The Newburgh Path Research
The prison system of the United States is locking up more people than any other nation on earth. New York State spends $60,000 per year on each inmate it houses. In the Hudson Valley, the city of Newburgh is a community in distress: a high rate of unemployment, poverty and high-school dropouts mar its image. Social services are seen as placing their unwanted clients there and offering little support for the rest of the city, effectively abandoning it. In response, we propose to reallocate certain resources from the prison system into Newburgh and other cities facing similar circumstances in the region, such as Middletown and Poughkeepsie. The Newburgh Path allows offenders of non-violent crime with sentences of three years or less to be diverted from traditional imprisonment and instead be housed under various levels of observation and engagement within Newburgh. Through a series of steps, candidates in the program are reintegrated into society incrementally through job training, adult education and other initiatives. The infrastructure used to facilitate this process is shared with and available to the public in the form of vocational workspace, recreation and meeting space. Such efforts, if successful, could help eradicate this region’s problem with cyclical incarceration by shifting the focus from addressing its symptoms to addressing its causes.
Content
THE NE WB U R G H PATH
BACKGROUND
GR OU P 07
B RA DY RO SS
NIEMB RO A NA IS
VO RO N NA NS
YE Z H A NG
1. ABSTRACT
05
2. NEWBURGH
09
3. THE HUDSON VALLEY REGION
23
4. NATIONAL FACTS
45
5. PHILOSOPHY
59
6. TYPOLOGIES
73
1.
A B STR ACT
5
The prison system of the United States has an extremely detrimental effect in its
relationship with cities like Newburgh, New York. Many years of institutionalized
incarceration have worked to keep entire portions of the population behind bars
for most of their lives. Public spending on prisoners has reached an all-time high,
with $30,000 per prisoner per year being the national average, and $60,000
per year for New York State inmates. Considered on it’s own, the population of
U.S. prisons would exceed most major cities. The only statistic more staggering
than these is that nearly two-thirds of all inmates are repeat offenders, and that
simply being in prison once increases one’s likelihood of being re-admitted to
prison again in the future.
Once released, former inmates have an exceedingly difficult time being hired for
legitimate jobs because of their records. Since the grouping of inmates together
in prisons strengthens criminal networks, opportunities for recently-released
inmates to support themselves and their families through profitable crime are
readily available. Furthermore, the widespread privatization of prisons across the
country has evolved into a set of circumstances where prisons are more profitable for their proprietors if more prisoners are being housed inside, thus forming
an economic base where police and law enforcement are encouraged to send
people to prison and keep them there.
Newburgh is a city caught in the grasp of this vicious cycle. 3,000 people, nearly
ten percent of its population, are arrested every year. Violent crime is common.
Gangs run rampant through the streets. Rumors exist that ex-cons and social
service clients are “dumped” in Newburgh by Orange County officials. This city’s
outsize role in cyclic incarceration can be seen as nearly unnecessary in light of
the fact that almost one third of all inmates in New York are serving sentences
of 3 years or less for nonviolent crime. This portion of the prison population,
if diverted from penitentiaries and kept in rehabilitation programs within active
society, has a much greater chance of breaking this cycle. If successful, such a
condition would take thousands of would-be criminals off the streets and funnel
their energies into employment, industry and other productive endeavors, saving
state governments millions of dollars in the process.
The time to act is now. The place to start is Newburgh.
7
2.
NE W B U R G H
9
POVERTY LEVEL
LIVING UNDER POVERTY
Less than 10%
10% - 35%
More than 35%
28
%
OF THE POPULATION IS LIVING UNDER
POVERTY LEVEL.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
11
UNDER 25
POPULATION UNDER 25 YEARS
25% - 30%
30% - 40%
40% - 50%
46
%
OF THE POPULATION IS UNDER 25.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
13
RENTER OCCUPIED
RENT OCCUPIED HOUSING
35% - 60%
60% - 85%
70
%
OF THE HOUSING STOCK IS RENTER OCCUPIED.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
15
EDUCATION
AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAMS VS YOUTH RELATED CRIME
Orange County Community Health Assesment
49
%
OF THE POPULATION HAS LESS THAN A HIGH
SCHOOL DIPLOMA.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
TIME CONFLICT
PEAK
PARENT’S
JOB
SCHEDULE
US Department of Commerce
PART-TIME
8 PM
12 AM
8 PM
12 AM
12HRS
SHIFT
4 PM
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
REGULAR
SHIFT
PEAK
AFTER SCHOOL
ACTIVITIES
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
CLASS TIME
4 PM
STUDENT’S
SCHEDULE
Newburgh Free Academy
U.S.
PEAK
PARENT’S
ABSENCE
Reference Sources: NIDA: InfoFacts
HEROIN
12 AM
8 PM
COCAINE
4 PM
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
CRACK
17
BORDERS
SEGREGATION PATTERN
MORE THAN 50% AFRICAN AMERICAN
GANGS’ TERRITORIES IN NEWBURGH
CRIPS
Los Angeles - 1969
Mostly African American
30,000 - 35,000
Drug trafficking, robbery, extortion, murder,
burglary, theft
ENN
SEGREGATION PATTERN
MORE THAN 50% HISPANIC LATINO
BLOODS
Los Angeles - 1972
1988
Primarily African American
15,000 - 20,000
Murder, drug trafficking, robbery, extortion
ALLIES
9W
NEMIES
BROADWAY
LATIN KINGS
Chicago - 1940
Mostly Hispanic
20,000 - 35,000
Racketeering, battery, arms trafficking, drug
trafficking, extortion, identity document forgery,
robbery, and murder
19
HOT SPOTS
Area in Newburgh with a high likelihood for violent crime correlate with concentrations
of commercial gathering spaces, often in the form of bodegas, delis or restaurants. This
map shows the location of all the “hot spot” intersections in Newburgh – those with
two or more commercial gathering spaces in close proximity to each other. These areas
present the most effective locations for intervention.
10
%
OF NEWBURGH’S POPULATION IS ARRESTED
EVERY YEAR.
SOURCE: NEWBURGH POLICE
RED BLOB MAP
21
3.
THE HU D SO N VA L L E Y
23
$30,000/YEAR
AVERAGE COST OF AN INMATE IN U.S.
VS
$60,000
/YEAR
COST OF INMATE IN NEW YORK STATE
Source: New York State Department of Corrections
25
MEDIUM SECURITY
Inmates convicted of less serious crimes (often non-violent, drug or theft-related incidents) are typically housed in medium security facilities. Orange County hosts six such
institutions.
HUDSON VALLEY MEDIUM SECURITY JAILS
SULLIVAN HUB
New York state departement of corrections
WOODBOURNE
GREEN HAVEN HUB
ULSTER
WALLKILL
FISHKILL
OTISVILLE
HU
DS
ON
VA
L
LE
YR
TACONIC
EG
ION
CO
R
RE
CT
ION
AL
FA
CIL
ITIE
SZ
ON
E
OTISVILLE
ORANGE COUNTY
711
ULSTER
ULSTER COUNTY
840
WOODBOURNE
SULLIVAN COUNTY
981
WALLKILL
ULSTER COUNTY
608
FISHKILL
DUTCHESS COUNTY
1800
TACONIC
WESTCHESTER COUNTY
502
27
TIME UNDER CUSTODY
Source :New York State Department of Corrections
ANNUAL AVERAGE
NATIONAL
VS
$60
kINMATE COST
240
180 - 240
NEW YORK STATE
12
6,6 %- 18 M
HAN
MO
NTH
16,2 %S
24
18 %
8
30%
MONTHS%
7,9
36
10 - 4
,7 % 8
2
48 - 7%
12,8
0
12
0
- 18
S
NTH
MO
24 - 36 M
ONTHS
12,3 %
HS %
NT ,9
O
9
M
MO
NT
H
S
THS
MON
72 - 1
20 M
ONTH
S
15 %
RE T
E
LIF %
0,5
MO
ANNUAL AVERAGE
ON
TH
S
< 12 MONTHS
0,3%
$30
k INMATE COST
30
OF
%
INMATES
ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR
LESS THAN 3 YEARS
30
%
OF INMATES ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR LESS
THAN 3 YEARS.
=
4,000 INMATES IN THE HUDSON VALLEY REGION
=
$243,000,000/YEAR
Source: New York State Department of Corrections
29
MAXIMUM SECURITY
Prisoners who are deemed the most serious threats to public safety are confined in
Orange County’s maximum security penitentiaries. Long sentences, solitary confinement and in-house violence are common. These facilities are often seen as breeding
grounds for gangs which flourish outside prison walls.
HUDSON VALLEY MAXIMUM SECURITY JAILS
SULLIVAN HUB
New York state departement of corrections
GREEN HAVEN HUB
SULLIVAN
EASTERN
SHAWAGUNK
GREEN HAVEN
DOWNSTATE
HU
DS
ON
VA
L
LE
YR
BEDFORD HILLS
EG
ION
CO
R
RE
CT
ION
AL
FA
CIL
SING SING
ITIE
SZ
ON
E
SULLIVAN
SULLIVAN COUNTY
820
EASTERN
ULSTER COUNTY
429
SHAWAGUNK
ULSTER COUNTY
575
DOWNSTATE
DUTCHESS COUNTY
900
GREEN
HAVEN
DUTCHESS COUNTY
2530
SING
SING
WESTCHESTER COUNTY
2000
BEDFORD
HILLS
WESTCHESTER COUNTY
800
31
Justice Re-investement New Orleans - Spatial design lab
6 000
400
5 000
300
4 000
200
3 000
CRIME RATE
INCARCERATION RATE
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
RECIDIVISM PATTERN
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
500
Once released,
former inmates have an exceedingly difficult time being hired
for
2 000
100
legitimate jobs because of their records. Since the grouping of inmates together in
prisons strengthens criminal networks, opportunities for recently-released1 000inmates to
1931
1970
2005
support themselves
and their families through
profitable crime are readily
available,
contributing to a majority of recidivist inmates.
65
1991
%I N M A T E S
OF THE NEW YORK STATE’S
ARE REPEAT OFFENDERS
REPEAT OFFENDERS PATTERN
FREEDOM
LACK OF REHABILITATION OPPORTUNITIES
UNDER CUSTODY
YEARS
CRIME SCHOOL
CRIME CATEGORY BY INMATE STATUS
Justice Re-investement New Orleans - Spatial design lab
VIOLENT FELONY
14%
PROPERTY OFFENSES
64%
12%
%
DRUG OFFENSES
26
%
OF
INMATES
ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR
65
%
OF NEW YORK STATE’S INMATES ARE
REPEAT OFFENDERS
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF JUSTICE
RECIDIVISM RATE BY STATE
60%+
50% - 60%
40% - 50%
30% - 40%
20% - 30%
NA
REW center of the states - 2011
33
4.
NATI O NA L FACT S
35
INTERNATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE
per 100,000 people
500+
300-399
200-299
100-199
50-99
0-49
International center for prison studies
THE
UNITED
STATES
HAS
5%
OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION, BUT
25%
OF THE WORLD’S PRISONERS.
37
INTERNATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE
per 100,000 People
Source : International center for prison studies
WORLWIDE INCARCERATION RATE
per 100,000 people
ICELAND
JAPAN
DENMARK
FINLAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
IRELAND
GERMANY
ITALY
BELGIUM
FRANCE
SOUTH KOREA
AUSTRIA
NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
GREECE
CANADA
AUSTRALIA
SLAUVAKIA
HUNGARY
ICELAND
ENGLAND
LUXEMBOURG
TURKEY
SPAIN
NEW ZELAND
CZECH REPUBLIC
MEXICO
USA
100
200
300
International center for prison studies
400
500
600
700
800
OP 15 HDI
TOP 15 HDI
The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
Source: United Nations
nited nations
1. NORWAY
2. AUSTRALIA
3. USA
4. NETHERLANDS
5. GERMANY
6. NEW ZELAND
7. IRELAND
8. SWEDEN
9. SWITZERLAND
10. JAPAN
11. CANADA
12. KOREA
13. ICELAND
14. DENMARK
15. ISRAEL
39
7 MILLION
PEOPLE ARE IN THE U.S. CARCERAL SYSTEM.
THIS INCLUDES PROBATION, PAROLE, JAIL AND PRISON.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
41
8.4 MILLION
PEOPLE LIVE IN NEW YORK CITY.
6.8 MILLION LIVE IN BRONX, QUEENS, BROOKLYN AND STATEN ISLAND.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
43
2.3 MILLION
INMATES ARE LOCKED UP IN U.S PRISONS.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
45
THE PRISON POPULATION IS THE
4
TH
LARGEST “CITY” IN THE COUNTRY.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
01. New York :
02. Los Angeles :
03. Chicago:
04. U.S. Prisons :
05. Houston :
8,405,000
3,884,000
2,718,000
2,319,000
2,195,000
47
67
%
OF INMATES THAT ARE RELEASED FROM PRISON
ARE RE-INCARCERATED WITHIN 3 YEARS.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
49
INCARCERATION EXPLOSION
Source :Justice Re-investment New Orleans - Spatial Design Lab
The introduction of strict drug laws brought about an increase in the incarceration rate
and a new type of prisoner. Although this was a contributing factor, there are other factors, including many states replacing the death penalty with “life without parole”, keeping more inmates in prison, and recidivism, where newly-released prisoners return to
prison within a short time after their release due to a re-offense or a new crime.
500%
INCREASE IN PRISON POPULATION SINCE THE
500
6 000
400
5 000
300
4 000
200
3 000
100
2 000
1970
1971
PRESIDENT NIXON DECLARES,
WAR ON DRUGS
1 000
2005
1991
2014
CRIME RATE
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
INCARCERATION RATE
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
DECLARATION OF THE “WAR ON DRUGS”
CARCERAL CONTROL
by type
Source :U.S. Bureau of Justice
In 2010, the majority of people under carceral control were those on probation. Probation is a court-ordered sanction that allows a person to remain in the community under
the supervision of a probation officer. probation can also require counseling, drug/alcohol restrictions, weapons restrictions and offender reporting to their probation officer. If
the person does not follow the rules of the probation, they could go back to court and be
sent to a jail or a prison .
5,000,000
4,000,000
Probation
3,000,000
2,000,000
Prison
1,000,000
Parole
2010
2004
1996
1990
1980
Jail
51
INCARCERATION RATE
by crime type
Source :U.S. Bureau of Justice
Due to the “War on Drugs”, drug related offenses are the major crime type leading to
prison sentences in 2000. As a result, a majority of the prisoners can be considered
non-violent, non-serious, non sexual-offenders.
90%
Drugs
80%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Robbery
Sexual Assault
Burglary
Murder
Assault
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
10%
1982
Incarceration rate
70%
92
%
OF INMATES ARE IN FOR NON-VIOLENT OFFENSES.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
53
TIPPING POINT
Frenchtown, Tallahassee, FL
Source :Justice Mapping Center and Information Design Lab, Columbia, 2006
One would normally think as you incarcerate more people, crime would go down. It
sounds logical, and it is what actually occurs in most places.
This is what happened in Frenchtown. At first, the crime rate dropped as incaceration
increased, but there was a tipping point in 1997 where crime increased as incaceration
increased, reversing the general logic of the incarceration system.
Due to the large number of residents behind bars, families are broken, resentment is
directed towards the criminal justice system, and ultimately, the prisoners come back
usually worse-off when they entered the system.
20
CRIME RATE PER 1,000
10
0
0.1
0.5
1
1.5
2.0
INCARCERATION RATE PER 1,000
-10
-20
1997, TIPPING POINT
1971
55
57
5.
P H I L O SO P H Y
59
“PRISONS ARE ALL ABOUT TAKING PEOPLE’S FREEDOM. THAT IS THE REAL PUNISHMENT. BUT THEY
SHOULD ALSO HELP CRIMINALS CHANGE THEIR
BEHAVIOR AND LEARN TO RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE
AND THE LAW”
Source: Amnesty International
61
FIVE ESSENTIALS IN A CORRECTIONAL AGENCY
1
3
2
STAFF
WARDEN
COM OFFICER
ADMIN
ASSOC. WARDEN
4
5
SECURITY
PRIMARY AIM
TOWERS
GATES
PATROLS
TREATMENT
ULTIMATE AIM
STAFF
BARRACKS
INMATES
SHOPS
63
INMATE FLOW CHART
INTAKE ASSESSMENTS
MEDICAL/MENTAL
HEALTH
SCREENING
RISK/NEED
ASSESSMENT
EDUCATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
SPECIALIZED
UNITS
MEDIUM
MINIMUM
PRE RELEASE
COUNTY STEP
DOWN
ELECTRONIC
MONITORING
PERSONALIZED PROGRAM PLAN
ACADEMIC &
VOCATIONAL
PRISON
INDUSTRIES
COGNITIVE/
BEHAVIORAL
SEX OFFENDER
TREATMENT
SUBSTANCE
ABUSE
FAITH-BASED
& VOLUNTEER
DISCHARGE PLANNING
REENTRY AND EMPLOYMENT
READINESS WORKSHOP
HOUSING
MEDICAL
INSTITUTIONAL
RELEASE COMMITTEE
MENTAL HEALTH
PROBATION
PAROLE
COORDINATION
REENTRY PRESENTATIONS
EMPLOYMENT
VICTIM AND
PUBLIC SAFETY
NOTIFICATIONS
SUBSTANCE
ABUSE
TREATMENT
RELEASE/EXPIRATION OF SENTENCE
REGIONAL REENTRY
CENTER
RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT
PROGRAMS
COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
65
JUSTIFICATION
STRATEGY
FOCUS OF
PERSPECTIVE
IMAGE OF
OFFENDERS
RETRIBUTION
DETERRENCE
IN
Moral offenders
Prevention of
further crime
Ris
Co
pr
None : Offenders
simply deserve to
be punished
Make punishment
more certain, swift
and severe
Of
off
pr
Earned their
punishment
Actual and
Ac
potential offenders
Free agents whose
humanity we affirm
by holding them
acountable
Rational beings
who engage in
cost/benefit
calculations
No
bu
co
NCAPACITATION
REHABILITATION
REINTEGRATION
sk control
ommunity
rotection
Offenders have
correctable
deficiencies
Offenders have
correctable
deficiencies
ffenders cannot
fend while in
rison
Treatment to
reduce offenders’
inclnation to
re-offend
Programming to
make for suces-sful reentry into
society
ctual offenders
Needs of offenders Needs of offenders
ot to be trusted
ut to be
onstrained
Good people who
have gone astray
will respond to
treatment
Ordinary folk who
require and will
respond to
help
67
RE-ENTRY PROCESS
“But they all come back”
Jeremy Travis
In his book, Jeremy Travis states that a successful re-entry process is not related to the
creation of beatiful community centers or rehabilitation centers. Using a conjunction
between “building” and “place”, the idea is to strenghten the social networks of the
former inmates. Family implication is a key element for a successful re-entry process.
Most of the inmates upon release are left alone in their new freedom; this can be
overwhelming and intimidating.
Providing the inmate a sense of belonging and acceptance in the community and in the
family is an essential step in the reentry process.
work opportunities
personal expectations
1. prepare
reentry
recognize milestones
healthcare
community roles
family ties
5. promote
successful
reentry
INMATE
REENTRY
prisons and private organizations
2. building
bridges
4. strenghten
support
circle
3. seize the
moment of
release
self
criminal justice agencies
correctional agencies and the community
family
exit orientation
welcome team
welcome home
community
mentors
69
71
6.
TY P O L O G I E S
73
PRISON TYPOLOGY
COURTYARD
RADIAL
BOYS INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
LANCASTER, OH, 1857
NEW JERSEY STATE PRISON
TRENTON, NJ, 1798
ORIGINAL AUBURN
AUBURN, NY, 1829
LOST WORLD
TERRES HAUTES, 1940
EASTERN
PHILADELPHIA, PA, 1871
STANDAR AUBURN
AUBURN, NY, 1935
PANOPTI
ALLEGHENY CO
PITTSBURGH
SUPER MAX
FREMONT, C
ICON
TELEPHONE POLE
OUNTY JAIL
H, PA, 1883
MICHIGAN STATE PRISON
JACKSON, MI, 1924
NORFOLK COMMUNITY
NORFOLK, MA, 1927
NORTH EASTERN PENITENTIARY
LEWISBURG, PA, 1932
THOMSON CORRECTIONAL
THOMSON, IL, 2001
X PRISON
CA, 1994
CORRECTIONAL TRAINING FACILITY
SOLEDAD, CA, 1990
HYBRID/CAMPUS
FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITY
PHOENIX, AZ, 1985
75
WALNUT STREET JAIL
1790, Philadelphia
Jeremy Travi
Mission:
Rehabilitate prisoners, or restore them to crime-free lives.
System:
- Minor offenders worked in shops, making shoes, clothes, nails.
- Female offenders spun cotton, did laundry and mended clothes.
-Solitary offenders were kept in confinement and given the bible.
1798, opened a school which taught basic instruction in reading, writing and math.
77
EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY
1829, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
System:
- Inamtes were housed in separate cells with small private exercise yards.
- Cells had water, plumbing, heating and room for equipment.
- Inmates were not allowed to leave their cells at all during their sentence.
- New prisoners were given a number and had a black cloth draped over their head as
they were walked to their cell.
79
CHICAGO’S METROPOLITAN CENTER
1975, Chicago, Illinois
System:
- Blending in urban context.
- Large public space at its base where people can gather.
- Windows allowed prisoners to look outside their cells.
- Inmates for short sentences only.
81
HALDEN PRISON
2010, Halden, Norway
System:
- made up of several unique building designs that form a prison village within a forested
area
- Several prisoners share a kitchen and living room, where they prepare their own evening meals
- There are indoor basketball courts, climbing walls, a cooking lab and a recording studio
where inmates can learn new talents.
- There are also two guest homes where families can be hosted overnight.
“... EVERY INMATE IN NORWAY WILL BE RELEASED,
AND SOMEDAY HE WILL BE SOMEBODY’S NEIGHBOR”
Source:Norwegian Prison Officer
83
SECURITY THRESHOLDS
From “public” to “private” space
Source :environmental psychology of prisons and jail, Richard Wener, 2012
STATE PRISON
SECURE HOUSING UNIT
INMATE
CELL
Cell Design / Control
Housing unit / Control room
Cluster / Cell block Control room
Wing security
SHU Central Security - Building/Interior
SHU Perimeter Security - Electric fences
Site Perimeter Security - Guards Tower
Buffer zone - No man’s land
SIte security
Geographic location
85
87
Bibliography
- Ahn-Redding, Heather. “The Million Dollar Inmate”:The Financial and Social Burden of
Nonviolent offenders. Lanham, MD: Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield Pub., 2007.
- Edge, Laura B. Locked Up. A History of the U.S. Prison System. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing
Group Inc, 2002.
- Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1995.
- Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction. Washington: Bureau of Prisons,
1949.
- Steven, Levitt, and Stephen, Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden
Side of Everything. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
- Townsend, John. A Painful History of Crime, Prisons and Prisoners. Chicago: Raintree, 2006.
- Travis, Jeremy. But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 2005.
- Wener, Richard. The Environmental Psychology of Prisons and Jails: Creating Humane Spaces
in Secure Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2012.
G SA P P
MSA U D
NEWBU RGH / FA LL 2014
BACKGROUND
GR OU P 07
B RA DY RO SS
NIEMB RO A NA IS
VO RO N NA NS
YE Z H A NG
1. ABSTRACT
05
2. NEWBURGH
09
3. THE HUDSON VALLEY REGION
23
4. NATIONAL FACTS
45
5. PHILOSOPHY
59
6. TYPOLOGIES
73
1.
A B STR ACT
5
The prison system of the United States has an extremely detrimental effect in its
relationship with cities like Newburgh, New York. Many years of institutionalized
incarceration have worked to keep entire portions of the population behind bars
for most of their lives. Public spending on prisoners has reached an all-time high,
with $30,000 per prisoner per year being the national average, and $60,000
per year for New York State inmates. Considered on it’s own, the population of
U.S. prisons would exceed most major cities. The only statistic more staggering
than these is that nearly two-thirds of all inmates are repeat offenders, and that
simply being in prison once increases one’s likelihood of being re-admitted to
prison again in the future.
Once released, former inmates have an exceedingly difficult time being hired for
legitimate jobs because of their records. Since the grouping of inmates together
in prisons strengthens criminal networks, opportunities for recently-released
inmates to support themselves and their families through profitable crime are
readily available. Furthermore, the widespread privatization of prisons across the
country has evolved into a set of circumstances where prisons are more profitable for their proprietors if more prisoners are being housed inside, thus forming
an economic base where police and law enforcement are encouraged to send
people to prison and keep them there.
Newburgh is a city caught in the grasp of this vicious cycle. 3,000 people, nearly
ten percent of its population, are arrested every year. Violent crime is common.
Gangs run rampant through the streets. Rumors exist that ex-cons and social
service clients are “dumped” in Newburgh by Orange County officials. This city’s
outsize role in cyclic incarceration can be seen as nearly unnecessary in light of
the fact that almost one third of all inmates in New York are serving sentences
of 3 years or less for nonviolent crime. This portion of the prison population,
if diverted from penitentiaries and kept in rehabilitation programs within active
society, has a much greater chance of breaking this cycle. If successful, such a
condition would take thousands of would-be criminals off the streets and funnel
their energies into employment, industry and other productive endeavors, saving
state governments millions of dollars in the process.
The time to act is now. The place to start is Newburgh.
7
2.
NE W B U R G H
9
POVERTY LEVEL
LIVING UNDER POVERTY
Less than 10%
10% - 35%
More than 35%
28
%
OF THE POPULATION IS LIVING UNDER
POVERTY LEVEL.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
11
UNDER 25
POPULATION UNDER 25 YEARS
25% - 30%
30% - 40%
40% - 50%
46
%
OF THE POPULATION IS UNDER 25.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
13
RENTER OCCUPIED
RENT OCCUPIED HOUSING
35% - 60%
60% - 85%
70
%
OF THE HOUSING STOCK IS RENTER OCCUPIED.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
15
EDUCATION
AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAMS VS YOUTH RELATED CRIME
Orange County Community Health Assesment
49
%
OF THE POPULATION HAS LESS THAN A HIGH
SCHOOL DIPLOMA.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
TIME CONFLICT
PEAK
PARENT’S
JOB
SCHEDULE
US Department of Commerce
PART-TIME
8 PM
12 AM
8 PM
12 AM
12HRS
SHIFT
4 PM
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
REGULAR
SHIFT
PEAK
AFTER SCHOOL
ACTIVITIES
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
CLASS TIME
4 PM
STUDENT’S
SCHEDULE
Newburgh Free Academy
U.S.
PEAK
PARENT’S
ABSENCE
Reference Sources: NIDA: InfoFacts
HEROIN
12 AM
8 PM
COCAINE
4 PM
12 PM
8 AM
4 AM
CRACK
17
BORDERS
SEGREGATION PATTERN
MORE THAN 50% AFRICAN AMERICAN
GANGS’ TERRITORIES IN NEWBURGH
CRIPS
Los Angeles - 1969
Mostly African American
30,000 - 35,000
Drug trafficking, robbery, extortion, murder,
burglary, theft
ENN
SEGREGATION PATTERN
MORE THAN 50% HISPANIC LATINO
BLOODS
Los Angeles - 1972
1988
Primarily African American
15,000 - 20,000
Murder, drug trafficking, robbery, extortion
ALLIES
9W
NEMIES
BROADWAY
LATIN KINGS
Chicago - 1940
Mostly Hispanic
20,000 - 35,000
Racketeering, battery, arms trafficking, drug
trafficking, extortion, identity document forgery,
robbery, and murder
19
HOT SPOTS
Area in Newburgh with a high likelihood for violent crime correlate with concentrations
of commercial gathering spaces, often in the form of bodegas, delis or restaurants. This
map shows the location of all the “hot spot” intersections in Newburgh – those with
two or more commercial gathering spaces in close proximity to each other. These areas
present the most effective locations for intervention.
10
%
OF NEWBURGH’S POPULATION IS ARRESTED
EVERY YEAR.
SOURCE: NEWBURGH POLICE
RED BLOB MAP
21
3.
THE HU D SO N VA L L E Y
23
$30,000/YEAR
AVERAGE COST OF AN INMATE IN U.S.
VS
$60,000
/YEAR
COST OF INMATE IN NEW YORK STATE
Source: New York State Department of Corrections
25
MEDIUM SECURITY
Inmates convicted of less serious crimes (often non-violent, drug or theft-related incidents) are typically housed in medium security facilities. Orange County hosts six such
institutions.
HUDSON VALLEY MEDIUM SECURITY JAILS
SULLIVAN HUB
New York state departement of corrections
WOODBOURNE
GREEN HAVEN HUB
ULSTER
WALLKILL
FISHKILL
OTISVILLE
HU
DS
ON
VA
L
LE
YR
TACONIC
EG
ION
CO
R
RE
CT
ION
AL
FA
CIL
ITIE
SZ
ON
E
OTISVILLE
ORANGE COUNTY
711
ULSTER
ULSTER COUNTY
840
WOODBOURNE
SULLIVAN COUNTY
981
WALLKILL
ULSTER COUNTY
608
FISHKILL
DUTCHESS COUNTY
1800
TACONIC
WESTCHESTER COUNTY
502
27
TIME UNDER CUSTODY
Source :New York State Department of Corrections
ANNUAL AVERAGE
NATIONAL
VS
$60
kINMATE COST
240
180 - 240
NEW YORK STATE
12
6,6 %- 18 M
HAN
MO
NTH
16,2 %S
24
18 %
8
30%
MONTHS%
7,9
36
10 - 4
,7 % 8
2
48 - 7%
12,8
0
12
0
- 18
S
NTH
MO
24 - 36 M
ONTHS
12,3 %
HS %
NT ,9
O
9
M
MO
NT
H
S
THS
MON
72 - 1
20 M
ONTH
S
15 %
RE T
E
LIF %
0,5
MO
ANNUAL AVERAGE
ON
TH
S
< 12 MONTHS
0,3%
$30
k INMATE COST
30
OF
%
INMATES
ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR
LESS THAN 3 YEARS
30
%
OF INMATES ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR LESS
THAN 3 YEARS.
=
4,000 INMATES IN THE HUDSON VALLEY REGION
=
$243,000,000/YEAR
Source: New York State Department of Corrections
29
MAXIMUM SECURITY
Prisoners who are deemed the most serious threats to public safety are confined in
Orange County’s maximum security penitentiaries. Long sentences, solitary confinement and in-house violence are common. These facilities are often seen as breeding
grounds for gangs which flourish outside prison walls.
HUDSON VALLEY MAXIMUM SECURITY JAILS
SULLIVAN HUB
New York state departement of corrections
GREEN HAVEN HUB
SULLIVAN
EASTERN
SHAWAGUNK
GREEN HAVEN
DOWNSTATE
HU
DS
ON
VA
L
LE
YR
BEDFORD HILLS
EG
ION
CO
R
RE
CT
ION
AL
FA
CIL
SING SING
ITIE
SZ
ON
E
SULLIVAN
SULLIVAN COUNTY
820
EASTERN
ULSTER COUNTY
429
SHAWAGUNK
ULSTER COUNTY
575
DOWNSTATE
DUTCHESS COUNTY
900
GREEN
HAVEN
DUTCHESS COUNTY
2530
SING
SING
WESTCHESTER COUNTY
2000
BEDFORD
HILLS
WESTCHESTER COUNTY
800
31
Justice Re-investement New Orleans - Spatial design lab
6 000
400
5 000
300
4 000
200
3 000
CRIME RATE
INCARCERATION RATE
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
RECIDIVISM PATTERN
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
500
Once released,
former inmates have an exceedingly difficult time being hired
for
2 000
100
legitimate jobs because of their records. Since the grouping of inmates together in
prisons strengthens criminal networks, opportunities for recently-released1 000inmates to
1931
1970
2005
support themselves
and their families through
profitable crime are readily
available,
contributing to a majority of recidivist inmates.
65
1991
%I N M A T E S
OF THE NEW YORK STATE’S
ARE REPEAT OFFENDERS
REPEAT OFFENDERS PATTERN
FREEDOM
LACK OF REHABILITATION OPPORTUNITIES
UNDER CUSTODY
YEARS
CRIME SCHOOL
CRIME CATEGORY BY INMATE STATUS
Justice Re-investement New Orleans - Spatial design lab
VIOLENT FELONY
14%
PROPERTY OFFENSES
64%
12%
%
DRUG OFFENSES
26
%
OF
INMATES
ARE UNDER CUSTODY FOR
65
%
OF NEW YORK STATE’S INMATES ARE
REPEAT OFFENDERS
SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF JUSTICE
RECIDIVISM RATE BY STATE
60%+
50% - 60%
40% - 50%
30% - 40%
20% - 30%
NA
REW center of the states - 2011
33
4.
NATI O NA L FACT S
35
INTERNATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE
per 100,000 people
500+
300-399
200-299
100-199
50-99
0-49
International center for prison studies
THE
UNITED
STATES
HAS
5%
OF THE WORLD’S POPULATION, BUT
25%
OF THE WORLD’S PRISONERS.
37
INTERNATIONAL INCARCERATION RATE
per 100,000 People
Source : International center for prison studies
WORLWIDE INCARCERATION RATE
per 100,000 people
ICELAND
JAPAN
DENMARK
FINLAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
IRELAND
GERMANY
ITALY
BELGIUM
FRANCE
SOUTH KOREA
AUSTRIA
NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
GREECE
CANADA
AUSTRALIA
SLAUVAKIA
HUNGARY
ICELAND
ENGLAND
LUXEMBOURG
TURKEY
SPAIN
NEW ZELAND
CZECH REPUBLIC
MEXICO
USA
100
200
300
International center for prison studies
400
500
600
700
800
OP 15 HDI
TOP 15 HDI
The Human Development Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
Source: United Nations
nited nations
1. NORWAY
2. AUSTRALIA
3. USA
4. NETHERLANDS
5. GERMANY
6. NEW ZELAND
7. IRELAND
8. SWEDEN
9. SWITZERLAND
10. JAPAN
11. CANADA
12. KOREA
13. ICELAND
14. DENMARK
15. ISRAEL
39
7 MILLION
PEOPLE ARE IN THE U.S. CARCERAL SYSTEM.
THIS INCLUDES PROBATION, PAROLE, JAIL AND PRISON.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
41
8.4 MILLION
PEOPLE LIVE IN NEW YORK CITY.
6.8 MILLION LIVE IN BRONX, QUEENS, BROOKLYN AND STATEN ISLAND.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
43
2.3 MILLION
INMATES ARE LOCKED UP IN U.S PRISONS.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
45
THE PRISON POPULATION IS THE
4
TH
LARGEST “CITY” IN THE COUNTRY.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
01. New York :
02. Los Angeles :
03. Chicago:
04. U.S. Prisons :
05. Houston :
8,405,000
3,884,000
2,718,000
2,319,000
2,195,000
47
67
%
OF INMATES THAT ARE RELEASED FROM PRISON
ARE RE-INCARCERATED WITHIN 3 YEARS.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
49
INCARCERATION EXPLOSION
Source :Justice Re-investment New Orleans - Spatial Design Lab
The introduction of strict drug laws brought about an increase in the incarceration rate
and a new type of prisoner. Although this was a contributing factor, there are other factors, including many states replacing the death penalty with “life without parole”, keeping more inmates in prison, and recidivism, where newly-released prisoners return to
prison within a short time after their release due to a re-offense or a new crime.
500%
INCREASE IN PRISON POPULATION SINCE THE
500
6 000
400
5 000
300
4 000
200
3 000
100
2 000
1970
1971
PRESIDENT NIXON DECLARES,
WAR ON DRUGS
1 000
2005
1991
2014
CRIME RATE
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
INCARCERATION RATE
(PER 100,000 RESIDENTS)
DECLARATION OF THE “WAR ON DRUGS”
CARCERAL CONTROL
by type
Source :U.S. Bureau of Justice
In 2010, the majority of people under carceral control were those on probation. Probation is a court-ordered sanction that allows a person to remain in the community under
the supervision of a probation officer. probation can also require counseling, drug/alcohol restrictions, weapons restrictions and offender reporting to their probation officer. If
the person does not follow the rules of the probation, they could go back to court and be
sent to a jail or a prison .
5,000,000
4,000,000
Probation
3,000,000
2,000,000
Prison
1,000,000
Parole
2010
2004
1996
1990
1980
Jail
51
INCARCERATION RATE
by crime type
Source :U.S. Bureau of Justice
Due to the “War on Drugs”, drug related offenses are the major crime type leading to
prison sentences in 2000. As a result, a majority of the prisoners can be considered
non-violent, non-serious, non sexual-offenders.
90%
Drugs
80%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
Robbery
Sexual Assault
Burglary
Murder
Assault
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
10%
1982
Incarceration rate
70%
92
%
OF INMATES ARE IN FOR NON-VIOLENT OFFENSES.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice
53
TIPPING POINT
Frenchtown, Tallahassee, FL
Source :Justice Mapping Center and Information Design Lab, Columbia, 2006
One would normally think as you incarcerate more people, crime would go down. It
sounds logical, and it is what actually occurs in most places.
This is what happened in Frenchtown. At first, the crime rate dropped as incaceration
increased, but there was a tipping point in 1997 where crime increased as incaceration
increased, reversing the general logic of the incarceration system.
Due to the large number of residents behind bars, families are broken, resentment is
directed towards the criminal justice system, and ultimately, the prisoners come back
usually worse-off when they entered the system.
20
CRIME RATE PER 1,000
10
0
0.1
0.5
1
1.5
2.0
INCARCERATION RATE PER 1,000
-10
-20
1997, TIPPING POINT
1971
55
57
5.
P H I L O SO P H Y
59
“PRISONS ARE ALL ABOUT TAKING PEOPLE’S FREEDOM. THAT IS THE REAL PUNISHMENT. BUT THEY
SHOULD ALSO HELP CRIMINALS CHANGE THEIR
BEHAVIOR AND LEARN TO RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE
AND THE LAW”
Source: Amnesty International
61
FIVE ESSENTIALS IN A CORRECTIONAL AGENCY
1
3
2
STAFF
WARDEN
COM OFFICER
ADMIN
ASSOC. WARDEN
4
5
SECURITY
PRIMARY AIM
TOWERS
GATES
PATROLS
TREATMENT
ULTIMATE AIM
STAFF
BARRACKS
INMATES
SHOPS
63
INMATE FLOW CHART
INTAKE ASSESSMENTS
MEDICAL/MENTAL
HEALTH
SCREENING
RISK/NEED
ASSESSMENT
EDUCATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
SPECIALIZED
UNITS
MEDIUM
MINIMUM
PRE RELEASE
COUNTY STEP
DOWN
ELECTRONIC
MONITORING
PERSONALIZED PROGRAM PLAN
ACADEMIC &
VOCATIONAL
PRISON
INDUSTRIES
COGNITIVE/
BEHAVIORAL
SEX OFFENDER
TREATMENT
SUBSTANCE
ABUSE
FAITH-BASED
& VOLUNTEER
DISCHARGE PLANNING
REENTRY AND EMPLOYMENT
READINESS WORKSHOP
HOUSING
MEDICAL
INSTITUTIONAL
RELEASE COMMITTEE
MENTAL HEALTH
PROBATION
PAROLE
COORDINATION
REENTRY PRESENTATIONS
EMPLOYMENT
VICTIM AND
PUBLIC SAFETY
NOTIFICATIONS
SUBSTANCE
ABUSE
TREATMENT
RELEASE/EXPIRATION OF SENTENCE
REGIONAL REENTRY
CENTER
RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT
PROGRAMS
COMMUNITY INTEGRATION
65
JUSTIFICATION
STRATEGY
FOCUS OF
PERSPECTIVE
IMAGE OF
OFFENDERS
RETRIBUTION
DETERRENCE
IN
Moral offenders
Prevention of
further crime
Ris
Co
pr
None : Offenders
simply deserve to
be punished
Make punishment
more certain, swift
and severe
Of
off
pr
Earned their
punishment
Actual and
Ac
potential offenders
Free agents whose
humanity we affirm
by holding them
acountable
Rational beings
who engage in
cost/benefit
calculations
No
bu
co
NCAPACITATION
REHABILITATION
REINTEGRATION
sk control
ommunity
rotection
Offenders have
correctable
deficiencies
Offenders have
correctable
deficiencies
ffenders cannot
fend while in
rison
Treatment to
reduce offenders’
inclnation to
re-offend
Programming to
make for suces-sful reentry into
society
ctual offenders
Needs of offenders Needs of offenders
ot to be trusted
ut to be
onstrained
Good people who
have gone astray
will respond to
treatment
Ordinary folk who
require and will
respond to
help
67
RE-ENTRY PROCESS
“But they all come back”
Jeremy Travis
In his book, Jeremy Travis states that a successful re-entry process is not related to the
creation of beatiful community centers or rehabilitation centers. Using a conjunction
between “building” and “place”, the idea is to strenghten the social networks of the
former inmates. Family implication is a key element for a successful re-entry process.
Most of the inmates upon release are left alone in their new freedom; this can be
overwhelming and intimidating.
Providing the inmate a sense of belonging and acceptance in the community and in the
family is an essential step in the reentry process.
work opportunities
personal expectations
1. prepare
reentry
recognize milestones
healthcare
community roles
family ties
5. promote
successful
reentry
INMATE
REENTRY
prisons and private organizations
2. building
bridges
4. strenghten
support
circle
3. seize the
moment of
release
self
criminal justice agencies
correctional agencies and the community
family
exit orientation
welcome team
welcome home
community
mentors
69
71
6.
TY P O L O G I E S
73
PRISON TYPOLOGY
COURTYARD
RADIAL
BOYS INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL
LANCASTER, OH, 1857
NEW JERSEY STATE PRISON
TRENTON, NJ, 1798
ORIGINAL AUBURN
AUBURN, NY, 1829
LOST WORLD
TERRES HAUTES, 1940
EASTERN
PHILADELPHIA, PA, 1871
STANDAR AUBURN
AUBURN, NY, 1935
PANOPTI
ALLEGHENY CO
PITTSBURGH
SUPER MAX
FREMONT, C
ICON
TELEPHONE POLE
OUNTY JAIL
H, PA, 1883
MICHIGAN STATE PRISON
JACKSON, MI, 1924
NORFOLK COMMUNITY
NORFOLK, MA, 1927
NORTH EASTERN PENITENTIARY
LEWISBURG, PA, 1932
THOMSON CORRECTIONAL
THOMSON, IL, 2001
X PRISON
CA, 1994
CORRECTIONAL TRAINING FACILITY
SOLEDAD, CA, 1990
HYBRID/CAMPUS
FEDERAL CORRECTIONAL FACILITY
PHOENIX, AZ, 1985
75
WALNUT STREET JAIL
1790, Philadelphia
Jeremy Travi
Mission:
Rehabilitate prisoners, or restore them to crime-free lives.
System:
- Minor offenders worked in shops, making shoes, clothes, nails.
- Female offenders spun cotton, did laundry and mended clothes.
-Solitary offenders were kept in confinement and given the bible.
1798, opened a school which taught basic instruction in reading, writing and math.
77
EASTERN STATE PENITENTIARY
1829, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
System:
- Inamtes were housed in separate cells with small private exercise yards.
- Cells had water, plumbing, heating and room for equipment.
- Inmates were not allowed to leave their cells at all during their sentence.
- New prisoners were given a number and had a black cloth draped over their head as
they were walked to their cell.
79
CHICAGO’S METROPOLITAN CENTER
1975, Chicago, Illinois
System:
- Blending in urban context.
- Large public space at its base where people can gather.
- Windows allowed prisoners to look outside their cells.
- Inmates for short sentences only.
81
HALDEN PRISON
2010, Halden, Norway
System:
- made up of several unique building designs that form a prison village within a forested
area
- Several prisoners share a kitchen and living room, where they prepare their own evening meals
- There are indoor basketball courts, climbing walls, a cooking lab and a recording studio
where inmates can learn new talents.
- There are also two guest homes where families can be hosted overnight.
“... EVERY INMATE IN NORWAY WILL BE RELEASED,
AND SOMEDAY HE WILL BE SOMEBODY’S NEIGHBOR”
Source:Norwegian Prison Officer
83
SECURITY THRESHOLDS
From “public” to “private” space
Source :environmental psychology of prisons and jail, Richard Wener, 2012
STATE PRISON
SECURE HOUSING UNIT
INMATE
CELL
Cell Design / Control
Housing unit / Control room
Cluster / Cell block Control room
Wing security
SHU Central Security - Building/Interior
SHU Perimeter Security - Electric fences
Site Perimeter Security - Guards Tower
Buffer zone - No man’s land
SIte security
Geographic location
85
87
Bibliography
- Ahn-Redding, Heather. “The Million Dollar Inmate”:The Financial and Social Burden of
Nonviolent offenders. Lanham, MD: Lexington/Rowman & Littlefield Pub., 2007.
- Edge, Laura B. Locked Up. A History of the U.S. Prison System. Minneapolis: Lerner Publishing
Group Inc, 2002.
- Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1995.
- Handbook of Correctional Institution Design and Construction. Washington: Bureau of Prisons,
1949.
- Steven, Levitt, and Stephen, Dubner. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden
Side of Everything. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
- Townsend, John. A Painful History of Crime, Prisons and Prisoners. Chicago: Raintree, 2006.
- Travis, Jeremy. But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 2005.
- Wener, Richard. The Environmental Psychology of Prisons and Jails: Creating Humane Spaces
in Secure Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2012.
G SA P P
MSA U D
NEWBU RGH / FA LL 2014
