.
AGAMEMNON CLASS. AGAMEMNON AND LORD NELSON.
Displacement: 16,500 tons.
Speed: i8i knots; Guns: 4
i2in.,
5.
10 g.zin.;
Torpedo tubes:
Vstern
2 12m.
fire:
Broadside
4 I2in.
S 9-2in.
Ahead
fire
2 i2in.
4 9.2in.
4 9-2in.
ArethuM Cbut
TIm Ug gga*
fore
77
in aaaamataa.
an
mounted
ia
and
is
aft,
tbe
6-in.
mapona
Then
bdt anidihipa, annour at fb» and s-in. piatinf on the caiemataa. The eoal bunlcms can ttore i,6oo tona. A cgmpleiMnt oi y ofiloen and men ia carried. The coat of this class whan complete avenged £750,000.
a
6-in.
ame
thJcloiew oo the tnrrets,
>
ARETHUSA
ARETHUSA.
CLASS.
(Completed 1914.)
PENELOPE.
AURORA.
GALATEA.
INCONSTANT,
PHABlXm.
ROYAUST. UNDAUNTED.
These an the light annonnd crniien which llr. Chnrchin has described as "destroyers of destroyers." They displace 3,600 tons, are 410 ft. long, and have turbines of 37,000 h.p., giving a speed of 30 knots. The armament consists of two 6>in., six 4-U1., and four macliine guns, with
four torpedo tubes.
a belt of 3-in. armoor amidships, with 3^in. plating above this. The boilera an fired entirely by al fud. el which about 790 trnw an carried. The complement numlien about 370 offiesn and men. The ooat of this daaa haa not yet been made puUic.
is
Then
78
Protected Cruisers
PROTECTED CRUISERS
{y/lih protective deck* instead of
belts.)
umouied
EDGAR
EDGAR.
CLASS.
(Conpleted 1893-94.)
HAWKE.
THESEUS.
ENDYMION. GRAFTON. GIBRALTAR.
These vessels are the oldest cruisers we posseu, diq>lacing 7,350 tons, and having a speed of i9i knots. They are armed with two 9.3-in.,
ten 6-in., and seventeen smaller gmis, with two torpedo tubes. Coal capacity, 1,350 tons. Complement, 544 officers and men. Cost over
£400,000.
ROYAL ARTHUR
CLASS.
(Completed 1893-94.)
ROYAL ARTHUR. CRESCENT.
This class displaces 7,700 tons, and has a speed of 19} knots. The ermarient is one 9.2-in., twelve 6-in., and seventeen smaller guns, with two torpedo tubes. There is a steel deck over engines and boilers. Coal capacity, 1,350 tons.
Complement, 560
£400,000.
officers
and men.
Cost, about
Terrible-Diadem Clais
79
TERRIBLE
(Completed 1898.)
the largest protected cruiser in the British Navy. She diq>laces 14,200 tons, and can steam at aa knots. Her armament consists
is
This
and many smaller guns, with four twpedo tubes. Over engines and boilers there is a steel deck 6-in. thick.
of
two
9.a-in., sixteen 6-in.,
Coal
3,000 tons. Complement, officers and men. Cost complete, £708,000.
capacity,
840
DIADEM
DIADEM.
NIOBE. AMPHITRITE.
CLASS.
(Completed 1899-1902.)
EUROPA.
ANDROMEDA. ARGONAUT.
SPARTIATE.
ARIADNE.
speed,
tubes.
Protected crusiers of 11,000 tons and 20) knots anned with sixteen 6-in. and twelve i2-pounder quick-firing guns, with two torpedo
Engines and boilers are protected by a 4-in. Coal capacity, 2,000 tons. steel deck. Complement, 677 officers and men. Cost, about £550,000. The Niobe is now, a unit of the Canadian Navy.
80
Melbourne—Nottingham
Classes
MELBOURNE CLASS
(Completed 1913.)
MELBOURNE.
SYDNEY.
These are protected cniisos belonging to the Australian Navy. They displace 5,600 tons, are 430 ft. long, and have a speed of 25} knots.
The armament
tubes.
consists of eight 6-in.
small quick-firers,
and some with two submerged torpedo
tons.
The coal capacity is 1,000 ment o! 400 officers and men
A
comple-
is carried.
They
each cost complete about £350,000.
NOTTINGHAM
CLASS.
(Cnnpleted 1914.)
NOTTINGHAM.
BIRMINGHAM.
LOWESTOFT.
Three of our latest light cruisers. They are of 5,440 ttms, with turbines of 22,000 h.p., giving a speed of 25} knots. The armament is nine 6-in. and four small quick-firers, with two snbmoged torpedo tubes. There is a thin armour belt on the wateriine. Coal capacity, zfioo ton?. The oanplement is 400 officers and men.
ses
the
ins, its.
•me edo
3le-
iey
me
ing ine lb>ur
too
1.
LION CLASS.
LION, PRINCESS ROYAL.
Displacement
:
26,350 tons.
Speed: 28 knots; Guns:
8
I3.5in.,
3.
16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
3t
-^^^J—^-^-^f^jrl TzTrT-
—
Ahead
fire:
Astern
2
fire:
Broadside
8 I3.5in.
i3-5in.
4 i3-5in.
Chatham Class—Falmouth
Class 81
CHATHAM CLASS
(Completed 1912-13.)
SOUTHAMPTON.
DUBLIN.
CHATHAM.
These vessels are light cruisers of 5,400 tons, with turbines of 32.000 h.p., and a speed of 25)
knots.
They carry an armament
quick-firers,
of eight 6-in.
and four small
tubes
with two torpedo
submerged. Coal capacity, 1,000 tons. Complement, 400 officers and men. Cost complete, about ;£35o,ooo.
FALMOUTH
FALMOUTH.
CLASS.
(Completed 1911-12.)
WEYMOUTH.
DARTMOUTH. YARMOUTH.
Light cruisers displacing 5,250 tons, driven
by turbines of 22.000 h.p. at a speed of 24! knots. They are armed with eight 6-in. and four small quick-firers, an^ two submerged
torpedo tubes.
The
coal capacity
is
1,000 tons.
Complement, 390 officers and plete, about £335.ooo.
mm.
Cost c«m-
r
83
Bristol
Class—Active Class
BRISTOL CLASS.
(Completed 1910.)
GLASGOW.
LIVERPOOL.
GLOUCESTER.
NEWCASTLE.
BRISTOL.
These vessels are
propelled
4-in.,
by
light cruisers of 4,800 tons, turbines of 22,000 h.p., at a speed
of 25 knots.
The armament is two 6-in., ten and some small quick-firers, with two subofficers
meiiged torpedo tubes.
Complement, 375
plete,
Coal capacity, 850 tons. and men. Cost com-
over £350,000.
ACTIVE CLASS.
(Completed rgxi-ia.)
ACTIVE.
FEARLESS.
These vessels belong to the Scout category,
and
3,440 tons. Their turbines of 18,000 h.p. give a speed of 25 knots, but this is often exceeded. They are armed with ten 4-in.
displace
quick-firers,
and have two deck torpedo tubes. Coal capacity, 600 tons. Complement, 320 officers and men. They averaged complete about £270,000. Th^ ill-fated Amphioo was a sister-ship.
and four smaller
Blanche Class— Boadicea Class
8:1
BLANCHE
CLASS.
(Completed 1910-11)
BLANCHE.
BLONDE.
They
dis-
Light cniisen of the Scout type.
place 3,350 tons, and have turi>iiies of 18,000 h.p., giving a speed of 35 knots. The aimament
ten 4-in. and four 3-pounder quick-firers, with two torpedo tubes mounted on deck. Coa capacity, 600 tons. Complement, 385 officers and men. Cost complete, about £375,000.
is
BOADICEA CLASS.
(Completed 1909-10.)
BELLONA.
BOADICEA.
Light cruisers of the Scout type, displacing 3,300 tons, and having a speed of 35 knots, which is frequently exceeded by two knots. Armament: Six 4-in. four 3-pounder quickfiring guns, two deck torpedo tubes. Coal capacity. 600 tons. Complement, 363 officers ai^ men. Cost complete, £330,909.
84
Sentinel
Class-"
Gem
**
Class
SENTINEL CLASS.
(Completed 1905-06.)
ADVENTURE.
ATTENTIVE. FORESIGHT.
PATHFINDER. PATROL.
SENTINEL. SKIRMISHER.
FORWARD.
them a speed pf armed, they carried a battery of la-poundeis. but these were replaced recently by nine 4-in. quick-firers, a change which much mcreased the fighting value. The coal supply IS 400 tons, and they have a complement of a68 officers and men. The average cost, complete, f w. .
25 toots.
These vessels were the first fleet scouts. They are of about 3,000 tons dispkoonent. and have engines of 16,500 h.p., which give
As
originally
was over £270,000.
"
GEM " CLASS
DIAMOND.
SAPPHIRE.
(Completed 1905.)
AMETHYST.
TOPAZE.
Light cruisers of 3,000 tons, wi*h a speed of 22 knots. Armed with twelve 4-in. and some smaller qm^c-firing guns, with two torpedo tubes on deck. The coal supply is 500 tons, the complement 296 officers and men, and the average cost complete, was ibotrt £a35.b6o.
Challenger Class—Highflyer Class 86
CHALLENGER
CLASS.
(Completed 1904-06.)
CHALLENGER.
ENCOUNTER
an
(Australian Navy).
These vessels protected cruisers of 5,880 tons, capable of steaming ai knots. The armament ccmsists of eleven 6-in. and some smaller
quick-filing guns.
Over the engines and bdlers
deck.
there
capacity
and
The coal 1.335 tons, the complement 454 o£BoeiB men, and they averaged, complete, £360,000.
is
is
a
3-in. steel protective
HIGHFLYER CLASS
(Completed 1900-01.)
HERMES.
HIGHFLYER. HYACINTH.
These protected cruisers displace 5,600 tons.
They have a speed of 20 knots, and are armed with
eleven 6-in., several smaller quick-fiiing guns, and two torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 1,100 tons. They carry a complement of 456 offioos and men, and each ship cost,
complete,
over £a8o,ooo.
86
Pelorus Class—Arrogant Class
PELORUS CLASS
(Completed 1897-1901.)
.
PROSERPINE. PELORUS. PEGASUS.
PERSEUS.
PROMETHEUS.
PSYCHE.
PYRAMUS.
PIONEER.
PANDORA.
of this class is about 3,300 tons, speed 30 knots, and the armament consists oi dgfat 4-in. and some smaller quick-fiiing gnns,
The displacement
with two torpedo tubes mounted on "'ack. The coal capacity is 530 tons. They have a comple ment of 334 officers and men, and each vessel cost complete, about £150,000.
ARROGANT
FURIOUS.
CLASS.
(Completed 1898-99.)
VINDICTIVE.
Protected cruisers of 3,750 tons and 19 knots speed, armed with ten 6-in. and some smaller quick-filing guns, and two torpedo tubra. Coal capacity is 1,175 tons. The complement consists of
439
officers
and men.
Each cost complete,
over £380.000.
Talbot Class—Astrea Class
87
TALBOT
ECLIPSE.
CLASS.
(Completed 1897-98.)
MINERVA. TALBOT.
DIANA.
DORIS.
JUNO. VENUS.
ISIS.
DIDO.
These vessels are protected cndsers oi 3,600 tons, with a speed of 19} knots. Tbey are aimed with eleven 6-in. and some smaller gmis, and have
tons,
two torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 1,030 and the complement 416 officers and men. Each coat complete about £375,000.
ASTR^A
ASTRiEA.
CLASS.
FLORA, FOX.
(Completed 1894-93.)
CAMBRLAN.
CH.*.RYBDIS.
HERMIONE.
The displacement of these cruisers is 4,360 tons. They have a speed of 19} knots, and are armed with two 6-in., eight 4.7-in., and some smaller guns. The coal capacity is 1,000 tons. A complement of 312 officers and men is carried. They
averaged complete about £223,000.
88
Sappho Clftsi—iEolui Class
SAPPHO CLASS.
(Completed X893.)
SAPPHO.
A light cruiser of 1400 tons displacement, with
a speed of 19} knots.
6-in., eight 4.7-in.,
armed with two and some smaller guns, and
is
She
has four torpedo tubes.
tons.
The
is
coal supply is 1,000
officers
Her complement
373
and men.
She cost complete £176,000.
^OLUS
CLASS.
(Completed 1892-93.)
MOLVS.
SIRIUS.
RAINBOW (Canadian MELPOMENE.
Navy).
BRILLIANT.
These light cruisers displace 3,600 tons, and Live a speed of 20 knots. They are armed with
two
and some smaller guns, b«ides four torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 535 tcnis. Hie complement is 273 offioers and
6-in.,
six 4.7-in.,
Pearl
Clais—Medea Class
89
PEARL
CLASS.
(Compteted 1893.)
PHILOMEL.
A
light cruistt of 3.373 tooi,
with a speed of
Annament: Eight 4.7-in., and thirteen smallergmis. Two torpedo tubes. GMlcapadty 440 tons. The complement is 317 officers and
iQlmots.
men, and the ship cost complete aboat £164,000. She is the co^ vessel of the Pearl Class lemahiing
on the active
list
M£dea
class.
(Ccnnpleted 1889.)
MEDEA.
This
list.
the oldest li^t cruiser <» the active She displaces 2,800 ti»s, has a speed of
is
19 knots, and is armed with six 4.7-in., and rourteen smaller guns, besides four torpedo tubes. The coal capacity is 400 tcm. The eonplemest
is
about 300
officers
and man.
90
Destroyers
" L"
Clais
DESTROYERS.
L" CLASS.
(Completod 1914.)
LLEWELLYN.
LENNOX.
LOYAL.
LEGION.
LAERTES.
LYSANDER.
LANCE.
LOOKOUT.
LAUREL.
LAFOREY.
LAWFORD.
LOUIS.
UBERTV.
LARK.
LYDIARD.
LEONIDAS.
LUCIFER.
LANDRAIL.
LAVEROCK.
LINNET.
These are among the very latest destroyers. They were launched in 1913, and have a disfdace-
mentof965tons. The designed speed is 39 knots, which was exceeded on trial. They consume oil fud only. The armament condsts cS three 4-in.
guns and four torpedo tubes, and they cany 100
officers
and men.
Dettroyen "
K"
Clau
n
K"
CLASS.
(Completad 1913.)
ACASTA.
PORPOISE.
ACHATES.
AlfBUSCADE.
UNITY.
VICTOR.
ARDENT.
FORTUNE.
CHRISTOPHER.
COCKATRICE.
CONTEST.
LYNX.
MIDGE.
OWL.
SHARK.
SPARROWHAWK.
SPITFIRE.
GARLAND.
PARAGON.
HARDY.
These destroyers were built under the 1911 programme. The displacement is 935 tons, and they can steam at mOTB th an 30 knots. The
armament
tubes.
ment
is
and two torpedo Oil fuel only is consumed. The compte 100 officers and men.
is
three 4-in. guns
92,
Destroyers " I" Class
I
" CLASS.
(Com{deted 1911-12.)
LURCHER.
FIREDRAKE.
OAK.
HORNET.
HYDRA.
DEFENDER
DRUID.
JACKAL.
TIGRESS.
BADGER.
BEAVER.
ACHERON.
ARIEL.
LAPWING.
LIZARD.
ARCHER.
ATTACK.
SANDFLY.
PH(BNIX.
GOSHAWK.
HIND.
FERRET.
FORESTER.
Ocean-going destroyers of about 700 tons, with a speed of more than 30 knots. The annament
consists of
two
4-in.
and two iz-pounder guns,
Oil only is consumed.
with two torpedo tubes.
is seventy-two officers and men. These boats were buih under the 1910 projramme.
The complement
Destroyers
"H" CidS8-«G" Class 93
"H"
CLASS..
1910-1
'..)
(Comp:
irfed
ACORN. ALARM.
BRISK.
CAMELEON. COMET, FURY.
5MRTIN. MINSTREL. NEMESIS. NEREIDE.
NYMPHE.
REDPOLE. RIFLEMAN. RUBY. SHELDRAKE. STAUNCH,
GOLDFINCH
HOPE. LARNE. LYRA.
:'!lj,"'°\'?'* torpedo tubes.
These destroyers were bnilt under the 1909 programme. Their displacement is ;6o tons, the designed ?peed 27 knoU. The armament i^ ^° la-pounder guns, with two
OU
only
is
conamied.
complement
Tlie
is
76
officers
and men.
"G"
BASILISK.
CLASS.
PINCHER. RACOON.
(Completed 1910.)
BEAGLE. BULLDOG.
FOXHOUND. GRASSHOPPER
HARPY. MOSQUITO. GRAMPUS.
RATTLESNAKE. RENARD.
SAVAGE. SCORPION. SCOURGE.
WOLVERINE.
These destroyers, which were built under the 1908 programme, hav« a displacement of 976
U
Destroyers
"F"
Class
knots. They are armed tons and a speed of 27 la-poundcr guns, and with one 4-m. and three
two torpedo tubes. officers and men.
The complement
is
96
"F"
CLASS.
(Completed 1908-9.)
AFRIDI.
MOHAWK.
TARTAR.
COSSACK.
GHURKA.
These are ocean-going destroyers, of more than 33 about 880 tons, with a speed with five la-pounder knots. They an armed OU only is conKuns and two torpedo tubes. 60 officers in the furnaces. Complement.
displacing
sumed and men.
"F"
SARACEN.
CLASS.
NUBIAN.
(Continued.)
AMAZON.
displacwnMt, These destroyers are of 975 tons knots. The and have a speed of more than 33 tub«. armament is two 4-in- PJ^ and two torpedo complement is 67 only is consumed. The
OU
officers
and men.
Destroyers "
F"
Class
95
"F"
CRUSADER.
CLASS.
ZULU.
(Continuad.)
MAORI.
Ocean-going destroyers of more than i,ooo tons displacement, with a speed of nearly 34
knots.
They bum
oil
fuel only.
two
guns and two torpedo tubes. plement, 71 officers and men.
4-in.
Armed with Com-
"F"
CLASS.
(Continued.)
VIKING.
An
ocean-going destroyer of 1,090 t<»is and
a speed of 34 knots. She is armed with two 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. Oil only is
burned.
The complement
is
71
officen
and
men.
SWIFT.
(Completed 1908.)
This
tons,
is
the largest destroyer in the British
fastest.
is
She displaces 2,170 designed for a speed of 36 knots, but is said to have done as much as 39 knots in service. The armament is four 4-in. guns and two torpedo tubes. She is officially classed as
Navy, and also the
and
a
flotilla
leader.
1^
96
Destroyers "
E"
Class
Hj:
1
'
"E"
ARUN. BOYNE. CHELMER.
CLASS.
(Completed i90*-5.)
KRNNET.
LIFFEY.
1
MOY.
NF.SS.
1
1
CHERWELL.
COLNE. DEE.
NITH.
j
1
OUSE.
DERWENT.
DOON. EDEN. ERNE. ETTRICK.
EXE. FOYLE.
RIBBLE.
ROTHER.
STOUR.
SWALFTEST.
TEVIOT.
;;
URE.
USK.
1
!'
f
GARRY.
ITCHEN.
JED.
WAVENEY
WEAR.
WET.LAND.
1
KALE.
These destroyers comprise the " River " class. They displace about 550 tons, have a speed of 12-poander 2$i knots, and are armed with four
guns and two torpedo tubes. is 72 officers and men.
The complement
:
;
INDEFATIGABLE CLASS. INDEFATIGABLE, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND.
Displacement: 18,750 tons.
Speed: 28 knots; Guns:
8
12m., 16 4in.
3.
Torpedo tubes:
Astern fire: 6 I2in.
Broadside
8 I2in.
Ahead
fire:
6 uin.
'
3
Destroyers
"D"Cla88— « C " Qass 97
"
D"
CLASS.
(Completed 1897-1900.)
ANGLER. COQUETTE. CYGNET. CYNTHIA.
DESPERATE. FAME. MALLARD.
STAG.
These boats represent the dder type of destroyers. They displace more than 300 tons, have a speed of 30 knots, and are armed with one i2-pounder, five snnller guns, and two
torpedo tubes.
The complement
is
60
officers
and men.
"C" CLASS.
(Completed 1897-98.)
ALBATROSS. AVON.
BAT.
BITTERN. BRAZEN. BULLFINCH. CHEERFUL. CRANE. DOVE. ELECTRA.
FAIRY. FALCON.
KESTREL. LEOPARD. LEVEN. MERMAID.
OSi?REY.
OSTRICH.
RACEHORSE.
RECRUIT.
ROEBUCK.
STAR.
FAWN.
FLIRT.
SYLVU. THORN. VELOX.
VIGILANT. VIOLET. VIXEN.
FLYING FISH.
GI?SY.
GREYHOUND.
VULTURE.
comparatively old group of destroyers of knots 30 speed. Armed with one la-poondes.
A
M Destroyers " B " Class-" A" Class
nnalkr gun, and two torpedo tuba. complemeat is about 60 oflken and men.
five
The
"
B"
CLASS.
(Completed 1895-1900.)
ALBACORE. ARAB. BONETTA. EARNEST. EXPRESS.
GRIFFON.}
PANTHER. PETEREL,
QUAIL. SEAL. SPITEFUL.
SPRIGHTLY.
SUCCESS.
KANGAROO.
LIVELY. LOCUST,
SYREN.
MYRMIDON,
An
THRASHER. WOLF. ORWELL.
early class of destroyer, with a speed of 30 knots. Amuunent: one la pounder, five
6 pounder guns, two torpedo tubes. ment : about 60 officers and men.
Comple-
"A"
CONFLICT,
CLASS.
(1894-5.)
RANGER, FERVENT, SUNFISH, LIGHTNING. SURLY, OPOSSUM. ZEPHYR, PORCUPINE.
These are our oldest destroyers, having been launched nearly twenty years ago. The speed is 27 knots. Armament : one 12-pounder, five
smaller guns,
two torpedo
tubes.
Comiriement,
50
officers
and men.
lass
The
i of
five
iple-
eed
five
mt.
H.M.S.
litJomilaklt.
Photo; SymonJt
&
Co.
INDOMITABLE CLASS.
INDOMITABLE. INFLEXIBLE, INVINCIBLE.
Displacement: 17,250 tons.
Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 8
I2in.,
3.
16 4in.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern fire: 6 I2in.
Broadside
8 i2in.
Ahead
6
fire:
i2in.
Flotilla
Leaden—Submarines
99
FLOTILLA LEADERS.
(Completod 1914.)
KEMPENFELT.
Chilian
NIMROD,
Thate two large dattroyen wwe orderad by the Govcnumnt from Meatn. White ft G>., and pnrchaaed by the Britiih Admiralty on the outbreak of war. The diapUoenuDt ia 1.830 tons, speed man than 31 knots, and the arma-
ment consists of six 4-in. quick-firm, two Maxims, and three torpedo tubM. The comidement is about no officers and men.
SUBMARINES
"
A " CLASS.—These submarines are the oldest
The displacement
is
in conunission.
304 tons,
and on the surface they can travel at la knots, below water at 9 knots. They are armed with two torpedo tubes. Complement: 11 officers and
men.
boats displace 314 tons, and have a surface and submerged speed of 13 and 9 knots respectively. They are armed with two torpedo tubes. Sixteen officers and men are
carried.
"
B
"
CLASS.—These
class has a disidacement about 320 tons. Above wato- their speed is 14 knots, below it is 10 knots. They are fitted with two torpedo tubes, and have a crew of 16
"
C " CLASS.—This
of
officers
and men.
100
"
Submaritiet
D " CLASS.-TheM an
tabfy
new boats
o<
about 350 tout disptaoemnt. On tbe nnteco tbe speed is 16 knots, below water it is zo knots. They are armed with three torpedo tubes, and are also believed to have a qniek'^ring gun. The complement is about 30 officers and men.
"E"
CLASS.
The " E " class comprises our latest boats, and no official details of the class have been published. The displacement, however, is about 800 tons, and the surface speed 16 knots. Then are four torpedo tubes and two quick-firing
guns, the latter being on disappearing mountings. About 23 officers and men are carried.
A.E. z and A.E.
a.
(Australian boats.)
These boats are
dass.
identical
with
the
"
E
NAUTILUS.
"
F " CLASS.
SWORDFISH.
These boats, although not officially described, are known to be of extremely powerful type.
displace nearly z.ooo tons, can travel at 18 or 19 knots on the surface and 12 below, and are armed with six torpedo tubes and two guns.
They
The complement
u
about 27
officers
and men.
CHAPTER in
Thb Gikmam Navy
german
battleships.
class.
dreadnoughts.
kOnig
GROSSER KURFURST.
Thb "KSnig "
clue, to
(Completed 1914-15.)
KRONPRINZ.
HARKGRAF.
KONIG.
yMdh thew
vesseb be-
long, are the last Uttleahipa to cany the la-in. gnn, as the battleships laid down rince are to be anned
with 15-in. weapons. 11ie''KAiiigs"arec(nisidend by Goman eiqwrts to be veiy successful ships. The displacement is 35.500 tons, the length on the water-line 574 ft., and the enguies an intended to develop 38,000 s.h.p. 3o| knots. The normal coal supply is 1,000 tons, but, if necessary, no fewer than 3,600 tons of fuel, including (nl, can be carried. Ten izin. guns, 50 cals. long, represent the main armamaot. They are mounted in five twin turrets, all on the centre line, so arranged that four guns can fire ahead or astern, and all ten cm eithn broadside. Fourteen 5.0-is. onick-firiog guns are
101
102
Konig Class-Kaiser Class
battery,
momted in an armoured broadside
bong available on
either
sevm
beam. There are also ten ai-pounder quick-firere for repeUmg torpedo attack. Five submened torpedo tubes, to discharge the
are
igfin.
torpedo,
fitted.
These ships are strongly armoured, having a belt i3j m. thick amidships, with good protection to guns and main fighting stations. The
last
" Kronprinz." expected to be ready before next year. The complement nimibers 1,130.
this class, the
vessel
of
is
not
KAISER CLASS.
(Completed 1912-13.)
KAISER.
PRINZREGENT
FRIEDRICH DER
LUITPOLD. GROSSE. KONIG ALBERT. KAISERIN.
one of them, the at 23j knots for a short •*^'V.**®*'™"S penod. These were the first German battleships to be fitted \wth turbines,
trial,
much
In design the ships of this class are very similar to our " Neptune " class, but are much larger, the dwptacement being 24,300 tons. The designed speed IS 20} knots, but some ships
of the class did
better than this on
submeiged torpedo tubes. rag guns are twin-mounted in five turrets,
arers, with five
The armament consists of ten 12-iii. /nms fourteen s.g-in., and twelve 21-pounder quickThe two
Helgoland Class
of
103
which are placed di'^jonally amidships, whilst the other three turrets are on the oeatn Una. By this means all the big guns can be trained on either broadside, throuj^ a fairly wide arc. Stem fire is nominally from eight, bow fire from
six
guns.
The
5.9-in.
quick-firers
are
in
an
armoured battery.
A
feature of
belt,
this class
is
is
armour
which
13I
in.
the very strong over vital parts
amidships.
Each ship
carries 1,080 officers
and
men, but the Friedridi der Grosse. which is the flagship of the commander-in-chirf, has a complement of more than i.ioo. Two vessels of this class, " Kaiser " and " Kdnig Albert," recently completed an ocean cruise of 20,000 miles, and are said to have proved
excellent sea boats. city is 3,600 tons.
Their
maximum fud
capa-
HELGOLAND
HELGOLAND.
OSTFRIESLAND.
CLASS.
(Completed 1911-12.)
THURINGEN. OLDENBURG.
vessels
The " Helgoland " rl.% to which these
belong, represents the second group of
German
Dreadnoughts.
ful units,
They
are
but the
d^gn
undoubtedly powerhas been shaiply criti-
cised in
Displacing 22,440 tons, and with a designed speed of twenty knots, which has been slightly exceeded in service, this class is armed with twelve ia-in„ fourteen 5.9-in.,
Germany.
104
fonrteen
I
Nassau Class
ai-pomden, and
six
tubes.
sabmened torpedo *^^
The big guns are in twin turrets, of which four are placed on the broadside, and two <m the centre-line. This disposition aBows onty elAt guns to be trained on either beam in other
j
words, only 66 per cent, of the heavy annament is availaUe on the broadside. The designers have exi^ained this appemit defect by pointing out that if the ship we» attacked on both sides simultaneonaly it could reply effectively on each broadside. Nevertheless, this system was not aM)roved by German experts, and was subsequently abandoned in favour of a
turret (fispositien whidi permits the free use of all big guns on each beam, as in the " Kaiser "
I
!;i
and " Kftnig " classes. The "Helgolands" have iif-in. armour on the water-line. They are very steady in rough wither, and all have dene wdl at gunnery.
The maximum
coal supply
officeis
is
3,000 tons.
is carried.
cwnplement of 1,106
A
and men
NASSAU CLASS.
(Comideted 190^10.)
NASSAU.
RHEINLAND.
POSEN.
WESTFALEN.
The " Nassau "
class, to which these vessels bdoog, were the first Dreadnouj^ to be built by Germany. For their size they have an extremely powofttl armament, but too much was
;|S
Nassau Class
lOS
obviously attempted on the displacement, and they are admittedly faihues.
These ships displace 18,600 tons. They have exceeded their designed speed of nineteen knots
by more than one knot. The armament comprises twelve iz-in., twelve 5.9-in., sixteen 2i-po«iden, and six sabmerged
torpedo tubes.
four
Owing to the
disposition of the
broaddde tmtets only eight of the big guns can be used on one bnndside, so that the ships, in spite of their more numerous armament, can train only the same number of heavy guns on the beam as the British Dreadnou^t. So much room is taken up by the gun positions and their magazbMS, Ac, that q»oe between
decks
is
very limited, and the
officers
and men
zzj^n.
can scarcely be accommodated.
Over
tection.
vital parts df th6 hull there is
armour, but the turrets have
It is
much
th&meir pro-
hdd by
experts that these ships
would be quickly put out of action if subjected to heavy fixe, and it is considered doubtful whether they would be able to stand for long
the concussion of their
guns.
own numerous heavy
officers
The complement
full
is
966
and men.
The
coal capacity is 2,700 tons.
106
Derfflinger
BATTLE-CRUISERS.
DERFFLINGER.
(Completed 1914.)
Germany's newest battleLaid down at the end of 1911 at Hamburg, she was intended to be launched on June 14th last year, but, owing to a mishap to the slipway, she did not go afloat until a fortnight
cruiser.
later.
The
Derfflinger " it
She was performing her trials when war broke out, but was then no doubt hurriedly com-
Her displacement is 26,300 tons, and she has a length on the waterline of 689-ft., with a mmrimntn breadth
pleted
in commission.
and placed
of 95.ft.
endurance are the outstanding features of this ship, which in propMtion to her size is by no means heavily rrmed. The main battery consists of eight i2-in. guns in four double turret^, all on the centre line. Twelve 5 -g-in. quick-firers represent the secondary battery, and twelve 2i-pounders the anti-tnpedo armament. There in in addition some special anti-aerocraft guns. Four submerged torpedo tubes are fitted.
fuel
High speed and great
thickness of the armour belt ir i2-in., but great attention has been paid to the protection of the guns and other important
positions.
The macimum
The
fuel capacity reaches the enor-
mous
figure of 4,300 tons,
which includes about
Seydlitz
1,000 tons of
oil.
107
The turUim an of a new pattern, designed to irork up to 63,000 shaft hoise-power, giving a qwed of 36^ knoU but
;
there is eveiy reason to suppose be exceeded in service.
this figure will
no ram The appearance of this huge vessel is strikingly formidable, and she is undoubtedfy a most valuable addition to the German cruiser squadron, though in armament she is outclassed by contemporary British battlessuisers. Complement, 1.135 of&cen and men.
peculiarity is the straight stem,
fitted.
A
being
SEYDLITZ.
(Complsted 1913.)
The
herself,
battle-cruiser Seydlitz is in
a dass by
of the
though her design dosdy resembles that Holtke and the Goeben. of wh: -h she is
a slightly larger edition. Her displacement is 24,600 tons, length 656 ft., and she has Parsons'
turbines of 63,000 h.p., designed for a speed of 26} knots, though she is reported to have attained
over twenty-eight knots on trial. She was built at the Blohm and Voss yard,
Hamburg, and was commissicmed last year. Her armament comprises ten ii-in., twelve 5 -9-™., and twelve 21-pounder guns, with four snbmerged torpedo tubes. The b%gui», mounted
in
double turrets, are so disposed that
all
fired
on
either broadside, whilst eight
can be can be
trained astern
and
six ahead.
loe
Moltke Class
the watecUne amidslups there
belt.
On
armour
protected.
3i35o tons, 13,000 miles at moderate speed.
u » i»-in. The gun positiaiM are also well The maTimnm fuel capacity b equivalent to a steaming radius of
however,
is
a notorious "coaleater," and consumes an enormous amount of
fuel
This
ship,
when running at high speed. Her complement numbm i,io8
officers
and
meUa
MOLTKE
CLASS.
MOLTKE. GOEBEN.
(Completed 1911-12.)
These ships displace 22,640 tons, the length on water line is 610 ft., and the extreme breadth 96J ft. They are propelled by Parsons' turbines, of 52,000 h.p., designed to give a speed of twentyfive knots, but on trial the maTimnm speed was
slightly over twenty-eight knots,
and
since being
in service these
two
battle-cruisers are said to
have proved themselves to be the fastest armoured
vessek in the German fleet. The fuel capacity b over 3,000 tons, and at economical speed the vessels can cover 12,000 miles witliout replenishing their bimkers.
The armament
of
is fairly
powerful.
It consists
Si
twelve s-g-in., and twelve 21poimder guns, with four submerged tcwpedo tubes. Two turrets amidships are en ,
ii-in.,
ten
TMim
Von
broadside.
special
dcr
Tann
an
1O0
the xenniniiig three being on the centra line, 80 that eO ten Ug gmis can be find on either
Theie ships
anangements
for
reported to have rapidly loading the
heavy gnns. but the report is not authenticated. For battle-cmisers the protection is remarkably good, there being ii.in. armour on the waterline. In eveiy respect these vessels an among the most powoful units of the Genmui fleet.
They have a complement
men.
of 1,013 officers
and
VON DER TANN.
(Completed 2910.)
The Von der Tann was the first battle-cruiser by Gennany. She was launched in 1909 and ommiissioned in the following year. The
built
of the British Invincible was closely followed, but certain improvements were introduced.
design
On a
carried
5-9-in
displacement of 19,100 tons there
is
an annament
of eig^t
ii-in.
and ten
guns, with sixteen 21-pounders for repelling torpedo attack. Four submerged torpedo tubes are fitted. The vessel has a length
is equipped with Pars<ms' turbines of 43,600 h.p., deigned for a speed of twenty-five knots. On trial she touched twentydght knots, and has done even better than this
ft.
of
560
She
^ce.
110
The
all
Deutschland Class
four double turrets
ue
lo dispoaed tbat
availaUe on dther broadside through a very wide arc. The vitals of the ship are protected by an armour belt 9{-in. thick. She can carry 2,600 tons of fuel, which enables her to steam about 11,000 miles at economical speed.
eight guns are
Her complement numbers 911 officers and men. The Von der Tann flies the flag of Rear-Admiral
Tapken, Junior Admiral of the Scouting Squadron.
PRE-DREADNOUGHTS.
DEUTSCHLAND
(1906-08.)
CLASS.
DEUTSCHLAND.
POBIMERN.
SCHLESIEN.
HANNOVER.
SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN.
The main characteristics of the " Deutschland "
class,
to which these vessels belong, are as follow Displacement, 13,000 tons; spe«l, 19I knots; armam<Jit, four ii-in., foiurteen 6.7-in., twenty
2i-pounder guns, and six submerged torpedo
tubes.
The armour
belt is
9I
in.
at
its thickest,
with ii-in. armour on the turrets. The 6.7-in. guns are in a broadside battery, protected by 6i-in.
pUtes.
Out
aodI
of
Hn.
bich
monen.
liral
ron.
id" >w:
>ts;
nty edo
est,
-in. -in.
VICE-ADMIRAL INGENOHL.
Commander-in-Chief, German High Seas Fleet.
Bnuntchwdg
Class
ill
pepntar diipi in the G«iMa nvy, owing to tiMir handiiMM, good ^aed. and aaaIn^faig qnaUtiea. Th« annament is not ao loc^ midable ai it looks, owing to the slow rate of fin iron the secondaiy battoy. The 6.7-in.
projectile weighs is^lbs, and is thus too heavy to be handled by manual power, a fact which takes
Thm
an
this
gun out of the
quidE-fiiing category.
In fij^ting value the ships compare with our ForaidaUes. The coal supply b limHH to
The complement is 743 a&om and The " Deutschland " was for seme years flagship of the High Sea Fleet.
i,7Jo tons.
men.
BRAUNSCHWEIG
CLASS.
(Completed 1904-06.)
BRAUNSCHWEIG. HESSEN. ELSASS. LOTHRINGEN.
PREUSSEN.
in every respect as the " Deutschland " class, except that the armour belt is only
The same
QHn. thick.
WITTELSBACH CLASS.
(Completed 1902-03.)
WITTELSBACH. SCHWABEN. WETTIN. MECKLENBURG. ZHARINGEN.
The " Wittelsbach "
class, to
which these vessels
Dis;
belong, has the following characteristics:
placement, 11.643 tms : q>eed 18 knots ment, four 9.4-ui.. eighteen 5-9^a.,
arma-
twdve
112
Kaiier Friedrich Clau
(riz
aji-fcmitu, uid
nboMitd
to^pado tnbw.
Anldrii^
x»4ii.
tkm k
the
pladag
w tbc bifiiai tnmtt.
hMvy
fan*
a
Mt
of »4a. annoor. with
too wwk for the eiceptioaaBy pomrful taetics, noondaiy batteiy was ooMidered to compeniate for this defect. To older ships of the pte-Dreadnou^t period the " Wittelsboch " class might still prove formidable opponents. In service tlwy have been found defective in sea-keeping qualities, and the high fneboard and kfty supentnictan oAer an inviting target to hostile guns. Normally these ships form part of the reserve fleet. Prt^ioeals to reooostmct and modernise them two years ago were rejected, oo the ground
AHlwa^
an
modm
of their insignificant fighting value.
The
coal supidy
is
i,8oo tons.
is
A
complement
of 683 officers
and men
borne.
KAISER FRIEDRICH CLASS.
(Completed 189&-1901.)
KAISER KARL KAISER FRIEDDER GROSSE. RICH III. KAISER WILHELM KAISER BARBAII.
ROSSA. KAISER WILHELM DER GROSSE.
Particulars of the Kaiser Friedrich class, of which these ships are representatives, are as
follows
:
knots
;
armament, four
Displacement, 10,600 tons ; q;>eed, 17 9-4'in., fourteen S-^^n.,
KAISER CLASS. KAISER, FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE, KAISERIN PRINZREG-LUITPOLD, KONIG ALBERT.
Displacement
:
'
24,200 tons.
14 6in., 12 24pdr3.;
5.
Speed:
21 knots;
Guns: 10 I2.2in, Torpedo tubes:
j^.fJrW^.'TV^i
*^
Astern
4 6in.
fire:
Broadside
10 i2.2in. 7 6in.
Aliead
4 6in.
fire:
8 I2.2in.
6 I2.2in.
Brandenburg Class
lis
fourteen 21-pounder guns and five submerged torpedo tubes. Protection is afforded by a narrow belt la-in. thick amidships, which tapers to 4-in. at the bows. The stem has no side
armour. In their original form each ship carried eighteen 5-9-in. guns, but all, excepting the Kaiser Karl der Grosse, underwent complete
reconstruc-
four sg-in. guns top-hamper were removed. This reduction in weight brought the lower edge of the armour belt dangerously near
the surface, with the result that are rolling the bc't comes out of the lower
projectile.
tion six or seven years ago, and much of the clumsy
when
when the
ships
huU
is
the water, and thus exposed to the smallest
this grave defect the ships were withdrawn from active service, and have been in reserve ever since they were reconstructed.
Owing to
Maximum
coal capacity
is
1,000 tons.
complement numbers 622
The
officers
and men.
BRANDENBURG
CLASS.
(Completed 1893-94.)
BRANDENBURG.
the
WORTH.
nch Wlhelm and Weissenburg) were Mid to
These vessels are the two oldest battleships in German navy. The class consisted originally of four ships, but two of them (Kurfiirst Fried-
B
114
German Coast Defence
Ships
Turkey in 1910, and are now included in the Turkish fleet as the Haireddin Barbarossa and
Toigut Reis. The displacement is 9,870 tons, the present speed about 16 knots. Six ii-in. guns of obsolete type form the main armament, which is mounted in three double turrets on the centre line. This disposition enables all six heavy guns to fire on either beam. There are also eight 4-1-in. and eight 21-pounder guns, with two submerged and one above-water
torpedo tubes. On the water-line amidships is a i6-in. belt of compotmd armour, and the big gun positions are protected by i2-in. plating. About 1,050 tons of coal can be stored. The complement is 585 officers and men. The fighting value of
this class
nil.
imder
modem
conditions
is
practically
COAST DEFENCE SHIPS.
(Completed 1890-7.)
11
AEGIR
HAGEN.
ODIN.
HEIMDALL.
FRITHJOF.
i1^
HILDEBRAND.
BEOWULF.
SIEGFRIED
These vessels comprise the very oldest class of German armoured ships, and are used only
Gennan Annoured
for
Cruisers
116
the local defence of harbours and coasts. The displacement is 4,000 tons. The speed originally was 15 knots, but is now considerably
less.
The armament consists of three old 9-4-in. and ten 2i-poimder guns, with four torpedo A narrow belt of g-m. armour protects tubes.
the waterline, but elsewhere the hull has very
little
protection.
officers
The complement numbers 307
mtsa.
and
GERMAN ARMOURED CRUISERS.
BLtJCHER.
(Completed 1909.)
The "
Bliicher " is the
most
modem
down
of Ger-
many's armoured
cruisers, as distinct
from the
in 1906,
battle-cruiser class.
She was
laid
at Kiel, as a " reply " to the British " Invincibles," then building. At that date the details of the new British ships were carefully guarded, with the result that the Germans, acting on incorrect information, designed a cruiser which was far behind the " Invincible " in every respect. The Blucher
displaces 15,550 tons, and is 527-ft. in length. She has reciprocating engines of 32,000 h.p.,
for
a designed speed
of
24 knots, which was
trial.
increased to 25 -8 knots on
The armament consists of twelve 8-2-in., eight 5-9-in., and sixteen' 21-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo tubes. The 8-2-in. guns are
116
German Armoured
Cruisers
twin-mounted in annonred tunets, so amnged that eight of these weapons bear on the brtMidside. The 5-9-in. guns are in an annoured
battery.
A
7-in. belt protects
is
and there
turrets.
The
the waterline and vitab, plating of equal thickness on the coal supply is 2,200 tons.
The complement numbers 888 officers and men. The " Blucher," which until lately was
used for gunnery training purposes, is the only German warship to be fitted with a tripod mast and a fire-control station on the British pattern.
SCHARNHORST.
GNEISENAU.
(Completed 1907-08.)
Both these armoured
in 1906.
cruisers
were launched
They displace 11,400 tons, and are 470-ft. in length. With engines designed for a8,ooo h.p., the trial speed was 23 knots. The armament is very powoiful for a ship of this dass, and consists of eight 8-2-in., six S-9-in., and eighteen
2i-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo
tubies.
Four
turrets,
of the big
guns are mounted in twin
mates.
the remaining four in broadside caseSix of these weapons can be fired on
either broadside.
The
5-9-in.
guns are in an
armoiured battery.
Six-inch
vital
parts,
armour protects the waterline and the same thickness being on the
main gun
is
positions.
The maximum
cral supfdy
2,000 tans.
German Armoured
A
compleinent of 764
earned.
Cruisers
117
is
officers
and men
The "Schambont"
miral in
flies
the flag of the adis
command
of the cruiser squadron in also
China,
and the "Gneisenau"
a unit
of
the China squadron.
YORCK.
(Comideted 1905.)
ROON.
The
principal details of these ships are
;
:
Dis-
designed placement, 9,350 tons Armament conh.p., 19,000 ; speed, ai knots. sists of four 8-2-in., ten 5-9-in.. and fourteen 3i-pounder guns, with four submerged torpedo
length, 417-ft.
;
guns are mounted in iwo double turrets placed forward and aft, the 5-9-in. being in an armoured battery.
tubes.
The
8-2-in.
Protection
belt is only
is
very poor.
At
its
thickest the
4
ins.,
but there
is 6-in.
armour on
is
the turrets.
faulty,
The
general design of these ships
and they have not proved successful in service. The maxitnnm coal capacity is 1,400
tons.
A
complement
of
633
officers
and men
is
carried.
.
PRIWZ ADALBERT.
FRIEDRICH KARL.
(Completed 1903.)
These are vessels of 8,850 tons disi^acement, and 4X0-ft. in length. They have engines of 17,000 h.p., giving a speed of 31 knots. Their araument compTises four 8-3-in. guns in twin
118
German Armoured
Cruisers
aad twelve ai-pounder qnickfirers, with four torpedo tubes. The armour belt is only 4 ins. thick, but the two turrets are protected by 6-in. armoiu'.
turret*, ten s-g-in.,
Coal capacity
is
1,600 tons with bunkers
officers
full.
A
complement of 591
and men
is
borne.
PRINZ HEINRICH.
(Completed 1903.)
This vessel
is
one of the
earliest
German
armoured
She was built specially for service abroad, and was formerly on the China station. She displaces 8,760 tons, is 410-ft. in length, and originally steamed at 20} knots,
cruisers.
but
is
now
considerably slower.
Her armament consists of two 9-4-in., ten 5'9-in., and ten 2i-pounder guns, with four torpedo tubes, three of them submerged. The
big guns are in single turrets placed at each end, whilst the secondary armament is mounted partly
and partly in battery. only a 4-m. belt on the waterline, with 6-in. plating on the heavy turrets. The full fuel supply is 1,450 tons. Her complement numbers 567 officers and men.
in small turrets,
There
is
FURST BISMARCK.
(Completed 1900.)
This
the oldest armoiued cruiser in service. at present being converted into a torpedo
is
She
is
Gennan
training ship,
Cruisers
full
Its
arma-
and may not have her
ment on
bosurd.
The disfdacement
length 4ii-ft., speed 19 knots. 9-4-in., twelve s-Q-in., ten ai-pounders,
10,750 tons, She carries four
is
and six torpedo tubes. The big guns are in two twin An 8-in. belt protects the waterline, and turrets. the main gun positions have plating of equal thickness. This vessel was completed in 1900. having taken more than four years to build. Her present fighting value is small. The complement is 594 ofiUcers and men.
PROTECTED CRUISERS.
KAISERIN AUGUSTA.
(Completed 1893.)
This
service.
is
the oldest
German
protected cruiser in
Launched
in 1892, she has
a displace-
ment of 5,900 tons, and a speed of 20 knots. She is armed with twelve 5-9-in. quick-firing guns, and eight ai-pounders, with three torpedo tubes. There is a thick steel deck, which extends from bow to stem. The compIement|[is 439 officers and men.
VICTORIA LUISE.
HERTHA.
VINETA.
HANSA. FREYA.
(Completed 1898-99.)
These are vessels of 5,600 tons displacement,
and belong to the training squadron
for cadets
120
German Light
Cruisers
and boys.
They can steam at aboat 19 knots, but the small coal capacity of 900 tons limits
their radius of action.
of
The armament
consists
two
8-a-in.
six 5-9-in.,
guns m single armoured tuircts, and fourteen ai-pounder quick-finrs
4-in.
with three torpedo tubes. Amidships there is a
protective deck,
and armour of the same thickness protects the guns. A complement of 465 officers and men is
carried.
GEFION.
(Completed 1894.)
This is a protected cruiser of 3,700 tons, with a speed of about 19 knots, armed with ten 4.1-in. and six smaller quick-firers. There are no tor-
pedo tubes.
A
complement of 296
ofiicers
and
men
is carried.
HELA.
(Completed 1896.)
The " Hela "
is
a small
cruiser of a.ooo tons,
p
-
with a nominal speed of 20 knots. She is armed with two 2i-pounder and foii- smaller guns, and has three torpedo tubes. There is a steel deck over boilers and machinery. The complement is
191 ofiicers and men.
GAZELLE.
NIOBE.
(Completed 1898-1901.)
These vessels were the first fast light cruisers which Germany has built in such numbers during
German Light
Cruisers
121
Rcent yean. The displacemant is a,6oo tons, and the present speed about 30} knots. They an armed >with ten 4.1-in. quick-firmf guns and two submerged torptxio tubes. With coal bunken full the steaming radius at moderate speed is 4,000 knots. A a-in. steel deck protects boilers and engines from shell fin. Complement 370
:
officers
and men.
NYMPHE.
THETIS.
ARIADNE. AMAZONE.
MEDUSA. FRAUENLOB. UNDINE.
ARKONA*
* Fitted as a mine-layer.)
(Completed 1901-03.)
These ships an protected cruisers of 2,620 tons, with a speed of about 21} kn»ts. Aiinament Ten 4.1-in quick-firers and two torpedo tubes. There is a 2-in. curved deck over boilen and machinery spaces. With a full coal supply on board, these cruisers have a steaming radius at low speed of slightly mon than 4,000 knots. The
complement numbers 27s
officers
and men.
HAMBURG. BREMEN.
BERLIN.
MUNCHEN.
LUBECK.
LEIPZIG.
DANZIG.
(Completed 1904-06.)
These are protected cruisers of 3,300 tons, with a speed of over 32 knots. They an armed with
'
i
182
German Light
Cruisers
tm 4.1-in.
guni and two torpedo tubes. Starting with coal bunlcen full, they are capable of steaming 5,000 knots at low speed without re-co«ling. A complemmt of 303 officers and men is canied.
KCENIGSBERG.
(Completed 1907.)
A protected cruiser of 3,350 tons, with a maximum speed of 34 knots. She was launched in
1905.
Armed with
is
and two torpedo
low speed
officers
tubes.
ten 4.1-in. quick-firing guns The radius of action at
5,000 knots.
Complement:
33a
and men.
STUTTGART.
NURNBERG.
STETTIN.
(Completed 1908.)
Protected cruisers of 3,350 tons, which are aUe to travel at nearly 25 knots. They are armed with ten 4-i-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo
Tlie steaming radius at economical speed is 5,500 knots. Complement, 333 officers and
tubes.
men.
DRESDEN.
EMDEN.
(Completed 1907-08.)
Protected cruisers of 3,540 tons, with a maximum speed of 24} knots. The armament consists of ten 4.1-in. quick-firing guns and two tor-
pedo tubes.
The steaming radius
at low speed
is
German Light
about 5,800 knots,
fflcn.
Cruisers
123
Cmaplement, 361 offlom
ud
KOLBERG.
BfAINZ.
AUGSBURG.
COLN.
(Completed 1909-11.)
Protected cruisen of 4,280 tons, turbine driven, with a trial speed of nearly 37 knots. They are armed with twelve 4.z-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo tubes. Their radius of action with bunkers full is nearly 6,000 knots. The comple-
ments consists of 379
officers
and men.
MAGDEBURG.
BRESLAU.
STRASSBURG. STRALSUND.
(Completed 1913.)
Fast cruisers of 4,478 tons, able to steam at nearly 28 knots. TTiey are armeJ with twelve 4.1-in. quick-firing guns and two torpedo tubes. On the water-line there is 4-in. vertical armour, so that these vessels are, strictly speaking,
armoured cruisers. They have a large coal supply, and can cover more than 6,000 knots without
taking in fresh fuel.
Complement
:
370
officers
and men.
ROSTOCK.
KARLSRUHE.
These are the very
GRAUDENZ. REGENSBURG.
latest fast light cruisers.
(Completed 1913-14.)
They have a maximum spaed
of 28 knots.
The
124
Gennan Gunboats
4.i'4n. qakk-firing guw and two torpedo tnbM. At the watw-Une thm ia annour belt 4-iB. thick, and moch internal protection. The radina of action at economical peed ia 6,500 knota. A complement of 373 officen and men ia carried.
annuMBt k tmlva
n
GUNBOATS.
CONDOR. CORMORAN.
SEEADLER.
GEIER.
(Completed 1893-93.)
Gunboats of 1,600
15 knots.
:
tons,
having a speed of
They are aimed with eight 4.1-in. quick-firing gnns and two torpedo tubes. Complement 163 officers and men.
ILTIS.
JAGUAR.
TIGER. LUCHS.
(Completed 1898-00.)
Gunboats of 880 tons, with a speed of about 14 knots, and armed with small quick-firing guns. The complement numbers 136 officers and men.
PANTHER
EBER
(Completed 1903-3.)
Gunboats of 900 tons and 14 knots speed. They cany two 4.1-in. and some smaller guns. Complement 130 officers and men.
:
Gennan Torpedo-Boat Destroyers 1S6
TORPEDO-BOAT DESTROYERS. V 43-48.
Launched
ipeed
tubes,
33)
1914. knots,
two
Diiplacement 630 toot, Annunent nnmunem: Five tocpedo az-pounder quidi-fi-Ms, and four
:
machine guns.
Complement,
7.1.
V
speed
2^-30.
1913. knots.
S
34— :'f.
65c
tn.ii,
:
Launched
3a|
Di«pla...:nent
Armanicnt Pivc torpedo tubes, two 2i-pounder quick-ftrnrs, and four machine guns. Complement, 7j.
V
speed
85—38.
1913. knots.
S 2X-J3.
Displacement
Launched
32}
Annament:
Rve
630 tons. torpedo
tubes, two ax-pounder quick-firers, machine gims. Complement, 73.
and four
S 13—24.
Launched
speed
tubes,
G
7—12.
Displacement
V
1—6.
350
tons,
19x2.
knots.
32)
Annament: Five torpedo
and two
two 2x-pounder quick-fixers, machine guns. Complement, 73.
G
speed
tubes,
192—197.
19x0.
knots.
V 186—191.
Displacement
Launched
32I
64s
tons,
Armament: Four torpedo
and two
two 2x-pounder quick-fiiers, machine guns. Complement, 83.
V 180—X85.
Launched
speed 32
1909.
knots.
S
X76—179.
630 tons. Four torpedo
Displacement
Armunent:
126 German
tubes,
Torpedo-Boat Destroyers
and two
two ai-pounder quick-firers, machine guns. Complement. 83.
G
Launched
^)eed
tubes,
174—175Displacement
31J
1910. knots.
645
tons,
Annament: Four torpedo
and two
two 31-pounder quick-firers, machine guns. Complement, 83.
G
Launched
169, 170, 172, 173.
1908. Displacement 628 tons, speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo tubes, two ai-pounder quick-firers, and two
machine guns.
Hi
I
Complement,
83.
S 165—168.
Launched
speed
tubes,
1908.
Displacement
600
tons
33
knots.
Armament: Three torpedo
and two
two 2i-pounder quick-firers, machine guns. Complement, 03.
V 162—164. Launched 1909. Displacement 600 tons. Speed 30 knots. Annament: Three torpedo tubes, two 2i-pounder quick-firers, two machine guns. Complement, 83. V
Launched
speed
tubes,
150—161.
Displacement
545
tons
30
1907. knots.
Armament: Three torpedo
and two
two 2i-pounder quick-firers, machine guns. Complement. 83.
S 138—149,
1906. Displacement 515 tons 30 knots. Annament: Three torpedo tubes, one ai-pounder quick-firer, three 4- pounder
Launched
speed
German Torpcdo-Boat Destroyers 127
quick-firers,
and two machine guns.
Comple-
ment. 80.
G
Launched
1906.
137-
Displacement 565 t<ms, speed 30 knots. Armament: Three torpedo tubes, one 21-pounder quick-firer, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 80.
G
Launched
1906.
136.
Displacement 480 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three toipedo tubes, four 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 68.
G135.
Displacement 480 tons, Armament Three torpedo 27 knots. tubes, one 24-pounder quick-firer, two 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 68.
1906.
Launched
speed
:
G
Launched
1906.
133—134.
Displacement 480 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo tubes, four 4-poundtT quick-firers, and two machine guns. Camptemeot, 68.
S 125—131.
Launched
speed
tubes,
27
1904. knots.
Displacement
480
tons,
three
Armament: Three torpedo 4-pounder quick-firers, and two
Complement,
60.
machine guns.
S 120
—
124.
Launched 1904. Displaoement 460 tons, speed 27 knots. Armament: Three torpedo
128
tubes,
German Destroyers
three
machine guns.
4-pounder qmck-firets, Comidement, 60.
and two
S 114—119.
Launched 1903. Displacement 415 tons, 26 knots. Aimament Three torpedo tubes, three 4-pounder quick-firers, and two machine guns. Complement, 56.
speed
:
m
Three
I'
G 108—113.
S 102
S 90—101.
—
107.
Destroyers of
small
400
tons, launched
in
1901.
The maximum speed b 26
quick-firers,
knots.
Armament
three
,
torpedo
tubes.
two machine guns, The complement is 56
officers
and men.
is
TAKU.—This
30 knots speed. and two torpedo tubes. Complement 49 officers and men. She was captured from the Chinese during the Boxer campaign.
:
a destroyer of 280 tons and She carries three small guns,
10.—A destroyer of 350 tons and 28 knots speed, armed with five small guns, two machine guns, and two torpedo tubes. Complement,
60
r
D
officers
and men.
old destroyer of 375 tons and 24 knots speed. She carries three small guns, two Maxims, and three torpedo tubes. Comple-
D 9.—An
ment, 49
officers
and men.
old destroyers, of more than tons 300 displacement and about 22 knots speed. They carry some small guns and three torpedo
tubes.
^ 3—8 —Very
Complement, 49
officers
and men.
"''"'""'
Photo: Topi,.!
Wu, S,r«™.
HELGOLAND
CLASS.
HELGOLAND, OSTFRIESLAND, THURINGEN, OLDENBURG.
Displacement: 21,000 tons.
Speed: 21 knots; Guns: 12
I2.2in., 14
6.
Cm.. 14 24pdrs.;
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
fire:
Broadside
8 I2.2in.
7 6in.
Ahead
6
4 6in.
fire
6 I2.2in. 4 Oin.
I2.2in.
German Submarines
D D
I
120
2
(CARMEN). (ALICE ROOSEVELT).
Very old destroyers, displacing 325 tons, with a speed of 21 knots. Amuunent five small guns and three torpedo-tubes. Comple:
ment, 46.
SUBMARINES.
U I—2.—These
marines, and The speed above water does not exceed 9 knots, and two torpedo-tubes are carried. Thei« is a
are the earliest German subdisplace about 150 to 200 tons.
crew of II.
U 3—8.—These
12 and 8 knots tubes are fitted.
boats belong to the second
German type. The displacement is about 350 tons, and the surface and submerged speeds are
respectively.
Three torpedoComplement, 14 officers and
men.
boats are believed to be of about 400 tons, with a surface sptsed of 15 knots, and to be armed with three or four torpedotubes. The crew consists of 17 officers and men.
U 9—20.—These
submarines displace about 800 tons, and are said to be able to travel at 18 knots on the surface. They are armed with four
torpedo-tubes
U
21
— —These
26.
and two small quick-firing guns. The complement is about 32 officers and men.
U 27—36.—These
type.
The displacement
boats are the very latest is about 900 tons, the
I
180
German Mine-Layers
and they can
travel at
surface speed i8 knots,
and men are
12 knots when submerged. The armament consists of four torpedo-tubes and two quick-firing guns on high-angle mountings. About 30 officers
carried.
MINE-LAYERS.
PELIKAX.—This
layer
in
is
the oldest
German mine-
commission.
She
1890, displaces 2,300 tons, I5i knots. The armaaent consists of four 31pounder quick-firing guns, and. of course, a large number of nunes charged with
was launched in and can steam at
high
a-
plosives.
ship for
officers
ship was specially built for mine-laying work, and was laundied in 1906. Her displacement is 1,935 tons, the deogned speed io knots. She carries eight ai-pounder guns, and has magazines for a large
mm. NAUTILUS.—This
and
She is used as a sesrgoing trainii« mine work. The com{dement is 105
number
and
of naval mines, with special gear for dropping
them.
iUx
crew
numbers
198
officers
men.
ALBATROSS.
built
for
—This ship, which was M>eciaMy
work,
is
mine-laying
was latacbed
2.185
tons,
tbe designed speed 20 knots. She is armed with eight 2i-pounder quick-fireis, and has magazines for a large number of naval mines, with spMiai gMr for dropping them. The crew bers X98 oificers and men.
1907.
The displacement
m
M
CHAPTER
IV
Admiral Sir John Jeiucob
Immedutelv
lised
the Home Fleets had been mobithe Admiralty issued the foUowing announce-
ment:
JeUicoe, K.C.B., K.C.V.O., has assumed supreme command of the Home Fleets, with the acting rank
of
Admiral
With the approval Sir John
of his
Majesty the King,
R.
Admiral,
Ws
His
Rear-Admiral Charles E. Madden, C.V.G., has been appointed to be
Thief of the Staff.
and
Majesty immediately sent an inspiring message to Admiral Sir John JeUicoe, as representiag the whole Navy, and it was communicated to the officers and men of the squadrons in
all
parts of the world.
grave moment in our National I send to you, and through you to the cheers and men of the Fleets of which
this
At
history
you have assumed command, the assurance my confidence that under your direction they wiU revive and renew the old glories of the Royal Navy, and prove cmce again the sure shield of Britain and of her Empire in
of
the hoiu- of
trial.
George
tti
R.I.
132
The
Fleets at
War
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe't reply to the Kine'i message «u as follows:
^
behalf of the officers and
men
of
Meet, beg to tender our loyal and dutiful thanks to your Majesty for the gracious message, which wiU inspire aU with detennination to uphold the glorious traditions
of
t.V'
Home
past.
(Signed)
cbnI
Commander-in-Chief,
John JeUicoe. on
T
u
T
...
J
one of the most distinguished •dmrals of the sea service. He has wide sea otpanoce, is a splendid administtmtw.
fixed, is
natiMi
a«
Home Fleet, whom the eyes of
the
and
is
*™^
Jidgmeir*
Itself
»
'»*'> 0* c<x»
"d
determined
i*^of•PPointment the nature
of Sir
of a romance.
smaU share in shaping the instrument 1m now commands, and he chose as his Chief «| Staff anothw most distinguished officer,
to
John JeUicoe was in He had no
be^
brother-in-law.
Sir
accord on matters of strategy and tactics, and were both associated the creation and equipment of the ^'"*' °" the fortunes ^^^ Bntish u"2"' of theV^!: Empire will depend. They were members of the famous Dreadnought Design Committee, and were associated with Adndral
The Admiralissimo and his chief staff are known to be in the most complete
Charles Madder, served to^^ether at the AdmnraJty on more than one occasion, both havmg. mdeed, been Sea Lords, and they married daughters of Sir Charles Cayzer, Bt.
officer
R«^Admiral
who happens John JefficoT^
m
*»^
Admiral JcUicoc
of the Ftect,
ist
his
of the Home leet, to which he was aj^jointed over the heads of eleven vice-admiitb—a fact which itself points to the high estimation in which he is held by the naval authorities.
-
naval adminlatratim. officer whom the Admiralty could hav« selected to go afloat at a juncture of luch transcendent importance enjoys lo comfdetely the confidence of the naval service Sir John Jellicoe. In Dwember. 1918, he became a member of the Board of Admiralty, and then vacated the command of the Second Division
fai
many No
Lord Fiaher of KUvmtone, in
refoinu
m
m
over a hundred marks. In the examination for subheutenant, which rank he attained six yean later (December 5, 1878), he took three " firsU," m Itself a remarkable achievement. On August 23. i88o. he promoted lie»
on December 5, 1839, he is the son of Captain J. H. JeHicoe. Educated at Rottingdean, Sir John Jellicoe entered the Royal Navy as a cadet on July 15, 187a. passmg out of the Bntannia " first of his " batch " by
Bom
wm
tenant,
on board the " Agincourt." be served in the Egyptian War. He was awartled the Egyptian medal and the KhecKve's braise star. On Us letum to England, in the foKkw^ yev he studied at the Royal Naval Coliege, Greenwich where he won the special £80 ptix tot
and two yean afterwards, aa a Ummt,^^
omaery
May. 1886, while serving on board the "Monarch." he was awanied the Board of Trade sil.er medal for galtoitiy in »vmg life at sea. by commanding a pg wlueh
lieutenants.
In
1«*
The
Fleets at
of
War
w»
went to the
mcue
itltar. the lea being «,
a itianded ship near Gibheavy that tte^t
and on the staff of the " ExceUent ^xceuent " pinnery establishment. Gawtted a commander in 1891, he was for a
Colossus,
fa collision with the "
Camperdown/^eS^
i"'^
urownea. itnii
was on the si^k c^S" the ship capsized he, with the aid of wJ ^,'^*'^«^'P•"»n. contrived to keep ; Umself afloat tiU picked up. Commander «lver medal was lost with other ef!ecti iS^J
Jellicoe
m^^er
At the time T^hrt °'"="?' of the
^50
rnlliainn
™- r-«
Wh«i
JST'S
»T
JeSs
*""*• 'ntimated that another fi u*** could be obtained on payment. After serving as commander of the " Ramillies " flagship 1". the Mediterranean, he was o the rark of captain (January jomed the OnhiaLe
m£? m^al
I
c!oUt7."*XdSl
1^1^^
m^T-^
tL^-.^T^"' the centunon
•n 1900.
**'«=*«! " on the
Wm
as flag captan in
t
China station.
D^J
narrowly e^aped death bJ a severe gunshot wound, Captain Id com -anded the Naval Brigade Ld
m
which he
W aS'S cS
Admiral Jellicoc
staff Officer,
w
when he gtined not only the C B bnt was awaided by the Gennan Emperor th^ Kcond elaai of the Red Eagle with eroiMd
Retiiming from China at the end of looi he was in Nownber of that
year,
superintrad the building
of
appofated to
by
he next served as Naval Assistant to the ControUer of the Navy, which post he vacated in Augtist, 1903, to take command of the " Drake "
:
war
contiart of diipa
Director of Naval Ordnance succession to Captain Barry.
and Torpedoes
in
said about the improvement good shootmg in the Navy, and fai this connection considemble praise is due to Admiral ^.^'^J'-^ » writer in the untied Seme* Jourtwl once remarked, reflec«n/r a judgment which is known to be weU foundedthe good work fostered by Admiral Sir Peroy Scott would have been heavily handicappedof
Much has been
m^^\I^T
*« ^^ *"« N.if^?*'^"""= Naral Ordnance proved himself
DirectoTof
original
t^^ir-M nnd prompt action, and one of the Sort cabbie gunnery experts in the Navy. Dnring the time he was ., command of the urake, he turned it into one of the best shootmg sh.^ of the Navy, and while he was at the
a man of
m
Cat«^n^Tn"
"^*°'"
*''*'
"^
*"''*
Naval
Ordnance
possible
S«!~ .J*"'"*
Jghtmg
l,ne
*"
was
to
being fitted with the most uj^t.^ '"^*'* ''^''*^' »^ well as to instal a Jire-control set of instruments each ship for
tlrtl T^
m
MKtOCOnr RBOUITION TBT CHART
'ANSI and ISO TEST
CHART No.
2)
Ui
IM
I.I
1^
1.4
L25 i
^
APPLIED IN/MGE
1653 East Main StrMl
Roch««t8r. Nbw Yorit U609 (716) 482- 03OO- Phorw
Inc
J&
USA
(718)
288- 5989 -Fa«
186
The
Fleets at
War
SSf 1^*^ "^ '^^'y
tenure of his appointment.
improved
dSrS *
:|!JW
CHAPTER V
bFFICERS AND
MeN OF THE
BRITISH
NaVT
From
the current
Navy Estimates the foHownumber of
officers
in 1914-15 for the naval service. First the strength of the Reserves is given, then the number of active service ratings and lastly
md
ing particulars are taken of the
men voted
the aggregate mobilised for war
ROYAL NAVAL RESERVE
(Contlrttog of Merchant Seamen. Yachtanen, etc.)
HoHE Force—Genbrai
Service
Numbers Voted
I9i4-"9IS.
Nombets borne on
ist Jan.,
i»>4
OFFICERS.
Executive Officera
Com. Engr Officers
Accountant Officers Warrant Engineers
'.340
14a'} I20 190
1.790
MEN.
Leading Seamen
•
220'
.
Seamen
.
.
Wireless Tel. Operators Engine Rm. Art. Ldg.Strs. fitoiteia
10,780
-
120 j6o
17.^80
-
no
. -
.
3.490.
Home Force—Trawler
Officers
Section
14a
Men
187
:
138
Officers
I
and
Men
600 400
NsWIOUNDbAND lun
UAiiiA:
CObOMIAA
BlANCm
Urn nun
-
AusnucAsiA
Officers
ai,S48
«9.4«7
ROYAL FLEET RESERVE
(Consisting of
the Fleet for five yeara or more)
Naval Seamen and othen who hav*
in
aaas A.— Pensioners. Seamen Class •
Stoker Class
Police rat.
MEN
3.8oo 2,300 187 1,840
8.S»7
Royal Marines
Class
B
Seamen Class
Stoker Class
Police rat.
—
^Non-Pensionera.
}
I
9.1501 6,joo 10
18,710
Royal Marines Immediate Class.
Seamen Class
Stoker Class Royal Marines
—Non-Pensioners.
. . .
-
3,«3>-/
{
1,600 1,870
fioo
4,070
.
(a)
31.107
»7.734
ROYAL NAVAL VOLUNTEERS
Officers and
Men (efficients)
-
4,500
4.500
4.603
PENSIONERS
Sesmen
> •
Royal Marines
...
_
.
g .-^
,]^^
8,110 8,740
^1
Total
Total, Active Service Ratings
65.065
60,546
Totd Reserves
Grand
-
151,000 65,065
.
I44.»7I 60,546
(j) 216,065 205,417 Includes joo Sooth African Division. (^ 1,562 Ranks and Ratings on the Activ* List. Rwra Flwt Reserve Men and Pensioners have been lent for serno0 tinder Colonial and Foreign Govenimmts.
total .
.
(a)
— —
of the British Navy
189
When war was declared there was no dearth of The officers and men for the British Fleet.
presentation
a Supplementary Estimate to Parliament by the Admiralty, after the declaration of hostilities, gave rise to a misunderstanuing. This action was a mere formality in order to keep the right side of Treasury precedure, and it did
of
that 67,000 additional officers and men were going to be raised. What happened was that Reservists to the number of about 60,000 were called up and they were forthwith transferred to Vote A., which fixes the number of active
not
mean
service officers
and ratings and provides pay
for
them.
Whereas ParUament provided in the spring of 1914 for an active persoimel of 151,000 with 60,000 Reservists, the two totals had to be added together
so as to obtain Parliamentary sanction for full
pay being provided for 211,000. In addition the new vote left room for a slight actual expansion consisting of a number of retired oificers and a ngs to be quota of artisan and other skilled
.
forthwith raised.
Thus we get an aggregate of 218,000 officers and men for service ashore and afloat. This total includes cadets and boys under training, and
approximately 200,000,
it
may be
available for service in the
Home
assumed, were Fleets and the
squadrons in distant seas. It is an axiom that in peace we have more ships than we can man, whUe in war we shall have a good surplus of men When passing from after planning all the ships.
a pe 3 a war footing. Royal Fleet reservists well-udined men with from five to seven years'
140
Mrvice
?leet
Officers
and
Men
othen became available and the having no incooaidei^ able surplus to make good the i-amMitj^ of
—and
was
fully mobiliaed,
battle.
CHAPTER VI
The Comiiander-in-Chikf of the German
Fleet
a certain parallel between the drcumstances which have brought the commanr
There
is
deis-in-chief of the British
fleets
and German
battle
into the portions they respectively
hdd
to-day.
Just as Admiral Sir John Jellicoe was long since " ear-marked " for the supreme command of the Home Fleets, so was Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl selected for the control of the German Hi^ Seas Fleet years before his appoint-
ment was actually gazetted. The German commander-in-chief, whose
flag
the Dreadnought, Friedrich der Grosse, is without doubt one of Europe's most distinpmhH naval officers. In a navy where more than elsewhere, a premium is placed upon scientific leadership, this officer early attracted the attention of his superiors by reason of the skill and resourcefulness he displayed during
now
flies
in
manoeuvres.
first officers
He
is
cruiser tactics,
and
said to have specialised in to have been cue of the
to urge
upon the Navy Department
ui
the
wisdom
of adopting the battla^ndser design
142
The Gommander-in-Chict
when that novel conception
materialised in the " Invincible." He is also known as the British leading advocate of that system of tactics which is known in Gennany as the " riickdchtslose Offensive," and wluch in homely idiom may be translated as " going for " the enemy hammer
and tongs.
In a word, Admiral von Ingenohl is the embodiment of the strikingly progressive spirit which pervades the modem German navy. It
is
by no means a
spirit of
mere
reckless dash,
1
11
which reckons on gaining a victory solely by impetuous onslaught. Under modem conditions, tactics such as these might well be fatal to those \v!io employed them, owing to the deadly precision of heavy guns and the development
of
the
torpedo.
The German
school
of naval
thought favours, instead, a preliminary period of " mosquito warfare," seeking thus to reduce both the material and the moral strength of an enemy before the actual clash of armoured squadrons takes place.
That
this idea is'faithfully to
be adhered to
of the present
clear from the opening incidents campaign at sea, which have already shown that reliance is placed on the torpedo and the mine as a preliminary means of di linishing our preponderance in big ships. So far, indeed, the German plan of campaign has been singularly
is
true to the principles advocated
by the leading
German
warfare.
authorities
who have
written of
nav^
They lead us to
anticipate a
of this " Kleinkrieg " before the
good deal High Seas Fleet
emerges from cover. On the other hand, it were unwise to suppose that the Gerr^an Fleet will
of the German Fleet
148
continue to act strictly by the book, especially in view of the character of its commander-in-chiief. Id Gennan naval circles Admiral van Ingenohl
is
known as one of the first German flag officers who completely freed themselves from the miUtary traditions in which the fleet
was cradled and
has been reared.
The German navy, as is well known, was founded as a branch of the army, and its early development proceeded on distinctly
mihtary Unes. Until *Se present Emperor came to the Throne the Head of the Admiralty was always an anny officer, and it followed
that, in so far as the different conditions per-
mitted, the strategy
and
tactics of the fleet
were
brought into line with those of the land forces. Ships were regarded primarily as imits for coast defence, in the most Umited sense of the word. This held true far into the nineties, and it is actually less than two decades since Germany
first
undertook the construction of ships which were specially designed to meet and defeat the foe in open sea. It seems probable that Admiral von Ingenohl owes something of bis broader views on naval strategy to the large amount of foreign service he has seen. Bom in 1857 of comparatively humble parents, he entered the navy at the age of 17. The service in those da3rs enjoyed nothing like its present prestige. It oflered no attractions to the sons of the upper classes, and was completely overshadowed by the army, then in the zenith of its brilliance and popularity, after the successful war against France. The navy drew a large majority
of its offioeis
from a
class
whose
social status
was
144
The Commander-in-Chiet
cooflidend waicdy high enough to give its mmh the entrte to the anny. Proof of this will be seen in iae conspicuous absence of naval officers who are hereditary nobles. Admiral von Ingenohl,
in
Tirpitz,
ofikers,
conunon with Grand-Admirals von von Koester, and several other flag received his patent of nobihty as a mark
of Imperial favour. WlJle on his maiden cruise in foreign waters the young officer was privileged to see smne
fighting.
His ship, the old " Vineta," was one of a small German squadron which was assembled to teach the Chinese pirates a lesson. Nineteen years later he was again in action in the same
quarter of the globe, and against the same opponents, when the gunboat " litis," which he conimanded, shelled a battery at Tamsni, whieb had fired on a German steamer. In the intervals of command afloat he was engaged at the Navy Department, where he put in (me spell of neariy three and a half years as divisional chief of the
ordnance board, and subsequently directed a department of the Admiral Stait. His first important independent command was the battleship " Worth," in her day one of the best ships He was next appointed to the in the navy.
cruiser
" Kaiaerin Augusta," and shortly after " Hertha," a more powerful ship of the to the same class. After another short interval of shore work he was appointed to command the Imperial yacht " Hohenzollem," where, of course, he came under the direct eye of the Kaiser, who
was quick to recognise his quaUties. As early as 1889 he had been a Ueutenant in
b« sen
ige.
von
flag
Ark
ten
MM
«of
l>]«d
teen
une
1
he
hieh
vals favy
lariy
the
d a
fint
(ttle-
ihipa
the
after
i
the
of
1
i
the
urse,
who
Dt in
POSEN CLASS.
NASSAU, POSEN, RHEINLAND, WESTFALEN.
Displacement: 18,900 tons.
Speed: 20 knots; Guns: 12
iiin.,
12 6in., 16 34pdrs.;
6.
Torpedo tubes:
Astern
6
fire:
Broadside
8 Iiin.
Ahead
fire
iiin.
6 Iiin. 4 6in.
4 6in.
6 6in.
of the Gennan Fleet
itf
the old Imperial sradit ia iriiidi the Bmptrar made hie fint long eraiaea. On leaving the
" Hohouolleni " in 1908 he waa pfomotad to Rear-Admiral, and phuied in chuge oi the eecood division of the First Sqnadroa. In the following year he hoisted his flag aa admiral of the cmiaer squadron in China, whence he recalled twelve montha Uter to aaanme charge of the Second Battle Squadron in home waters. The commander-in-chief of the High Sea Fleet waa then Admiral von Holtzendorft, who, after GrandAdmiral von Koester (the presidnt of the Navy League), is considered to be the fineet naval strategist in Germany. Under this officer the
wu
battle fleet
u
said to
in efficiency, both in regard to
ship,
have increased remarinUy gwmery, seaman-
This period witnessed the introduction into the flee' >f up-todate shooting methods, and notably of kog^ range practice. In the manoeuvres of 1911 the
and general smartnese.
Second Squadron, commanded by Admiral vou Ingenohl, was held to have scored a decisive success against a much stronger fleet, which included seven Dreadnought battleships, whereas his own squadron was composed of older and weaker ships. In January, 1913, Admiral von HoUzendorf! hauled down his flag, and was succeeded by Admiral von Ingenohl as commander-in-chief.
The
leader of the
German
battle fleet has,
appointment for upwards of eighteen months, and it is to be supposed that he is thoroughly familiar with every
unit of his fine force, especially as the ships in
theref(»«, held his present
K
14^
The Commandcr-in-Chirf
active conunission spend more than nine months certainly stands of the year at sea. The fleet to benefit by thte comparatively long poiod of
single
command.
It will feel the confidence
bom
of experience in its distinguished leader, and he in turn, knowing exactly what his ships can do, need fear no check to nis plans by unsuspected
defects in personnel or material. Whatever the near future may bring, it is certain that the German navy will put forth its utmost efiort to and fulfil the hope placed in it by the nation,
those who anticipate a cheaply purchased naval victory for us are laying up a rude disappointment for themselves. The material resources of the German fleet alone can give some idea of its formidabiUty, but its potentiahty will be incalculably increased if the leadership is of the high order which the reputation of the present commander-in-chief leads us to expect.
CHAPTER
Officers and
VII
Men of the Foreign Navies
personnel of the navies
Officers
Non-conunissioned
officers
(including cadets).
and men.
Total (an
ranks).
Germany
Fiance
•
4.491
74.89J
6a,6ii
79.386»
65.433
».844 3.404
1.377
Rnnia
Anstria-Hungary -
57,000
19.13*
60,404
»o,509 54.663
Japan
-
4.713
49.930
• Including 7,726 " Seamen Artillaists " who do not serve at sea.
and " Mafines "
NOTES TO PERSONNEL STATISTICS
GERMANY.—The
mamied
largely
Imperial
German
Navy
is
by
conscription.
About 25 per
cent,
of the non-commissioned personnel consists, ever, of volunteers, or long-service men, who
howhave
These " professionals," as they are called, are the backbone of the fleet. They fill all the really important posts, such
their profession.
made the Navy
ua
148
Officers
and
Men
as that of gun-captain, gun-layer, torpedo-gnnner, and they are responsible for the efficiency of the conscripts under their charge.
leading signalman,
Seventy-five per cent, of the personnel is represented by conscripts mainly from the inland districts whose
W
i
Bl
term of service is three years, and who see the sea for the first time after entering the Navy. Enrolment takes place each October, and after two or three weeks of rudimentary instruction on shore, they are distributed among the battle-fleet and the torpedo flotillas. Hence, at the outbreak of war, 25 per cent,
personnel had been under training about 34 months, 25 per cent, about 22 months, and 25 per cent, no longer than 10 months. Owing to the limited period of service German naval training is extremely strenuous and intensive.
of the
German
Every
effort is
made
to specialize, newcomers being
selected for certain duties according to the aptitude they display. The German bluejacket is not a " handy man " in the sense that the British
sailor
is,
but he
is
said to
be
efficient
is
in his
own
strict,
par-
ticular groove.
Discipline
exceedingly
the relations between
cordial.
officers
and and men are rarely
scientific
The
officers are well
educated and very
in their methods.
FRANCE.—The
cipally
French Navy is manned prinon the conscript system, but as France has a
large maritime population, the majority of the naval recruits are men who have followed the sea since boyhood and who, therefore, adapt themselves very
quickly to service in the Fleet. There is also a large percentage of long-service volunteers. The period of compulsory service was, until lately, two years, but nnder the new Law this has been raised to three
of the Foreign Navies
years.
149
Authorities speak highly of the French bluejacket's intelligence and courage. Discipline is good,
but not so
strict
as in the
German Navy.
The
officers are, as
a rule, men of high ments and very keen on their work.
scientific attain-
RUSSIA.—The
exclusively
afloat.
Russian
by
conscripts,
Navy is manned ahnost who serve for five yean
Although his education generally leaves much to be desired, the Russian sailor has many
excellent qualities.
He
is
obedient, courageous,
never gets into a panic. with Japan, the Navy has been purged of many of the elements which impaired efficiency. The officers are now capable and zealous. The change which has come over the Fleet is evidenced by an "order of
and war Since the disastrous
the day," recently promulgated, which enjoins all naval officers never to surrender their ships under any circumstances, but to sink them if capture is
imminent.
Austro-Hungarian Navy is manned by conscripts and volunteers, the former largely predominating. Four years is the period of service. The men are drawn almost exclusively from the Dahnatian coast, and represent a very hardy and courageous type. The average of education is, however, very low, the percentage of Although Italian is the illiterates being abnormal. mother tongue of the majority, German is the official language of the Navy. All-round efficiency is maintained on a high level.
zeal.
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.—The
The
officers
are
men
of
excellent education, wide knowledge,
and unlimited
Japanese Navy is principally manned on a compulsory basis, the term of activi
JAPAN.—The
1*0
Officers
and
Men
Nnrioe being three yean. The men are escdleBt in every way, smart, intelligent, rewureefal, and amenable to discipline. They display a wonderful
aptitude for manipulating the complex mechanism of a modem warship, as was proved in the
against Russia.
enterprising.
The
officers are highly trained
campaign and
:ni
II
CHAPTER Vni
German Natal Bases
KIEL
the growing importance of V^elmshaven, still retains its podtion as Germany's premier " Reichskriegshafen," or Imperial War Port. Its superb harbour, and the intei^
Kiel,
in
spite of
national regatta,
which
is
as the " Kider Woche," held each June, have made Kid one of
known
por'.a
the best r^atta,
of Europe. This year's was rendered remembered, it wiU be memorable by the presence of the Britisii Second Battle Squadron and some of our light cruisers. The Imperial Dockyard at Kid is said to be one of the best-equipped establishments of its kind
known
in the worlda
It
has two large building
slips,
on one
of
which
the Dreadnought battleship " Kaiser " was coostracted, and there are other slips for the building of smaller vessels. Of the six graving docks, two are large enough for Dreadnoughts. There is also a mammoth floating dock capable of raising vessels up to 39,500 tons, and five other pontoon docks
for
ships of
smaller dimensions.
Upwards
of
10,500 (^dals and hands are employed at the
yard, which qpecialiaes in repair and refitting woik,
in
182
The
Fleets at
War
U
also
though a good deal of new constniction
undertaken.
ffiel ti
the
official
^ General of the
PruMu, the
residence of Prince Hemy Kaiser's brother, who is InspectorFleet.
Some
four miles
way
Iwrbour IS Holtenau and the locks of the Kaiser Wilhehn Canal. Kiel fa very strongly defended against both land and seaward attack. The harbour entrance fa guarded by the batteries of Fnednchsort on the west, and those of Uboe and MSltenort on the east. At Friedrichsort
the
fairIS less
down
the
Battle are based on Kiel, which fa afao the tase for the Baltic Reserve Squadron,
attempting to force an entrance would have to run the gauntlet of the heavy fortress guns at almost point-blank range. Friedrichsort fa the home of the State torpedo factory, which supphes practically the entire navy with these weapons. In normal times the Second and Third
than 1.000 yards wide, so that ships
^^
Squadnms
Torpedo Divfaion.^and the submarine
Besides the
the First
flotillas
yard, there fa the Immenni shipbuildmg and engineering establfahaent known as the Germania Yard, owned
SUte
from 1866. when it was wrested from Denmark by Prussia, with the w*oIe of the Schleswig-Hobtein
proviace.
at Kiel are very extensive, and they pass automatically under State control in TOrtime. Kiel itself fa a large and thriving dty TOth a population'of 180.000. Its growth
facilities
r^ainng
tbt Howaldt Ym^, both of which coastmct warships of the largest sfae. Hence the building
by Krupps. and
and
datw
German Naval
Bases
163
HELIGOLAND.
HeligoUnd is the most remarkable of Germany's
This island, it wiU be rememwas ceded to Germany by us in zSgo. At that date the sea had made such inroads on the
bered,
soft
naval strongholds.
difis that
the complete disappearance of
freely
^Teligoland at
no very distant date was
predicted.
M^th characteristic thoroughness the Germans took measures to preserve their new acquisition. Immensely strong breakwaters and sea-walls were buUt all round the coast, but violent gales demolished much of the work, which had to be replaced
at great expense, and it is only in recent years that the ravages of the sea have been completelv '
checked.
of land
Simultaneously with this work a good deal reclamation went on. with the result that the area of the island has been sreatlv ' increased.
A large harbour for torpedo-boats and submarmes has been enclosed by two long moles
Inside there is a miniature dockyard, with rwair shops, magaanes. stores, &c. Outside this harbour there is a safe anchorage for warships of gieat size. It is estimated that
to end the naval works at Heligoland have cost GMmany something like £10.000.000 sterling. Fortifications of remarkable strength have been
erected.
from beginning
mounted
view of an enemy at sea, and so placed that every approach to the island is swept
These consist chiefly of heavy guns in steel turrets. weU concealed from the
by
their
fire.
As
184
these
The
Fleets at
War
the plateau thejr have a high command, and attacking ships would have to encounter a plunging fire.
gmu are mounted on
Nnmerous bomb-proof
control
stations
and
magazines have been excavated. It is understood that, given an ample supply of ammunition and provisions, Heligoland is in a position to resist attack by the strongest naval force for an
indefinite period.
a powerful wireless station, a naval flying depot, and a large naval hospital. The
is
There
garrison consists in the
main of four companies
is
seamen gunners. Admiral Jacobson.
of
The commandant
Rear^
The high
is
strategical
Its
importance of Heligoland
self-evident.
position,
some
thirty-five
is that of a strong outpost, defending the estuaries of the Elbe and
miles from the mainland,
Weser. A flotilla of destroyers or submarines based on the island could make things very uncomfortab's for a fleet endeavouring to blockade the German coast, and it was the recognition of
this fact
which led to the construction
wireless
station,
of the
new
torpedo harbour.
Thanks to the
communica-
tion can always be maintained with the mainland, and also by means of aircraft.
In
common
with most military nations, Ger-
many
appears to place undue reliance on fixed defences as an element of sea power, but it is obvious, from the vast sums of money she has
spent on its development, that Heligoland plays a leading part in the German plan of naval
strategy.
German Naval
BORKUM.
Bases
155
Borkum came into prominence a few years ago as the result of an aUeged case of espionage, in which two young British naval officen were concerned.
island of
The
Borkum
is
the
It
first
Frisian group.
German island of the commands the approach to
the Ems, and would offer a convenient foint d'appui for naval operations against the German coast. This, apparently, explains why it has been
strongly fortified
Its
by the Germans.
placed
guns are said to be numerous, and are well among the lofty sanf" dunes which are a
The garrison is supplied by the army, and includes some batteries of field artillery and machine guns. The experience gained during naval manoeuvres has shown that Borkum would be a difficult
place
feature of the island.
According to report, some of the guns in position are powerful enough to inflict
serious
to surprise.
damage on the
largest warships.
EMDEN.
Emden, the southernmost port of Germany on the North Sea, has of late years acquired
a btate dockyard there, in connection with the EiM-Jade canal, which was to be deepened suffiaenUy to allow fairly large warships to teavCTse it. So far, however, this project has not been earned out.
conaderable naval importance. There have been frequent reports of the pending establishment of
16«
The
ago
Fleet! at
War
ttatioo,
Two yean
Emden became a mine
and the headquarters of the "Arkona," a light cruiser converted into a mine-layer. Harbour works on a grand scale have lately been completed at Emden. There is a commodious basin fronted by wharves and warehouses, and fitted with up-to-date coaling plant. The canal which connects the port with the river is deep enough
to allow the largest ships to oraie up. During the present war it is probable that Emden is being used both as a mine and torpedo base. It relies for its defence on the batteries at Borkum, some miles out at sea, as ships entering
the River
island.
Ems
are compelled to pass dose to this
of Emden are very they are believed to that good, so good, in fact, have been dictated by strategical considerations. Emden has often been spoken of by German writers as a sally port, and as a convenient point
The railway connections
of assembly
and embarkation
for
an army
of
invasion.
Si-
WILHELMSHAVEN.
Wilhelmshaven ranks officially as Germany's second war harbour, though its strategical position
makes
its
it,
in fact, the principal base of a
German
began
infinite
ileet
operating in the North Sea. It career as a naval station as late as
1869, since
when enormous sums
of
money and
its
labour have been expended on
is
develop-
almost four times as laige as that of Kiel, and it is even more modem
11 „
i
ment. In area the dockyard
H^i
::\
Gemum
In
Naval Bates
157
eqidpinmt. It •ootains a bewildtriaf number of dock! and buint, tofeUwr with boUdinf and tton-houMe. slips, npeir ihopt, depots, There are three Dreadnought graving docks and
four smaller ones,
and
five floating docks,
of
which the hitest can raise vessels
tons.
up
to 39.SOO
Only one
constructing
of the building slips is available for
Dreadnoughts, but a so ^nd is being lengthened sufficiently for this purpose.
The
and workmen is about 10,500 under peace conditions. At Wilhelmshaven were built the Dreadnought battleships " Nassau," " Ostfriesland," and " KOnig,"
total
number
of officials
and at the present moment tlie battle-cruiser " Ersatz HerUia " is building there. The terminus of the Ems-Jade Canal is faiside the dockyard, but so far as is known this waterway is too shallow to permit the passage of any
class of warship.
The Jade Channel, which
haven,
to
is
leads to Wilhebns-
the
exceedingly difficult to navigate, owing innumerable and constantly shifting
shoals with
which
it
is
infested.
To luep
this
channel
elaborate dredging have to be carried on tliroughout the year, as otherwise it would speedily dlt up and become
clear
operati(»s
impassable.
Access to the harboiu-
is
gained
through huge locks, most of which can be used, if necessary, as emergency docks for repuring damaged ships. When these locks are ckised the labour is entirely cut off from the sea, thus affording the ships inside complete tecaiity
against torpedo attack.
168
The
Fleets at
War
the hubour b, howevw, it is not large enough to contain the iHiole flbet, and comeqoently extra mooringi were reoea^
Commodioai
u
and oUmi sdmU craft. The locks are designed on so huge a scale, and
laid outside for cruisers
are so efficiently operated that several squadrons of big ships can be passed through te a few
hours.
Wilhelmshaven is the base of the First Battle Squadron, the Scouthig Squadron (•'.«., all the battle-cruisers and other cruisers of the High Sea Fleet), the and Torpedo Division, and of a submarine flotilla. It is very heavily fortified. The approach to the Jade Channel u commanded by the batteries of Wangerooge, an island garrisoned by seamen gunners, and said to have very powerful guns. There is a flying station at Wilhelmshaven, with hangars for a dozen seaplanes.
CUXHAVEN
Cuxhaven has lately become an important German naval base. Situated as it is at the
extreme entrance of the Elbe estuary, it commands the approach to the great commercial
Hamburg, seventy miles up the river. Cuxhaven has no dockyard of its own, but it possesses a harbour large enough to accommodate great ships o*. war, and certain facilities for carrying out repairs are provided by the depot of the Hamburg-Amerika Line, of which
port of
it is
the headquarters. A mile or two west of the harbour are the batteries of Ddse, mounting a.nomber of heavy
Gemian Naval
guns and
tnltod
Baiet
IM
ftv*
quicMrm. TImm defmoM an wo'
by tht navy, and an faniicaad by
companiaa of MaoMo guanen. Altboo^ tha moath of the Elbe it wide, only a nanrow chaimel it available for vaeelt of moderate dnuight, and the defencea have coo> tequently been designed to bring an overwhelming fire to bear
on
hoetile
veieelt
cring thit
navigaUe approach. For tome yeara Cuxhaven hat been the inindpal mine ttation of the Gemian navy. It it the bate for the mine-laying and mine-kweeping diviaiona, compoaed of apwial ihipa and a large number of old torpedo-boata equipped for tLd work. Thia atation ia reaponsible for the obiervar tion mine-fielda which doae the Elbe to hoatile
an artilleiy depot, a powerful wireleaa aUtion, and barracka for a large contigent of aeamen gunnera and ma rin ea
uipa in war.
It r^witaina
the principal bate of the German air fleet. An immenie ahed, 590-ftlong, 98-ft. high, and capable of shdtering two of the largeat dirigiblea, is approaching completion. This structure ia of the revolving type, thus permitting airshipa to dock or emerge without being exposed to the wind. It resta in an excavaition. When the shed is lowered the
Cuzhaven, moreover,
ia
roof
on a level with the surrounding country, and by this means the location of the shed is bidden from hostile aircraft. Near at hand there are permanent hangars for a number of seaplanes, with workshops for repairing; and fitting aircraft of every description. The German authorities are credited with
is
160
Th<
Fleetaf at
War
the intention of gradually developing Cuxhaven into a first-class naval tnse, in order to relieve the congestion at Wilhehnshaven.
BRUNSBUTTEL.
BrunsMttel is the western terminus of the Baltic-North Sea canal. It is situated about ten miles up the River Elbe, on the SchleswigHolstein shore. Some batteries are believed to exist at this point, armed with guns powerful
torpedo craft, but the real defences of the canal locks are the forts at Cuxhaven, at the mouth of the river. The widening of the canal, which is now the conpractically completed, necessitated struction of new locks on a gigantic scale at each end. Those at Brunsbiittel were completed eariy this year, in advance of the locks at the Kiel end. Bnmsbiittel has a harboiu: nearly 1,700-ft. long and 680-ft. wide. Large supplies of coal and oil are kept here, and there is a well-equipped coaling plant which enables vessels to coid with great rapidity. The canal locks are of such ma«sive construction that it is doubtful whether they could be seriously damaged by torpedo
enough to
repel
II
attack.
:
Mollkc
Photo: Ctitlral
Nam.
MOLTKE
CLASS.
(slight
MOLTKE AND GOEBEN
differences).
Displacement: 23,000 tons.
Speed: 28 knots; Guns: 10
iiin., 12 6in., 12
:
24pdrs.;
Torpedo tubes
4.
"I
1
r
Astern
fire:
Broadside
10 iiin.
Ahead
fire
8 nin.
2 6in.
6 nin. 2 6in.
6
6in.
CHAPTER IX
The Kiel Canal
Although
it is a generally accepted fact that the Kiel Canal forms one of Germany's most valuable naval bases, it is just possible that its
value in war will be found to be greatly overrated. There is no questicm that the size of the locks and the depth of the canal, viz., 36 ft., will allow battleships of the greatest draught to pass through ; but, to make the point
clear,
necessary to consider the natuiv of the navigable channels leading to both the Baltic and the Elbe entrances to this great strat^ical undertaking.
it
is
Dealing with the Kid end of the canal first, the entrance is situated some seven or ei^t miles up the estuary leading into Kid Bay. From Kiel Bay to the North Sea a vessd has, according to her draught of water, the chmce of toree routes into the Kattegat, viz.. Little Belt, Great Belt and tin Sound. The fiist-oamed could only be used by suull H^t drau^t veaseb.
MI
L
1«2
The
Fleets at
War
such as destroyers and submarines. The passage through the Great Belt, and also that via the Sound, would have to be navigated by a heavy battleship on a favourable state of the tide The least width across the LitUe Belt is abreast
of the
town
of Fredericia, in
Denmark, where
Denmark, and Helsmborg, in Sweden, the Sound is but htUe over a mile wide and only about 20 ft deep at low water. The eastern channel of the Kattegat has deep water, and the distance
of
off
the passage is less than three-quarters of a mile wide. In the Great Belt the navigable channels are restncted in places to about a mile or even lew width. Between Helsingor, in
m
•i'f
between the Scaw, the northern end Denmark, and the nearest outlying island the Swedish coast, is about twenty-five
'
miles.
From the above showing, it will be seen that the narrow and tortuous passages which a warship must use if she wishes to proceed from Kiel Bay to the North Sea present an easy problem to render them unnavigable by the use of submarine mines. And, again, the narrowness of the entrance to the Kattegat lends itself to easy watching by the scouts of a fleet in the North Sea. German naval
authorities,
of
course,
of
realised
Kiel
years
remedy the
Kiel Canal.
the geographical disadvantages ago, and, in an attempt to
evil,
widened and deepened the
of
is
The Elbe entrance
situated at Briinsbuttel,
the
canal,
which
is
from Cuxhaven. which, as
some seventeen miles is weU known, is the
The
Kiel Canal
163
Gravesend of Hamburg. The cbannels between Briinsbuttel and Cuxhaven, wtach are very narrow, have a sufficient depth at low water for vessels of a moderate draught, and the anchorage room, except for ships drawing but a few
limited. big battleor more, as she would do with stores and ammunition on board, would have to navigate the distance from the canal entrance to Cuxhaven on a flood tide, and if required to bring up would have to moor in the usual manner with two anchors. In fact,
ship, feet of water, is
somewhat
ft.
A
drawing 30
the
same navigational procedure would have to be followed after passing Cuxhaven until the ship would nearly reach No. 2 Lightship at the
mouth
of the Elbe.
Of course, the Germans have no need to block the available room in the Elbe with big ships, for they have many other deep-water anchor^
all
ages close at hand. The entrance of the Weser River, from Roter Sand Lightship to
Hohe Weg
the Jade are both excellent big ship anchorages. Turning to available shelter for smaller craft on the German North Sea coast,
in
Lighthouse,
and
Schillig
Road,
River,
this
can be
found in numerous
inlets
and channels from the
borders of Denmark in the north to the entrance of the Ems in the south.
that the long chains of off-shore lightGerman coast have been withdrawn from their stations, and that the navigation lights on shore have been discontinued. Should Geman warships, which we may assume ar«
ships along the
We know
But now we have reached an important point.
Land btim
Forts
M
of Canil sho»nthus -^-^r
„
K
Roods ft RgurtadmciUdipUisiitMansfiWiaa'sHiQ
I
coinnicHT.sKciAUTn(tfM(wn««|rflii|iffi*tt««| itCEOCBaphwi'w
«uxANiiaiGMi$tr.itu
166
The
Fleets at
War
^read about in the referred to, make a
various anchorages already dart to sea, especially at
night-time, there is every probability of some of them stranding on the numberless flats and shoals which extend for many miles seaward from the low-lying shore of Germany. And,
with the absence of lights and with mine-sown channels to navigate, getting back on a dark,
dirty night to their havens would inevitably cause destruction to many a ship, whether large or small. The wilder the weather, the more
dangerous coast claim. The cruisers, when chasing their quarry, would hold the whip-hand. The sounding machine and hand-lead would tell them when to 'bout ship.
this
toll
would
British
It
is
mterestmg to mention that for twofifty-six
tWrds of the
the great depth of water required for battleships, forces vessels to proceed at their slowest speed
possible.
miles length of the Kiel Canal the banks on either side are pr Aically flat, and, owing to the nature of the soil, which is largely peat, they are constantly subsiding into the channel. This, besides necessitating constant dredging, order to maintain
m
m
A
battleship
would
take,
therefore,
the best part of twelve hours to get through from the Elbe to Kiel.
i
In view of the fact that the distance from to the Scaw, via the Sound passage, is miles— from Kiel to the Scaw via the iiitri325 cate channels of the Great Belt is about 245 miles— a battleship would occupy thirty-six hours fully, under the best conditions of tide and
Kiel
The
Kiel Canal
167
weather, to reacti the waten of the North Sea. In these days a naval battle can be decided in a fractional part of that time.
168
The
British
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171
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I
I
it
11
MU
I
178
The
i
British
Navy
I
3
i
I i
I
Icn
9 9 o^ Ot ot
es
as
I
s;
1
w
Ii:«
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Iffi
lillll
li o3a»
K^iM
Cruisers
179
It
at
M <« N M A M M M nM 5 fO 6 Ot 9t *
9
Ot o> 9>
%
•
'•III
I
I
1
.c
'
ill
Mil
illllll
180
The
British
Navy
'I
Is
1'
ml
l,
t
1
5 II
5
III
l'lli"'g
llllllll
l"l""l
llllfel
Destroyers
181
.ss
1
8
»A
«
»^
9
I
S
•
'._•'
liss-* isffllli
I
5J!h
""sflll I
•J
g|l|i89l
M
-I"
M
M m
British
The
Navy
8 'M
i
liMikiiiiiil
el
f3«5
r^ssi^i
J ^1
•?''illllsri^
P
o
Torpcdo-Boats—
mi mm
if sea
Hiii 4 '
I
mm an
i
'^ntrann
'
184
The German Navy
i iii
M
illl
Hi
fill
ii
m
1
1
|^==
|"^=
it
11
1
|::f
M:g
|||
:
W gP O S U (A Ml
"
k
\
1
I
I
M
^
I
t
I
I
|L
I ft fill
0;
X
I
Pre-Dreadnoughts
186
m
<f>ng
44
I..
-a
III
•A
llJI
m
ii'J
jsrd
li-.i
mi
ilii
n-ii.u. u-ti MM H M MM MM MM
i
I
I—
»5
S
m S
#^
3
X
r.
8
i
go
4 > 8 V E
V
.§.
Hit
a>i
Ml
18«
The German Navy
in
.SS3
i •n
m Hi
tins
*>«5
J
,f
•?ldlJdll
hhfd
>3
I
3
••«Sh
:.i
1
s
8^1^11
i!
g
ii
I
?
n
#
>5
•
•
I
•
I
I
bJb
^
mi
hi
hie
Armoured
44] ^"S. i.V [i^i
S.
Cruisers
187
mm
3
«-'l
|...J|i i
M
M
.
M M
liitelll iiji
I
(^
q
p.
T
d
i
i
Si
r
«^
*•*
«x
o
"i
i'i 1.4
OOt
ei
M
t
n
I
o M
00
3. •0
N
«
8
1
i
«.
M
» M
•
^
,
H
i
SI
,?l
1 1
188
The German Navy
M
ill
•li'il
Ill
il
m
ill
'A
ill
?M|^
I
8.8.
®« mi
88.
fit.J
g i
3>
i
11
Cruisers
189
'3
?3
rr^
190
The German Navy
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
J|
El
!
lilf II II
-
I
41
=1
^
it
S
o
It
*
•
I
I
I
•
II
I
S»'
«•
'
'
•
•
«
Us J
l,i'
'llll llll;
I'
Ml
Submarines—Minetvers
I
I
idd
I
Mi
..
11
5 \
%.
"^
4*
fl
t:
'if
* w
r ^
*i
•**
2
°^
i a S
5 I -
III
-S
6,
If ^
2
%
a
^ Is
(/}
S
^
4?
-a
g s
=3
I
I' ?
-;
I
'^
^ a s S
*
Iff III
*
s
. •
IMIIJ _ •
: •« a s
111 II*
« * *
IW
The
Fleets at
War
iiiiil
Mmi
<
.
|.o.ia |;
Si
i.|:|:.:::|:|
I I
|,
s
v
§
J:
!.!
I
1 S
I
I
'ill
I'):
I
llllllllll
The French Navy
198
2
/
si^i
H^
m
A:
m
s
I
I:|
o
3
%
S
I
I
I
I
) >
t M
I «
in
III
m
The
Fleet* at
War.
nil ^
viffi
"P'
.
H
IS
liU
:*5
ill
^ i g
M^
£
11
=
— «---- "B'"
Ml
s
II
«
^
S
s
1
<5
o
s
:ll,
1
:3
.
In
The French
ilil
i
ill
m. lis
>*
j"d|"j8'' i-i'
2 .Sii hi: jid*ti:i|TlliJ
^zr.
^ H'
I
1
III
§;
«
1
aai
IW
The
Fleets at
War
^1
WHH
f'li ilfililliil
i I
2;
I
I
s
S3
S
I
The
Russian Navy
IM
J..
J.
I
!S
'Sift
1--.5
nm mmi Hto
i
5
5>
I
iiif i'"
s
pig^^llSp^llp!
J o
I
i
I
11
P
The
Fleets at
War
{tllfailhilllli
m
.9
if- ii
I
Iddl
-
fill
•!«ll
12.8
%
W^l^
Slrj|fs|
I
I
Is
J-
\A
I $
The Austro-Hungarian Navy.
£i
I
aM
m
is
4m «|
ill? 1*6
lla -al^l "lltij^"!
> <
< t—
Pi
< O z K o H < M K H
Si
§1
O^ 0^ O^
9>
C<<
I
:|
Sll
o in
ri
'B >^
S
a
2es
The
Fleets at
War
mm
I !
1 "III "I*
m
Is.'
4
I I
I s
I
i
f
H
i
I {
»
g H!f|ffl i s
^ ;^liA&r:^ ? I tl's-lll I
(^
oc
I
i
^
r^!ii.
Si nlM 11 3|
ii
Japanese
Navy
it
SOS
i
M X
2
i
10^
1
"'
Si
'/
4.-8
3
III 11
'^l
§
i Ii ll sjii
>' ii fi
II
tlPh II*
! il
..".8.
u IM
'^••1
fililliii]^
i04 British
and German Naval Guns
BRITISH.
Length
(in
wjy.t
Piojeetil B (ialbft)
Calibre of Gnn
in.
Wdghi
(ton.).
Mnuh
Vtlodty
(infoot-
Hnssla Battgy
(inibottoni).
caUdtm)
wcondi)
15
13-5
96 76
68 58 50
45 45 ^^ /
I
1,950 ^'^5° 1,400
2,500
84,510 69,000 51,290 49,500 39,250 30,000 23.000 14,520 12,500 9,300 6.000 5,250 4,300
1,900
} 2,800
2,950 2,900 2.580 3,000 3,000 2,350 3,000 2,600 3,000 2,750 2,200 2,l88 3,000
12 12 12 10
9-2 9-2 7-5 l'^ 6
50
45
40
45
H 28
25 i5i
J'* 8
6
6
7i 7
2 2
47
4
50 40 50 45 50 45 40 40 50
850 850 850 500 380 380 200 200 100 100 100 40 31
G£R]HAN.
15 12 12 II II II
g-4 8-2 8-2 8-2
82J
"^i
S* 36
32|
18
15,
45 50 45 50
45
1,675
^
I3l 12
67
5-9
61
5
5 9
41
3-4
4l I*
i-i
40 40 50 45 40 40 45 40 40 40
860 661 661 661 419
275 275 275 154 lOI lOI
35 ax
2,920 3,084 2,920 3,084 2,920 2,756 2,750 3,084 2,900 2,750 2,756 2,920 2,756 a,750 2,730
99-000 56,660 50,830 43,600 39,000 34,800 22,000 18,170 16,300 14,500 6,452 5.856 5.200 1,890
—
Wfw * «« U*., PriKim, UmLn md ««««.
INDEX
Axiultl?. Mr..
M,
j6,
5l * "^
BiMouT, Hr. A. J., n, sj BaltonlMCb Ptlaee Lonb M, lo Beattr, Rev-Admlial Sii David. i<
—
rrrt
fi
nil I
11
art.
Plurton, 77
BlilidiNtTT.The: Armoured Cniiien
Abookir, 76
AcliUIea.7]
Aotrlin, 74
K«mi*.77
Sbusa«,7s
SnOolli, 41, 75
S<>thi.7<
Undiiatod, 77
Aictbnu, 77 Ani7B,74 Aiinra,77
AtUdud SUpt
HiaHr,4o
Wanior. 40,73
Bwchule, 7<
Bnwidi,4J,7] Bl«*l'*e.,4..7j
BMIla Crateni Amtnlli, 4t, (3
iKlebtliibli, 40, f3 Indomllabla, •3, 40, «6
Cuiurma,74
Caehfue,7]
Comn||,75 C»«J.7«
CumberiHid. 73 DefeDce, 40, 7s
Devonfhlie, 74
iBAuiUi;
t3, 40> loTindbltk OS, «6, 141
M
Una, (4
NevZMlud,«3
Maew RoTil, «4
Oman Mur, 64
40, 7.
OoMf.1,7,
D»la
'>'"1». 73, 133 of Edinbarili,
S»». 41, 73
Ear]n]iii,76
Drnttofta: Acuta, (I
Achate!, 91
G«Ut<^77
Good Hope, 73
Hofue,76
Hampthlre, 41, 74
locOQitant, 77
AelKna, gs
Acon,)3 AMdi,94
Alann. 93 AIbacoie,9a AA>troaa,97 A]naiao,94 Amboicult^ (t
Angler, 97
K«nl.73 Kta« AHred, 73
l-ancuter, 43, 73 Uviattu, 73
ilwtMr,
41,
7j
Anb, 98
An)«t,9i
Arid, 9a
UoDmoatb, 73 K.nl,73 F(«lope,77
Ara,9«
ao5
206
illl* Niry,
Index
n*—(ml.
MtUkHnr,
AI<Mk.»i
Mmtsr, 9'
hctone, 91 Foihonad, 40, 9)
BMiw.ta
MMm(DapolSliir).4o
aa]FM,9«
FB|fK9«
F^.9>
Culud,9l
0««^.9«
akuikl,94
BnM,9r
BaDliieb,97
GlWr.9r
GMiiHb,9l
Goiliawk,9<
n
Ca6laoa,(] CkMifd,97 i»l » .r.4i,9«
i
Grm b<ipp«c,4»,^3
Gnxhouad.9y
Gflfl0D,9«
Gnapui,4o, 91
CkM««ll.9«
Cl>ilitii|>bac,9i
Budy, 9t Hupr, 4«i 9S
Mail. 91
Cock«MM,9l
Colai,4i.9«
»>»^95
Ifonwt,9>
IlclHa,96 jKsk>l,9i J«<l.4i.*«
Cooat,9j
ClMMt;9t
CoqwtK9r
CoMOll.94
Cruw,97
Cnia«br,95
C»«i>et,97
ibK9<
Kiii|UDo,9l KtaiMI,4i,9«
C]«tut,9r 1>M*9«
I>i<eDikr,9«
IMlal,9f LMCt«,9a
tafoc»7,9a
D«nwii»,9« I>«V«al>,9;
I>o<a,9<
Uaoa,9«
LuidxaU,99
Upw<ac9a
Uik,9a
Don, 97
I>ciild,9i
LUMb9]
LAv«coek,9« LAwfi>nt90
a«M,9«
»"lM,9r
«»,9«
BtMcl[,96
1^00,90
LannoK, 9» Le(Nildu,9a '*>l«<l,9?
Ba>9<
«VW*9l
Mn'.9r
Faloin,97
FtaBo, 41, 97
I*™i^9r
Ubutr.f u*r.9«
Uiktaia(;9«
Fawn, 97 Flfnt.9s
Arnat,9i
Uwly,9l
Index
aritkkNiT7,
Brill* M**y,
9tr
UM«o
LnelHr, ft Lrdtacd,** Lyai, gi
««ity.9«
i« ll .94 ••"IP.40.9J
—
L)m,9] Ljiudn,** lUhid.*;
Hurt, 95
>lutln,«]
>.9t
ktki^9>
Spwnwkawk, tf
S|>4HfDl,««
Spttfn,9(
StMr.97
Star,
iMl>.9>
lilDslnl,M l«<*«wk,»«
MotqoJto, 4», f $
97
Staiiaeb,9|
Stonr, 9«
HjmiMoa, t*
SBooeti,9t SanlUb, 9<
Swale, 9* Swift. 95 Syl»ia,9r
NtRkHf]
N<ii,9«
Nllll,9<
NnUu, 94
OiUi,«>
Stiib,9I
Tartar, 94
flpo»>m,«i
T«,9«
Tovlot, 96 Tkoni,9;
OndI,9(
0^n»T.»7
•Mlfch,97 Oaaa,9«
Owl, (I
Thiaaher, 9l
"•»"•. t»
Ualtr.91
Un.9(
Vlk.4l.9(
Valoa,9r
{"•iniauta, «a
Betenl,)* I'koali.ft
Plnchar, 40, 9)
INxctipliM, ft Focpoln,*!
Vletor,tl
Vll|llanl,97
VlUat, 9]
VM.t,97
Vlao, 97 Valtiin,9r Wan>|D, 41
(hull, 98
"«»»".
lUoebane, fr 40, 9j
4>,
WaTCMy, 96
Wtar,9C
9j
Willaad, 41, 9« Wiilf,9< WaiveilBB. 40. 91
RitthmkB,
lUeniit, 97
«»*<>K9J
Ra>td,4«,9j
RiUib, 4t, 9* '. 9J
•.97
Yam,4>
ai«ii»t.9» Zulu, 95
908
Index
B!<ll*llr^.H_«^
A(o.5,
97 <l
71
'•M
"•. 9». «94
•7 7« ,70
C«*>|Mod,ee
«<*»«<.
St. 134
,70 Ji*Har,7i
*lHUwu»VU.,tt
<I, «l
I>i«4nn|fct,
M.
ap<i>gro(Ia4ii,54
>(a»>Mc»l,ri
>ia|aalle,7l
*. J»
HnalMiM
Ita*DriB,94
••B1.7I 0«<a»,70
KhtG«ai.V..43,5>
L«<INelMB,6l
Mullxmiitb, 54
MMaGa(iap,7i
MaoaiilWaIia,7*
Q<M«.7D
IliaiaU,<(
SvUlaan, 41, ]i, TMiiaph,4i,]i,M
M
St Vlncait,<a
Vaoaial>la,7B
VaafgaMa,7o
Vle«oiloai,7i
i.«7
TimmiR, «i
1lranileRr,s< Vaofiianl, <«
VMflhUuleii:
K«Bi|nnleH,f9
MliiiTod,f9
Actln,aa
AdTaiita»,l4
Jlabt,U
Aaa«b|it,l4
GattMla:
AkaUT,4i
Bnmble, 4z
Bfltonart* 41 Cadmus, 41
*»«*lliW^79 AadniMda, 7f
*•»»»••, 7»
*«<•*>», 7»
00,41
I>«aif,4a TUatle, 4t Pto-DKAdnonglits
Africa, 67
Aatna,4i,l7
Att>atiia,l4
BeOoaa,!] Binntinham, $»
Bkiidia,ls
Blonda, 83 Boa(lieia,l3 BillIlait,M
Bcl>to'.4i, la Cambri u, 17 ChaOaier, 15 Cbanrbdis, (7
AJbamark, 69 AlUoa, 70
Britaimla, t}, 153 Bnlwarit, 70
CaaaT,7z
Caaoinia,;o CoauBooinalUi, <; Caawallia, «9 DoBliiloB, 6;
rh a tham,
40, it
CRaianl,7>
Dartaontli, 41, il
Doncan, 69
BuMoth,
GIoiT, 70
69
Diaden, 79
FomldabV, 79
Gollalk,7a
Diaaaad,a4
Dia]ia,t7 Dido, 17
Doriii»7
Index
BM*lb«y,1
la,40,ti
t.f
._r,4f,lj
*«•*•. 79
Tmikm,U
rkn.tf
Fenatd,<4
Fai,4i,i7
FWaii>.M UbnUtx,}!
GiMfow, 4>, •>
Clooewttr, 40, *•
IlanloDt,<7
llllli<7>r,(]
Ryidntb, 43, ts
J"0.»7 Umpool,*!
La«nto(l.lo ll«lM,6t MdioiinM, 41,10
l,«7
•h«e>itli,4i,ta
Nottindwrn, ae
itedon,M
fktbtadir,l4 Fktnl,l4
'•«Hil>,4<,M
MDfa,M
l^nra>,M
FkU<iaid,4i,lt
Pnmtttm,t6
nMnfriaCiM
l'»»<**4«,M
RaMww.M
RoTdAiUmi,;!
Sappbin, 14 Sttppbo,U
Slilii«,M r,a4
210
T^'H««lc»li
Index
mm.
Navy,
N«kO]l,4l N*. 044,41
I,
Ml
_.
KaWf,
.J«, 151
"•045,41
N*.04(,4I Na.06],4i N* 0*4,41 Na.O;*,4l
N«kiS.4>
Xalanla,iaa
lei, 13^
KMrMbat«,iM *™WHa«,i«
KwfaiM,in
>(uk(iil,m
No.N,4l
»•.•», 41
Naam, i«4, i,^ OUwImi, U]
**'»<«Ua»d, »], ijf
Ma«*.4>
N*. )i, 41 No. t<. 41 >l*'f]>4l 'fc-»4.4« Mo- 9S, 41 N*. 9«. 41
haaa, ia4
Mamfiai UlfoM,
tMalaad, 104
Tklflafw, loj
«
WailhiM, 1,4
Qnaboali:
Coador, i>«
CmpbaB-BuiMniiu, Mr itair. ts
Bt, i)( CkgRhm, Mr. vnutot, le, •«,
CajFw.SIt
ChuK
Cocnocaa.ia4
bar, 1*4
ji, ij Gclar, ti4
RikK, Ucd, ti-M,
If, 15]
IMa. 114, 144
Ji|«ar,
GerauNavr.Tke: AlBosnd Cnitim I
BMokir, Its
»4
ttetkar, 114
nm CBlnnau, 116 Mu Adilbwt,
SAuakcnt, y«di,iiy BMthCcnlMn:
aorti«a,ie«
Mabkb
Sawdbf. 114
TIi«, 114
Kail, iir Biamank, liS
Mlaa-Uran:
Albalmia,ij* Aitoaa,iai
NaatUaa, is*
iiy
MuIMulek,iia
lit
MIIU.IS0
Pn-DnadwMiklBi
BiaadtabiBi, tsi
BmMakinIt, III £ottnUaad,iu
I,
dan Deiewie SUpa
IMtlH,n« s>^ts,ior VoaderTku,f4f
III
:,
no
1,111 Kalaar, Baitantiat, iia
mthM
Ham,
Aeglr, 114 Biowolf, 114 114 114
Kaiaar Kalaar III
KaiNinMitekni:, tit Kad dtr Gfoiiab lla WUkala tfar Ottm,
IMmdall,it4
HUdebiaad, 114
0<ta, 114 Slcffrla^ XX4
KaiaarWnhalaa,iM
Lalhrioin, til
t.
Ill
L
iia
DnadDoackta I'He<Meh*cGfaaia,m,i4i
I
,
110
I
SaUaawtrHtMriii,
Index
III
211
Wtiia,iii ftiiMkkMk, III
W«rt», iij, 144
i(««.uirteU|«,itt
'^''••iii
in ^in .Ml
•
No.Oi(CMa«|,iif
Not.
O]
to
m,
III
•
III
CMQ.111
;iii
.
121
>i» in
•
'»•»»• ii»
No. Df, iM No. Dio, lit Nat. Q; to Oil, IMS to C4«, tij N<a. Gio( to Giij, lal Noi. Giji to G|J4, i>7 N". GlJSi 117 No. Glj«, iiy No. Olj7, 11^ Hot Ollt, Giro, Gin. Gi;j. IM
N» 0»
N» 01/4, Ol»>, ia«
Nn. Gifi
Gt>a<kiu,it]
llmliilH.
Hwn,ii« Hih,iM
m
to OifT^ Noi^ Sli to Sm^ Its Nm. Sii to «!), laj
m
NoLaMtoSj«,it5
N« Slot to Sior, Its
'•••'
Not. «)• to
Sim, It!
riiMikiA«mi,iif,i44
Sim
to Siif, III
>!<>«.*IMtoSlt4,Ity Nti. Slt5 to Sljl, 117 Km. Sij( to Si4», It*
'"""
«« lu
NM.Sl«f toSiM,
It*
Mta,Si;«toSi;t,it|
"1 "1
lit
"*.VitoV».Ji5 Ma. Vij to Vi(, • I)
Not. Vtf ,
to V4». It) Not. Vljo to Vi«i, It*
•Ill
No* V4J
Vw Its
MIoKiao NoUnii.im
«**««. MJ
Sl>Mfe«it.M, StUtdil; lu
Wot. Vi(t to Vl»4, It* Not. Viio to Vi«5, 111 N.1. ViM to Vi(i, It)
"Mniiii
Gnr,SltM<niil,t7
BddlM,Lt«l,)],]4
Ktaktr, Ctptoia Htuilia,
CA, ,|
Uadiaikiu
riokt4S.I44
IMtol >do«i A4i«lnl Tta, 14J
WmU, i«9. 144
Noi. Ui, Ut,
"o-I'ltoW.iil
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