Training the Training Manager
Content
Regent School of Business
karbNþúHbNþaldl;m®nþIcat;EcgkarbNþúHbNþal
esckþIENnaM
rebobeRbIR)as;kUnesovePAenH
esovePAenHRtUv)aneroberogeLIg sMrab;eRbIR)as;edaysala Regent School of Business kñúgkmµviFI
karbNþúHbNþaldl;RKUbNþúHbNþal EdlrYmmanCMBUksþIGBM I kardak;EpnkarelIvKÁbNþúHbNþaleRcIntKñatam
lMdab;lMeday kareFVIkarkarbNþúHbNþal nig karBinitSsareLIgvijelIkarbNþúHbNþal.
kBa©b;vKÁsikSaenHRtUv)antak;EtgeLIg edIm,IeRbIR)as;TaMgkñúgEbbCavKÁsikçasila b¤ sMrab;sikSaeday
xøÜnÉgbEnßmeTot nig eRbICaÉksareyag. vaeyageTAelIeKalkarN_kareronsURtrbs;mnusSeBjv½y EdlTTYl
sÁal;fa GñksikSaEdlCamnuseBjv½y eron)anqab;ecHbMputenAeBlEdleKmansµartITTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkar
karsikSarbs;xøÜneKpÞal;.
eKalbMNgemeron
edIm,Ipþl;eGaysikçakam nUvCMnaj cMeNH nig \riyabf edm,IGacGnuvtþkarkarbNþúHbNþal enAkñúgkEnøg
eFVIkar b¤ brisßankarbNþúHbNþal edayGnuelameTAtamdMrUvkar éneKaledA nig ebskmµrbs;GgÁPaB.
etIvarYmbBa¢ÚlGVIxøH?
esckþIENnaMsþIGMBIkarkarbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtßPaB³
smtßPaBcMeBaHkarbNþúHbNþaldl;
sikçakam CaRkumtUc² TaMgkñúgEpñkCMnaj nig cMeNHdwg.
karerobcMsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal³ skmµPaBnanaEdlGñkRtUvGnuvtþ kñúgnamCaGñkbNþúHbNþalmñak;
kñúgkarerobcMkarbNþúHbNþaldl;sikçakamCaRkumtUc² TaMgkñúgEpñkCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgEdlRtUvkar
enAkñúgkEnøgkargar.
kareFVIkarbNþúHbNþal³ etIGñknwgRtUveFVIGVI nig eFVIkarbNþúHbNþaledayrebobNaeGayeTAdl;
sikçakamCaRkumtUc².
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1
pþl;»kaseGayGnuvtþ³ viFIEdlGñknwgeFVIy:agNaeGayR)akdfa sikçakam)aneRtomxøÜnCaeRsc
edIm,IkarvaytMél nig kareRbIR)as;CMnaj nig cMeNH edaykarpþl;eGaynUv»kassMrab;kar
GnuvtþTaMgenAkñúgkMLúgeBlbNþúHbNþal nig eBlEdleKRtLb;eTAkanshKmn_ b¤ bMeBjtUnaTI
kargarrbs;eKvij.
karcat;EcgvKÁsikSa³ kareFVIbøg;emeron sMrbsMrYlkmµviFI nig vaytMélelIkmµviFI.
etIeTANaedIm,IeGayeKCYy)an
edIm,ICYyGñkkñúgkarsikSa GñknwgeFVIkaredaymankarCYyRTRTg;BIsMNak;RKUbNþúHbNþalEdlKat;nwg³
pþl;dMbUnµandl;GñkGMBIrebobRtUvcab;epþImya:gem:c nig ENnaMGñkeTAtammatikaerOg nig skmµPaB
TaMgLayenAkñúgesovePA.
pþl;nUvFnFanEdlcaM)ac;eGaydl;Gñk.
BiPaKSacrcarelIkarhat;EdlGñknwgRtUvGnuvtþ.
BinitüeLIgvij nig CYysMrYlkarsikSa nig karGnuvtþnU vskmµPaBnanarbs;Gñk .
CYyGñkkñúgkareRbIR)as;smtßPaBTaMgenH enAkñúgkarbMeBjTMnYlxusRtUvrbs;Gñk.
rcnasm<½nemeron
emeronenH KWbgðajCarebobesovePAkarhat;EdleronnigGnuvtþCamYyKña. RbkarenHnwgpþl;eGaydl;
sikçakammñak;² nUvcMeNHdwg nig CMnajelIkargarCak;Esþg EdlcMa)ac; EdlGacGnuvtþ)anPøam²enAkñúgral;
skmµPaBkargarCak;EsþgTaMgLay.
RKb;EpñknimYy²man³
lT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal ¬RtUvkarcMenHdwg nig CMnaj¦
esckþIBnül;elIRbFanbT
skmµPaBhVwkhat;¼kareFVIetsþedayxøÜnÉg¼karsikSaelIkrNI (case study) nig
karhat;enAxagcugemeron
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2
vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa
enAeBlEdlGñksikSaemeronenHcb; GñknwgGac³
kMNt;tMrUvkarnanasMrab;karbNþúHbNþaltamry³karviPaKGMBItMrUvkarrbs;karbNþúHbNþalya:g
TUlMTUlay.
kMNt;eKaledA vtßúbMNgc,as;lasl;énkarbNþúHbNþaly:agsmrmü edaysMGageTAelI karviPaK
GMBItMrUvkarrbs;karbNþúHbNþal.
erobcMbøg;emeronbNþúHbNþal edayEp¥kelIvtßúbMNgc,as;las; EdlmankareKarBcMeBaH
eKalkarN_ sikSarbs;mnusSeBjv½y.
erobcMFnFanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB edayEp¥keTAelIvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal.
dak;Epnkar nig begáItvKÁsikSa nig rcnasm§½nemeronRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.
erobcMeGayman lMhat;EdlmankarcUlrYm nig begáItkarCMnYydl;karbNþúHbNþal edIm,ICakarCYy
RTRTg;dl;skmµPaBTaMgenH.
sßabnaeGaymanPsþútagEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;kMNt;sMKal;smtßPaBCMnaj.
sßabnaeGaymanviFIsa®sþ nig smÖar³smRsbsMrab;karvaytMél.
vaytMél BinitüsareLIgvij nig raykarN_ GMBIPaBeCaKC½yénkarbNþúHbNþal.
Binitü nig vaytMéleLIgvijelIRBitþikarN_énkarbNþúHbNþal.
rkSaÉksarskmµPaBbNþúHbNþal karvaytMél nig FnFan eGay)anRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.
karvaytMél
karvaytMélelIkareronsURtrbs;Gñk GaceFVIeLIg)antamviFICaeRcIn. RbkarTaMgenH KWCaCMha‘nénkar
vaytMél.
GñknwgvaytMélkarrIkcMerInrbs;xøÜnÉgpÞal; b¤ vaytMélrebobCaRkumCamYymitþP½kþ tamskmµPaB
nana nig EpñkeFVIetsþxøÜnÉgnana EdlmanenAkñúgemeron.
RKUbNþúHbNþalrbs;GñknigBinitüemIlelIkarbMeBjkargarEdlmanenAkñúg skmµPaBnana
nig
BinitüemIlfaetIGñk)anbMeBjcb;dUckartMrUveGayeFVIEdrb¤eT.
skmµPaBxøH nig karhat;xøH nwgbgárCaPsþútagsMrab;karvaytMélCaelIkcugeRkayrbs;Gñk.
karhat;enAxagcugemeron
RKb;EpñknimYy²rbs;emeron mankarhat;enAxagcugEpñk EdlCakic©karmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay Edl
laycMruHcUlKña éntMrUvkarénkarsikSarbs;ral;EpñknimYy. karhat;TaMgenH RtUvkareGaysikçakamTaMgGs;bMeBj
eGay)ancb;. bnÞab;BIGñk)anbMeBjkic©karTaMgenHcb;sBVRKb;ehIy RKUbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk nwgbBa¢ak;eLIg
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3
vijfa etIlT§plkargarrbs;GñkGacsMerc)aneTAtamtMrUvkarEdl)anR)ab; Edrb¤eT. kargarCaEbbsresr rbs;
Gñk nig Psþútagd¾éTeTot nwgbegáIt)anCak®nþk (portfolio) mYysMrab;karvaytMél.
kMNt;ehtuénkarbNþúHbNþal
enAeBlEdlGñkbMeBjcb;nUvral;skmµPaBnimYy² GñkKYrEtsresrcUlkñúgkMNt;ehtu ¬enAxagcug
emeron¦.
karvaytMélelIkcugeRkay
karvaytMélCalkçN³pøÚvkarelIkcugeRkay nwgRtUveFVIeLIgedayGñkbNþúHbNþalEdlmanFøab;TTYlkar
bNþúHbNþalRtwmRtUv nigmankarTTYlsÁal;rbs;sala Regent School of Business EdlnwgBinitüemIleTAelI
PsþútagCakMNt;ehtu nig portfolio rbs;Gñk nigeFVIkarBiPaKSaGMBIkic©karvaytMélbEnßmeTotCamYyGñkebIsin
man.
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4
KnøwHTUeTAénkarsikSa
munnwgGñkeRbIR)as;kUnesovePArbs;Gñk cUreRbIeBlBI eTAbInaTI edIm,IGaneyabl;dUcxageRkam³
edaysarkarsikSaCadMeNIrkarmYymanlkçN³buKÁl KYrsikSaeTAtamel,ÓnEdlxøÜnGaceFVI)an. kMu
manGarmµN_Gn;citþedaysar eXIjel,Ónrbs;Gñkd¾éTenAkñúgRkum.
BiPakSaGMBIRbFanbT nig skmµPaBTaMgLay CamYymitþrbs;Gñk . b:uEnþGñknwgeronecHkan;EteRcIn
ebIsinCa enAeBlcugeRkayGñkGacrkeXIjnUv dMeNaHRsayedayxøÜnÉg.
pSaP¢ab;karsikSarbs;GñkeTAnwgbTBiwesaFn_Cak;Esþg eFVIdUcenHGñkRbEhlGaccaM)anl¥Cag.
kMNt;eKaledAEdlGacsMerc)an . cUreRtomCaeRsckñúgkarvaytMéleLIgvijelIeKaledA nig
eRKageBlevlarbs;Gñk nig sMrYlvaeGaysuIKñaCamYynwg kMritel,ÓnsikSarbs;Gñk.
v½yGacbNþaleGaykMritel,ÓnénkarsikSarbs;Gñkfybnþic k¾b:uEnþCaerOy² vabegáInPaBmanKMnit
eRcInrbs;Gñk. eRtomxøÜnedIm,IeronsaredImvij GaneLIgvij sakmþgeTot nig eFVIetsþelIkargar
rbs;GñkmþgeTot.
eRtomxøÜnCaeRsckñúgkarGnuvtþCMnajEdlGñkeTIbecH fµIenH eGay)anjwkjab;.
eRtomxøÜnCaeRscedIm,IeronBIkMhusrbs;Gñk.
emIlesovePAkarhat;rbs;GñkRtYs²eLIgvij edIm,IRsg;ykKMnitsegçb² ehIyBinitüemIlelI
lT§plsikSarbs;EpñknimYy² munnwgGanemeronTaMgmUl.
ebIsinCaGñkmanGarmµN_fa GñkkMBugEtGt;ecHGITal;EtesaH enAkñúgkmµviFIrbs;GñkenH GñkKYr
BiPakSaGMBIbBaðarbs;GñkCamYymitþrbs;Gñk nig eTArkRKUbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk edIm,IsMudMbUnµan
ebIcaM)ac;.
enAeBlEdlGñk )anmkdl;cMNuckarsikSarbs;Gñk Rtg;kEnøgEdlGñkhak;dUcminGaceTAmuxeTot
rYc GñkKYrbegáItsMNYrepSg²eTotCMnYsvij b¤ b:unb:gbegáItCameFüa)ayfµI² edIm,IGnuvtþcMeNHdwg
nig CMnajrbs;Gñk enAkñúgkEnøgeFVIkar.
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5
karvaytMéltamtragm:aRTIkelIkarbNþúHbNþalsikçakamRkumtUc²
taragm:aRTIksMrab;kareFVIEpnkarRbmYlPsþútag
viFIsaRsþ
kic©kar¼lkçN³vinicä½y³ kic©kar¼lkçN³vinicä½y³
karGegátelIebkçCnenA TIkEnøgkargar¼bNþúHbNþal
sMNYrEbb pÞal;mat;¼sresr
kareFVIRtab;tam¼edItY
k®nþkPsþútag (portfolio of evidence)
etsþtamEbbsresr
epSg²
viFIsaRsþ
karerobcMEpnkar
kareFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
kic©kar¼lkçN³vinicä½y³ kic©kar¼lkçN³vinicä½y³
karerobcMEpnkar
kareFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
karGegátelIebkçCnenA TIkEnøgkargar¼bNþúHbNþal
sMNYrEbb pÞal;mat;¼sresr
kareFVIRtab;tam¼edItY
k®nþkPsþútag (portfolio of evidence)
etsþtamEbbsresr
karvaytMélelIxøÜnÉg
epSg²
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EpñkTI
1:
lkçN³KnøWHénkarbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnaj
esckþIENnaM
skmµPaB 1.1
ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgRtUvbNþúHbNþalmnusS ?
cUreRCIserIscMelIymYy b¤ eRcIndUcxageRkam³
ehtupl
RtUv¼xus
edIm,IbMeBjPaBGMnYtxøÜneyIg nig bgðajfaeyIgGacQrenAxagmuxRkummnusS rab;ema:gedayKµan
PaBP½ytk;søút.
edIm,IGaceFVIeGaybuKÁlikGaceRbIR)as;]bkrN_fI)µ an.
BIeRBaHeyIg)ankMNt;sMKal;fa cMenHdwg nig CMnajxøH EdlRtUvkarsMrab;bMeBjkargar minGacrk
manenAkñúgkEnøgkargar.
edIm,IENnaMbKÁlikfµI GMBIRbB½n§ eKalneya)ay nig nitivIFI EdlGnuvtþenAkEnøgkargar.
BIeRBaHecAhVayniyayfabuKÁlikRtUvEtmankarbNþúHbNþal
enAkñúgEpñkTImYyenH GñknwgRtUv)anENnaM GMBIkarbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmµtßPaBCMnaj ehIyGñk
nwgRtUv)anENnaMGMBIBakümYycMnYn EdlGñkRtUvkaredIm,Iyl; nigGnuvtþ EdlGñkRtUvkareRbIkñúgkarbNþúH bNþal
Ep¥kelIsmtþPaBCMnaj.
GVIEdlGñkrkeXIjfavafµI KWkarRbkan;ykviFIsaRsþénkarbNþúHbNþal nig tamEdlGacGnuvtþ)an bM)at;
ecalnUv PaBlMeGog nigkarerIseGIgEdlFøab;eRCotcUlkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalkalBIGtit ehIyEdlkMhit
RbsiT§PaB rbs;karbNþúHbNþal dUcbTBiesaFn_rbs;GñkBImun.
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7
erOgEdlGñkeFVI EdlCalT§plsikSaEpñkenH nig emeronenH KW³
eCosevogkarpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþaledaymin)anerobcMeGay)ansmrmü.
eCosevogkarxVHkarGt;Fµt; edaysarEtsikçakammñak;rbs;GñkminGacyl;GMBIkarBnül;rbs;Gñk.
GñknwgeRbIR)as;yuT§saRsþepSg² edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnwgsÞIlénkarsikSarbs;sikçakamrbs;Gñk.
TTYlsÁal;fa mnusSGaceronecHedaykMritxusKña tamviFIbNþúHbNþalepSgKña nig ecHrebobbBa©Úl
yuT§saRsþsikSaepSg² enAkñúgvKÁsikSa.
eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalEdl mankarcab;GarmµN_ skmµ nig sMxan; edayEsVgyl;GMBIesckþIRtUvkar
rbs;sikçakamrbs;Gñk nig cMNayeBlevlasMrab; eFVIkarerobcM nig hVwkhat;.
dwgfa karxMRbwgERbgEdlGñkmancMeBaHkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk nwgTTYl)anmkvij tamry³
karTTYl)anlT§plkargarRbesIrCagmunBIRkumkargarrbs;Gñk ekInplitkmµsMrab;Rkumh‘un rbs;
Gñk nig RbEhlGaceLIgR)ak;Exrbs;GñkpgEdr.
sUmeGaymansMNagl¥kñúgkarsikSarbs;Gñk
nig cgcaMGMBI 6 P’s
“ Prior Preparation, Planning and Rehearsal Prevents Poor Performance”
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karbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtþPaBCMnaj
CBT
– Competency-based Training (CBT)
KWCavIFIsaRsþmYysMrab;karsikSaEdl³
mankarsgát;F¶n;CasMxan;elI GVIEdlsikçakamGaceFVI)an.
sgát;F¶n;elIlT§pl CaCagelIdMeNIkarbNþúHbNþal b¤ eBlevlaEdlcMNayTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIr
karenH.
KitKUrGMBIkarsMerc)an nig karsMEdgeGayeXIjtamry³karGnuvtþelI cMenHdwg nig CMnaj
eTAtamkMritsmtßPaBCak;lak;NamYy.
KitKUrdl;karsMerc)annUvkarbt;Ebn)ankñúgkareRbI nig Rbkan;yksþg;bTdæansmtßPaBfñak;Cati enA
elIkMritshRKas TnÞwmenHGacrkSa)annUvPaBGaccl½t)an nig Gcié®nþy_PaB caM)ac;sMrab;kar
sMerc)annUv karTTYlsÁal; nig karepÞrfñak;Cati)an.
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9
skmµPaB
1.
1.2
etIGgÁPaBrbs;Gñkmankarpøas;bþÚrya:NaxøHenAry³eBl (5) qñaMcugeRkayenH? etImankarpøas;bþÚrGVIxøH
bEnßmeTotEdlGñkrMBwgfanwgekItman enAry³eBl (5) qñaMeRkay? cUrBicarNasMNYrenH
edaypSaP¢ab;eTA nwgkarpøas;bþÚr rcnasm<½nnigkarerobcM TMnak;TMng]sSahkmµ OSH karEbgEckkargar
nig sÞIlénkarRKb;RKg.
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2.
etImankarpøas;bþÚrGVIxøHTak;TgeTAnwgkarbNþúHbNþal EdlGñk)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgry³eBl (5) qñaMcug
eRkayenH? etImankarpøas;bþÚrGVIxøHbEnßmeTotEdlGñkrMBwgfanwgekItmanenAry³eBl (5) qñaMeRkay? cUr
BicarNasMNYrenH edaypSaP¢ab;eTAnwgRbePTénkarbNþúHbNþal PaBjwkjab;énkarbNþúHbNþal
karsikSarbs;GñkkñúgnamCasikçakam KuNPaBrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal nig TIkEnøgeFVIkarbNþúHbNþal.
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skmµPaB 1.3
etIsmtßPaBKWCaGVI? edIm,IkMNt;niymn½yrbs;Gñk cUrBicarNaGMBIGVIEdlGñkEsVgrk elIGñkNamñak;
EdlGacbMeBjkic©kar)anl¥BitR)akd.
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cUremIlkñúgEpñkeRbobeFobcMelIyrbs;GñksMrab;cMelIy
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11
dMNak;kalTaMgbYnénsmtßPaB
:smtßPaB : RtUv)anviPaKedayEckCa 4 dMNak;kal. karGFIb,ayxageRkam KYrEtGanBIeRkam Rtlb;eLIgelI
vij.
skmµPaB 1.4
cUrpþl;]TahrN_mYy ¬énCMnajEdlGnuvtþedayxøÜnGñk nig GñkNamñak;EdlGñk)anGegátenAkñúgGgÁPaB
rbs;Gñk¦ énRKb;kMriténsmtßPaBEdlmanBnül;dUcxageRkam.
kMritsmtßPaB
]TahrN_
4 smtßPaBeday\tRbugebobxøÜn
GñkGacbgðajGMBIsmtßPaBbMeBjkargarrbs;Gñk)anedaymincaM)ac;
¬cMeNHd¾cMNan¦
eFVIkarepþatGarmµRbugeRbobeBjeljenaHeT.
]TahrN_:³
3
smtßPaBedaydwgxøÜn
GñkGacbgðajGMBIsmtßPaBbMeBjkargarrbs;Gñk)an b:uEnþcaM)ac;GñkRtUv
eFVIkarepþatGarmµykcitTukdak;y:ageBlelj.
]TahrN_:³
2
GsmtßPaBedaydwgxøÜn
GñkdwgxøÜnfaGñkminGacbMeBjkickar)antambTdæanEdleKkMNt;;.
]TahrN_:³
1
GsmtßPaBeday\tdwgxøÜn
GñkmindwgxøÜnfakarbMeBjkic©karrbs;Gñk)aneRkamkMritbTdæanEdleK
cg;)an.
]TahrN_:³
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12
etIlkçN³KnøwHénkmµviFIbNþúHbNþaledayEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnajmanGVIxøH?
karbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnajKW³
Ep¥keTAelIkargar tYnaTI b¤CMnajsMxan;² EdlbegáItCakargar nigtYnaTIenaH.
RtUv)aneKEbgEckCAemerontamCMnajepSg² CaCagtammuxviC¢a b¤RbFanbT.
RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgeGaymanlkçN³bt;Ebn)an edIm,IeGayGñksikSaGace)øaHeTAdl;emeron
EdlmanCMnajnana EdlBYkeKGaceFVI)anrYcmkehIy.
RtUv)aneKbgðajmatikarerOgy:aglMGit muneBlcab;epþImcUldl;emeron.
epþateTAelIkarGnuvtþkargarCak;Esþgrbs;GñksikSa kñúgsßanPaB : BiPBBit : enAkEnøgNak¾)an.
RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgmYyCMhanmþg² edaymaneGay Feedback dl;GñksikSaRKb;CMhanéndMeNIrkar
énkarsikSa.
sgát;F¶n;eTAelIGVIEdlGñksikSaGacykCMnajeTAeRbIkar)an EdlCalTæénkarbNþúHbNþal.
karvaytMélEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnajKW³
Ep¥kelIkareRbI cMeNHdwg nig CMnaj enAkEnøgeFVIkarkargarCak;Esþg b¤ k¾begáItsßanPaBeGay
dUcCakEnøgeFVIkarCak;Esþg.
minEp¥kelIPaKry b¤ cMNat;faµ k;GVIenaHeT b:uEnþEp¥kelIfa etIGñksikSaGacGnuvtþkic©kar Edl)an
dak;eGay)aneTAtamsþg;daEdleKcg;)an b¤k¾Gt;.
plRbeyaCn_mYyrbs;karbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmßPaBCMnajKWfa
bNþal GaRs½ytamEtsmtßPaBCak;lak;nana EdlBYkeKRtUvkarb:ueNÑaH.
- -
neyaCiknwgTTYl)annUvkarbNþúH
13
karbNþúHbNþaledayEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnajrab;bBa©ÚlRKb;TidæPaBénkarGnuvtþkargar
karGnuvtþkargarenAkñúgkMritsmtßPaBCManajmYyTamTareGaymankarGnuvtþCMnajepSg²tamR)aMkMrit ³
CMnajelIkargar (task skills) - GnuvtþnUvkic©karpÞal;xøÜnmñak; )aneTAtamsþg;daEdl eKGacTTYl
yk)an.
CMnajRKb;RKgkargar (task management skills) - erobcMkic©karCaeRcInenAkñúgtYnaTINamYy.
CMnajRKb;RKgRBwtþikarN_EdlGacekIteLIgCayfaehtu (contingency management skills) eqøIytb nig eFVIkaredaHRsaybBaða nigkarlM)aknana.
CMnajEdlGacepÞr)an (transferable skills) - epÞr nigeRbIcMeNHdwg CMnajepSg² nigGkb,kiriya
eTAnwgsßanPaBfµI b¤ sßanPaBERbRbYl.
CMnajbriyakaskargar b¤tYnaTI (job/role environment skills) - Tak;TgeTAnwgkarTTYlxusRtUv
nig karrMBwgfanwgTTYl)anlT§pl enAkñúgsßanPaBkargar nigkareFVIkargarCamYyGñkd¾éT.
TidæPaBepSg²énsmtßPaBCMnaj
CMnajelIkargar
CMnajedaHRsay
bBaða
CMnajRKb;RKg
CMnajEdlGac
epÞr)an
- -
bgáreLIgedayCMnajbri
yakas
kargar b¤tYnaTI. ]>
smtßPaBrbs;
BYkeKkñúgkareFVIkargar
CamYyGñkdéT
14
sþg;dasmtßPaB -
Building Blocks
sMrab;karbNþúHbNþal nig karvaytMél
etIGVIeTACasþg;dasmtßPaB?
sþg;dasmtßPaBKWCar)aykarnana EdlBiBN’nay:agc,as;Bisþar GMBIcMeNHdwg nigCMnaj epSg²
EdlcaM)ac;kñúgkarGnuvtþkic©kar b¤tYnaTI eGay)aneTArksþg;daEdleK)anRBmeRBógmYy. BYkvaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
edayRKUbNþúHbNþal edIm,IbMEbkkic©karb¤kargarnana eGayeTACaFatutUc²eTot bnÞab;mkbegáItCamUldæan
sMrab;skmµPaB bNþúHbNþal. BYkvaKW ³
cMNgeCIgemeron
emeronsþIBIsmtßPaBqøúHbBa©aMgBImuxgar skmµPaB b¤k¾RkumkargarCMnaj nig kargar cMbg² .
]> {karbegáIt nigkarEfrkSaRbB½nV edIm,Ipþl;nUvsMPar³ b¤k¾B½t’manEdlTak;Tg}
BiBN’naemeron
vaGacmanb¤Kµank¾)an nig vaCYybBa¢ak;elIIcMNgeCIgemeron edaypþl;nUvkarBiBN’naedaysegçbBIGVI²
EdlBak;B½nV.
FatuepSg² (Elements) ³
lkç½NÐGnuvtþ³ (Performance Criteria)
FatuepSg²rbs;smtßPaB KWCa Building blocks mUldæan lk½çNÐGnuvtþ KWCar)aykarvaytMél Edl kMNt;Ca
énemeronsþIBIsmtßPaB ehIynwgbnþeFVIkar BiBN’naBIeKal BiessnUvkMriténkarGnuvtþEdleKtMrUv.
bMNgsMxan;rbs;emeronTaMgmYl.
]> sMrab;Fatu { karbegáItRbB½nV } lkçN³vinicä½yelI
]> enAkñúgemeron { karbegáIt nigkarEfrkSaRbB½nV edIm,Ipþl;nUv karGnuvtþKW ³
sMPar³ b¤k¾B½t’manEdlTak;Tg} FatutUc²én smtßPaBman ³ RbB½nVEdlRtYvtamtMrYvkarrbs;Pñak;gar
karbegáItRbB½nV
o RtUvtamtMrUvkarÉkCnPaB nigkargarsMgat;nana
karEfrkSaRbB½nV
o RbB½nVRtUvtameKalbMNgEdleKGPivDÆn_vaeLIg
karpþl;CaGnusasn_BIkareFVIeGayRbB½nVman
o RbB½nVRtUv)aneK
GPivDÆn_)ankñúgeBlevlaCak;
PaBl¥RbesIreLIg
lak;mYy.
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15
r)aykarN_CalMdab;
(range statement) ³
)aykaN_CalMdab;lMedayepSg²KµaCaeRcIn bMeBjmuxgarsMxan;² mYycMnYnenAkñúgRbB½nVsþg;da
mYy. TaMgenHrYmman ³
kMNt;EdnkMNt;EdlenAkñúgenaH sMNuMsmtßPaB nig lk½çNÐGnuvtþEdlTak;Tgnwgva .
pþl;TMnak;TMngrvagkareRbIsþg;damYYy eday]sSahkmµ nigkMritshRKas.
pþl;TMnak;TMngeTAnwg cMeNHdwg nig kic©karepSg² b¤ tMrUvkarCak;lak;nanarbs;
shRKas dUcCa cMeNHdwgRKåH (Underpinning Knowledge) GtßbTENnaMbec©keTs
(Technical Manual) OS&H nig nitivF
i IdMeNIrkarrbs;shRKas ( Enterprise
Operating Procedures ).
pþl;karepþatGarmµN_ edaymanlk½çNÐGnuvtþ sMrab;karvaytMél nigkarbegáIt
kmµvFi IbNþúHbNþalEdlEp¥kelIsþg;da.
CYysMrYldl;karbénßmbnßy (up-dating) b¤k¾karEktMrUvsþg;daenAeBleRkay²
eTAtam karERbRbYlénbribT EdlekItecjBIkarGPivDÆTaMgenH enAeBlEdlman
bec©kviC¢afµI² b¤ karerobcMkargar nig karpøas;bþÚrviF Isa®sþ EbbfµI.
]> lMdab;lMedayepSg²Kµa mYycMnYnsMrab;emeron { karbegáIt nigkarEfrkSaRbB½nV
edIm,Ipþl; nUvsMPar³ b¤k¾B½t’manEdlTak;Tg } man ³
sMPar³ nig B½t’manrUmman ³
o B½t’manCalayl½xGkSr b¤pÞal;mat;
o esovePA b¤ PsþútagepSg²
o KMrUsarFatuEr:
o KMrUsarFabtuCIvsa®sþ ]> Qam b¤ rukçCati
o EpnTI
RbB½nVrYmman ³
o RbB½nVpÞúkÉksar eRbIedayRkdasesovePA b¤ kMuBüÚT½r
o bNÑal½y b¤esovePAEpnTI (map banks)
o RbB½nVsþúk nig ehAyk KMrsarFatuEr: nig sarFatuCIvsa®sþ nigEpnTIepSg²
karpSBVpSayrYmman ³
o kardwkCBa¢ÚntaméRbsnIy_ edaypÞal;éd TUrsar b¤meFüa)ayepSgeTot
karENnaMGMBIPsþútag
CYydl;karbkRsayBnül; nigvaytMélelIemeronn. bgðajBIFnFanEdlTak;Tg smtßPaB
(Evidence Guide) ³ sMxan;² bribTénkarvaytMél .l. vapþl;nUvB½t’manbEnßmCaeRcIn dl;RKU nigGñkvaytMél.
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16
etIGIVeTACaRTg;RTayrbs;r)aykarN_énlkç½NÐGnuvtþ (Performance Criterior)?
EbbbTsMrab;karsresrr)aykarN_énlkç½NÐGnuvtþKW CaFmµtamandUcxag eRkam ³
nam (noun)
yuTVsa®sþ
kiriyas½BÞkñúgTMrg;Cal,Hkmµ (passive voice)
RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIg
lkçxNÐ nigxwømsar
edIm,ICMrujkarTMnak;TMngKña
skmµPaB 1.5
cUrTTYlyksþg;dasmtþPaBmYyc,ab;BIRKUrbs;Gñk EdlTak;TgsMrab;kic©karrbs;Gñk. ecjBI sþg;da
smtßPaBenH cUrrkMNt;Faturbs;smtßPaBEdlGñkKitfaGñkGaceFVI)anl¥ ehIynwgmanlTVPaBbNþúHbNþal
Gñkd¾éTenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;GñkeGayeFVI)anl¥dUcGñkEdr. cUrkt;RtanUvFatuenaH niglkç½NÐGnuvtþ. GñkGacnwg
eRbIR)as;BYkvaTaMgenH enAkñúgEpñkTI 2 enAeBlEdlGñkcab;epþIm begáItnUvKMeragrbs;Gñk sMrab;eFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
RkumtUc².
emeron
Fatu (element)
lkç½NÐGnuvtþ (performance criteria)
segçbemeronknøgmk
enakñúgdMNak;kalenH GñkRKan;Et)anemIlGMBIBI smtßPaBkargar nigkarbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelI smtßPaB
nig)aneXIjBIrebobEdl karbNþúHbNþalnaeBlbc©úb,nñRtUv)aneK tMrg;eTArktMrUvkarrbs;buKÁlmñak;² edIm,IeGay
BYkeKmanlTVPaBeFVIkarRbkbedaysmtßPaB. CaTIbBa©b; Gñk)anemIleXIjsþgd; asmtßPaB nigeFVIkareRCIserIs
sþg;dasmtßPaBmYYy kñúgcMeNamsþg;dasmtßPaBTaMgGs; sMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgkarbegáItKMeragbNþúHbNþalmYy.
GñknwgTTUl)an»kasenAkñúgEpñkTI 2 nwgeXIjBIrebobEdleyIgbegáItlT§plsikSa (Learning Outcomes)
niglkç½NÐvaytMélecjBIsþgda. cab;BIenHeTA GñkcaM)ac;RtUvEtKitBicarNaBIcritlkçN³ nigtMrUvkarmYYycMnYnrbs;
GñksikSaCamnusSeBjv½y briyakasénkarsikSa nigGVIEdleFVIeGayGñkkøayCaRKUd¾l¥mñak;.
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17
critlkçN³rbs;RKYbgðat;
skmµPaB 1.6
kMNt;CMnajepSg² cMeNHdwg nigGkb,kiriya EdlRKYd¾l¥mñak;KUrEtman.
CMnaj
cMeNHdwg
Gkb,kiriya
sUmemIl Commpare Your Answers Section for Suggested Response
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18
critlkçN³énkarsikSarbs;mnusSeBjv½y - Characteristics of Adult Leaning
karsikSarbs;mnusSeBjv½y
eFVIkarsMerccitþedayxøÜnÉgnUvfaetIRtUveronGVIEdlmansar³sMxan;.
RtUvkaryl;c,as;BIB½t’man edayEp¥kelIkareCOCak; nigbTBiesaFn_rbs;BYkeK.
rMBwgfaGVIEdlBYkeKnwgsikSa manRbeyaCn_Pøam².
GacCaFnFanmYyEdleBareBjeTAedaycMeNHdwg cMeBaHRKU nigGñksikSaTaMgLay.
EtgEtmannUvbTBiesaFn_mantMél EdlGacRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal; nigCMrujbEnßmenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal eday
eRbIR)as; sisSTaMgenHCaFnFanrbs;Gñk nigrbs;KñaeTAvijeTAmk.
cg;manm©as;karelIrebobEdlBYkeKsikSa nig ebIkEnøgNaGaceFVI)an cg;sikSakñúgdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkar emeron.
EtgEteron)anBYEkCag RbsinebIBYkeKcYlrYmy:agskmµ CagkarsegátedayKµanskmµPaBGVITaMgGs;
eFVIkarsikSakan;EtmanRbsiTiVPaB RbsinebIcMeNHdwg nigCMnajRtUv)aneKBRgwg
cg;eXIjBITMnak;TMngnUvGVIEdlBYkeKkMBugsikSaeTAnwgCIvit nigkargarrbs;BYkeK
eGaytMél»kaskñúgkarCECkEvkEjk nigkarbegáItKMnit nigRTwsþInana
cg;dwgBIviFIEdleKykkarsikSaeTAGnuvtþ nig
eGaytMélelIbriyakasénkarsikSa EdlmankarshkarKña
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19
critlkçN³rbs;mnusSeBjv½ymñak;² EdlGñknwgeFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
enAeBlEdleFVIkarBicarNaBIviFIsa®sþ EdleyIgnwgeRbIR)as;sMrab;Gnuvtþ nigeFVIbT]eTsnamBIkarbNþúH
bNþalrbs;eyIg eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvKitBIcritlkçN³rbs;sisS dUcCa cMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;eK nigGVIEdleKmin
cUlcitþ. eyIgk¾RtUvKitBicarNapgEdrBIcritlkçN³rbs;mnusSmñak;² EdlnwgRtYvbNþúHbNþal ¬eyIgsMedAelIGñk
TaMgGs;KñaEdlCasisS¦. TaMgenHeFVIeGayeyIgmanlTVPaBbegáItnUvyuTVsa®sþ Edlrab;bBa©ÚlsisSTaMgGs;
edayminKitBI ³
Pasa tMrUvkarénkarecHGan ecHsresrGkSr nigelx
vb,Fm’ Pasa nigRbvtþiénkarsikSa
ePT
smtßPaBragkay
kMriténkareCOCak; PaBxVayxVl; nigPaBGnÞHsar
GayukalénbTBiesaFn_ kñúgkarbNþúHbNþal nigvaytMél
bTBiesaFnBImun²CamYynwgRbFanbTenH
eFVIkaeEktMrUveGayedaymankarRBmeRBógcMeBaHcritlkçN³rbs;buKÁlmñak;²
eyIgGaceFVIkarEktMrUveTAtamviFIEdleyIgvaytMélmnusSmñak;²
viFIsa®sþ EdlRtUvvaytMélenaH. GñkGac ³
edaypþl;eGayBYkeKnUvCMerIselI
eGaysisSeFVIkarbgðajfa BYkeKGaceFVIGIVmYy)an CaCagBnül;BIdMeNIrkarrbs;va
eGaysisSeqøIysMNUredaypÞal;mat; CaCagsresrcMelIydak;elIRkdasesovePA
pþl;nUvesvaRTRTg;pÞal;xøÜn ¬]> GñkbkERb GñkGan GñkcUlrUm GñkEfTaM Gñksresr¦
eRbIR)as;bec©kviC¢a b¤]bkrN_BIess EdlGacEktMrUv)an ¬]> kuMBüÚT½r b¤ lifting gear¦
begáIvKÁsikSaBIkarvaytMélxøI² edIm,ITukeBlsMrab;karGs;kMlaMg (fatigue) nigkarBüa)al (medication)
eRbIR)as;GkSrFM² enARKb;TMB½rTaMgGs; (use large print version of any papers)
edIm,IBicarNaelIcritlkçN³rbs;GñkvaytMélmñak;² nigedImIpþl;karGnuBaØat GñkRtUvpþl;PaBbTEbnenAkñúg
dMeNIrkarénkarbNþúHbNþal nigvaytMélenaH.
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20
eKalkarN_énkarsikSaEbbmnusSeeBjv½y
karsikSad¾skmµ (Active Leaning)
GkSrkat;xagedIm
sMPar³sikSaRbkbedayGtßn½y (Meaningful material)
EdlGaceRbIsMrab;
karsikSaedayeRbIBhuviBaØaN (Multi-sense learning)
cgcaM eKalkarN_
bzmPaB nigfµIPaB ¬cMNab;GarmµN_dMbUg nigcugeRkay¦ (Primacy and recency)
TaMgenH ³
eronehIyeroneTot ¬karGnuvtþ nigkarBRgwgmEnßm¦ (Overlearning)
FARM
karpþl;Gnusasn_ (Feedback)
MOP
rgVan; (Reward)
1.
karsikSad¾skmµ (Active learning)
} mnusSeron)anelOn nigmanRbsiTViPaB enAeBlEdlBYkeKcYlrYmy:agskmµkñúgdMe NIrkarénkarsikSa }.
{ RbsinebIR)ab;´ ´nwgePøc
RbsinebIbgðaj´ ´nwgGacyl;
RbsinebIeFVIeGay´sikSa ´R)akdCaeronecH }
cMNaM ³
karkt;RtaminEmnCakarsikSad¾skmµenaHeT. édGacskmµ b:uEnþxUrk,alRbEhlminskmµenaHeT.
2.
sMPar³sikSaRbkbedayGtßn½y (Meaningful material)
{ mnusSeronkan;EtmanRbsiTViPaB enAeBlEdlBYkeKGacP¢ab;sMPar³sikSafµI eTAnwgcMeNHdwgEdlmanRsab; }
cMnuccab;epþImrbs;GñkRtUvEtKitBicarNaGMBIbTBiesaFn_rbs;sisS. cab;epþImGVIEdlBYkeK)andwg eTAGVI
EdlBYkeKmindwg.
TMagenHCaviFIEdlGñkGacCYysisSrbs;Gñk ³
enAeBlEdlecab;epþImRbFanbTfµI sUmsYrsisSrbs;GñkBIGVIEdlBYkeK)andwg ehIyeTIbcab;epþIm
beRgón.
eFVIbT]eTsnamBIsMPar³sikSarbs;Gñk eTAtamkMritecHdwgrbs;sisS minEmnkMritecHdwgrbs;GñkeT
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21
3.
bgðajBIRbFanbT b¤vKÁsikSaeTAtamlMdab;lMeday
eRbIR)as;nUv]TahrN_ rUbPaB nigkareRbóbeFobmYycMnYn (mYycMnYnkñúgenHsMedAeTAelI
PaBRbedogKña ¬sTisPaB analogy¦)
eFVIeGaysMPar³sikSarbs;GñkdUcCakarBittamEtGaceFVIeTA)an eCosvagPaBGrUbiy
elIkTwkcitþsisS edayP¢ab;eTAnwgeKaledA nigtMrUvkarrbs;BYkeK
karsikSaedayeRbIBhuviBaØaN (Multi-sense learning)
{ viFIsa®sþénkarsikSa EdleRbIR)as;nUvviBaØNBIr b¤eRcInmanRbsiTViPaBCag kareRbIR)as;viBaØaNEtmYy }
tamry³karemIleXIj
11.0 % tamry³karsþab;lW
3.5% tamry³karhitkøin
1.5 % tamry³karsÞab;GEg¥l
1.0 % tamry³karPøk;rsCati
83.0 %
cUrkt;cMNaMfa ckçúvis½yman\TViBly:agNa enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarsikSa. sisSrbs;GñknwgTTYl)anpl
RbeyaCn_BI»kas kñúgkareRbIR)as;nUvviBaØaNmYycMnYnenH CaBiessKW karemIleXIj.
etIGñkGacCMrujeGaymankarsikSaedayeRbIBhuviBaØaNdUcem:þc?
pSMkarniyay nig karbgðajeGayeXIjbBa©ÚlKña
eRbI]bkrN_CMnUykaremIl nigsþab; (audio and visual aids) enAeBl nigenAkEnßgNa EdlGac
eFVIeTA)an
TukeGaysisSKit nigedaHRsay]TahrN_TaMgenH
enAkEnøgNaEdlcaM)ac; RtUveRbIvtßúBit
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22
4.
bzmPaB nigfµIPaB ¬cMNab;GarmµN_dMbUg nigcugeRkay¦ (Primacy and recency)
{mnusSGacmanninñakarrMlwknUvGVIEdll¥² EdlBYkeK)ansikSakalBIdMbUg nig cugeRkaytamlMdab;lMeday}
GñkGacCYysisSrbs;Gñkeday ³
pþl;karbgðajCamunRtYs² nigTidæPaBTUeTArbs;vKÁsikSa
eFVIkarsegçbcMnucsMxan;² enAeBlEdlsmRsmenAeBlsikSa
erobcMKMeragsMrab;karcab;epþIm nigkarbBa©b;emeronrbs;GñkedayRbugRby½tñ
rMlwksisSTaMgGs;KñaBIlMdab;lMedayEdleK)ansikSa
5.
eronehIyeroneTot ¬karGnuvtþ nigkarBRgwgmEnßm¦ (Overlearning)
{karsikSaRtUv)anRTRTg;eday»kasCajwkjy kñúgkarGnuvtþpÞal; nigGnuvtþeTAnwgCMnaj nigcMeNHdwgfµI²}
GñkGacCYysisSrbs;Gñkeday ³
EbgEckeBlevlasmRsbmYysMrab;BYkeK edIm,IGnuvtþnUvCMnajfµI²enAkñúgkaeRKagemeronrbs;Gñk
enAeBlcab;epþImsikSa cUresIñsMueGayBYkeKsegçbemeronmunenH
pþl;nUv]TahrN_ EdlCMrujeGayBYkeKrMlwk nigGnuvtþkarbNþúHbNþalmun²
sUrsMNUrCaerOy²
6.
karpþl;Gnusasn_ (Feedback)
{karsikSaRbkbedayRbsiTiVPaBRtUv)aneKCMrujelIkTwkcitþ enAeBlEdlRKU nigsisSpþl;Gnusasn_
eGayKñaeTAvijeTAmk}
enAkñúgbriyakasénkarsikSaGñkKUrEt ³
CMrujeGaysisSsYrsMNUrepSg²
GnuBaØateGaymankarrMlwkeLIgvijenAkñúgeBlsikSa
BiPakSa nigEktMrUvkMhusepSg² b:uEnþkMuriHKn;
pþl;lTVplkargarrbs;sisSeGay)anelOntamEtGaneFVIeTA)an kan;Etqab;kan;EtmanRbsiTViPaB
CYysisSeGayGPivDÆn_CMnaj
kñúgkarpþl; nigTTYlykGnusasn_ ¬TaMgenHCaCMnajsgÁm
nigkargard¾ sMxan;¦
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23
viFImYycMnYnEdlsisSpþl;CaGnusasn_nwgCYyGñkdYcteTA ³
begáItnUvTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiTVCamYysisSrbs;Gñk
vaytMélkaryl;dwgrbs;sisS – etIeKGacsMerc)antam vtßúbMNgénemeron)ankMritNa?
kMNt;sMKal;sisSEdlRtUvkartMrUvBiessrbs; – GñkEdleKeXIjfamanCMhanyWteBk GñkEdl
manCMhanelOneBk nig GñkEdlmankarlM)akkñúgkareRbIR)as;Pasa nigtMrUvkarBiess² d¾éTeTot.
7.
pll¥nwgTTYl)an (Reward)
{karsikSaEdlnwgTTYl)anpll¥ TMngCaeFVIeGaymankarykcitþeroneRcIn}
GñkGacCYysisSrbs;Gñkeday ³
pþl;nUveCaKC½ydMbUg² enAkñúgdMeNIrkaénkarsikSa - {KµanGVImaneCaKC½y dUcPaBeCaKC½yenaHeT}
(Nothing succeeds like success)
BRgwgGVI²EdlsisSrbs;GñkeFVI)anRtwmRtUv ¬vaEtgEtmanninñakareTAelIkarepþatGarmµN_ esÞIrEt
TaMgRsug eTAelIkMhusepSg²¦. {eFVIeGaysisSrbs;GñkeFVIGVI²eGay)anRtwmRtUv}
beBa¢óssisSTaMgGs;BIkareFVIeGaymankMhus tamEtGaceFVIeTA)an ¬eFVIeGayeCaKC½ytaMgBIeFVI
dMbUg¦
eFVIeGaysisSrbs;GñksikSakñúgkaredaHRsaybBaða nigkarGnuvtþCMnajfµI².
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24
skmµPaB 1.7
cUrbMeBjtaragxageRkam. enAkñúgkic©karrbs;Gñk etIGñkemIleXIjGVIeTACatMrUvkarénkarsikSarbs;
sisSrbs; Gñk? cUrbgðajGMBItMrUvkarEdlGñkkMNt;TaMgenH enAkUeLanxageqVg.
tMrUvkarEdlTak;Tgnwgkargar nigkarsikSaenAkñúgsßanPaBRkummYy ¬tarag¦
tMrUvkarrUbv½nþCamUldæan
(Basic Physical Needs)
tMrUvkarsuvtißPaB nigsnþisux
(Safety and Security Needs)
tMrUvkarsgÁm nigRTBüsm,tþi
(Belonging
Needs)
and
Social
tMrUvkarkareKarBBIGñkd¾éT
(Esteem Needs)
tMrUckarsñaéd
(Accomplishment Needs)
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25
sÞIlénkarsikSa (Learning Style)
skmµPaB 1.8
kMrg;sMNUrrbs;sÞWlénkarsikSa
RtUvbMeBjedayxøÜnÉg ehIyeFVIkarBiPakSaCaRkum.
skmµPaB 1.9
eRbIR)as;nUvtaragxageRkam edIm,Ikt;RtaBinÞúrbs;Rkumkargar EdlGñknwgeFVIkarbNþúHbNþalCamYy.
taraglTVplkMrgsMNYrelIsÞIlénkarsikSa
eQµaH
Gñkskmµ
GñkRbtikmµtb
GñkRTwsþI
(Activist)
(Reflector)
(Theorist)
GñkedaHRsaybBaða
Cak;Esþg
(Pragmatist)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
- -
26
sÞIlénkarsikSa - karBiBN’naTYreTA
Gñkskmµniym (Activists)
TsSn³viC¢a ³ { ´nwgBüayameFVIGVI²mþg }
BYkeKsÞúHcYleTAkEnøgEdleTBFItamankarP½yxøacminh‘anedIr. BYkeKTMngCaeFVIGmVI YyedayPaB Rbfuy
Rbfan. b:unµanéf¶enH BYkeKmankic©karCaeRcIny:agskmµ. BYkeKrIkraynwgkarBnøt;ePøIgbBaðary³eBlxøI.
BYkeKedaHRsaybBaða edayriHrkKMnit (brainstorming) . enAeBlEdlPaBrMePIb)an)at;rlt;eTA BYkeKBüayam
EsVgrkmUyeTot.
Gñkskmµ - Gñkeron)anBUEkeday ³
bTBiesaFn_ »kas nigbBaðafµI² ¬El,gkMsanþ edIrtYelçan .l.¦
Büayamecjmux ¬manmuxenAkñúgkic©RbCMutumUl .l.¦
begáItKMnitepSg² edayminxVl;xVayBI]bsKÁkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþgrbs;BYkeK
GñkRbtikmµtb (Reflectors)
TsSn³viC¢a ³ Rby½tñ mineFVIeGaydMufrµ maleLIy {emIleGayc,as;muneBlGñkelat{
BYkeKCamnusSmanKMnit EdlcUlcitþKitBicarNaRKb;RCugeRCay muneBlbnþdMeNIreTAmuxeTot. BYkeK
cUlcitþsikSakic©RbCMu nigkarBiPakSanana. BYkeKcUlcitþsegátemIlGñkd¾éTeFVIskmµPaB. BYkeKsþab;Gñkd¾éT
ehIyTTUlykTisedAénkarBIPakSa muneBlbeBa©ajKMnitpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK.
GµkRbtikmµtb - Gñkeron)anBUEkedaysar
karelIkTwkcitþelIkaremIl nigKitBIGVImYy
TTUl)ankarGnuBaØateGayKitKUr muneBleFVIGVImYy
karGegát nigRsavRCav
BinitüemIleLIgvijelIsßanPaB
eq<aHeTAdl;karvinicä½yedayxøÜnÉg KµankareKobsgát; ¬]> kalkMNt;¦
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27
GñkRTwsþIniym (Theorists)
TsSn³viC¢a³ {manPaBGMNrcMeBaH PaBsmehtupl nig LÚsSic (logic). { RbsinebIvaLÚsSic val¥Nas; {
sMNUrmYycMnUnEdlBYkeKEtgEtecatsUrKW ³ {etIvasmehtuplEdr b¤eT? etITaMgenHsmnwgTaMgenaHEdr
b¤eT? etIGVICakarsnñt;CamUldæan? }
GñkRTwsþIniym - Gñkeron)anBUEkeday ³
GPiRkmmanlkçN³CaRbB½nV (a systematic approach)
maneBlsMrab;EsVgrkTMnak;TMngnana (explore inter-relationships)
rukrkBIviFIsa®sþ nigkarsninæan (probing methodolies and assumptions)
KMnit nigTsSn³Edlmankarcab;GarmµN_ ebIeTaHbICaminTak;TagedayPøam²k¾eday
saMjaMuCagmun nig sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBRbkUtRbECg
GñkeCOelIkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg (Pragmatists)
TsSnviC¢a ³ { vaEtgEtmanviFIløCagenH nigRbsinebIvadMeNIrkar vaBitCal¥Nas; {
BYkeKcYlcitþeFVIkarCamYyGVI² nigsMEdgGMeBIy:agrh½srhYn nigRbkbedayPaBeCOCak; eTAelIKMnitEdl
eFVIeGayeKcUlcitþ. BYkeKmincUlcitþniyayeRcInmincMTisedA “beating around the bush”
ehIyTMngGt;manPaBGt;Fµt;CamYy nwgkarBiPakSaEvgGnøay. BYkeKCamnusSsmaBaØ minsaMjaMu EdlcUlcitþeFVI
karsMerccitþ nigedaHRsaybBaðaedayCak;Esþg. BYkeKeqøIytmeTAnwg bBaða nig»kas EbbCakarRbNaMgRbECg
(challenge).
GñkeCOelIkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg - Gñkeron)anBUEktamry³ ³
ticnicsMrab;eFVIGVImYy
Gnusasn_ BIGñkGnuvtþEdlTTYl)aneCaKC½y
»kaskñúgkarGnuvtþ
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarTTUlsÁal; nigyl;dwgBI ³
sÞIlénkarsikSarbs;Gñk
sIÞlénkarsikSarbs;sisSEdlGñkkMBugeFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
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28
tMrUvkarénkarsikSaCak;lak;
V A K PO INT
V
Visual
A
Audial
K
Kinaesthetic
PO
Print Oriented
INT
Interactive Learnging
karemIleXIj
karsþab;lW
kayvikar
eRbIÉksare)aHBum<rYc
karsikSaedayeFVITMnak;TMngrvagKña
karsiSaedayemIleXIjCa ktþaxagkñúg nigxageRkA ³
eRbIkþIRsém: rUbPaB karRsemIlRsém: (daydreams) nigkaeemIleXIjenAkñúgGarmµN_
eRbIBN’FmµCati rUbPaB KMnUr overheads nig charts EdlCaktþaxageRkA
eFVIkarsikSaedayeFVIkarsegátemIlGñkd¾éT
karsiSaedaykarsþab; KWCakarniyaysþI nigsþab;lWrbs;eyIg ³
manlTVPaBeFVIkarsikSaedaykarCECkKñaBIkargarrbs;BYkeyIg
eFVIkasikSay:agskmµedaysþab;Gñkd¾éT
kayvikar KWCakarsikSaedayGnuvtþCak;Esþg (hand-on learning) rbs;eyIg nig karsikSaeedayeFVcI lna ³
GacmanlTVPaByl;dwg)antamry³kaeFVI nigbegáItvtßúnana karcab;yk b¤karbMEbkvtßúepSg²
vaeFVIeGaymanGarmµN_EdlecjmkBIxagkñúgcitþcMeBaHkarsikSaenH
eRbIÉksare)aHBum<rYc KWCakarsikSatamry³RbB½nVe)aHBum< ³
karsresr
b:uEnþ CaBiesselIkarGa
karTMnak;TMngKña KWCakarsikSatamry³karsikSaskmµCamYyKña ³
karsikSaedayshkarKñaCamYyGñkd¾éT
tamry³karCECkKña nigkarBIPakSaBIerOgepSg²
karEckrMElkKMnitKñaeTAvijeTAmk
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29
Gñkd¾éT nigkarsikSarbs;BYkeKenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal nigkarvaytMél
karbNþúHbNþal -- dMeNIrkarénkarsikSa
{ PaBeCOCak; karKaMRT kareKarB nigPaBkk;ekþAbegáIteGaymanbriyakasRTRTg;mYycMeBaHkarbNþúHbNþal. }
dMeNIrkarénkarbNþúHbNþaltMrUveGaymanbTBiesaFn_énkarsikSarvag RKU sisSanusisS nigGñkd¾éT
eTot enAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk.
skmµPaB 1.10
Gñkd¾éTeTotEdlBak;B½nVnwgdMeNIrkarenH RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam. cUreFVIkarBiPakSa CamYy
RKUrbs;Gñk CaBiessGñkEdlmantYnaTIenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal EdlGñknwgpþl; nigtUnaTIEbbNaEdleK RtUvman.
GñkBak;B½nVenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal
RbFanRkum¼GñkemIlkar¼ GñkCMnajbec©keTs
tYnaTIrbs;BYkeK
RbFanRKb;RKg¼ buKÁlik
GñksMrb;sMrYlkarbNþúHbNþal nigvaytMél
GñksikSakñúgkarbNþúHbNþal
Pñak;gartMNagrbs;raCrdæaPi)al
shCIB¼GñktMNagbuKÁlik¼RkumRBwkSaKN³kmµkar
GñkvaytMél
- -
30
segçb
\LÚvenHGñk)anbBa©b;EpñkTI 1 ehIynwgmankaryl;dwgRbesIrCagmun GMBtI YnaTIrbs;GñkEdlCa RKUbNþúH
bNþal. Gñknwgdwgfa karbNþúHbNþalminEmnRKan;EtQrenABImuxRkumsisSanusisS ehIyniyay GMBIRbFanbT
mYy EdlGñkKitfavamansar³sMxan;enaHeT. karbNþúHbNþal KWCakarbMeBjnUvtMrUvkar karsikSarbs;buKÁlmñak;²
EdlCabuKÁlikkargarrbs;Gñk nigkarGPivDÆn_karbNþúHbNþal edIm,IeGayBYkeKmansmtßPaBRtUvnwgkMritsþg;da
rbs;eragcRk shRKas nigCati.
Gñk)ankMNt;sMKal;nUvtMrUvkarpÞal;xøÜnmñak;²rbs;sisSrbs;Gñk ehIykñúgkareFVIEbbenH )anKitBicarNa
GMBIbBaßaCaeRcInEdlTak;TgnwgsÞIlénkarsikSa TidæPaBbriyakas eKalkarN_sikSarbs;mnusSeBjv½y nig
critlkçN³rbs;sisSmñak;². kñúgkarRbmUlB½t’manGñkcaM)ac;RtUvmansmtßPaB pþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal Edlman
RbeyaCn_ edaysarEtenAeBlenH Gñk)andwgBIsar³sMxan;énkareFVIeGayGñkd¾éTcUlrUmBak;B½nV enAkñúgdMeNIrkar
énkarbNþúHbNþal nigvaytMél.
cb;EpñkTI
1
skmµPaBvaytMél
karvaytMélsMrab;EpñkTI 1 nwgRtUveKvaytMélCaEpñkmYYyrbs;EpñkTI 2.
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31
EpñkTI
2
–
kareFVIEpnkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal
esckþIepþIm
enAkñúgEpñkenH
GñknwgRtUveRbIcMeNHdwgEdlGñk)anTTYlBIkarsikSaEpñkTI
edIm,IeFVIEpnkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal. sMrab;kic©karenH GñkRtUvBicarNaelI³
karviPaKtMrUvkarEpñk bNþúHbNþalsMrab;RkumtUc² enAkñúgGgÁPaBkargar
sresrBIlT§plsikSa)anmkBIvKÁbNþúHbNþal nig rgVas;vaytémøkMritcMeNHdwg
meFüa)aypþl;karbNþúHbNþþal
karerobcMÉksarbNþúHbNþalsMrab;RkumtUc²
1
kMNt;tMrvU karEpñkbNþúHbNþal
vKÁbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnaj RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,Ip þl;CMnaj nig cMeNHdwgcaM)ac; sMrab;
bMeBjkic©kargareGay)anl¥RbesIr .
eyIgGackMNt;tMrUvkarbNþúHbNþaltamviFCI aeRcIn. viFmI YykñúgcMeNamenaH KWkarviPaKBItMrUvkarbNþúH
bNþal.
eyIgviPaKtMrUvkarbNþúHbNþal dUcxageRkam³
kMNt;BITMhMkargar EdleyIgtMrUveGayRkummYybMeBj
kMNt;kMritCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgcaM)ac;sMrab;bMeBjkargarenH
vas;sÞg; smtßPaBRkumeKaledA edIm,IkMNt;faetIBYkeKmanCMnajEdlcaM)ac;ehIyrWenA
eFVIya:gNaeGaykmµviFIbNþúHbNþaleqøIytbeTAnwgkMritCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgEdlRtUvkaredIm,I
bMeBjParkic© nig eTAnwgkMritCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgEdlBYkeKmanRsab;
eyIgKYrEtkMNt;TMhkM argar nig kMritCM naj nig cMeNHdwg edayEp¥kelIKuNPaBénvKÁbNþúHbNþal
EdlmanRsab; rW eTAtamsþg;darsmtß PaBCMnajRbsinebIman. bnÞab;mk eyIgGacsikSaelIRkumeKaledA nig
BinitüemIla etIsþg;darmYyNaEdlGacykmkGnuvtþn_pÞal;)an.
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32
etIkarviPaKGMBItMrUvkarkarbNþúHbNþalKWCaGVI?
eKalkarN_KnøwH
karviPaKGMBItMrUvkarbNþúHbNþal (TNA) – eRbIsMrab;rukrkcenøaHRbehag rvagkarbMeBjkargar)an
RKb;RKan; nig min)anRKb;RKan;. RbkarenHpþl;mUldæanmYy sMrab;kMNt;Gtßn½ytMrUvkar nig vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúH
bNþalrbs;GgÁPaB EdlepþImecjBIvaenH.
karXøaMemIl - dMNak;kaspþÜcepIþm TNA dMbUg³ RtYtBinitüemIlelIBt’man edIm,ICakarcgRkg)annYv
rUbPaBTUlMTYlaymYyénlT§plkargarrbs;GgÁPaB.
karGegát - dMNak;kal
bNþal.
TNA
enAkNþalTI³ CakEnøgEdlsYredjedalrkeraKsBaØaéntMrUvkarbNþúH
karviPaK - dMNak;kal TNA enATIcugeRkay³ erobcMtamlMdab; nig cat;fañ k;Tinñn½y sMrab;karGegátrbs;
TNA rYcehIyerobcMr)aykarN_.
vtþúbMngénkarsikSa
bnþab;BIeBlGñkcb;vKÁenH GñkmansmtßPaBGacnwg ³
GFib,ayGMBI TNA nig Bnül;faetIehtuGVI)anCavamansr³sMxan;sMrab;skþ½siT§rbs;GgÁPaB
Bnül;BIdMNak;kalrbs; TNA
GFib,ayGMBIbBaðaxøH EdlekItmanTnÞwmKñanwgeKalKMnitrbs; TNA
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33
lkçN³TUeTA
mnusSmYycMnYnRbEhlGHGagfa karviPaKBItMrUvkarrbs; karbNþúHbNþal (TNA) KWCadMNak;kalman
sar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarbNþúHbNþal. minEmnenaHeT¡ dMNak;kalnimYy² mansr³sMxan;rbs;va
esµIKña¡ eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday TNA CakarEdlcMa)ac;. vasßitenAdMbUgeKenAkñúgdMenIrkarbNþúHbNþal enHmann½y
fa kalNamankarxVHxatenAdMNak;kalenH GaceFVIeGaydMNak;kalbnþrbnÞab;gakecjBIeKaledAEdlcg;)an
edaymankarx¢Hx¢ayFnFanpgEdr. pÞúyeTAvij TNA d¾mansuRkwtPaBmYy Gackat;bnßyenAkarmankgVHxat
enSeBldMNak;kaleRkay².
vtßúbMNgrbs; TNA KWedIm,IRbmUl nig vaytMélBt’man edIm,IEsVgyl;GMBI³
1. etIGVIkMBugEt)aneFVI enAeBl\LÚvenH
2. etIGVIKYrEteFVI ¬eTaHCaenAeBl\LÚvenH b¤ eBlGnaKt¦
eyIg)anrkeXIjKMlatrvagcMnucBIrenH ehIyeyIgGacsMercfaetI karbNþúHbNþalGacbitKMlatenHvij
)anb¤eT. ebIsinCakarbNþúHbNþalGacbit)an enHTinñn½yEdleyIgRbmUl)anbgárCamYldæansMrab; eyIg
sMerccitþGMBI³
matikar nig viFIsa®sþbNþúHbNþal.
mnusSNaxøHRtUvkarkarbNþúHbNþal (target population) .
]bsKÁsareBlevla EdlekItmanenAkñúgdMNak;kalTaMgBIr . ¬]> karbNþúHbNþalRtUvEtcb;
kñúgry³eBlbIEx ehIysikçakamRtUvEtmansmtßPaBbMeBjkargar X eGay)ankñúgeBlBInaTI¦.
etIeyIgGacvas;sÞg;GMBIvtßúbMNg énkarbNþúHbNþal)anedayrebobNa.
viFIeFVI TNA
CaGkusl vaKµannitiviFIsmBaØNamYyeLIy kñúgkareFVI TNA . ral;sßankarnimYy²rbs;va RtUvkareGay
man karlayKñarvag karGegát karedjedalrk karviPaK nig karTajrkehtupl. tamviFICaeRcIn TNA KWdUcCa
kargarrbs;GñkesuIbGegát GBa©wgEdr edaysarEtdMnak;kalbnÞab;KWGaRs½yelIGVIEdleTIbEt)ancb;munvaPøamenH.
enAeBlEdlGñkeFVI TNA GñktamdanRKb;sBaØaNEdlelceLIg nig RtYtBinitüRKb;ral;Bt’man ¬eBlNa
GaceFVI)an¦. BinitüBic©½yelIral;cMelIy EdlCaCMerIsepSg² Edlman munnwgeFVIesckþIsnñidæan. manEteFVIya:g
enHeT eTIbGñkR)akdfa GñkmanPsþútagrbs;Gñk edIm,IKaMRTdl;yuT§sa®sþbNþúHbNþal.
CaerOy² vamansar³RbeyaCn_Nas; kñúgkarGFib,ay TNA CadMeNIrkar bIdMNak;kaldUcxageRkam³
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34
1.
2.
3.
karXøaMemIl (Surveillance)
karesuIbGegát (Investigation)
karviPaK (Analysis)
snñidæanfa Gñk)ansMerccitþ Gnuvtþ TNA mYyenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk.
karXøaMemIl (Surveillance)
enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH GñkKYrEtBinitüeLIgvijeGay)aneTogTat; elITinñn½ysMxan;² rbs;GgÁPaBrbs;
Gñk. emIlelIesckþIsegçbÉksar edm,IeGayGñkemIleXIj GMBI eKalerOgénsßanPaBrbs;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk
edaysV½yRbvtþ. dUcenH GñknwgTTYl)anBt’manTan;ehtukarN_ nig rUbPaBTMlMTUlay elIGVIEdlkMBugekItman
cMeBaHGgÁPaBTaMgmUl ehIyGñkGaccab;epþImemIleTAelIkEnøg EdlkarGnuvtþkargarmanbBaða nig «kaskñúgkar
bNþúHbNþal.
1.
elIsBIenHeTAeTot cUrxMRbwgERbgedIm,IrkSaeGayman karTMnak;TMngsmBaØeRkApøÚvkar CamYyGñkepSg²
enAkñúgTUTaMgGgÁPaB. eFVIkarsÞabsÞg;eGay)aneTogTat; elI \riybT nig GarmµN_ rbs;smaCikrbs;GgÁPaB
eTaHbICakarsÞabsÞgrbs;GñkmanlkçN³CaGBaØafavtßú (subjective) k¾eday.
enATIbMput RtUvdwgBIeKalneya)ay TisedA nig bTdæan fµI² Tak;TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþkargar. RbkarTaMenH
R)ab;eGayGñkdwg GMBI kargarmYycMnYnEdlGñkRtUvcgRkgTinñn½y sMrab;sMNuMÉksarénkarXøaMemIlrbs;Gñk.
GñkGacrk)ansnøwkkic©kar enATMB½rxageRkay Edlmansr³RbeyaCn_ kñúgkarsegçbÉksar. GñkGacEkERb)an
edayesrI b¤ BRgIkkEnøgEdlerobrab;cMNgeCIg edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnwgnitiviFIraykarN_ nig nitivIFIKNenyü
rbs;GgÁPaBGñk.
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35
Tinñn½yXøaMemIl
GVIkMBugekIteLIg eBlenH?
GVIKYRtUvekIteLIg?
ktþaGgÁPaB³
eKalneya)ay nig vtßúbMNgrbs;GgÁPaB
bTdæanGnuvtþkargar
eKaledAfvikar
karerobrab;GMBIkagar
brimaN nig KuNPaB plitkmµ
karerobcM nig viFIsa®sþsikSa
karvaytMélelIlT§plkargar
ktþaxageRkA³
karBüakrN_esd©kic©
karrIkcMerInxagbec©keTs
tMrUvkarénc,ab;
GRta³
buKÁlikQb;
karGvtþmanenAkEnøgkargar
eRKaHfñak;
skmµPaBdak;Bin½y
kareGayeyabl;
tMél³
Blkmµ
vtßúFatuedIm
htßÚbkrN_
kaksMNl;
karEfTaM
Efmem:ag
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36
karesuIbGegát
cUrGñkeFVIkaresuIbGegÁtemIl RbsinebIGñksgS½yfaGñk)anrkeXIjnUvkarxVHcenøaHénkarGnuvtþn¾ rWk¾Rbsin
ebIKN³RKb;RKgsMN
M UmBreGaymankarbNþúHbNþalmYy rW KN³RKb;RKgTMngCaKitfa vacaM)ac;RtUvEtmankar
bNþúHbNþal. eKalbMNgénkaresuIbGegÁtrbs;Gñk KWRtUvRbEmlRbmUlnUvTinñn½yCak;lak;niglMGitCagmun
enAelI EpñkEdlCab;Tak;Tg.
2.
\LÚvenHGñkGacemIleXIjBIsar³sMxan;énkarXøaMemIlCa®bcaM. edayminmanTidæPaBCaTUlMTUlayenaH
GñkGaceFVIkarsgát;F¶n;RCulEteTAelItMrUvkarmYyénkarbNþúHbNþal edayeFVIeGayxUcdl;tMrUvkarnana d¾éTeTot²
EdlGñksUm,IEtmindwgfavamanpg. lT§plGacCa kareRbIR)as;EdlminsYvTTYl)anpll¥eTAelIFnFannana
nigkar)at;bg;nUvCMenOTukcitþcMeBaHrUbGñk.
manmeFüa)ayCaeRcInsMrab;RbEmlRbmUlTinñn½y EdlGñkGaceRbIR)as;enAkñúgkaresuIGegÁt TNA mYy.
TaMgenHKWCameFüa)ayEdleKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTA ³
1.
karsegátemIl ³ edaypÞal;xøÜn edayftCaExSvIedGU
2.
karsMPasn¾ ³ CabuKÁl CaRkum
3.
sMnYr
³ Checklist dak;BinúÞ
4.
esovePAkMnt;ehtu ( karkt;RtaBIskmµPaBnana )
5.
KMrUrkargarnana
6.
karvaytMéleTAelIkarGnuvtþn¾kargar
7.
karerobcm nig viFIsaRsþsikSa ³ karsikSaeTAelIkargar
8.
kareFVIetsþEbbcitþsaRsþ
karBinitüemIleTAelIkic©karTaMgenHeGay)anlMGitenaH KWhYsBIkarTMhMénemeronenH k¾b:uEnþeyIgesñIreGay
Gñk begáItnUvCMnajRbmUlTinñn½y EdlCaEpñkmYyénkmµviFIGPivDÆn¾viC¢aCIv³.
karviPaK
karviPaKKWmankarlM)akkñúgkarBiBN’na BIeRBaHEtvaCaCMnajEdlRtUvkarnUvkareRbIR)as;bBaØa. eTaHbICa
ya:gNak¾eday enAkñúgkMritGb,brimaenaH eyIgGacniyayfa vaCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarBinitüeGay)anc,as;las;
eTAelITinñn½yEdlkMBugekItman edIm,Ilb;ecalnUvBt’manEdlmin)ankar karrYmpþúMCaRkum nigkarsegçbeTAelI
Tinñn½yEdlenAsl; karTajnUvkarsnñidæanedaysmrmü nigkarerobcMnUv ( r)aykarN¾sþIBI ) karTMnak;
TMngmYy. CMnajTaMgenHGacRtUv)ansMrYceGayecHc,as;)aneday karGnuvtþn¾pÞal; ehIyGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
edaymankarCYyBIbec©keTsTMenIbnana kñúgviPaKeTAelIsßiti nigkarKNnaTinñn½yeday]bkrN¾eGLicRtUnic.
3.
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37
eKGaceFVIkarviPaKeTAelITInñn½yeTAtamRbFanbTbI ³
1.
2.
3.
karviPaKeTAelIGgÁPaB ³ enHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgr)aykarN¾sþIBIvtßúbMNg nigeKalneya)ay enAkñúgGgÁPaB
eTAtamEpñk nigeTAtamkMrit ehIyRBmTaMgkarvIPaKeTAelIFnFanmnusSEdlGacman nigeTAelIbriyakas
rbs;GgÁPaB. karviPaKEbbenHGacrab;bBa©ÚlnUvkarbkRsay EdlmanlkçNHl¥itl¥n;eTAelIsnÞsSn¾
éns½kþsiT§PaB edIm,IeFVIkarepþateTAelIkarxVHcenøaH énkarGnuvtþn¾enAkñúgTaMgmUlrbs;GgÁPaB.
karviPaKeTAelIkarRbtibtþi ( kargar ) ³ karviPaKenHCadMbUgepþateTAelIsþg;daénkarGnuvtþn¾kargar.
bnÞab;mkvaeFVIkarEbgEckkargareTACakic©kartUc² ehIyesuIGegátemIleTAelImeFüa)ayénkarGnuvtþn¾kic©kar
TaMgenaH ( edaymaneKalbMNgEklMGrRbsiT§PaBkargar ). BIkarviPaKenH eyIgGacepþateTAelICMnaj
cMeNHdwg nig\triyabT EdlbuKÁlikmñak;RtUvkar edIm,IeFVIkargareGaysmRsbeTAtamsþg;da.
karviPaKeTAelIbuKÁlik ³ karviPaKenHepþateTAelIbuKÁlimñak;² EdlRtUv)anesuIbGegÁtemIlenAkñúgkarviPaKBI
dMeNIkarGnuvtþn¾kargarrbs;BYkeK. kMritGnuvtþn¾kargarnaeBlbc©úb,nñRtUv)aneKvas;emIl ehIytMrUvkarnana (
RbsinebIman ) RtUv)aneKBinitüemIledIm,IeFVIeGaykarGnuvtþn¾kargarsmRsbeTAtamsþg;dar.
dUecñHeyIg)ankMnt;BItMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal vtßbú MNgénkarbNþúHbNþal matikarénkarbNþúHbNþal
nigmnusSEdlCaeKaledAénkarbNþúHbNþal EdlktþaTaMgGs;enH)aneFVIeGayeyIg sßitenAelIpøÚvd¾l¥mYyeq<aH
eTArkkarbegáItskmµPaBbNþúHbNþalnana EdlsmRsbeTAtamPaBcaM)ac;.
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38
TMnak;TMngéndMNak;kal TNA
TMnak;TMngéndMNak;kalenAkñúgm:UEdl TNA GacRtUv)anBiBN’naenAkñúgtaragda:yaRkamxageRkamenH
karXøaMemIl KWCaskmµPaBbnþCab;mYy edaycaM)ac;eGaymankMritNamYy énkarviPaKEdleKeFVIdEdl².
RbkarenHRtUv)anbgðajeGayeXIj enAelItaragda:yaRkam BIry³eBlRtg;cMNuc A rhUtdl;cMNuc F .
karXøaMemIl nigkarviPaKenARtg;ry³eBlcMNuc A dl;cMNuc B naMeGayGñkmankarsgS½y
BItMrUvkareGaymankarbNþúHbNþalenARtg;cMNuc B .
GñkbegáInkic©xitxMRbwgERbgviPaKrbs;Gñk enARtg;ry³eBlcMNuc B dl;cMNuc C edIm,I)anTinñn½y
mUldæan EdlGñkRtUvkarCacaM)ac; edIm,Icab;e pþImeFVIkaresuIbGegátmYyenARtg;cMNuc C .
karesuIbGegátmanry³eBlBIcMNuc C dl;cMNuc D edaymankMriténkarviPaKekIneLIgxøaMg enAkñúgGMLúg
eBlenH e dIm,IeFVIkarKNnaTinñn½y Edl)anmkBIkaresuIbGegát.
karviPaKeTAelIkaresuIbGegátmanbnþhYsBIry³eBleFVIkarsnidæanénkaresuIbGegátrbs;va dl;manry³
eBlcab;BIcMNuc D dl;cMNuc E .
cab;BIry³eBlRtg;cMNuc E eTAmuxeTot karesuIbGegÁt nigkarviPaKCabnþ KWCaskmµPaB TNA
EdlecHbnþrmYy.
mU:Edlén karXøaMemIl karesuIbGegÁt nigkarviPaKeTAelI TNA KWmanlkçN³ EdleKerobcMCaRbBn§½ ehIy
vaCMrujeGaymankarRtYtBinitüemIleTAelIGgÁPaBTaMgmUl. vapþl;eGaynUvTinñn½yedIm,IkMNt;BItMrUvkarénkar
bNþúHbNþal vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal mnusSEdlCaeKaledA nigmatikarénkarbNþúHbNþal. RbkarenH
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39
CMrujeGayman»kasnana kñúgkarbegáItskmµPaBbNþúHbNþal EdlCabTBiesaFn¾kñúgkarsikSaRbkb
edayRbsIT§PaB nig CakareRbIR)as;edaymanRbsIT§PaBelIFnFand¾kMrrbs;GgÁPaB.
RtYtBinitüemIlskmµPaBe 2.1 LIgvij -rebobedIm,IeFVI
TNA
cUrGñkbgðajfa RtUv ( T ) rWxus ( F ) rWk¾bMeBjGkSrenAkñúgcenøaHEdlTMenr.
1.
KuNsm,tþimYyrbs; TNA KWRtg;favakat;bnßynUvkMhusqÁgnana EdlGacekItmanenAkñúgdMNak;kal
eRkay² k¾b:uEnþvaekItmkBIkarsMerccitþBIelIkmun._______
KWepþateTAelIfa etIkic©karmYyKYrEtRtUvGnuvtþn¾edayrebobNa k¾dUcCarebobEdlkic©karenHkMBug
RtUv)anGnuvtþ. _______
2. TNA
3.
PaBxusKñarvagkarbMeBjkargareday)anRKb;RKan; nig minRKb;RKan; Gacpþl;nUvcMnucTaMgLay Edl
RKUbNþúbNþalGac Taj)annUv kmµvtßúénkarbNþúHbNþal. ____
4.
dMNak;kalTaMgbI én TNA KW karXøaMemIl _______________________nig karviPaK.
5.
enAkñúgn½ymYy dMNak;karXøaMemIl KWdUcCakargar ______________________.
6.
kic©snüaminpøÚvkarnana minEmnCaRbPBEdlGacpþl;Bt’mansMxan; kñúgdMNak;kal XøaMemIlenaHeT. ___
7.
8.
9.
10.
enAkñúgn½ymYy dMNak;karesuIbGegát KWCadMNak;kalbnþBIdMNalkalXøaMemIl EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIg
eday ykcitþTukdak; nigmanlkçN³suICMerACag. ______
karGegÁtemIl karsMPasn¾ nigkarsYredayeRbItaragsMnYr KWCa ticnic RbEmlRbmUlTInñn½yd¾l¥ sMrab;
eRbIR)as;enAkñúgdMNak;kalesuIbGegÁt. _____
vKÁcugeRkayenAkñúgdMNak;kalénkarviPaKrbs; TNA d¾eCaKC½ymYyKW__________________.
r)aykarN¾EdlmanRbsiT§PaBmYyrbs; TNA mankarvIPaKsMxan;² cMnYnbI ³ karviPaKelI
________________ karviPaKeTAelIkarRbtIbtþikargar nig karviPaKeTAelIbuKÁlik.
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40
bBaðarbs;
1.
TNA
rgVan;
enAtambNþaGgÁPaBmYycMnYn Gñkbgðat;minRtUv)aneKpþl;rgVan;eGaysMrab;kareFVI TNA enaHeT.
RbsinebIKN³RKb;RKgKitfa Gñkbgðat;mantYnaTIRtwmEtbgðat; (QrenABImuxfñak;beRgóndl;sisS) dUecñHBYkeK
cat;TukskmµPaBnanarbs; TNA faCaskmµPaBKµanRbeyaCn¾. (Cakusll¥ KN³RKb;RKgEdlmanviC¢aCIv³
min)anRbkan;yknUveKalKMnitEbbenH ).
eBlevla
Gñkbgðat;RtUvcMNayeBlevlaeRcInsMrab; TNA ehIynieyaCik k¾RtUvkarcMNayeBlevlaeRcInpgEdr
CaTUeTA CaeBlevlaEdlBYkeK cUlcitþcMNayeFVIerOg xus²Kañ. vaEtgEtmanbBaðacMeBaHmuxeRcInCag Edl TNA
Gac ( rWminGac ) b:HBal;dl;kargarrbs;buKÁliksMrab;ry³eBl 3Ex ( rWk¾3qñaM ) .
2.
3. Selling TNA
BIeRBaHEteKTamTaeGaycMNayeBlevlaenaH Gñkbgðat;CaTUeTARtUvsßitenAkñúgeKalCMhr mYyénkar
bBa©úHbBa©Úldl;GñkcUlrYmfa TNA vamanlkçNHl¥edIm,ITTYl)ankarshkar nigebþCJacitþBIBYkeK. CagenHeTA
eTot BIeRBaHEtkarbNþúHbNþalminGacbgðajnUvlT§plPøam² Gñkbgðat;CaerOy² RtUvEtbgðajnUvGnusasn¾l¥²
Edl)anmkBI TNA mYymuneBlEdlKN³RKb;RKg nigTTYlyknUvyuT§saRsþmYyénkarbNþúHbNþal .
karTan;eBlevla
CaerOy² TNA mYymankarkMriteBlevlaya:gxøaMg. Ca]TahrN¾ sMPar³fµInwgmkdl;enA éf¶cnÞ½
dUecñH´cg;eGayGñkral;KñaTTYlnUvkarbNþúHbNþalmYye lIkareRbIR)as;sMPar³enHenAéf¶suRkenH . GñkRtUvEteFVI
TNA mYyeGay)anl¥bMput EdlGñkGaceFVIeTA)anenAkñúgeBlevlaEdlmanenH.
4.
ehtu nig pl
bBaðaCayUrGEgVgmYyenAkñúg TNA KWmankarBak;Bn§½eTAnwgkarviPaKd¾RtWmRtUvmYy eTAelI ehtu nig pl.
RbsinebIRBWtþikarN¾ A nwgRBwtþikarN¾ B ekIteLIgeTAtamlMdab;lMeday eyIgTMngCaeFVIkarsnñidæanfa RBWtþikarN¾
A CaehtunaMeGay B ekIteLIg dUecñH karbNþúHbNþalTak;TgeTAnwg RBWtþikarN¾ A nwgedaHRsaybBaðaenAkñúg
RBWtþikarN¾ B . k¾b:uEnþcUrGñkRbugRbytñ½¡ etImanGVIekIteLIgRbsinebIRBWtþikarN¾ C bgáreGaymanRBWtþikarN¾ A
ekIteLIgenaH ehIybgáreGaymanRBWtþikarN¾ B ekIteLIgenaH? enAkñúgkrNIenH karbNþúHbNþalTak;TgeTAnwg
RBWtþikarN¾ A nigTTYl)anlT§plkMNt;. kan;EtGaRkk;CagenHeTAeTot RbsinebIRBWtþikarN¾ C CaÉkraCübgár
eGayRBWtþikarN¾ A nig RBWtþikarN¾ B ekIteLIgenaH ( Ca]TahrN¾ karRtYtBinitü min)anl¥itl¥n;
5.
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41
bgáreGaymanGaRtaplitPaBTab nig GaRtakarlaElgBIkargarrbs;buKÁlikx<s; ) dUecñHkarbNþúHbNþalTak;Tg
eTAnigRBWtþikarN¾ A nigminman GVIxusEbøkKñaeT. eKalbMNgd¾cMbgmYyrbs; TNA Kw RtUvbMEbk
mUlehtuedImecjBI lT§plnana ( rWk¾CasBaØØa ) edIm,IeGaykarbNþúHbNþal GacRtUveKtMrg;
TisedAeTArkmUlehtu.
eyabl;
CarYmmk eKpþl;eyabl;eGayCaxøaMgBI kareFVI TNA mYyEdlmanlkçNHc,as;las;ehIynigCabnþ
muneBl nigeRKagerobcMcat;EcgkmµvIFIbNþúHbNþal. karbegáItkmµviFImYyedayminmankareFVI TNA KWdUcCa
kar)aj;RBYjmYyRKab;eTArkTisedAEdlemIlmineXIjedaysarG½RP. RTwsþITsSnHmYyfa “ GVIEdleyIgGac
eFVI)anKWmanEtkarsgÇwmb:ueNÑaH ‘’ EdlbgðajBIviFImYyEbbenH KWminmanlkçNHl¥RKb;RKan;sMrab;Gñk eFVIkar
sMerccitþ xagkareGaymankarbNþúHbNþalenaHeT.
karviPaKeTAelItMrUvkarnanaeGaymankarbNþúHbNþalKWCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;éndMeNIrkarbNþúHbNþal.
kmµvtßúbMNgrbs; TNA KWmanBIr ³ eFVIkarRbEmlRbmUl nigvaytMéleTAelIBt’man edIm,IEsVgyl;cMeBaHGVI
EdlkMBugEteFVInaeBlbc©úb,nñ ehIynigGVIEdlnigKYreFVIenAeBl\LÚvnigenAeBleRkayeTot. eyIgminmannitiviFI
kMNt;sMrab;Gnuvtþn¾ TNA mYyenaHeT k¾b:uEnþral;skmµPaBEdlmanenAkñúgdMNak;kalTaMgbI ( dMNak;kaltamdan
dMNak;kalesuIbGegát nigdMNak;kalviPaK ) ehIynigcugbBa©b;edaymankarsresrr)aykarN¾mYy.
TsSnHrbs; TNA bgáreGaymanbBaðaCaeRcInenAkñúgGgÁkar ehIybuKÁlEdlKaMRT TNA RtUvEtRbQrmuxedaH
RsaycMeBaHbBaðaTaMgenH.
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42
rMlwkskmµPaB 2.2
1.
etIehtuGVI)anCakarviPaKtMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal (TNA) mansar³sMxan;?
2.
etIGVIeTACatYnaTIéndMNak;kalXøaMemIlrbs; TNA?
3.
cUreRKag (outline) matikar)aykarN_mYyrbs; TNA?
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43
krNIsikSa (Case Study)
esg suplCaRKUbeRgónmñak;enAeragBum<RksUgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa EdlCakEnøge)aHBum<esovePA
nigsMPar³sikSasMrab;eRbIR)as;enAkñúgsalaeronenARbeTskm<úCa. enATIenaHrYmmanmmYyPaKFMCa GñkbegáIt
kmµviFIsikSa EdleFVIkarenAtamsßab½nGb;rMnana nigmYycMnYneTotCaGñkRbtibtiþkar EdlCaGñkeFVIkare)aHBum<
kardak;bBa©ÚlKña nigkarevcx¢ab;enAkñúgExSsgVak;plitkmµenAkñúgeragcRkmYy EdlmanTItaMgenAkñúgTIRkug.
muneBlEdlKat;eLIgdMENl suplKWCaGñkbegáItkmµviFId¾eCaKC½ymñak;. Kat;)anTTUlsarmYyfa Vincent
de Souza EdlCaCMnYykarmñak;EdlTak;TgnwgkarRKb;RKgplitkmµcg;BiPakSaCamYyKat;.
supl ³ Vince! ´)anTTYlsarrbs;ÉgehIy. etI´GacCYyGIÉg)an?
Vince ³ GñkRbtibtþienATIenHGn;Nas;¡ BYkeKGt;cg;eFVIkarTal;EtesaH. plitkmµfycuH ehIyBYkeyIgeFVI
karplitminTan;karkuMm:geT. GñkbegáItkmµviFIsikSa nigsalananakMBugEtERskeTOnBYkeyIg¡
supl ³ sUmesaksþaypgEdllWdUecñH Vince. ÉgniyayfaplitkmµfycuH. etIb:unµaneTA?
Vince ³ GU¡ vaminEmnCaerOgEdleTIbnwgekIteLIgenaHeT. ninñakarrbs;plitkmµmanTMenarFøak;cuHCag 6 Ex
mkehIy. ehIy\LÚgenHplitkmµmankMritTab;CagtYelxqñaMcas;RbEhlCa 20%.
supl ³ ¬mankarPJak;ep¥IlCaxøaMg¦ GU¡ vaBitCaGaRkk;Nas;. eyIgRtUvEteFVIGVImYycMeBaHbBaðaenH. ÉgCaGñk
enACiterOgenHCageK. etIÉgmaneyabl;GIEdr?
Vince ³ GW>>> BYkeKKµancMNab;GarmµN_cMeBaH´eT. vahak;dUcCaKµankarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHGñkNamñak;Tal;Et
esaHehIy.
John ³ ´manKMnitmYy. ´eTIbEt)anGankarsegçbrbs;PaBynþEdlmankarelIkTwkcitþfIm
µ Yy Edlmankar
KaMRTfamanPaBGs©arü. ´nwgCYlvamk ehIyeyIgnwgBüayambgðajvaeGaybuKÁileyIg)aneXIj.
y:amicEdr?
Vince ³ ¬mankarFUrcitþ¦ ÉgCaGñkCMnaj. ´TukerOgenHeGayÉgcat;EcgeTAecaH.
John ³ l¥Nas;. rIkrayEdl)anCYy. CYbKñaeBleRkay Vince.
cUrpþl;Gnusasn_cMeBaHbBaðaenH. sUmsMedACaBiesseTAelIdMNak;rbs; TNA.
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44
skmµPaB 2.3
Gñkk¾GacsikSapgEdr enAkñúgkarkMNt;tMrUvkarEpñkbNþúHbNþalrbs;RkumeKaledAEdl GñkeFVIkar CamYy
tamry³GgÁPaBkargarrbs;Gñk CaCagtamry³karviPaKtMrUvkarsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal. cUrbMeBjtaragxag
eRkamenH³
viFIsa®sþeRbIenAkñúgGgÁPaBkargarrbs;Gñk edIm,IkMNt;tMrUvkarsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal
karvaytémøKuNPaBkargar
kardak;eGayeRbIsmÖar³fµI
kardak;bBa©ÚlbuKÁlikfµI
kardak;eGayeRbIplitplfµI EbbbTfµI rW ÉksarfµI
plitPaBexSay
kareFVIsavnkmµKuNPaBéndMeNIrkar
karRtYtBinitüsþg;darsmtßkic©
kartva:rbs;GtifCi n
karBiPakSaCamYybuKÁlik nig RbFanEpñkrbs;BYkeK
r)aykarN_rbs;Gñkvaytémø
karsegátKuNPaBkargarrbs;kmµkr
man rW Gt;
BiPakSalMhat;enHCamYymit þrYmkargarCamYyGñk EdlBak;B½n§kñúgkarkMNt;tMrUvkarbNþúHbNþal.
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45
kareFVIKMeragkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
karsresrvtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçNvaytMél
GñkRbEhlCanwgsYrsMNYrfaetIGVIeTACa vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçN³vaytMél. cMeBaHcMelIyelI
sMNYrenHKWfa BYkvaCavtßúbMNgEdlGñkcg;)an EdlCalT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal nigGVIEdleKRtUvEtbgðaj edIm,I
R)ab;favtßúbMNgTaMgenHRtUveKsMerc)an. {c,as;dUcéf¶¡¡} (clear as mud!!) sUmkMuP½y GñknwgTTYl)ankarGnuvtþ
mYycMnYn.
GñknwgnwkeXIjm:UEdlsþg;dasmtßPaB (competency standard) Edl)anBiPakSaenAkñúgemeronTImYy
Edlman emeron Faturbs;va lkçN³vinicä½yelIkarGnuvtþ (performance criteria) GefrlMdab;lMeday (range
variables) nigkarENnaMPsþútag (evidence guide). vaekItecjBIsþg;da EdleyIgbegáItvtßúbMNg niglkçN³
vaytMélrbs;eyIg.
etIvtßúbMNgénkarsikSaekItecjmkBINa?
vaGaceFVIeTA)an kñúgkarbBa¢ak;BIPaBcM)ac;sMrab;karkMNt;vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalCamun ehIynwgeFVI
karkMNt;vaeGay)anCak;lak;. vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalekItecjpÞal;BIkarviPaKtMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal.
dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgemeronmun karviPaKtMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal (TNA) RtUv)aneKGnuvtþenAkEnøg
eFVIkar nigeFVIkarkMNt;kic©karepSg² EdleKminGaceFVI)anRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB b¤k¾nwgmankarERbRbYl.
kick© armYycMnYnenaH BitCa)anbegáIteLIgBIsMNMuGkb,kiryaeRcInCalMdab;ttKña (a series of
behaviour). edayeFVIkarBiBN’naBIGkb,kiryaTaMgenaH Gñknwgcab;epþImeTAdl;cMNuccugeRkay énesckþIEføg
GMBIGkb,kriya (Terminal Behaviour Statements). cMNuccugeRkayénesckþIEføgGMBI Gkb,kriya KWCamUldæan
sMrab; vtßúbMNg énkar bNþúHbNþal.
etIBaküfa ‘Terminal’ mann½yfacugbBa©b;EmneT?
BitNas; vamann½ydUecñH. edaybBa¢ak;BI cMNuccugeRkayénGkb,kriya CalT§plcugeRkay ¬b¤k¾
eKaledA¦ rbs;vKÁbNþúHbNþal GñknwgbegáItcMNucesuIbmYyEdlmanlkçN³BitR)akd nigCak;lak;cMeBaHTisedA
(aim). karkMNt;TisedAk¾bgðajEdrfa GñkRtUvEtbnþkarbNþúHbNþal Tal;EtsisSrbs;GñkGacGnuvtþnUv
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46
Gkb,kiriya edayeBjcitþeBjeføIm. dUecñHCMhandMbUg kñúgkarerobcMvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal KWcab;epþImenA
eBlcugeRkay.
¬cMNaM ³ edIm,IeGaymanPaBRtwmRtUv\tex©aH vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalKUrEtehAfa vtßúbMNgénkar
sikSa (learning objectives) edaysarEtBYkvaniyayBIGVI EdlGñksikSa)aneronenAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSa. vak¾
niyayBIGVI EdlkarbNþúHbNþalenH RtUveKbu:gbgsMerceGay)anpgEdr b:uEnþkarGHGagenH KYrEtEp¥kCabzmeTA
elIkarsikSarbs;sisS minEmnkarbeRgónrbs;RKUenaHeT. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday CaTMlab;eKehABYkvafaCa
vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal (training objectives) dUecñHeyIgeKarBeTAtamTMlab;enaH.¦
FatuepSg²rbs;vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal
CaFmµta karBiBN’naBIGkb,kiriyaenAeBlbBa©b;vKÁsikSa KWminc,as;las;eT edIm,IeFVICamUldæansMrab;
karbegáItvKÁbNþúHbNþal. edIm,IeFVIeGayTisedAénkarbNþúHbNþalkan;EtCak;lak; GñkRtUvEtsresrvtßúbMNgén
karbNþúHbNþalmYy. vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalmanFatusMxan;² 3 ³
1. esckþIEføgGMBIcMnuccugeRkayénGkb,kirya
2. esckþIEføgBIsþg;da EdlGñksikSarMBwgfanwgsMerc)an
3. esckþIEføgBIlkçxNÐ EdlGñksikSarMBwgfanwgGnuvtþnUvGkb,kiryaenAcMNuccugeRkay
esckþIEføgsþIGMBIGkb,kiriyacugeRkay
Gkb,kiriyamYypþl;eGayGñk EdlCaRKUbNþúHbNþal nUvmUldæanénkareRtómxøÜneFVIkarsegáteTAelIGIV
EdleFVIkar vaytMélelIkarsikSa. GñkGacemIleXIjsisSrbs;GñkeFVIskmµPaBmYy. dUcCak,Ünc,ab;TUeTA
mYyEdr karvaytMélBIGkb,kiriyaeenAeBlbBa©b;vKÁsikSaEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBmYy nwgeRbIkiriyas½BÞGMeBI (action
verb) ³
]TahrN_
To type a paragraph.
esckþIEføgEdlkMNt;ny½ min)anl¥ (an ill-defined statement) ¬CamYynwg kiriyas½BÞEdlTak;Tgnwg
eKalKMnit¦ dUcCa
To understand how to type
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cUrbgðajBIbBaðamYycMnYn. etIGñkeFVIkarsegát nigvinicä½yBakü “understanding” y:agdUcemþc? RbsinebI
GñkeFVIetsþva etIGñkGacGHGagfa sisSmñak;²RtUveKeFVIetsþtamviFIsa®sþ nigrebobdUcKña)any:agdUcemþc?
Cak;EsþgNas; etIBt’manRbePTNa EdlcaM)ac;RtUvpþl;eGaysisSTaMgenaH edIm,IGHGagfa eKGacsMerc)annUv
vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal eBalKW karvaykMBüÚrT½rCaskmµPaBrUbv½nþ ehIyRtUv)aneKEsþgeLIgtamry³
kiriyas½BÞGMeBI (action verb). eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday etIGVInwgekIteLIg enAeBlEdlGñkeRKagemeronRTwsþI
(theory session) ¬EdleFVIkarEckrMElkKMnit b¤k¾karBit¦ nigeBlEdlGñkminGacsegátBIskmµPaBrUbv½nþ? Gñk
RtUvEtbgçMsisSrbs;GñkeGaycUleTAkñúgskmµPaBEdlbgðajfa BYk)ancab;ykKMnitTaMgenaHehIy. ]TahrN_
RbsinebIemeronmYyEp¥keTAelIk,Ünc,ab;suvtßiPaB edIm,IeGayeKeFVIkarsegát enAeBlEdleRbIR)as;m:asIumkin
(grinding machine) GñkRbEhlCasresr esckþIEføgGMBIcMnuccugeRkayénGkb,kirya (Terminal Behaviour
Statement) dUcxageRkam ³
To list and explain the safety rules that apply when using a grinding machine.
skmµPaBenHKW “listing” nig “explaining”. CaTUeTA enAeBlsresrkarEsþgecjBIGkb,kiriyaenAeBl
bBa©b;vKÁsikSa sUmeCosvageRbIkiriyas½BÞGrUbiy RtUveRbIkiriyas½BÞGMeBI (action verb).
Use the action verb
Avoid the abstract
To write
To demonstrate
To define
To solve
To explain
To select
To know
To understand
To be familiar with
To perceive
To be aware of
To think about
esckþIEføgsþIGMBIGkb,kiryaEdlkMNt;n½y)anl¥ ( a well-defined behavioural statement)
pþl;nUveKaledA d¾c,as;las;dl;GñksikSa. BYkeKnwgmanGarmµN_fa BYkeKdwgBITWkEnøgEdlBYkeKeTA
nigBIGVIEdlBYkeKsMerc)an.
sþg;da
Gñk nigsisSrbs;Gñk \LÚvenHGacemIleXIjBI esckþIEføgGMBIcMnuccugeRkayénGkb,kirya )anehIy.
b:uEnþ BYkeKRtUvGnuvtþ Gkb,kiriyaTaMgenH eGay)anl¥y:agdUcemþceTA?
sUmyk]TahrN_rbs; vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalKW “To type a paragraph”.
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48
etIGVIeTACakarGnuvtþRbkbedaykareBjcitþ? etIsisSmñak;RtUvEtvaykfax½NÐmYy edayKµankMhusTal;Et
esaH b¤? etIsisSenaHRtUvkareBlb:unµanedIm,Ivaykfax½NÐenaH? etIkfax½NÐenHEvgb:uNÑa?
edIm,IeCosvagPaBRseBcRsBil rYmTaMgsþg;daénkarGnuvtþenAkñúgvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal sþg;da
TaMgenHCaTUeTARtUv)aneKEbgEckCa 3 RbePT ³
1. brimaN
2. KuNPaB
3. eBlevla
cUrBicarNa]TahrN_enH ³
To type a five-line paragraph without error and in two minutes.
TaMgenHpþl;nUvsþg;dabrimaN (“five lines”) sþg;daKuNPaB (“without error”) nigsþg;daeBlevla (“in
two minute”).
cUrcMNaMfa karbegáItkMriténkarlM)akedaysV½yRbvtþi GacCYykMNt;cMnYneBlevlaEdlRtUvkar edIm,I
sMerc)annUvsþg;daenaH eBalKW vtßúbMNgénkarvaykMuBüÚT½r (The typing objective).
edIm,Ivaykfax½NÐR)aMbnÞat;edayKµankMhuskñúgry³eBl 2 naTI TamTareGaymankarvayRbkbedayPaB
RtwmRtUv\tex©aH. RbsinebIGñkmanbMNgcg;TTYlyksþg;daTabCagenHdUcCa
To type a five-line paragraph with no more than five errors and in five minutes.
GñkKYrEteRKagkarGnuvtþticCagmunsMrab;sisSrbs;Gñk. edIm,Ieq<aHeTAdl;sþg;daén “no more than five
errors and in five minute” RtUvkary³eBl X naTIkñúgkarGnuvtþ. edIm,IsMerc)ansþg;dax<s;CagenHrbs;
“without error and in two minutes” nwgRtUvkary³eBl X+Y naTIsMrab;eBlevlaGnuvtþ.
eyageTAtamk,Ünc,ab;TUeTA karGnuBaØateGaysþg;daenaH EdlRtUv)aneKTTYlykenAkEnøgeFVIkar bgðaj
BIkMriténkarlM)akrbs;sþg;daenHenAkñúgvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
cUrEbbeTAemIl]TahrN_epSgeTot rbs;eyIgsþIBI vtßúbMNgénGtþcrit (behavioural objective) ³
To list and explain the safety rules that apply when using a grinding machine.
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enHKWCakarsresreLIgvijEdllaybBa©ÚlKñanUvsþg;daénkarGnuvtþ ³
To list and explain, without error and in five minutes, five of the safety rules that apply when
using a grinding machine.
lkçxNÐ (Conditions)
FatucugeRkayénvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalnwgBiBN’naBIlkçxNÐepSg² EdleKrMBwgfaGñksikSanwgeFVI
karGnuvtþ. edayrab;bBa©ÚlnUvlkçxNÐnanaenAkñúgvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalmYy GñkR)ab;sisSrbs;GñkBIFnFan
RbePTNa EdlBYkeKnwgTTYl)an nigenAkñúgbriyakasEbbNa EdlBYkeKrMBwgfanwgRtUveKeFVIetsþ. vaCYyeGay
GñkeFVIkarkMMNt;n½yrbs;FnFannana EdlGñkRtUvEterobcMmuneBlbeRgón. ]TahrN_enAkñúgvtßúbMNgén
karvayGkSr (typing objective) GñksikSaKYrEtdwgfaetI ]bkrN_vayGkSrCa GgÁúlIelxeFVIedayéd GgÁúlIelx
eGLicRtUnic Word Processor b¤k¾CakMuBüÚT½r Edl]bkrN_nimYy²RtUvkarCMnajxus²Kña.
eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday karray (listing) lkçxNÐTaMgenHRbEhlkøayCakarbeBa©jcMeNHdwgtictYc
(a little pedantic) RbsinebI BYkvaminRtUv)aneKBnül; (self-evident) . karrab;bBa©ÚlnUv {tu nigekAGIEdleK
pþl;eGay} bEnßmcMeNHdwgtictYc cMeBaHRbsiT§iPaBrbs;vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal. dUecñH karsMerccitþeTAelI
faetI lkçxNÐRbePTNa EdlRtUvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgvtßúbMNgenH KWBwgesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAelIsßankarN_enH.
vaRbEhlCaRbesIr kñúgkarPan;RclMedayeFVIkarkMNt;Cak;lak;bnþic CaCagkarlb;lkçxNÐsMxan;ecal.
xageRkam enHKWCa ]TahrN_énlkçxNÐRbePTenH ³
Given a standard set of …
Without the aid of mathematical tables…
Using an electronic calculator …
vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalkñúgkarGnuvtþ
karkMNt;niymn½yelIvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalmYy sMrab;vKÁsikSaCMnajmYy KWmanTMnak;TMng
gayRsYl. GtþcriteBlbBa©b;vKÁsikSa (terminal behaviour) KWCakarBiBN’nad¾c,as;las;mYysþIBICMnaj
EdleK)aneron. dUecñHenAkñúgvtßúbMNg
cgRkvat;keGaydUcKMrUenHkñúgry³eBl 30 vinaTI
Tie a simple bow knot in 30 seconds
RKUGaceFVIkarsegátBIsisSEdlBüayamcgRkvat;k.
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50
eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday enAkñúgvKÁsikSaRTwsþI eKcaM)ac;RtUvEtRby½tñRbEygCagenH. snñt;fa RKUmñak;
kMBugbeRgónvKÁsikSaRTwsþIeTAelIeKalkarN_énkarsikSa. sisSTTYlykBt’mancUl b:uEnþRKUminGacemIleXIjGIV
EdlekIteLIgcMeBaHBt’manenaHeT. dUecñH enAkñúgvKÁsikSaRTwsþI RKUEtgEteFVIkarkMNt;BIGtþcritmYy Edlbgðajfa
etIsisS)anyl;nUvBt’manTaMgenaH nigfaetIvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalRtUv)aneKsresrCaRbeyaKsþIBIGtþcrit
enaH b¤k¾Gt;. dUecñH enAkñúg]TahrN_rbs;eyIg vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalsMrab;vKÁsikSaRTwsþIeTAelIeKalkarN_
énkarsikSaGacCa
rayeKalkarN_TaMg 10 énkarsikSa
List ten principles of learning.
sresrkarBiBN’naBIeKalkarN_nimYy²énkarsikSaeGay)an 2bnÞat;
Write a two-line description of each principle of learning
pøas;bþÚrsþg;daepSg² eTACavtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçN³vaytMél EdlCaEpñkmYyénemeronbNþúHbNþal
sþg;damYycMnYnRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,IkMNt;nUvsþg;daénkarGnuvtþ EdlbgðajedaymnusSmñak;enAkEnøg
eFVIkarkñúgkarbgðajBIsmtßPaB. eyIgeRbIR)as;BYkvaCamUldæansMrab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;eyIg. enAkEnøgeFVIkar
eyIgcg;eXIjmnusSmñak;bgðajBIsmtßPaB. enAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal eyIgcg;eGaysisSrbs;eyIgsMerc)annUvvtßú
bMNgmYycMnYn enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþal nigkmµviFIsikSa.
dUcEdl)anBiPakSarUcmkehIy vtßúbMNgénkarsikSasMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk nwgkøayCakar
BiBN’na mYycMnYnd¾c,as;las;sþIBICMnaj nigBt’mannana EdlGñknwgCYyeGaysisSrbs;Gñkeron kñúgkMLúg
vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;BYkeK.
dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgrYcmkehIy enAeBlEdlGñkGanvtßúbMNgénkarsikSa Gñknwgkt;sMKal;eXIjfa
BaküTImYyenAkñúgRbeyaKKWCa BakübBa¢ak;BIGMeBI (action word). BakübBa¢ak;BIGMeBImYycMnYnenH rYmman
enAkñúgTMB½rTI 34 sMrab;Gñk. cUrcgcaMfa GñkRtUvEtecosvageRbIR)as;nUvBaküxageRkam enAkñúgkarsresr
vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa edaysarEtBYkvalM)akkñúgkarvas;Evgedaystüanum½tþ ehIyeKk¾minGaceFVIkarvaytMél
enAkñúgkmµviFIEp¥kelIsmtßPaB (competency-based programme) pgEdr ³
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51
Learn
Know
Be aware of
Understand
Be able to
Believe
BYkRKU²eRbIR)as;vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa edIm,IdwknaMBYkeK enAeBlEdlBYkeKeRCIserIsBt’man nigRbePT
skmµPaB EdlBYkeKcg;dak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;BYkeK.
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgecjBIvtßúbMNgénkarsikSamYycMnYn EdleKrMBwgfasisSnwgsMerc)an
cugbBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþal. RbsinebIGñkemIleTAelIlkçN³vinicä½yelIkarGnuvtþ ³
{RbB½n§sMerc)antamtMrUvkarrbs;GgÁPaB }
sMerc)antMrUvkarÉkCn nigkic©karsMgat
RbB½nVsMerc)antameKalbMNgsMrab; karGPivDÆn_rbs;BYkeK
RbB½nVnanaRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgkñúgeBlevlakMNt;mYy.
GñknwgeXIjfa mnusSmñak;RtUveFVIkarbgðajsmtßPaBy:agCak;Esþgfa eKmansmtßPaBRtUvnwgtMrUvkar
rbs;GgÁPaBmYy. RbsinebI eyIgRtUvsresrvtßúbMNgénkarsikSasMrab;vKÁsikSa EdlRKb;dNþb;elIlkçN³
vinicä½yelIkarGnuvtþenH eyIgnwgsresrvadUcxageRkam ³
{BiBN’naBIrebobEdlRbB½n§sMerc)antamkarRtUvkar}
enAcugbBa©ab;énvKÁsikSaenH eyIgnwgmanlT§PaBeFVIkarvas;EvgfaetI sisSrbs;eyIgsMerc)annUv
vtßúbMNgenH edayeFVIkaretsþcMeNHdwgrbs;BYkeKsþIBI ³
tMrUvkarrbs;GgÁPaBsMrab;PaBÉkCn nigkic©karsMxat;rbs;RbB½n§
rebobEdlBUkeKRtUtBinitüedIm,IGHGagfa RbB½n§enHRtUvnwgeKalbMNgénkarbegáIt nig
rebobEdlBYkeKGacsMerc)annUvkarbegáItenH enAkñúgKMerageBlevlaCak;lak;mYy.
cMNucedATaMgbIxagelIenH EdleyIgnwgeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVIkarvas;EvgkarsMerc)an Tl;nwgvtßúbMNg nwg
køayeTACalkçN³énkarvaytMél (assessment criteria). vaRbEhlCaminCak;EsþgeTenAkñúgvKÁsikSa
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52
kñúgkarvas;EvgBIrebobEdlBYkvaRtUvnwgtMrUvkarrbs;GgÁPaB nigdUecñHehIy eyIgRKan;EtGacrMBwgfa BYkeKnwg
manCMnaj nigcMeNHdwg EdlmanlT§PaBRtlb;eTAkEnøgeFVIkarvij ehIynwgGnuvtþkargar.
dUecñH etIeyIgsresrlkçN³vaytMél y:agdUcemþc?
dUcCaviFIEdleyIgsresrvtßúbMNgénkarsikSaEdr elIkElgEtfa eyIgR)akdfalkçN³vaytMélenH min
{x<s; } (superior) CaglT§plénkarsikSa. ]TahrN_ lT§plénkarsikSaEdleyIg)ansresr ³
{ BiBN’nafaetI RbB½n§GacsMerc)antamkarRtUvkarrbs;Pñak;gary:agdUcemþc}
“Describe how agency system requirements are met.”
minKUrmanlkçN³vaytMéldUcxageRkamenHeT ³
{ RtYtBinitüedIm,IGHGagfa RbB½n§enHRtUvnwgeKalbMNgénkarbegáIt.}
“Check to ensure that the system meets the purpose of development.”
edaysarEtBakü “Check” mann½yelIs “Explain” . kñúgn½yepSgeTot RbsinebIlT§plrbs;eyIg
RtUvBiN’naGMBIGVImYyenH eyIgnwgEsVgrkkarBnül;edaykarsresr nigpÞal;mat;sþIBIGVIEdlcaM)ac;RtUvEteFVI.
karRtUtBinitüGVImYyCak;EsþgRtUvEteFVIvaedaypÞal; CaCagBnül;va.
GVI²epSgeTotsþIBIvtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçN³vaytMél
vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçN³vaytMélRtUvEtmanlT§PaBeGayeKvaytMél. RbsinebIeyIgeRbIR)as;
Bakü “Check” EdleyIgnwgniyay mann½yfaenAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSaenH mnusSmñak;caM)ac;RtUvmansmtßPaB
GnuvtþkarRtYtBinitü (the Check). tamkarCak;Esþg enAcugBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH eyIgRKan;EtrMBwgfa
mnusSmñak;enaH nwgmanlT§PaBdwgBIrebobeFVIkarRtYtBinitü.
dUecñHRbsinebIeyIgsresrvtßúbMNgénkarsikSasMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;eyIg niglkçN³vaytMél Edl
eyIgnwgeRbIR)as; edIm,Ivas;EvgBIkarsMerc)anrbs;vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa eyIgnwgsresrBYkvadUcxageRkam ³
enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSaenHGñknwgmanlT§PaBGac ³
BN’naBIrebobEdlRbB½n§sMerc)antamkarRtUvkarrbs;Pñak;gar}
“Describe how agency system requirements are met.”
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53
edIm,IeFVIdUecñHGñkRtUvEtmanlT§PaB ³
EsþgecjBItMrUvkarPñak;garsMrab;PaBÉkCn nigkic©karsMxat;rbs;RbB½n§
eRKagnUvviFIsa®sþepSg²
edIm,IeGayeKeRbIR)as;kñúgkarRtYtBinitü
edIm,IkarGHGagfa
RbB½n§enHRtUvnwg eKalbMNgénkarbegáIt nig
erobcMkalviPaK edIm,IsMerc)ankarbegáItRbB½n§mYyenAkñúgKMerageBlevlamYyc,as;las;.
cuHcMeBaHvKÁsikSaCMnajvijy:agem:cEdr?
vKÁsikSaCMnajxusKñaEtbnþicbnþÜcbu:eNÑaH. enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSaenH GñknwgmanlT§PaBGacemIleXIj
fa sisSrbs;GñkGacGnuvtþCMnajenH)an. CaFmµta enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSamYy sisSmñak;RbEhlCamin
GacGnuvtþCMnajmYyenaHeTAtamsþg;daEdltMrUv)anenaHeT b:uEnþBYkeKenAEtnwgmanlT§PaBGnuvtþCMnajenaH.
dUecñHeyIgnwgvaytMélelICMnajnana Tl;nwglkçN³vinicä½yelIkarGnuvtþrbs;sþg;damYy enAkñúgkal³eTs³
xus²KñamYycMnYn. eyIgenAEtGacsresrvtßúbMNg EdlsisSrbs;eyIgmanlT§PaBGacsMerc)an enAcugbBa¢b;
énvKÁsikSa ebIeTaHbICay:agNak¾eday KWedIm,IsMerc)annUvsmtßPaB BYkeKcaM)ac;RtUveKvaytMél Tl;nwg
sþg;daenaH.
dUecñHkñúgkarbegáItvKÁsikSaCMnajrbs;eyIg eyIgKYrEtsresrBIvtßúbMNg sMrab;vKÁsikSaBIcMeNHdwgmYy
b:uEnþRtUvR)ab;sisSrbs;Gñkfa BYkeKnwgRtUveKvaytMélnaeBlGnaKt Tl;nwgFatunana niglkçN³vinicä½yelIkar
Gnuvtþrbs;sþg;damYy enAkñúgsßanPaBénkarrs;enABit² b¤k¾enAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal.
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54
taragCMnaj
A
¬sRmbtam¦
Administer ¬pþl;¦
Advise ¬[eyabl;¦
Advocate ¬niyaykarBar¦
sRmb rW EkERb edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwglkçx½NÐEdltMrUv
karpþl; -karRbKl;eGayCapøÜvkar b¤ GnuvtþGVImYy
pþl;eyabl; edayEp¥kelIbTBie saFn_vCi ¢aCIv³Edlman
niyaykñúgnambuKÁlmñak;epSgeTot ¬mincaM)ac;Et cMeBaHEtkarGnuvtþkñúgvs½y]sSahkmµ
enaHeT¦
Amend ¬eFVIviesaFnkmµ¦
EkERb rW EktMrUvGVImYy edaymeFüa)ayEktMrUv rW bEnßm/ EklMG rW pøas;bþÚr
edIm,IeGay)anRbesIrCagmun
Analyze ¬viPaK¦
BinitüeGay)anhµt;ct;edIm,IEsVgrkFatupSMsMxan;²
Answer ¬cMelIy¦
eqøIypÞal;mat;eTAnwgsMNYr rW sMeNIr
Anticipate ¬rMBwgTuk¦
edIm,ITayTuk nig eFVIskmµPaBCamun/ edIm,IrMBwgTukCamun rW dwgeGay)anmun
Apply ¬Gnuvtþ¦
Gnuvtþn_eKalkarN_ENnaM nitiviFI karBnül;nana
Appraise ¬vaytMél¦
kMNt;tMél rW KuNPaB
Arrange ¬erobcM¦
erobcMTukdak;tamlMdab;lMeday/ tamtMrUvkar/ tamkargayykmkeRbI
Assemble ¬RbmUlpþúM¦
pÁúMEpñkepSg²Kña cUlKña
Assess ¬vaytMél¦
)a:n;sµan témø sarsMxan; lkçx½NÐ
Assimilate ¬eFVIRtab;tam¦ RsUbykB½t’man
Adapt
- -
55
B
Brief
¬segçb¦
erobcM rW Bnül; edaypþl;karsegçbelIktþasMxan;²
C
¬KNna¦
Calibrate ¬EktMrUvtam¦
KNnaedayeRbIrUbmnþKNitviTüa
karsMrYleTAtamkMritén>>> edIm,IepÞógpÞat;PaBRtwmRtUvén ¬]bkrN_ rW ma:suIn¦
Catalogue
dak;tamlMdab;lMeday edaysresrxøI²
Check ¬Binitü¦
BinitüemIlPaBRtwmRtUv KuNPaB rW dMeNIrkar
Clarify ¬bBa¢ak;eGayc,as;¦ bBa¢ak;B½t’maneGay)anc,as;
Classify ¬EbgEckfñak;¦
cat;EcgTukdak;B½t’man
Coach ¬ENnaMGMBIkargar¦
pþl;karENnaMdl;
Code ¬elxkUd¦
pþl;B½t’manxøI² edayeRbIBakü rUbPaB rW sBaØaepSg²
Collate ¬erobtamlMdab;¦
dak;B½t’mancUlKña tamlMdab;lMeday
Communicate ¬TMnak;TMng¦ pøas;bþÚr rW pSBVpSayB½t’man tamry³sunÞrkfa sMbuRt rW meFüa)ayepSg²
Compare ¬eRbobeFob¦
kt;cMNaMPaBRsedogKña nig PaBxusKña
Compile ¬cgRkg¦
RbmUlpþúMB½t’manBIRbPBepSg²Kña
Conceptualize
eFVIkaredayEp¥kelIKMnitGrUbI
¬eyagelIKMnit¦
Conduct ¬RbRBwt¦
Gnuvtþn_ erobcM rW cat;EcgskmµPaBmYy
Consult ¬BieRKaH
eRtomnrNamñak;edIm,IeGayeKGacsYreyabl;
Contribute ¬pþl; sikSa¦
pþl;KMnit eyabl; EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarCECkedjedal rW BiPakSa
Co-operate ¬shkar¦
eFVIkarCamYyGñkd¾éTedIm,IsMerc)anlT§plrYmmYy
Co-ordinate ¬sRmbsMrYl¦ emIlkarxusRtUvelIbuKÁlikmYyRkum ehIyTYlxusRtUvelIlT§plkargar karbNþúH bNþal
karGPivDÆn_ nig suxumalPaBrbs;BYkeK
Counsel ¬eGaydMbUnµan¦
pþl;CMnYy dUcCakarKaMRT rW karENnaM
Create ¬begáIt¦
eFVIeGayGVImYymanGtßiPaB manvtþman elcecjCarUbrag³ sikSakñúgKMnit pþÜcepþIm
Calculate
D
¬CECkEvkEjk¦
Decide ¬sMerccitþ¦
Decipher ¬GannigBnül;¦
Define ¬kMNt;n½y¦
Delegate ¬eFÞrsiT§kargar¦
Demonstrate ¬sEmþg¦
Describe ¬GFib,ay¦
Debate
BiPakSabBaða eKalKMnit rW mtiGVImYy edayCMrujeGaymanKMnitRbqaMg
karkMNt;dMeNaHRsayGVImYy
EsVgrkGtßn½y
BN’nasarCati rW FatupSMsMxan;²
pþl;GMNac tYnaTI Parkic© .l. dl;buKÁld¾éT
bgðajeGayeXIjGVImYy edayBN’na rW bgðajfavamandMeNIrkardUcemþc
pþl;cMeNHdwgGMBIktþaNamYy rW sßanPaBNamYy edIm,IbegáItrUbPaBEdl GacRbém:emIl
eXIj)an
- -
56
¬KUrbøg;¦
Determine ¬kMnt; sMerc¦
Develop ¬GPivDÄn_¦
Devise ¬KMnitbegáIt¦
Dictate ¬niyaytam¦
Direct ¬bgðajTisedA¦
Distribute ¬pþl;eGay¦
Document ¬Éksar¦
Draft ¬BRgag¦
Dress ¬esøokBak¦
Drive ¬ ebIkbr¦
Design
BN’nalMGitGMBIviFIEdleKalKMnit RbB½n§ .l. fµImYy mandMeNIrkar
segçbxøwmsarbnÞab;BIkarGegát viPaK nig BicarNa
EklMG eFVIeGay\tex©aH BRgIk rW erobrab;bEnßmnUvKMnit rW kargarEdlman
KMnitbegáIt b¤bgárCaGVImYy
niyay rW GanxøaMg²edIm,IeGayeKftsemøg rW kt; eGay)anlMGit
bgÁab;CapøÚvkar dwknaMedaypþl;dMbUnµan
pþl;
raykarN_B½t’manlMGit
sresresckþIRBagTI1 EdlenAGacEkERbeTot)an
esøókBak;
ebIkbryanynþ
E
Edit
¬ EksMrYl¦
Empathize
¬yl;elIGarmµN_ ¦
Enhance ¬BRgwg ¦
Establish ¬ sßabna¦
Estimate ¬ )a:n;sµan¦
Evaluate ¬ vaytMél¦
Examine ¬ BinitüemIl¦
Explain ¬ Bnül;¦
Binitü nig EktMrUvÉksarCalaylkçGkSr
yl;BIGarmµN_Gñkd¾éT
EklMG rW begáInGVImYy begáInKuNPaB tMél rW famBlrbs;GVImYy
begáItGVImYy eGaymanmUldæansßitefr nig Gcié®nþy_
begáItCakarvinicä½y b¤ eyal;Rbhak;RbEhl
kMNt;eGay)annc,as;nUvtMél nig¼ rW PaBsMxan;cMeBaH
emIl Binitü Gegát ya:glMGit
Bnül;Gtßn½y
F
¬ CYysMrYl¦
Feed ¬ ciBa©wm¦
File ¬ erobcMÉksar¦
Forecast ¬ BükrN_¦
Format ¬ EbbbT¦
Formulate ¬ begáItrUbmnþ¦
Foster ¬elIkkMBs;¦
Facilitate
eFVIeGaygay CYydMeNIrkarénGVImYy
eGayGahar pþl;GaharUbtßmÖ
erobcMtamsNæab;Fñab;
TayBIGnaKt
eFVIEpnkar b¤ erobcMB½t’man eGayecjCasÞIlsresrmYyedayELk
bgðaj rW begáItKMnit eKalkarN_ EdlmanRsab;eGayecjCa karkMNt;RbB½n§lMGit
elIkkMBs;kMeNIn rW karGPivDÆn_én/ elIkTwkcitþ
G
¬ begáIt¦
Groom ¬ erobcMEtgxøÜn¦
Generate
begáIt rW naMeGaymanGtßiPaB
eFVIeGaysMelokbMBak;s¥at mansNæab;Fñab;
- -
57
I
Identify
¬ kMNtGtþsBaØaN¦
¬ Gnuvtþ¦
Improve ¬ eFVI[RbesI¦
Index ¬ matikar¦
Influence ¬ CH\T§iBlelI¦
Inform ¬R)ab;CadMNWg ¦
Innovate ¬éqñ ¦
Inspect ¬ RtYtBinitü¦
Interpret ¬ bkERbBnül;¦
Intervene ¬ GnþraKm¦
Interview ¬ smÖas¦
Investigate ¬ esuImGegát¦
Implement
TTYlsÁal; rW kMNt;GtþsBaØaN. edIm,IsMKal; b¤bBa¢ak;Psþútag EdlGacsninßan b¤
GHGar)an EdlGacKitfadUc b¤ esµIKña
dak;Epnkar rW KMerageGayGnuvtþn_
eFVIeGayRbesIrCagmun/ elIkkMBs;KuNPaB tMél rW famBl
erobcMedaydak;tameQµaH rW RbFanbT
eFVIeGayeCOCak; edIm,IeGaymankarpøas;bþÚrenAkñúglT§pl skmµPaB rW RBwtþkarN_NamYy
pþl;cMeNHdwgGMBIerOgra:v rW sßanPaBNamYy
begáItGVImYyEdlfµI
BinitüGVImYyya:gl¥itl¥n; edIm,IBinitüemIlfaetIsuIKaeTAnwgsþg;darrWeT
yl;dwgB½t’man ehIyeRbIcMeNHdwgEdlmanedIm,IBnül;xøwmsar
cUleTAkñúgCMelaH RBwtþkarN_ skmµPaBNamYy
snÞna rW sYrsMNYreTAkan;buKÁlNamñak;edIm,ITTYl)anB½t’man
RsavRCav rW rukrkGVImYy enAkEnøgNamYy
L
¬Tak;Tgkargar ¦
Locate ¬ rk¦
Liaise
begáIt rW rkSaTMnak;TMngCamYYyGñkd¾éT bak;B½n§nwgkargar
EsVgrkTItaMg sßanPaB rW TIkEnøg
M
¬ rkSa¦
Manage ¬ RKb;RKg¦
Manipulate ¬ EkERb bMéPø¦
Market ¬ rkTIpSa¦
Measure ¬ vas;Evg¦
Mediate ¬ sMrbsMrYl¦
Meet ¬ RbCuM¦
Memorize ¬ TenÞj¦
Modify ¬ Ek¦
Monitor ¬ Binitütamdan¦
Maintain
N
Negotiate
¬ crcar¦
eFVIkargarRbcaMéf¶ edIm,IeGaymandMeNIrkarCaRbcaM
RtYtBinitüemIldMeNIrkarGVImYy dUcCadMeNIrkarrbs;GgÁkar rW RbB½n§mYy
sRbbtam rW pøas;bþÚrtam edIm,IeKalbMNgGVImYy
eFVIeGaymantMrUvkarplitpl rW esvakmµNamYy
vas;EvgTMhM KuNPaB
edIrtYnaTICaGñksMrbsMrYledIm,IeGaymankarÉkPaBKña RBmeRBogKña
RbmUlpþúMKñaedIm,IeKalbMNgGVImYy
TenÞjcaMrt;mat;
EkERbrcnasm<½n§ lkçN³ rW eKalbMNg edIm,Ikat;bnßykMritKuNPaB
segátemIldMeNIrkarénGVImYy
sMerc)annUvkarsMerccitþ dMeNaHRsayrYmmYy tamry³karCECkBiPakSa
- -
58
O
Operate
¬ dMeNIrkar¦
Optimize
eFVIkaredayeRbIeRKOgmasuIn rW eRKOgcRk
eRbIGVImYyeGaymanRbeyaCn_bMput
¬ TajykpleGay)aneRcIn¦
Organize ¬ erobcM¦
erobcMrbcnasm<½n§rdæ)al edIm,IeKalbMNgmYyedayELk
P
¬ sikSa¦
Persuade ¬ bBa©úHbBa©Úl¦
Plan ¬ dak;Epnkar¦
Prepare ¬ erobcM¦
Present ¬ eFVIbT]eTsnam¦
Prioritize ¬ pþl;GTiPaB¦
Process ¬ dMeNIrkar¦
Produce ¬ plit¦
Promote ¬ pSBVpSay¦
Proof ¬ bBa¢ak;¦
Provide ¬ Eckcay¦
Participate
sikSaya:gskmµ
bBa©úHbBa©ÚleGaynrNamñak;eFVIGVImYy tamry³karniyay rW pþl;dMbUnµan
erobcMmeFüa)aylMGitedIm,IsMerckic©karNamYy
eRtomlkçN³eGay)aneRsc eTatamGVIEdl)aneRKagTuk
niyayeTAkan;Gñksþab; CaBiesseBlpþl;dMbUnµan rW R)ab;ehtupl
erobcMkargareTAtamlMdab;lMedayénsarsMxan;
begðIykic©karNamYy eTAtamesckþIENnaM rW eKalkarN_ENnaM
begáIteGayecjCarUbrag
begáInkMeNIn karGPivDÆn_ dMeNIrkar rW GtßiPaB
GanÉksarsresr edIm,IrkemIl nig EkkMhus
pþl;eGay
Q
Question
¬ sYr¦
sYrpÞal;mat;
R
¬ cat;fñak;¦
Reason ¬ bBa¢ak;ehtupl¦
Recall ¬ rMlwkeLIgvij¦
Reference ¬ eyag¦
Repair ¬ CYsCul¦
Report ¬ r)aykarN_¦
Represent ¬ tMNag¦
Request ¬ sMNUmBr¦
Research ¬ RsaveRCov¦
Resolve ¬
edaHRsay
sMerc¦
Review ¬ BinitüeLIgvij¦
Rank
cat;taMgeGaymandMENgNamYy
R)ab;BIehtupl GMNHGMNag Psþútag .l. BiehtukarN_ b¤ karsnnSa
cgcaM rW rMlwkeLIgvij
epJIreTAkan;
eFVIeGaymansßanPaBRbesIreLIgvij CYsCul b:HbU:v sg
pþl;B½t’man
niyay rW edIrtYnaTItMNagnrNamñak;
suM sMNUmBr
EsVgrkkarBit rW eKalkarN_
sMerccitþ b¤ kMNt;enAkñúgcitþ
BinitüemIlerOgra:v kal³eTs³ b¤ RBwtþikaN_ EdlekIteLIgkñúgeBlGtItkal
- -
59
S
¬ EsVgrk¦
Select ¬ eRCIserIs¦
Search
Schedule
¬ edaHRsay¦
Sort ¬ erobtamlMdab;¦
Summarize ¬ segçb¦
Supervise ¬ emIlkar¦
Solve
EsVgrkGVImYy
eRCIserIs
erobcMEpnkarsMrab;KMeragmYy edaykMNt;TMhMkargar nig ry³eBlEdl RtUvsMerckargar
edaHRsay Bnül; rkdMeNaHRsay
erobcMeTAtamRbePT
bgðajB½t’manedaysegçb
pþl;TwsedAsMrab;eFVIkargar
T
¬ EfrkSa¦
Test ¬ etsþ¦
Train ¬ bNþúHbNþal¦
Transcribe ¬ sresrcMlg¦
Tend
emIlkarxusRtUvelI EfTaM
kMNt;vtþman KuNPaB b¤ PaBBiténGVImYy
pþl;esckþIENnaM edaybgðajeGayemIl rW Gnuvtþn_pÞal;
sresr e)aHBumÖ Rsg;tam b¤ kt;Rta kMNt;RtaGVImYy
U
Undertake
Use
¬ eFVI Gnuvtþ¦
¬ eRbI¦
yl;RBmebþCJacit þeFVIGVImYy
eRbIR)as;
V
¬karvaytMél¦
Verify ¬karepÞótpÞat;¦
Value
KitGMBItMél PaB]tm RbeyaCn_ sar³sMxan;
BinitüepógpÞat; bBa¢ak;GMBIkarBit PaBRtUv
W
Write
¬karsresr¦
beBa©jKMnit b¤ TMnak;TMngedayeRbIGkSr Bakü .l.
- -
60
skmµPaB 2.2
cUrGñksresrBIlT§plsikSaredayrab;bBa©ÚlnUvlk½çNÐGnuvtþ¾CabnþbnÞab;xageRkam nig FatuepSg²
CaeRcIn ( range variables ) énemeronsþIBIsmtßPaBCMnaj “ erobcMnYvskmµPaBnanaedIm,I sMerc)antam kmµvtßú
bMNgrbs;kargar ‘’.
Fatu (Elements) lk½çNÐGnuvtþ (Performance Criteria)
begáItKMeragpÞal;xøÜn kargarRtUv)aneKerobcMeTAtamGTiPaBkargarEdleKEbgEck³
b¤KMeragRkumkargar
kargarRtUv)aneKpþl;GTiPaBeTAtamkmµvtßúbMNgrbs;
GgÁPaB nigRkumkargar.
kmµvtßúbMNgry³eBlxøIRtUv)aneKreRKagerobcMedIm,IKitdl;
eKalbMNgry³eBlEvg.
buKÁlEdlCab;Tak;TgRtUv)aneKBiPakSaCamYyelIKMeragkargar
karsikSaKMnitRtUv)aneKeFVIeT,IgcMeBaHEpnkarRkumkargar.
EpnkaryfaPaBRtUv)aneKbegáIteT,IgpgEdr.
FatuepSg² ( range variables )
Rkumkargar GacCa³
kalviPaKkmµviFIkargar b¤ kmµviFIrgtUc²
RkumkargartUc²
EpnkarCapø¶Úvkar b¤k_minpøÚvkard_ éTeTot
RkumkargareTAtamEpñk
RkumkargareTAtamGKnayKdæan eKalneya)ay nignitIviFI Gacrab;bBa©Úl ³
nitikmµEdlCab;Bak;B½n§
EpnkarRkumkargar Gacrab;bBa©Úl³ sþg;darEdlCab;Bak;B½n§
karsMerccitþminpøÚvkar
RkmRbtibtþi
karEbgEckkargar
eKalkarN_ENnaMrbs;GgÁPaB
EpnkarlMdab;sarvCIkmµ
FnFanmnusS nigeKalkarN_ ENnaMrbs;
EpnkartamEpñk
]sSahkmµ
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61
lT§iplkarsikSa (Learning Outcomes)
lkç½NÐkarvaytMél (Assessemnt Criteria)
cUlGñkemIl nigeFVIkareRbobeFob cMelIyrbs;GñkenARtg;Epñk Suggested Answers.
- -
62
skmµPaB 2.3
edayeRbIR)as;sþg;daEdlGñk)aneRCIserIsenAkñúgskmµPaB 1.5 cUrGñksresrBIlT§plsikSar niglkç½NÐ
vaytMélsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal mYy. GñkminKYrBüayamerobrab;elIlk½çNÐGnuvtþeRcInCagBIrenaHeT. CaCMerIsenaH
cUrGñkcg¥úlbgðajBIFatuepSg² ( range variables ) EdlmanenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal.
lT§iplkarsikSa (Learning Outcomes)
lkç½NÐvaytMél (Assessment Criteria)
cUlGñkviPakSarenAcMelIyrbs;GñkCamYyRKU b¤ RbFanrbs;Gñk.
- -
63
meFüa)ay nig bec©keTsénkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal
kareRCIserIsmeFüa)ayénbNþúHbNþal
enAeBlEdrGñk)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaNéntMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal nig)ansresrBIlT§plsikSarYcehIy
Gñknwgcab;epþImKitGMBImeFüa)aynanasMrab;bgðat;nUvGVI EdlmanenAkñúgmatikarenaH. meFüa)ayTaMgenH ehAfa
meFüa)ayénkarbNþúHbNþal.
meFüa)ayénkarbNþúHbNþal
pþl;eGaynUvviFImYysMrab;eGayGñksikSareronBImatikarénkarbNþúHbNþalCak;lak;
EdlGñk)an
erobrab;.
eFVIeGayGñksikSarrkSakarcab;GarmµN¾ nigsikSaenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþaledIm,IeGaykar sikSar
mankarrIkcMerIneTAmux.
RbePTénviFIbNþúHbNþal
viFINþúHbNþal CaeRcInEdlGñkGaceRCIserIs)ankñúgnamCaRKbNþúHbNþalmñak;. viFITaMgenHrYmman ³
kareFVIbT]eTsnam - karniyaybgðajemeron sikSarkrNI kareGayÉksarGan.
karbgðaj - kareFVIlMhat;tamemeron kareFVIRtab;tam.
karBnül; - karniyaybgðajemeron kareRbobeFobnUvkarcg¥úlbgðaj karsegçbeGayxøI.
karedaHRsaybBaða - karBiPaKSaCaRkum kareRBogeKalKMnit karBiPakSa karCECkCaRkum.
kareGayKMnit - karBiPaKSa karsikSarkrNI kareFVIlMhat;tamemeron kareFVIRtab;tam.
karsikSartamkareFVIBiesaFn¾- skmµPaBGnuvtþ n¾ karsikSarkrNI kardak;eGayeFVIkar karbgðaj
kareFVIkargarenAnwgkEnøg kareFVIRtab;tam karelgEl,gepSg².
kargarCaRkum - karBiPaKSa
kareRBogeKalKMnit karCECkKñaCaRkum kareFVIRtab;tam
karsikSakrNI.
karbgðat;eBleFVIkargar - karBnül; karcg¥úlbgðaj karRtYtBinitü karbþÚrkargareTAkEnøgepSg
karedaH RsaybBaða karbgðaj karBiPaKSa.
karbþÚrkargareTAkEnøgepSg - karbgðat;enAeBleFVIkargar.
karKYbpSMNamYyénviFIxagelI.
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64
skmµPaBbNþúHbNþal
manRbePTskmµPaBCaeRcInxusKña²mYycMnYn EdlGñkGaceRbIR)as;edIm,IepÞrCMnaj nigcMeNHdwgeTAeGay
RkumGñksikSaEdlCaEpñkénkargarv½KÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. bBa©IrenATMBr½bnÞab;enHGacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,I
kMNt; nUvyuT§saRsþeronsURtd_smrmü EdlnwgRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IFanaeGay)annUvkarepÞrnUv CMnaj
nigcMeNHdwg.
karCECk
EvkEjk
karBiPakSaCa
Rkum
karCECkKña
CaRkum
enHKWCakarCECkEdleK
erobcMmYyrvagbuKÁlEdl
manTsSn³pÞúyKña
KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
mancMNucepþatc,as;las;
viFIedaHRsaymanPaBtwgEtg
bgðajnUvTsSn³pÞúyKña
rvagBIPaKI
BRgwgCMnajénkareron
karsikSamankMNt;
smaCiknimYy²GacemIleXIj BwgEp¥keTAelIsmtßPaB
rbs;Gñkniyay
manlkçN³minsßabnaCaCag
{karbegáItnUveKalKMnit{
karedaHdUrKñanUvKMnit nig KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
cMeNHdwg
mankarsikSax<s;
GñkxøHyl;eXIjfaman
manKMniteRcIn
kareFVIeGaymankarP½y
GnuBaØateGaymansMnYr
manKMnitGviC¢aeRcIn
nigcMelIy
mansmaCikxøHbeBa©j
CMrujeGayman : karbegáIt
mtieRcInEtÉg
KMnit :
R)ascasBIvF
i anbT
CaRkumBiPakSatUc²Edl
KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
minmanGñkdwknaM edayman karsikSax<s;
xVHnUvkarBiPakSaeGay
ebskmµmYycMnYnEdl
KµankarP½y
)ansIuCMerA
eKkMNt;eGay nigeBlevla manPaBrIkray
Gac)at;bg;TIsedAén
mankMNt;
Feedback
dl;RKUbNþúH
karBiPakSaRbsin ebImin man
bNþal
karRtYt BinitüeGay)andit
mankarbeBa©jKMnit)an
dl;
elOn
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65
karRBageKal enHKWenAeBlEdlman KuNsm,tþi
KMnit
karbeBa©jKMnitCaeRcIn bMEbkkarraraMgnana
edayminmankarBiPakSa kñúgkarbeBa©jmti
nigkarvaytMél
manKMnitpþÜcepþImeRcIn
maneKalKMniteRcIn
minmankarP½y
manPaBsb,ay
KuNvibtþi
TamTarnUvPaBdwknaM rW
dMeNIrkarN¾
eKalKMnitEdlmanRb
eyaCn¾mantictYc
mannUveKalKMnitrbs;
Gñkbgðat;tictYcenAkñúg
matikar
karsikSarkrNI enHCaeBlEdlsßankar KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
N¾ rWCaRBwtþkarN¾mYy mankarsikSa
GacnaMeGaymancMelIyEdl
RtUv)aneKeFVIkarviPaK
nig Rbtikmµtbt
yl;faRtwmRtUvEtGacmin
mankarsikSar sIuCMerA nig lMGit
smehtupl
karGnuvtþn¾nUvCMnaj nigcM
TamTarnUveBlevlaedIm,IeFVI
eNHdwg
karviPaKeTAelIr)aykarN¾
eKokCiteTArkPaBBit
Cak;Esþg
karedIrtYr
skmµPaBEdleFVIRtab; KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
tamCIvti Cak;Esþg
GñksegátGacmancMnYnERbRbYl
eRbIR)as;eBlevla
)an
manGacTsSTayTukmun
manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarpøas;bþÚr
GñkmYycMnYnmanGarmµN¾P½y
\riyabf nigGkb,kiriya
Feedback RtUvEtrkdMeNaH
GacmanPaBsb,ay
RsayeGay)anl¥
pþl;nUvCMenOTukcitþenAkñúgsßanPaB
CIvti Bit
karbgðaj
enHCadMenIrkarN¾énkar KuNsm,tþi
bgðaj : BIrebobkñúg mankaryl;nUvCMnaj
kar eFVIGVImYy :
begáIncMNab;GarmµN¾kñúg
CaFmµtamYyCMhanmþg²
karemIlrebobeFVI
CaviFImYyCMhanmþg²
- -
KuNvibtþi
Gñkbgðat;RtUvCa KMrUrd¾l¥mñk;
mankarlM)akkñúkkarbgðat;
RkumEdlmanKñaeRcIn
RtUvkarnUvdMenIrkarN¾Fmµta
66
karbgðaj
edaymankar
Gnuvtþ
enHCakarBnül;cg¥úlbgðaj
KuNsm,tþi
edaymankarGnuvtþn¾pÞal;BIGñk karGnuvtþn¾GacRtUv)anEk
sikSa
tRmUv)an
mankarsikSax<s;
Gkb,kiriyamankarpøas;bþÚr
karbgðaj
enHCakarbgðajsMPar³
sMPar³Éksar Éksar edIm,ICYydl;kar
sikSar
KuNsm,tþi
Cak;Esþg
KYreGaycab;GarmµN¾
bEnßmelIRTwsþI
dMeNIreTAsikSa enHCadMeNIrTsSn³kic© Edl
enAkEnøgpÞal; )aneRKagmYyeTAkan;tMbn;
EdlTak;Tgdl;bTBiesaFn¾
énkarsikSar
KuNsm,tþi
Cak;Esþg
CakarBiesaFn¾
karsegátemIlelIkargarCak;
Esþg
eFVIkarEsVgyl;CalkçNH
buKÁl
KuNsm,tþi
begáInnUvkarEsVgyl;eTA
elIeKalkarN¾
mankarsikSax<s;
manPaBsb,ay
ktþaCMrujTwkcitþ enHKWEp¥keTAelIkarEsVg
/El,g
yl;tamEbbBiesaFn¾Edl
sisSEsVgrkeGayeXIjnUv
TsSn³ nigeKalkarN¾
KuNvibtþi
TamTarnUveKalkarN¾
ENnaM
GacCabTBiesaFn¾min
l¥rbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
TamareBlevlaeRcIn
KuNvibtþi
TamTareBlevlaeRcIn
mankarkMNt;cMeBaH
RkumEdlmanKañeRcIn
TamTarnUvkEnøgFM
KuNvibtþi
cMNayeBlevlanig
fvikar
karbgðajnUvEpñk
sMxan;²
PsþúPar
KuNvibtþi
sisSx¢ilGaccat;Tukfa
manlkçNHdUcekµg²
skmµPaB 2.4
cUrGñkeRCIserIsviFIepSg² cMnYnbIkñúgkarpþl;nUvRbFanbT Edl)aneRCIserIsenAkñúg skmµPaB 1.5
ehIy EdlGñksresrlT§plsikSarenARtg;skmµPaB 2.3. cUrGñkBnül;BImUlehtuEdlGñkeRCIserIsyknUv
viFITaMgenaH EdlTak;TgeTAnwgemeronsþIBIsmtßPaBCMnaj.
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67
kareRCIserIsTIkEnøgd_smrmüsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal
\LÚvenHGñk)anbBa©b;EpñkCaeRcInénkarerobcMeTAelIkarpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. Gñk)an³
eRCIserIsykemeronmYyBIsþg;dar bnÞab;BIGñk)anBicarNa eTAelItMrUvkarrbs;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk eday
eFVIkarBiPakSaCamYyGñkd¾éTeTot EdlsikSaenAkñúgdMenIrkarénkarbNþúHbNþal. ¬GñkRbEhlCa
min)anKitBicarNadl;tMrUvkarenaHeTenAeBlenH k¾b:uEnþGñknigeFVIkarKitdl; enAeBlEdlGñkcab;
epþImpþl;karbNþúHbNþalCak;Esþg sMrab;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk¦.
Gñk)ansresrnUvlT§plénkarsikSar nigbegáItnUvlkç½NÐvaytMél sMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
Gñk)an
eRCIserIsyknUvviFIcMnYnbIkñúgkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal EdlGñknwgeFVIkareRbIR)as;enAkñúg
karpþl;nUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
GVIEdlGñkRtUveFVI\LÚvenHKWeRCIserIsykTIkEnøgd¾smrmümYysMrab;pþl;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
TIkEnøgpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal
enAkñúgkarkMNt;ykTIkEnøgsMrab;pþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal CamUldæanGñkmanCMerIs 4 ya:g³
enAeBleFVIkargar.
enAeBleRkAema:geFVIkargar
k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkEnøgkargarCaFmµtarbs; GñkEdlRtUvTTYlnUvkar
bNþúHbNþal.
enAeBleRkAema:geFVIkargarenAkñúgTIkEnøgBiessNamYy.
enAeBleRkAema:geFVIkargarenAkñugbnÞb;sMrab;eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalénGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk.
kareRCIserIsykTIkEnøgpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþalCajwkjab;RtUv)anCMrujedayktþaTaMgenH ³
bBaðaRbFanbTEdlGñknwgpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal.
cMnYnmnusSEdlnwgRtUvTTYlnUvkarbNþúHbNþal.
sMPar³ Éksar nigFnFanEdlGacrk)anenAkñúgkEnøgkargarrbs;Gñk.
viFIbNþúHbNþalEdlGñkeRCIserIs.
CMerIsénkarcMNayfvikarenAcMeBaHmuxGñk.
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68
erOgsMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUvKitBicarNakñúgkareRCIserIsnUvTIkEnøgbNþúHbNþal KWTak;Tg
dl;tMrUvkarEpñkbrisßanBIGñksikSar nigPaBEdlGacrk)annUvmnusS nigsMPar³epSg². cUrGñkcgcaMfa enA
eBlEdrGñkpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal Gñkcg;pþl;eGaynUv»kasd¾l¥bMputdl;GñksikSarrbs;GñkkñúgkareronsURt
eday Gñkmincg;eGaymankarrMxaneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIrTA)an. Gñkkan;EtenACitkEnøgkargarrbs;eK Gñkkan;
EtRbEhlCaRtUv)aneKrMxaneRcIn. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday sMrab;karbNþúHbNþalenAkñúgkEnøgkargar TIkEnøg
bNþúHbNþald¾l¥bMput KIRtUvmanbrisßanRsedogKñamYy Edlman]bkrN_ nigRbBn§½EdlGñksikSarFøab;)ansÁal;.
skmµPaB 2.5
cUrGñkeRCIserIsTIkEnøg EdlsmrmüsMrab;Gñkpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. cUrGñkBnül;BImUlehtu.
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cUrGñkBIPaKSacMeBaHCMerIsrbs;GñkCamYyGñkbgðat;rbs;Gµk nig Qandl;karyl;RBmKñamYyedIm,IbnþeTAmuxeTot
karerobcMFnFanbNþúHbNþal
ÉksarbNþúHbNþal / ]bkrN¾bNþúHbNþalEdlGñk®tUvkarsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñkman dUcxag
e®kam ³
1. Éksarrbs;Gñkbgðat;³
a.
kalviPaKvKÁsikSa
b.
ÉksarsMrab;EckCUndl;sisS
c.
ÉksarnanasþIBIkEnøgkargar eKalneya)ay nitiviFI karENnaM c,ab;sPa ®km®btibtþ
EbbbTepSg²>>>.l.
d.
®bGb;smÖar³rbs;RKYbNþúHbNþal
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69
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
sMPar³
kþarexon
Overhead Projector
vIedGU nig TUrTsSn¾
]bkrN¾ftvIedGU
LCD Projector
sMrab;karEFVIbT]eTsname®bI®)as; PowerPoint
f.
Lap Top
g.
h.
Slide Projector
Flip Chart Holders
ÉksarsMrab;eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalepSg²eTot
a.
ÉksarsMrab;bBa©aMgtam Overhead Projector
b.
KMrU
c.
mUEdl
d.
kMNt;sMKal;
e.
daya:®kam ¼ rUbPaB
f.
El,gkMsanþ
g.
ÉksarepSg²eTot
etI]bkrN¾CMnYydl;karbe®gon®bePTNaEdlGñke®bI®)as; enAkñúgkarGnuvtþkñúgnamCaGñkbgðat;mñak; ?
®bEhl Ca Gñke®bI®)as;]bkrN¾mYy rWk¾]bkrN¾TaMgGs;kñúgcMeNam]bkrN¾CMnYy Edlmanxage®kamenH ³
vIedGU
kþaexon
Overhead Projector
LCD Projector
nig kareFVIbT]eTsnamedaye®bI®)as; PowerPoint
ÉksarenHnwgeFVIkarBiPaKSaelIKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvib½tþ énkare®bI®)as;]bkrN¾be®gonTaMgenH ehIy
®BmTaMgpþl;nUvdMbUnµand¾man®beyaCn¾xøH² edIm,IeFVIeGaykareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk kan;Etman®bsIT§PaB nig
c,as;las;.
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70
vIedGU
vIedGUGacCa]bkrN¾be®gond¾manKuN®beyaCn¾mYy. vIedGUCa]bkrN¾Edlman®bsiT§PaBbMput enAeBl
Edl®tUv)aneKe®bI®)as;Ca]bkrN¾sMrab;cab;epþImkarBiPaKSa . vamin®Kb;®Kan;enaHeTkñúgkarbBa©aMgviedGU ehIy
snµt;faGñksikSarbs;Gñk)anTTYlkaryl;dwgtamryHkaremIlvIedGU. vaCatYrnaTIrbs;Gñkkñúgnam CaGñkbgðat;
mñak;kñúgkarCYyeFVIeGayGñksikSaTaMgenaHyl;BIBt’man EdlbBa©aMgenAkñúgvIedGU edayBnül;bgðaje®bI®)as; Bakü
eBCn¾ EdleFVIeGayBYkeKgay®sYlyl;.
KuNsm,tþiénkare®bI®)as;vIedGU
vIedGUGacbgðajnUvBt’manEdlmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj rWk¾lM)akemIl ( ]> TidæPaBsuvtßPaB éne®KOgma:suIn
nig ]bkrN_ ).
vIedGUGacnaMGñksikSaeGayeFVIkarEsVgyl;eTAdl;kEnøgEdl®tUvsikSapÞal;Etmþg.
KuNvib½tþénkare®bI®)as;vIedGU
Gñkminmankar®Kb;®KgeTAelImatikarénvIedGU ¬ ®bsinebICAGñkmineFVIvaedayxøÜnGñkenaHeT¦.
manmnusSCae®cInmincUlcitþrUbPaBenAkñúgvIedGU ehIygayEbkGarmµN¾ ¬ CaBiess®bsinebIGñk
bBa©aMgvIedGU yUreBk¦ .
vIedGUKWCameFüa)ykarTMnak;TMngEtmYyxag
¬
®bsinebIGñkmin)aneGayGñksikSasikSa
kñúgkarbeBa¢jmtiGMBIxøwmsarénExSvIedGUenaHeT¦.
dMbUnµankñúgkare®bI®)as;vIedGU®bkbeday®bsiT§PaB
cak;vIedGUedIm,IBinitüemIlCamun
cUrGñkkuM®Kan;EtBwgEp¥keTAelIcMNgeCIgrbs;ExSvIedGU karsresrsegçbenAelIKMrb rWk¾eTAtamGnusasn_
rbs;Gñkd¾éT. cUrGñk®)akdfa xøwmsarénExSvIedGUBitCamanbgðajBITsSn³ EdlGñkcg;bgðaj®)ab;dl;®kum Gñk
sikSarbs;Gñk. GñkcaM)ac;®tUvFanapgEdrfa ExSvIedGU vamanlkçN³smrmü niyaymü:ageTot vaGacman
Bt’manminl¥ hYssm½y b¤ Bt’manxus.
cUrGñk®)akdfaGñkGace®bI®)as;]bkrNI)an
bBaðad¾Ga®kk;bMputrbs;GñkeFVbI T]eTsnam KWkarGt;dwgBIrebobcak;vIedGU. karcMNayeBlevla\t
®beyaCn¾ kñúgkarBüayam eFVIeGaye®KOgcak;vIedGUdMeNIrkar enaHvaemIleTAhak;dUcCaGñkmin)anerobcMTukCamun
ehIy vaeFVIeGayGñksikSamankarEbkGarmµN¾. tamBiteTA bBaðad¾Ga®kk;enHGñkGacbeBa©ós)anTaMg®sug ®bsin
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71
ebIGñkmankaryl;dwgBI]bkrN_TaMgenaH munGñkcab;epþImnUvkaeFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk. cUrGñk®)akdfa
Gñkdwgpg EdrnUvrebob p¥ak rWk¾bBa©b;vIedGU ehIy®BmTaMgdwgpgEdrGMBIrebobsasMelg nig rUbPaB.
cUrGñkeFVIkarENnaMGMBIExSvIedGUdl;sik<akamCamunsin
kuMcab;epþImbBa©aMgExSvIedGUedaymin)anpþl;eGayGñksikSanUveKalKMnit elIGVIEdlBYkeKnwgemIleXIjenA
elIkBa©k;vIedGU. GñkKYrEtBiPaKSaGMBIxøwmsarénerOgvIedGUCamYy GñksikçakambnÞab;BIGñk)anbBa©aMgvarYc dUecñH
cUrGñk®)akdfaBYkeK)aneFVIkarkt;cMNaMnUvTsSn³ nigeKalKMnitsMxan;² Edl)anbgðaj. edIm,IeFVIdUecñH Gñk
caM)ac;eFVIkarcg¥úlbgðajnUvEpñkNamYyénExSvIedGU eTAkan;GñksikSaedIm,IeGayBYkeKmankarkt;Rta)an.
cak;ExSvIedGUdl;®tg;cMNucEdlGñkcg;bgðaj
kuMeFVIeGayGñksikSamankarEbkGarmµN¾ edayGñkcak;xaeTAmuxeGayelOn edIm,IIkuMeGayBYkeKeXIj
karRbmanGMBIkmµftcMlg nig Credits nanaEdlminmankarcaM)ac;rbs;ExSvIedGU.
kuMbgðajnUvExSvIedGUEvgeBkdl;sikçakamrbs;Gñk
ry³eBlykcitþTukdak;CamFüménGñksIkSaCamnusSeBjv½yKWsßitenAkñúgcenøaH ry³eBl 10naTI nig
20naTI. ExSvIedGUEdle®bIeBlhYs 15 naTI CakareFVIetsþelITMhéM nkarepþatGarmµ sUm,IEtcMeBaHsikçakam
EdlmanPaBrIraybMput.®bsinebIerOgvIedGUe®bIeBlelIsBIryHeBl 15naTI enaH GñkGacsakl,gbgðaj®twmEt
EpñkNamYy énerOg rWk¾sakl,gp¥ak®twmEpñkNamYyedIm,IeFVIkarBiPaKSaGMBITsSn³mYycMnYn ( ExSvIedGU sMrab;
eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalmYycMnYnEdleKerobcM)anl¥manbBa©Úlry³eBlsMrakcMeBaHkarbBa©aMgpgEdr ).
kþaexon
manGñkeFVIbT]eTsnamCae®cIn
e®bI®)as;kþaexoneFVICaEpñkmYyénkarEFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;BYkeK.
kþaexonGac
®tUv)aneKe®bI®)as;edIm,Ikt;®ta
nigbgðajnUvBt’mannigeKalKMnit
enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarEFVIbT]eTsnamCae®cIn
edIm,IKUsbBa¢ak;elIcMnucsMxan;²
ehIynigedIm,IbgðajKMnYsbM®BYjepSg².
KuNsm,tþiénkare®bI®)as;kþaexon
eKGackt;®taeKalKMnitsMxan;²)an enAeBlEdlKMnitTaMgenH®tUv)anelIkeLIgedayGñksikSa
kþaexonKWCa]bkrN¾EdlmanPaBbt;EbnmYy - GñkGacpøas;bþÚrelIrebobEdlGñke®bI®)as;kþaexon eTA
tam kareqøIytbrbs;GñksikSa.
vamanlkçN³gay®sYlkñúgkarrkSanUvbriyakasminpøÚvkar enAeBleyIge®bI®)as;kþaexon.
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72
®kumGñksikSa Gacyl;eXIjfaBYkeKsikSaenAkñúgbT]eTsnamedayBuMmankartantwgGarmµN¾.
Kunvib½tþénkare®bI®)as;kþaexon
kþaexonminmanlkçN³smrmü enAeBlEdlmanGñksikSae®cIn.
Gñkmankar)at;bg;nUvkarTMnak;TMng®kEsrEPñkCamYyGñksikSa enAeBlEdrGñkEbrmuxeTA sresrGkSr
elIkþaexon.
Bt’manEdlTTYl)anBIGñksikSaminGacrkSaTuk)anrhUt ( ®bsinebIGñkminmankþaexone®bIGKÁisnI rWk¾min
manGñkNamñak;cMlgTukenaH ).
dMbUnµankñúgkare®bI®)as;kþaexon®bkbeday®bsiT§PaB
sresrGkSrédeGay)anc,as;
sresrGkSreGay)anc,as;enAelIkþaexon KWCaerOgBi)ak. cUrGñksakl,gsresrGkSreGay)andac;²
BIKañ CaCagkarsresrGkSrédEdlmanlkçN³Cab;²Kña. cUrGñk®)akdfaGñksresrGkSrenAkñúgTMhMmYyEdrGac
eGayGñkEdrGgÁúyenAxage®kayemIleXIj)an ehIy®tUvR)akdpgEdr kñúgkarTukcenøaHeGay)an®Kb;®Kan;
BIbnÞat;mYyeTAbnÞat;mYy.
e®bI®)as;kþaexonedIm,Ikt;®tanUvcMnucsegçb²
karkt;®tacMeBaHBaküKnøwH² enAelIkþaexonkMNt;®twmcMnYn 5BakükñúgmYybnÞat;. GñksikSamankarlM)ak
kñúgkarGanGkSrelIkþaexon EdlmansresrGkSreBjrej:réj:.
e®bI®)as;KMnUsbM®BYj rWk¾rUbPaBedIm,IbEnßmcMNab;GarmµN¾
kare®bI®)as;®twmEtGkSrmYymuxTMngCamineFVIeGaymankarcab;GarmµN¾dl;GñksikSaenaHeT.
begáInkarcab;GarmµN¾dl;GñksikSa edaye®bI®)as; KMnYsbM®BYj ®kahVic elx rUbPaB>>>.l.
cUrGñk
e®bI®)as;BN’eGaymanlkçN³pÞúyKñabMputrvagGkSr nigépÞrbs;kþaexon
cUrGñk®)akdfaGñkmanbichVWtBN’mYycMnYnedIm,IsresrGkSrelIkþaexon. bicBN’exµAsresr enAelIkþa
exonBN’sr KIemIleXIjGkSrc,as;bMput ehIyGace®bI®)as;eFVICaBN’sMxan; (BN’exovcas;k¾emIleXIj c,as;
Edr).
ecosvagkare®bI®)as;BN’EdlmanlkçN³pÞúyTab eTAnwgépÞrbs;kaþexondUcCa BN’etñat rWBN’Twk®kUc.
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73
KitBITItaMgrbs;GñkenAeBlEdlGñkeRbIR)as;kþaexon
enAeBlEdrGñksresrGkSrenAelIkþaexoncb; cUrGñkQreTAmçagénkþaexon dUecñHGñksikSaGac emIleXIj
nYvGkSrrbs;Gñk. cUrGñkEbrmuxeTArkGñksikSaenAeBlEdlGñkniyay. kuMniyayedayEbrmuxeTAkan;kþaexon
BIe®BaHvaGaceFVIeGayGñksikSa minGacsþab;lW sMelgrbs;Gñk ehIyGñkk¾)at;bg;nUvkarTMnak;TMngedaye®bI
®kEsrEPñk CamYyGñksikSapgEdr. rMkileCIgrbs;GñkenAeBlEdrGñksresrGkSr elIkþaexon BIeRBaHEtvaGac
CUyeFVIeGaybnÞat;énGkSrRtg;l¥.
kuMsresrnYvBt’mane®cIneBkenAelIkþaexon
vaCaviFIsa®sþd¾Gn;mYycMeBaHkarsresrnUvesckþIkt;sMKal;eRcIneBkenAelIkþaexon. GñksikSaCae®cIn
nwgminkt;Tuk rWk¾minGackt;RtaeGay)anc,as; nUvesckþIkt;sMKal;TaMgenaH)an. ®bsinebIÉksarTaMgenaH
mansar³sMxan;Emn vamanlkçN³®besIrCag kñúgerobcMCaÉksarEckCYndl;BYkeK.
kuMBüayamKUsdaya:®kamEdlmanPaBsµúKsµajelIkþaexon
karKUsdaya:RkamEdlmanlkçN³FmµtaenAelIkþaexon KWmanPaB®besIrbMput k¾b:uEnþvaminEmnCakar
l¥enaHeT kñúgkarBüayamKUsnUvdaya:®kamNaEdlmanPaBsµúKsµaj rWk¾TamTanUvkMritén PaBc,as;las;x<s;
( kñúgkrNIenH vamanPaB®besICag kñúgkarerobcMdaya:®kamNa EdlmanPaBsµúKsµajeTACaÉksarbBa©aMgtam
Overhead Projector eGay)anCamun ). kþaexonRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; ya:gl¥bMputsMrab; karBiPaKSa Edl
e®bIeBlxøI² . enAeBlEdlGñkKUsdaya:®kam EdlmanPaBsµúKsµajenAelIkþaexonenaH GñkeFVIeGay)at;bg;nYv
karykcitþTukdak;BIGñksikSa.
Overhead Projector
]bkrN¾bNþúHbNþalmYykñúgcMeNam]bkrN¾bNþúHbNþald¾manRbsiT§PaBbMputenaHKW
Overhead
Projector .
Overhead Projector GacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,I ³
ENnaM rWk¾segçbnUvÉksar. GñkGacbgðajnUvrebobvIr³rbs;Gñkdl;GñksikSa muneBlEdrGñkcab;epþIm nig
segçbnUvcMNcu sMxan;² eLIgvijenAÉeBlcugeRkayénkareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk.
sgát;F¶n;eTAelIBaküKnøwHsMxan;² edaye®bI®)as;GkSrFM² ehIykare®bI®)as;rUbPaB d¾Tak;Tajnana
GacCUyeGayGñkGaceFVIkarsgát;F¶n;eGayxøaMg eTAelIeKalKMnitsMxan;²rbs;Gñk.
bgðajeTAtamlMdab;lMedayénÉksar. ®bkarenHGacTak;Tgdl;dMNak;Cae®cInenAkñúgdMeNIkareFVIGVImYy
]TahrN¾ karykTwkedaHeKaBIksidæaneTAeGayGtifCi n rWk¾vaGacTak;Tgdl;eKalKMnit EdlCab;Bak;
Bn§½Kña CaeRcIn.
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74
manKuNsm,tþiCaeRcIn nigKuNvib½tþtictYckñúgkareRbIR)as; Overhead Projector . ®bsinebIGñkerobcM
ÉksarsMrab;bBa©aMgrbs;Gñk)anl¥ ehIyGñkeFVIkarrMBwgTukCamunnUvbBaðGa®kk;mYycMnYn EdlGacekItmanenaH Gñk
GacykQñHelIKuNvib½tþd¾tictYcTaMgenH ( dUcCakarpÞúHGMBUl nigkar)at;bg;cMNucepþatkarykcitþTukdak; ).
KuNsm,tþiénkareRbIR)as; Overhead Projector
vapþl;eGayGñknUvTMhMGkSrkñúglkçN³mYyd¾c,as;bMputeTaHbICa manGñksikSatic rWeRcInk¾eday.
vaCYyeGayGñkrkSa)ankarTMnak;TMngedayeRbIRkEsrEPñkCamYyGñksikSaenAeBlEdrGñkeRbI®)as;va.
GñkGacRKb;RKgedayRbsiT§PaBelIkarkMnt;eBlevla nigelIkarbgðajnUvÉksarrbs;GñkeTAtamlMdab;
lMeday.
vaCYyeGayGñksßitenAkñúglkçN³ EdlmankarerobcM)anl¥edayGñkGacsresrGkSrédenAkñúgTMhMkMrit
Gb,brima ( nUvBaküKnøwH ) enAelIkBa©k;dak;ÉksarbBa©aMg ( kñúgkrNIEdlGñksikSaemIlmineXIj ).
GñkGaceRbIR)as;CafµInUvÉksarsøay rbs;GñksMrab;kareFVIbT]eTsnamelIkeRkayeTot.
Overhead
Projector
manlkçN³gay®sYlkñúgkarebIkeGaydMeNIrkar. kugtak;ebIkbiT
nigcMNucsaerBnøWsßitenAe®kamkar®Kb;®KgEtmYy.
Éksarsøay KWgay®sYleFVI. GñkGacbegáItÉksarTaMgenaHenAkñúgkuMBüÚTr½edaye®bI®)as;kmµviFI Wordprocessing ehIyplitvaedaydak;elI Laser or bubble-jet printer . CaCMerIsenaH GñkGac
eRbIR)as;ma:suInhVÚtUKUbBI ( Photocopier ) edIm,IeFVIÉksarsøayrbs;Gñk ( cUrGñkBinitüemIl esovePA
ENnaMrbs;ma:suInhVÚtUKUbBICamunsin ehIy®tUv®)akdfaGñkkMBuge®bIÉksarsøay Edlman lkçN³
smrmüsMrab;kic©karrbs;Gñk).
dMbUnµankñúgkareRbIR)as; Overhead Projector
saercMNuccMNaMgBnøWCaeRscmuneBlEdlGñkcab;epþImEFVI
karEFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñknig)at;bg;nUvPaBc,as; RbsinebIGñkcMNayeBl\tRbeyaCn¾ taMgBImundMbUg
kñúgkarsaer cMNuccMNaMgBnøW. cUrGñkR)akdfa Gñk)ansaervarYcmuneBlEdlGñkcab;epþIm. cUrGñkBinitü
emIlemeronrbs;Gñk
enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk
ehIykuMeGayvaecjBIput
BIcMNuccMNaMgBnøW.
biTecal Projector eBlbBa©b;ÉksarsøaynimYy²
kuMTukÉksarsøayeGaycaMgRKb;eBlTaMgGs;. cUrGñkeRbIvaeFVICaeRKOgCMrujmYy. enAeBlEdrGñkbBa©b;
karbeBa©jeKalKMnitrbs;Gñk cUrGñkbiTvaecal.
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75
eRbIR)as;nUvRkdassrmYysnøwkedIm,I)aMgEpñkNaEdlGñkminTan;cg;bgðaj
RbsinebIGñkmanÉksarsøaymYyEdlmansresrnYvcMNucsMxan;mYycMnYn cUrGñkeRbIR)as;RkdassrmYy
snøwkedIm,I)aMg edaybgðajRtwmEtEpñkNamYy EdlGñkcg;eGayGñkcUlrUmeFVIkarepþakkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelI
eday dak;RkdassrpÞal;elIkBa©k;ehIyenAeRkamÉksarsøayEdlmanGkSrenaH GñkGackarBarRkdasenaH
mineGayFøak;ecj enAeBlEdlGñkrMkiledIm,IbgðajBIcMNucsMxan;rbs;Gñkbnþicmþg².
rkSanUvkarTMnak;TMngedayeRbIRkEsrEPñkCamYyGñksikSa
KuNsm,tþIénkareRbIR)as; Overhead Projector KWfaGñkGacEbrmuxeTAkan;GñksikSa enAeBl
EdlGñkGFib,ay BIÉksarsøayEdlGñkbBa©aMg. kuMRkeLkemIlTaMgRsugeTAkan;cMNaMgGkSr ehIy)at;bg;
nUvkarTMnak;TMngedayeRbIRkEsrEPñkd¾mantMélCamYyGñksikSa.
rkSaBnøWeGaymanrhUt
kuMeFVIeGaybnÞb;ggwkeBkrhUtdl;GñksikSaminGacemIleXIjGñk. KuNsm,tþimYykñúgcMeNam KuNsm,tþi
d¾FMeFgénkareRbIR)as;]bkrN¾enH KWfavaGacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAeBléf¶)an.
cUrGñkR)akdfaÉksarsøayrbs;GñkmanlkçN³emIleTAKYreGayTak;Taj
cUrGñkeRbIR)as;TMhMGkSrEdlGacGan)an enAeBlEdlGñkbBa©aMgva ehIy RbsinebImanPaBcaM)ac;
cUGñkeRbIR)as;rUbPaBRkahVIc nigBN’edIm,IbEnßmPaBTak;Tajdl;Éksarsøayrbs;Gñk. dMbUnµanénkarerobcM
Éksarsøayrbs;Gñk manbBa©ÚlenAÉcugbBa©b;énEpñkenH.
kuM)aMgnUvcMNaMgGkSr (Screen) EdleFVIeGayGñksikSaminGacemIleXIj
muneBlénkareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk cUrGñkR)akdfaGñksikSaEdlGgÁúyenACYr
emIleXIj Screen. enAeBlEdlGñkeRbIR)as;va cUrGñkkuMQrenABImuxva.
xageRkayGac
kuMRKan;EtGFib,ayeLIgvijenAGVIEdlmanenAelIcMNaMgBnøW
kareFVIbT]eTsnamtam Overhead Projector d¾GaRkk;bMput KWenAeBlEdlGñkeFVIbT]eTsnam RKan;Et
GFib,aynUvGVIEdlmanenAelI Screen . Cajwkjab;bMput GVIEdlmanenAelI Screen KWRKan;EtCa cMNucsMxan;²
b:ueNÑaH
dUecñHvaCatYrnaTIrbs;GñkeFVIbT]eTsnamkñúgkarelIkykcMNucTaMgenaH
mkBnül;
rWeFVIeGayvamanlkçNHcab;
GarmµN¾.
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76
dMbUnµankñúgkareFVIÉksarsøaykñúglkçNHmYyd¾l¥
cab;epþImedayeRbIR)as;Éksarc,ab;edIm
vamankarlM)akkan;EtxøaMgeLIgkñúgkarGanGkSrEdlmanlkçN³sabBN’
BRgIkeday Projector .
enAeBlEdlRtUv)an
eRbIR)as; Typefaces EdlgayRsYlGan
Typefaces Ebb Sans serif KWmanlkçNHgayRsYlGanCag enAeBlEdrRtUveKbBa©aMgenAelIcMNaMgBnøW.
xageRkamenHKWCa]TahrN¾EdlbgðajBIPaBxusKñarvagtYGkSrtamEbb Serif nigEbb Sans serif ³
Strokes or
letters tend
to be of
different
width
Ar
Ar
Serif
Sans Serif
Serif-type fonts (e.g. Times New Roman)
suitable for handouts, reports etc.
not so good for display (PowerPoint, OHP)
Sans (without) Serif fonts (e.g. Arial etc)
better for OHP, PowerPoint etc.
not so good for longer, extended texts
m:UtGkSrtamEbb Sans serif mYycMnYnEdlGñksÁal; KWman Arial , Tahoma >>>.l.
ehIym:UtGkSrTaMgenHKWmanlkçN³c,as;l¥ sMrab;kareFVIbT]eTsnam nigÉksarbBa©aMgtam Overhead
Projector .
dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelIpgEdr m:UtGkSrtamEbb serif RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;ya:gl¥bMputsMrab;GtßbTEvg²
dUecñHRbsinebIGñkerobcMCaÉksarsMrab;EckCUnGm bTeFVIbgðajrbs;GñkenaH cUrGñkeRbIm:UtGkSrtamEbb serif
sMrab;ÉksarTaMgenaH. m:UtGkSrtamEbb serif rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgm:UtGkSrEbb Times New Roman, Palatino,
nig Dutch . cUrGñkCanic©kaleRbIm:UtGkSrEdlmanlkçN³FmµtabMput nigc,as;bMputsMrab;kic©karrbs;Gñk.
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77
eRbItYrGkSrFMEtbnþicbnþÜc)anehIy
BaküeBCn¾EdleKsresrPaKeRcInCatYrGkSrtUcKWmanlkçNHgayRsYlGanCag. beyaKEdleKsresr
edayeRbIR)as;tYrGkSrFMTaMgGs;KWmankarlM)akxøaMgNas;kñúgkarGan.
eRbIR)as;TMhMGkSreGay)anFM
cUrGñkkMNt;TMhMGkSrkñúgTMhMRbEhl 24 sMrab;ÉksarbBa©aMgtam Overhead Projector nig
Powerpoint . kuMeRbITMhMGkSrtUcCagTMhM 18 ebImindUecñHeTvamanlkçN³tUceBkrhUtdl;minGacGan)an.
ebItamk,ÜnGnuvtþd¾l¥mYyenaH KWRtUvBinitüemIlfaetI GñkGacGannUvGkSrsøayrbs;GñkkñúgcMgay 3Em:Rt)anEdr
rWeT. RbsinebIGñkGacGan)an Éksarsøayrbs;Gñk nwgGacemIlGan)anenAkñúgkarerobcMbnÞb;bNþúHbNþal
PaKeRcIn.
rkSakarerobcMÉksarsøayrbs;GñkenAkñúgFmµta
cUrGñksegçbnUvBt’manrbs;GñkmkRtwmcMNucsMxan;EtBIr rWbIcMNuc EdlgayRsYlcgcaM. segçbnUv
kfaxNнeGayeTACaRbeyaK segçbnUvRbeyaKeGayeTA CaXøa nigsegçbnUvXøaeGayeTACaeKal cMNucsMxan;².
eRbIR)as;BaküminelIsBIcMnYn 6 BakükñúgmYybnÞat; ehIynigminelIsBI 6 bnÞat;kñúgmYy Éksarsøay.
bgðajEtmYyeKalKMnitenAkñúgmYyÉksarsøay
kuMeFVIeGayGñksikSamankarPan;RclM edaysarEtGñkBüayamsresr nUvGVI² RKb;ya:g EtenAelIRkdas
søayEtmYy. GñksikSarbs;GñkTMngCacgcaM EteKalKMnitmYyEdlbgðajenAelIRkdassøaymYy.
eRbIR)as;BN’ nigrUbPaBRkahVicedIm,IeGayemIleTAmanPaBTak;Taj
tamkarsikSaCaeRcInbgðajfa Bt’manEdl)anbgðajedayeRbIBN’begáInnUvGarmµN¾kñúgkarGandl;eTA
80% . rUbPaBRkahVIc KMnYsbgðajnana nig rUbkMEbøgbEnßmcMNab;GarmµN¾ nIgPaBTak;Tajdl;Éksar søay
rbs;Gñk.
rkSakareRbIm:UtEtmYy
kuMeRbI Typefaces nig Format eRcInEbbeBkenAkñúgÉksarsøaysMrab;kareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk.
cUrGñkrkSakareRbIm:UtEtmYysMrab;RkdassøaynimYy² rbs;Gñk ehIyBIrmU:tkñúgkareFVIbT]eTsnamnimYy².
TMhMGkSrEdlmanlkçNHsmrmüsMrab;karEFVIbT]eTsnamedayeRbI Overhead Projector nig Powerpoint
18 point 24
point 30 point Arial
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78
TMhMGkSrEdlmanlkçN³smrmüsMrab;Éksar nigr)aykarN¾EckCUn
TMhMGkSrelx 11 Ebb Times New Roman nig TMhMGkSrelx 12 Ebb Times New Roman
TMhMGkSrelx 11 Ebb Times New Roman nig TMhMGkSrelx 12 Ebb Times New Roman
segçb
enAkñúgEpñkenH Gñk)anKitGMBIvIFICaeRcInkñúgkarerobcMpþl;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. eyIg)anbgðajnUv
viFImYycMnYnEdlGaceRbIR)as; edIm,IeqøIytbeTAtamtMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal enAkñúgkEnøgkargarrbs;eyIg.
eyIg)anbgðajBIrebobkñúgkarsresrlT§plénkarsikSa niglk½çNÐvaytMélnana EdlnigRtUveRbIR)as; edIm,ItMrg;
TisedAénkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. eyIgk¾)anbgðajpgEdr nUvviFICaeRcInkñúgkarpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal
kareRCIserIsTIkEnøgd¾smrmü sMrab;eFVIkarbNþúHbNþal nigRbePTén]bkrN¾ nigÉksarEdlGaceRbIR)as
;edIm,IKaMRTcMeBaHkareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk.
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skmµPaBvaytMélenAcugbBa©b;énEpñkTI 2
cUrGñkeqøIynUvsMnYretsþxageRkamenHedayeRbIR)as;RkdascMelIyepSgBIKañ. cMelIyrbs;Gñknwg RtUv)an
vaytMéledayRKUbgðat;rbs;GñkenAÉcugbBa©b;énvKÁenH.
karsakl,gvay bNþúHbNþaldl;RkumtUc²
tMél etsþTI 1
elx
sMnYr
1
cUrGñkBnül;BIGVIEdlGñknwgeFVI edIm,IeFVIeGaymatikarénkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñkman
PaBTak;TgeTA nwgmnusSenAkñúgkEnøgkargarrbs;Gñk.
2
etIvamansar³sMxan;ya:gNacMeBaHkar EdleyIgeRbIR)as;nUvmeFüa)ayepSg²kñúg kar
pþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk?
3
BIkarbNþúHbNþalEdlGñk)anTTYl)annUvbTBiesaFn¾kñúgry³eBl 5qñaM knøgeTAenH . cUr
Gñksresr nigpþl;nUv]TahrN¾sþIBIcMNucl¥ eGay)anbIcMNuc nigcMNucGaRkk;eGay
)anbIcMNucpgEdr GMBIkarbNþúHbNþal. GñkGacKitGMBI RKUbgðat; viFIénkarpþl;
karbNþúHbNþal sMPar³Edl)aneRbIR)as; brisßan rWk¾faetIkar bNþúHbNþalenaH )an
eqøIytb eTAtamsþg;dar edayrebobNa.
4
cUrGñkerobcMnUvÉksarmYysMrab;bBa©aMgtam OHP nig Powerpoint EdlGñkman
bMNgcg;eRbIR)as;enAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. RbsinebIGñkmincg;eRbIR)as; OHP
nig Powerpoint eT cUrGñkerobcMnUvÉksarmYysMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþald¾éT²eTot EdlGñk
nwgeFVIenAeBlGnaKt.
5
etItMrUvkard¾Cak;lak;kñúgbNþúHbNþalRtUv)aneKkMNt;edayrebobNa?
6
etInrNaCabuKÁlikd¾saksm EdlGñkKYrEteFVIkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyelIkkar begáIt
kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk ehIyehtuGVI?
7
etIehtuGVI)anCaeKeFVIkareRCIserIsyknUvmeFüa)ayEbbNamYy
kñúgkarpþl;nUvkar
bNþúHbNþal?
8
etIGñknwgKitBicarNarebobNa cMeBaHkarKitKUrGMBIlkçN³sm,tþirbs;GñksikSa eTAkñúgkar
begáItkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk?
9
etIehtuGVI)anCaeKeFVIkareRCIserIsFnFansMrab;bNþúHbNþal?
√
ehtuGVI?
√
y:agem:c?
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80
EpñkTI
3-
erobcMEpnkavKÁbNþúHbNþal / erobcMGñksikSaedIm,IeGayTTYl
)annUvkarbNþúHbNþal
esckþIENnaM
EpñkenHKWCaEpñkcugeRkayénkarerobcMrbs;Gñk kñúgkarpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal. enAkñúgEpñkenH Gñknwg
)anerobcMkalviPaKbNþúHbNþal nigeRtomxøÜnCaeRsckñúgkarpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal. GñknwgRtUvR)ab;pgEdr
eTAdl; GñkEdlnwgcUlrYmenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. CacugeRkayenH Gñknwg)aneXIjBIsar³ sMxan;én
karTTYl )anbTBiesaFn¾GMBIkarhVwkhat;
eTaHbICakarhVwkhat;GñkenH nwgbegáItCaEpñk TI 4
énkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal .
skmµPaB 3.1
RbsinebIGñkRtUveKtMrUveGaycUlrYm enAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalmYy kñúgnamCasikçakammñak; etIGñknwg
RtUvkarnUvBt’manGVIxøH?
_____________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________
skmµPaB
3.1
¬bnþ¦
etIGVIEdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUvdwg nigGVIEdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUveFVI enAeBlEdrGñkmanKMeragnwgpþl;nUvvKÁbNþúbNþal
mYy?
etIGVIEdlRKUbgðat;caM)ac;RtUvdwg?
GVIEdlRKUbgðat;caM)ac;RtUveFVI?
2.
sUmemIl Commpare Your Answers Section for Suggested Response
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81
esckþIENnaMedaypÞal;mat; nIgCalaylkç½GkSr
esckþIENnaMbgðajBIrebobrbbénkareFVIGVImYy ehIyk¾)anbgðajBICMhan rWskmµPaBeTAtamlMdab;
lMeday kñúgkareFVIerOgGVImYypgEdr. esckþIENnaMEdlmanRbsiT§PaB FanafaGñksikSanwgGacbMeBjkic©kar
edayeRbIR)as;smtßPaBCMnaj nigmincaM)ac;maneKmkRtYtBinitüemIl.
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarTTYl)annUv
Bt’manEdlbBa©ÜneTA = Bt’manEdlTTYl)an
esckþIENnaMCalaylkç½GkSrCajwkjab;
begáItCamUldæanénsac;erOgrbs;EpnkarvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
esckþIENnaMelIbec©keTs
esckþIENnaMKWCaTMrg;énkarTMnak;TMngd¾c,as;las;mYy. muneBlEdlGñkcab;epþImpþl;nYv esckþIENnaM
edaypÞal;mat; rWCalaylkç½GkSrenaH manEpñkmYycMnYnEdlGñkRtUveFVIkarykcitþTukdak;elI ³
etIeKalbMNgénesckþIENnaM KWCaGVIeTA?
etIGVIxøHEdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarEsVgyl;BIGñksikSa?
etIBt’manRtUverobcMtamrebobNa?
etiGVIeTACaeKalbMNg?
enAtambNþaGgÁPaBCaeRcIn Gñkd¾éTeTotCaGñksMercnUvtMrUvkareGay nrNamñak;TTYlnUvesckþIENnaM.
eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday GñkGacRtUv)aneKpþl;tYrnaTIeGayeFVICaGñkbNþúHbNþal CMnajNamYydl;buKÁlikfµI
dUecñHBYkeKGacTTYl)ancMeNHdwg xøH²BIÉkeTs nigCMnajEdlGñkman.
GñkcaM)ac;RtUvyl;eGay)anc,as;las;BIGVIEdlENnaM.
etIGkñ sikSaCanrNa?
esckþIENnaMrbs;GñkmanRbsIT§PaB luHRtaEtvaeqøIytbeTAtameKalbMNgrbs;GñksikSa. RbkarenH
GacemIleXIjenAeBlEdlGñksikSa rbs;GñkeFVItamesckþIENnaMrbs;Gñk)an. GñkGaceFVIkarsnµt;eday sm
ehtupl)an enAeBlEdlGñkniyayeTAkan;mitþrYmkargarrbs;Gñk ehIyBYkeKmancMeNHdwgCamunnUv ³
GtþsBaØaN nig Function nanarbs;smÖr³ b¤ ]bkrN¾PaKeRcInEdlBYkeKeRbIR)as;.
eKalkarN¾CamUldæannanaénTsSn³sMxan;²EdlBYkeKRtUvRbkan;ykenAkñúgkEnøgkargar.
eRKOgpSMnana sMPar³ nig Function rbs;va.
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82
nitiviFIsuvtßiPaBCamUldæannana Tak;TgeTAnwgkareRbIR)as;ma:suIn ]bkrN¾>>>.l.
GñkcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarBicarNaeGay)anCamuncMeBaH smtßPaBCMnajrbs;GñksikSa enAeBlEdrGñkpþl;
esckþIENnaM.
xageRkamenHKWCasMnYrmYycMnYn GMBIGñksikSaCaskþanuBl EdlGñkcaM)ac;eFVIkarBicarNa ral;eBlEdl
GñkerobcMesckþIENnaM ³
etIGñkTTYlnUvesckþIENnaMTaMgenH CanrNa?
etIGVIxøHEdrBYkeK)andwgrYcehIy?
etICMnaj rWk¾CaBaküeBCn¾Cak;lak;fI²
µ GVIxøHEdlBYkeKcaM)ac;RtUveronedIm,IbMeBjkic©karrbs;BYkeK?
karBIcarNaepSgeTotGaceTAelI ³
etIBYkeKmanGayub:unµan? ehIyGVIeTACabTBiesaFn¾kargarBImunrbs;BYkeK?
etIBYkeKGacniyay nigyl;)annUvPasarGg;eKøsEdrrWeT?
karerobcMesckþIENnaM
eyIgmñak;² EtgEtmankarPJak;ep¥IlcMeBaHesckþIENnaMNa EdleyIgminGacGnuvtþn¾tam)an rWk¾esckþI
ENnaM Edl)at;nUvBt’manmYycMnYn.
edIm,IeGaymanRbsiT§PaB esckþIENnaMRtUvEtmanlkçN³
c,as; (CLEAR)
R)akd (CONCISE)
suRkwt (ACCURATE
eBjelj (COMPLETE)
etIGVIeTAeFVIeGayesckþIENnaMmanlkçNHc,as; ?
enAeBlEdreFVIkarENnaM GñkKYrEtdwgeGayR)akdfa GñksikSarbs;GñkdwgnUvGVIEdlBYkeKkMBugRtUv)an
GñkENnaMeGayeFVI. GñkKYrEtbgðajBt’mankñúglkçN³mYy EdlsmrmütamlMdab;lMeday niggayRsYlyl;;.
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83
skmµPaB 3.2
cUrGñkemIlnUv]TahrN¾sþIBIesckþIENnaMxageRkam ehIynwgeqøIysMnYrxageRkampgEdr
1. cUrGñkGanesckþIENnaMxageRkamenH ehIyecaTsYrCasMnYr edIm,IBinitüemIlfaetIvaeqøIytmeTAtamsþg;dar
rWk¾Gt;.
enAeBlEdrGñkcakecjBIkEnøgenH cUrGñkedIreTAkan;pøÚvFM bt;eqVg nigedIrRtg;eTAkan;ePøIgsþúb
TImYy. edIrqøgkat;ePøIgsþúbenH ehIyhYssßanIy¾eRbg cUrGñkbt;sþaM bnÞab;mkbt;eqVgTImYy
cuHeTAkan;Tenø. enAeBlEdlGñkeTAdl;Tenø TUknwgenAcMBImuxGñkEtmþg. vamandMbUl
BN’Rkhm.
)aT
eT
etIesckþIENnaMenHmanlkçN³c,as;las;EdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
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etIvamanlkçN³R)akdEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
___________________________________________
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etIvamanlkçN³suRkwtEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
___________________________________________
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etIvamanlkçNHeBjeljEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
___________________________________________
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84
xageRkamenHKWCaesckþIENnaMmYyQuteTot. cUrGñkGanva ehIyBinitüemIlfaetIvaeqøIytmeTAtamsþg;da
EdrrWGt;.
rkSaTuknUvsMNuMÉksar
1. cuc F10
2. vayGkSr M : FILENAM bnÞab;mkcuc Enter.
3. cuc F5 pøas;bþÚr directory eTACaGkSr M: bnÞab;mkcuc Enter
4. rMkilem:As_ edIm,Idak;BN’exµAelI File rbs;Gñk.
5. eRCIserIselx8 BI menu edIm,IKYbBI File rbs;GñkeTAkan;GkSr B: FILENAME
6. eRCIserIselx 7 (other directory) ehIyvayGkSr B
7. enAÉcMnuc The Prompt DIR B:Z *.* cUlGñkcuc Enter edIm,Ibgðaj Directory
8. dak;BN_exµAelIsMnMuTinñ½yrbs;Gñk ehIyeRCIserIselx 1 edIm,Idkvaecj
9. cuc Shift P7 edIm,I RBInecj
10. cucGkSr S edIm,IeRCIserIs EPSON L Q-2500
11. eRCIserIselx 1 sMr ab;RBinykEtmYysnøwkkñúgcMenamÉksarBIrsnøwk
2.
)aT
eT
etIesckþIENnaMenHmanlkçN³c,as;las;EdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
_____________________________________________
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etIvamanlkçN³R)akdEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
etIvamanlkçN³suRkwtEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
___________________________________________
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etIvamanlkçN³eBjeljEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
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85
esckþIENnaMCalayl½kçGkSr
rebobrbbsresrdMNak;kal
viFIsa®sþd¾manRbsiT§iPaBbMputkñúgkarbkRsaybgðajdMNak;kalnana KWRtUveRbIR)as;nUvbBa¢ImYy Rbkar
enH kan;EtgayRsYleFIVtamenAeBlEdl ³
BakübgðajBIskmµPaBdak;enAedImdMNak;kalnimYy²
dMNak;kalnimYy² dak;enAkñúgCYrepSg² BIKña
BakübgðajBIskmµPaB
enAeBlEdlsresresckþIENnaM vaCakarRbesIrbMputkñúgkarsresrBaküTaMgenaHCaTMrg;bBa¢a. Gñksnµt
faRkumGñkeron nwgBitCaeFIVtamnUvGIVdUcEdlBYkeKRtUv)anR)ab;. cMnucenHmann½yfa dMNak;kal nimYy²
kñúgdMeNIrkarKWcab;epþImedaykiriyas½BÞmYy. kiriyas½BÞenaHcaM)ac;RtUveFIVeLIg edaysegçb nigRtwmRtUv.
sMrab;kareFIVesckþIENnaM ¬edIm,I[R)akdBIPaBeBjelj¦
xageRkamenHKWCacMnucTaMgLayEdlRtUveFIVenAeBlsresrnUvesckþIENnaM ³
1. cUrdak;cMNgeCIg[kargarenaH b¤dak;eQµaH[dMeNIrkarenaH[)anc,as;las;enAedImdMbUg.
2. cUreFIVkarBiBN’naedaysegçbBIkargarenaH
b¤pþl;esckþIsegçbBIGIVEdlGñkGan kMBugRtUv)an
ENnaM[eFIV.
3. cUrraytarag]bkrN_ b¤smÖar³ EdltMrUv[man. cUrkMNt;BI]bkrN_nana EdlnwgRtUvbriyaykñúg
esckþIENnaM.
4. cUrEcgBIBaküRbmannana EdlcaM)ac;enAxagedImvKÁ nigbnÞab;mkcUrrMlwkvaTaMgenH eLIgvijenAdMNak;
kal EdlmankarTak;Tg.
5. cUrerobcMnUvesckþIENnaMtamlMdab;lMeday.
6. cUrdak;c,ab; dMNak;kal nigskmµPaBnimYy² EdlnwgRtUvykmkGnuvtþenAtamCYr epSg²BIKña.
7. cUreRbIR)as;RbeyaKcMnYnmYykñúgmYydMNak;kal.
8. cUreRbIR)as;kiriyas½BÞbgÁab;bBa¢aCaBaküTImYykñúgdMNak;kal b¤skmµPaBnimYy².
9. cUrniyayeTAkan;GñkGanedaycM² ¬mann½yfa GñksnµtfaGñkGannwgBitCaeFIV nUvskmµPaBenaH¦.
10. cUrsresrnUvdMNak;kaldEdl² [)an 3 dg ehIyeRbIR)as; { dMNak;kaldEdl ²enaH}
cMeBaHdMNak;kal dEdlepSgeTot.
11. cUrRtYtBinitüGMBIPasa edIm,I[R)akdfamann½yEtmYyb:ueNÑaH.
12. cUreFIVkarsakl,g nigEkERbBaküENnaM edayGanBaküTaMgenaH[eTAnrNamñak; ehIyeFIV[Kat;
eFIVtamdMNak;kal nimYy² edayBitR)akd.
Checklist
- -
86
xageRkamenHKWCakarENnaMkñúgkar { karlIkaMCeNþIrxøImYy}
CMhanTI 1 ³ cUrelIkcMkNþalxÞg;kaMCeNþIr
CMhanTI 2 ³ elIcugxagmuxeLIg
CMhanTI 3 ³ eFIV[kaMCeNþIrmanlMnwgedayeRbIédmçageTot
CMhanTI 4 ³ kan;;kaMCeNþIr[Cab;eFIVdUcenH cugxageRkamsßitenAb:RbHnwgdI
CMhanTI 5 ³ BinitüemIlfaetIGñkmanb:HGIVenAxagelIb¤Gt;
CMhanTI 6 ³ lIkaMCeNþIreTAkan;kEnøgEdlRtUveRbI
cUrrkSakarBN’naxøI c,as; nig Cak;lak;
karENnaMedayeRbIBaküsMdI
enAkñúgkEnøgeFIVkar CaerOy²Gñknwgman»kaseFIVEpnkar nigpþl;nUvkarENnaMCaBakü sMdI. sUmepþat
karcab;GarmµN_CaBiesselIcMnucxageRkam³
CMnajeFIVEpnkar
sÁal;BITsSnikCn
viPaKelIkargar
CMnajkñúgkarENnaM
eRCIserIsPasa
eFIVkarBnül;
ecaTsYr
CMnajsMrab;karENnaMedayBaküsMdI
karpþl; nigkarTTYlyknUvkarENnaMedayBaküsMdI KWCaTMrg;samBaØbMputénTMnak;TMngenAkñúgkEnøgeFIVkar.
düaRkamsamBaØenHbgðajBIdMeNIrkarénkarENnaMedayBaküsMdI.
PLAN
MODIFY
DELIVER
FEEDBACK
- -
87
skmµPaB 3.3
enAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH GñknwgRtUveFIVkarpþl; bMEbkkargarCaCMhan nigsresrkarENnaM mYy
dUcKñanwg]TahrN_ {karlIkaMCeNþIrxøImYy}.
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cUrBiPakSaesckþIENnaMrbs;GñkCamYynwgGñkRKb;RKg nigGñkENnaMrbs;Gñk. manCMhansMxan;² 4
sMrab;eRbIR)as; enAeBlEdlGñkRtUvpþl;esckþIENnaM ³
eFIVEpnkarsMrab;karENnaM
eFIVkarpþl;esckþIENnaM
EsVgrk Feedback GMLúgeBlENnaM edIm,I[R)akdfaGñkkMBugENnaM RbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB.
EsVgrk Feedback bnÞab;BIkarENnaMrYc edIm,ICYyGñkvaytMél nigeFIV[karENnaMrbs;Gñk)anRbesIr
eLIg.
eFIVkarEkERb b¤pøas;bþÚrEpnkar edIm,IeFIV[karENnaMrbs;GñkRbesIreLIg enAeBleRkay.
karviPaKelIkargar
cUrbMEbkBt’manenHCa ³
kargardMu EdlGacRKb;RKg)an
(Manageable Chucks)
+
dMNak;kalLÚsiuk (Logical Steps)
elIdMeNIrkarkñúgkarpþl;esckþIENnaM ³
eFIV[mnusSTaMgenaHyl;fagayRsYl.
eFIVesckþIsegçbéndMeNIrkarTaMgmUl.
RtYtBiinitüemIlBIcMeNHdwg¼bTBiesaFn_BImun RbsinebI)andwgrYcehIy.
dak;eQµaH[eRKOgbnøas;rbs;]bkrN_ b¤Bnül;BIBakübec©keTs.
GnuvtþkargarTaMgmUl CaFmµtaRtUveFIV[)anelOndUcEdlGñkCMnajeFIV RbkarenHKW kMNt;BITisedA
Edl)aneRKagTuk.
Checklist
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- -
88
eFIVTMrg;karenHsareLIgvij - eBlenHKWenAelIqak
karBicarNaelIsuvtßiPaB.
7. esñI[GñkTaMgenaHeFIV nigBnül;BICMhannimYy²
8. cUrEknUvkMhusTaMgenaH
9. RbsinebIcaM)ac; RtUvTukeBlxøH[Gnuvtþ
10. eFIV[BYkeKbgðajnUvTMrg;karTaMgmUl ehIyvaytMélBYkeK
6.
nigBnül;CMh‘annimYy
ehIysgát;elI
skmµPaB 3.4
cUreRCIserIskargarxøH EdltMrUv[manCMnajkñúgkarbMeBj ¬mann½yfa bBa©ÚlRKab;kwb nig BinitüemIlfa
vaeRbI)anehIyb¤enA b¤k¾TTYlykÉksarftcMlg¦. cUrsresr BaküENnaMmYy edIm,IbMeBjskmµPaBenH.
skmµPaBenHKWmany:agehacNas;cMnYn 4 CMhan. cUrbgðat;nrNamñak;[eFIVkargarCMnajenH.
CMhanTI 1
CMhanTI 2
CMhanTI 3
CMhanTI 4
CMhanTI 5
CMhanTI 6
CMhanTI 7
CMhanTI 8
erobcMEpnkarkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal
GñkRtUvemIlBItMrUvkarcMa)ac; EdlRtUvsßabnaeLIg GMBIGñkTaMLayNaEdlGñknwgbNþúHbNþal lkçN³
sm,tþEi dlBYkeKGacnwgbgðaj rebobEdleKeronsURt nigyuT§sa®sþEdlGñk RtUveRbIkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal.
Gñkk¾RtUverobcMBI lT§plsikSa nigrebobEdlGñknwgeFIV karvaytMélsikçakamrbs;Gñk. Gñkk¾RtUvsresr
nUvsMNMuénkarENnaMmYycMnYnsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
ehIynwgsresrnUvsMNMuénkarENnaMmYycMnYnepSgeTot nig bNþúHbNþalnrNamñak;[eFIVnUvBaküENnaMTaMgenaH.
CMhanbnÞab;KWsresrKMeragbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. muneBlGñkRkeLkemIlKMeragEpnkarbNþúHbNþal
enaH cUreFIVkarKitbnþicfaehtuGIVeyIgRtUverobcMKMeragbNþúHbNþal.
- -
89
skmµPaB 3.5
etIehtuGIVeyIgRtUverobcMbBa¢ITijTMnij muneBleyIgeTAedIrTij\v:an;?
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sUmemIl Commpare Your Answers Section for Suggested Response
etIGIVeTACaEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal?
EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalKWCakarkt;cMNaMrbs;GñkmYycMnYn
EdlGñkkt;RtaBIGIVEdlnwgRtUveFIV
eLIgkñúgem:ag bNþúHbNþal. GñknwgdwgBIehtuplEdleyIgRtUverobcMbBa¢ITijTMnij KWCaehtupl
dUcKñanwgGIVEdleyIgerob cMEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal.
ehtudUcenH EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalKW]bkrN_rbs;eyIg edIm,I[R)akdfakarbNþúHbNþal ³
Ep¥kelIlT§pl
Tak;TgnwgtMrUvkarrbs;Rkum
RtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamviFIsa®sþEdlGñkeronGaceFIVtam nigcaM)anrhUt
rYmbBa©ÚlnUvGIVEdlRtUvdwg
pþl;»kas[eFIk
V arGnuvtþ nigeFIVkarRtYtBinitüdMeNIrkarvivtþn_rbs;GñksikSa
kMNt;BIRbPBEdlGñkcaM)ac;
nigskmµPaBEdlGñknwgeRbIR)as;
nigeBlevlaEdl
RtUveRbIR)as;BYkva.
RtUv)anbBa©b;Tan;eBledayminRbjab;Rbjal; nigePøcnUvBt’mansMxan; b¤kar Gnuvtþn_
etIEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrYmmanGIVxøH?
bNþúHbNþaledayviFINa?
etIvamanlkçN³dUcemþc?
- -
etI´begáItEpnkarsMrab;
90
ral;EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalmannUvTMrg;mUldæandUcKña. enHKWCa ³
rcnasm½<n§beRgon
esckþIepþIm b¤esckþIBN’nasegçbelI
beRgon
tYesckþI
esckþIsnñidæan b¤esckþIsegçbénkarbeRgon
FatunanaénkarbNþúHbNþal
tYesckþIénkarbNþúHbNþalnwgRtUvcMNayeBlevlaEvgCageK kñúgem:agbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk ehIy
eTaHbI CaesckþIepIþm nigesckþIsnñidæanRtUveRbIR)as;eBlevlaxøIebIebobeFobnwgtYesckþI k¾EpñkTaMgenH KWCaKMnit
sMxan;én karbNþúHbNþal nigmantYnaTICak;lak;.
skmµPaB 3.6
cUrRkeLkemIlEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalCaEpñk² enATMB½rxageRkamenH. cUrkMnt;BIFatusamBaØén
RbePTnimYy².
cUreRbobeFobcMelIyrbs;Gñk sMrab;tMrUvkarénEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal
- -
91
karEsVgrkkargar elx 15
kkáda 28 dl; 01 sIha 2005
RbFanbT
kalbriecäT
ema:g
28/7/97
0900-0930
0930-1030
skmµPaB
FnFan
- etI´CanrNa
kþarexon
RbmUlnUvTMrg;
REGO
- eKhkic© nigkarENnaMdUbUg
cMnucsMxan;²énvKÁ etIvKÁenHnwgniyayBIGIV
TMrg;cuHeQµaH
eFIVkarBiPakSa
- Bt’manEdl)andwgrYcehIy
cUleron
- etIvaTak;TinnwgemeronenHedayrebobNa
RbKl;[Éksar tarageBlevla
- tarageBlevlaénvKÁsikSa
karrMBwgTuk
-etIGIVxøHEdlGñknwgTTYl)anBIvKÁsikSaenH? eFIVkarBiPakSa
RbvtþirUbsegçb
namb½NÑ
Flyer CUneTAdl; nieyaCkTaMgGs;
karelIkTwkcitþ[bnþkarRsavRCav
RbFanbTTI 1 – karelIkTwkcitþ - karraraMg
karBiPakSaCa ÉksarRTWsþI m:asøÚ
cUrsYrsikçakam ³ etIGEIV dlCMrujTwkcitþeyIg?
Rkum
ÉksarBI
etIehtuGIVeyIgRtUveFIVkar?
eKalbMNg
ENnaMbgðajBIRTwsþItMrUvkarrbs;elakm:asøÚ
esckþIepþIm
Maslow’s theory of needs
1045-1130
cUreFIVkarBiPakSafaetItMrUvkarxagkñúgrbs;eyIg RtUv)anbMeBj
eday eRKOgCMrujTwkcitþxageRkA-KWR)ak;kas dUcenHGñkmi nEtg
EteFIVkaredIm,IR)ak;eT. vamaneRcIneTot-b:uEnþetICaGIV?
cUrBiPakSa BIeRKOgraraMgnanacMeBaHkar)ankargar
RbFanbTTI 2 - RbvtþirUbsegçb RESUMES
kargarCaRkum
skmµPaB - cUrbMEbkCa 2-3 Rkum nig[sikSakam eFIVbBa¢I 81
cMnucnanaEdlRtUveFIVkarBica
kargarCabuKÁl
rNaedIm,IeFIVRbvtþirUbsegçb. [BYkeK rYmbBa©Úl
cMENkmYy edaysresr[ )anRtwmRtUveFIV
Ca]TahrN_. smaCik mñak;CaGñkeLIg
bkRsay eFVIbT]eTsnamdl; Rkum.
cUrbegáItcMnucnanarbs;RbvtþirUbsegçb)anl¥RbesIrsMrab;
smaCiknimYy²
cUrerobcMvayGtßbTedaykMuBüÚT½r
- -
Butchers Paper
Texta Pens
ÉksarRbvtþirUbsegçb
92
11301200
12001230
12301300
13001430
RbFanbTTI 3 – namb½NÑ Calling Cards
kargarCabuKÁl
skmµPaB - RbKl;Éksarnamb½NÑftcMlgBImun
nigeFIV[sikçakamKitBIGIVEdlBYkeKcg;
niyaykñúgb½NÑrbs;BYkeK
cMNaM ³
namb½NÑRtUvmannUvtYnaTIkargar vamincaM)ac;man
Gas½ydæan RbsinebIeKmincg;dak;bBa©Úl.
RtUvbBa©b;Rtwméf¶c½nÞ sMrab;Éksaréf¶GgÁar
sMrakGaharéf¶Rtg;
RbFanbTTI 4 – Bt’man Flyer
kargarCabuKÁl
skmµPaB
-RbKl;ÉksarftcMlgbBa¢IBImun
nig[sikçakam KitBIGIVEdlBYkeKcg;niyay
cMNaM³
manEteQµaHTImYyeTEdleRbI nigTak;Tg
bEnßmtam ry³cMlgCUn CC
RbFanbTTI 5 – sÞIleron Learning Style
karBiPakSa
cUrsYrsikçakam ³ - etIBYkeyIgcg;erony:agem:c?
CaTUeTA
RKb;RKgerobcMsMnYrGMBIsÞIleron enAeBlbBa©b; begáItBinÞúsMrab;
kic©BiPakSa
karBiPakSa
Cabfm BinÞúbgðajbgðajBIkareBjcitþb:ueNÑaH nig mintwgEtgeT.
CaTUeTA
karBiBN’na BIsÞIldéTGacykmkGnuvtþ)an CaBiess enAeBl
EdlBinÞúkan;Etx<s;. BinÞúx<s;bMputbgðajBI kareBjcitþ cMeBaH
sÞIlenaH. b:uEnþmnusSGacnwgpøas;bþÚrBIsÞIl mYyeTAsÞIlmYy
b:uEnþCa erOy EtgEtpSaP¢ab;CamYynwgkarsgát;n½y RbsinebIBinÞú
)anTab.
Éksar-namb½NÑ
ÉksarbBa¢IBt’man
Éksar- sÞIl
eronsURt
Butchers Paper
cUrBiPakSabEnßmfa etIRbkarenHGacGnuvtþenAkñúgkEnøgkargar
y:agdUcemþc?
]Ta> RbsinebICa Activist CaecAhaVynay nig Reflector
CabuKÁlik ?
14451530
RbFanbTTI 6 – tMrUvkar RPL
cUreFIVkarBiPakSaGtßn½yénkarTTYlsÁal;kareronmun
- -
tMrUvkar RPL
93
karbNþúHbNþal nigkareronsURt
kareFIVEpnkar nigkarerobcMbTBiesaFn_eronsURt
GPivDÆn_EpnkarsMrab;vKÁsikSa
EpnkarsMrab;GñkbNþúHbNþal
vKÁsikSa ³
RbFanbT³
eKalbMNgénvKÁsikSa ³
lT§plénvKÁsikSa ³
FnFan ³
snøwkTMB½rTI 1 én 2TMB½r
viFIsa®sþmUldæanénkareFVIesckþIENnaM
lT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal
vKÁenHENnaMbgðajsisS[sÁal;BIKMniténlT§pleronepþatelIsisS
RtwmbBa©b;énvKÁsikSa GñknwgGac ³
(1) kMNt; nigBnül;FatunimYy²énFatuTaMg 3 énlT§plsikSa Edlsresr)any:agl¥.
(2) cUrsresrlT§plsamBaØRsbeTAtamkarbNþúHbNþalpÞal;rbs;BYkeK EdlrYm
manFatudUcxageRkamenH
sUmemIlxageRkamenH ³
- -
94
eBlevla
cMnucsMxan;²
5 naTI
karlM)akrbs;GñksikSa THE LEARNER’S DILEMMA
BYkeKGanedayes¶óms¶at;
GanmYycb; ehIykt;cMNaMnUvcMnucnana
etIGñkEdlmanGarmµrN_dUcenHb¤eT?
FnFan
OHT 1
5
naTI
kargarTI 1
ÉksaremeronTI 1
cUrGandl;cb;- kMueFIVkarBiPakSa
etIvaniyayGMBIGIV?
dak;sMBaF
ecaTsMnYr
pþl;cMelIy
sTisPaB - RbsinebIvKÁsikSadUcnwgkareFIVdMeNIr enaHlT§plrbs;va KWkarsMerc
dl;eKaledA
OHT 2
5
naTI
lT§pl
lT§pl
lT§plnana
etIehtuGIV)aneyIgRtUveRbIR)as;BYkva?
GtßRbeyaCn_
OHT 3
FatuTaMg 3 énlT§pl
]TahrN_
OHT 4
tYesckþI
10
naTI
eFIVesckþI
RBagKMnitenAelI
RkdasRBag
(Butcher’s
Paper)
b½NÑemejTic
OHT 5
lT§plénkarGnuvtþkargar
EdlGacsegát)an
EdlGacvas;)an
b½NÑemejTic
b½NÑemejTic
- -
95
karbNþúHbNþal nigkareronsURt
kareFIVEpnkar nigkarerobcMbTBiesaFn_eronsURt
GPivDÆn_EpnkarsMrab;vKÁsikSa
EpnkarsMrab;GñkbNþúHbNþal
vKÁsikSa ³
RbFanbT³
eKalbMNgénvKÁsikSa ³
lT§plénvKÁsikSa ³
FnFan ³
snøwkTMB½rTI 1 én 2TMB½r
viFIsa®sþmUldæanénkareFVIesckþIENnaM
lT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal
vKÁenHENnaMbgðajsisS[sÁal;BIKMniténlT§pleronepþatelIsisS
RtwmbBa©b;énvKÁsikSa GñknwgGac ³
(1) kMNt; nigBnül;FatunimYy²énFatuTaMg 3 énlT§plsikSa Edlsresr)any:agl¥.
(2) cUrsresrlT§plsamBaØRsbeTAtamkarbNþúHbNþalpÞal;rbs; BYkeK EdlrYm
manFatudUcxageRkamenH
sUmemIlxageRkamenH ³
eBlevla
10 naTI
cMnucsMxan;²
FnFan
Tak;TgnwgvKÁsikSaBImun ¬kargareFIVEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal nig karviPaK elI OHT 1
RbFanbT¦. smasFatusMxan;²énEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal KW etIeyIgnwg
eTATINa?
eKalbMNg - Rtwmcb;vKÁsikSaenH GñksikSanwgGacrabrab;smasFatu 3 OHT 2
énlT§plbNþúHbNþal nigsresrBIlT§pl pÞal;rbs;BYkeK.
tYesckþI
ehtuGIVRtUveRbIR)as;lT§pl? RbeyaKRbFanbT - edayminman RbeyaKRbFanbT ÉksaremeronTI 1
vamankarBi)akerobcM GIVEdlkMBugniyay. dUcKñaenHEdr vak¾CakarlM)aksMrab;sisS
kñúgkaryl;BIvKÁsikSa edayKµanKMnit faetIvanwgeTATINa.
lMhat; - EcklMhat;GMBIRbeyaKRbFanbTeGAy. cUrbBa¢ak;famin GnuBaØat[eFIVkar
BiPakSa. cUrTukeBl 2-4naTI ehIybnÞab;mk esñI[GñkEdl)anyl; GMBIkfaxNÐ
elIkéneLIg. RbsinebIRbeyaKRbFanbTxVHnUvGtßn½yenaH bribTnwgminc,as;.
dUcKñanwgemeronEdr. cUrrIHrkKMnit EdlfaehtuGVIlT§plCYydl; sisS RKU nigkmµvFi I.
15
naTI
lT§plGnuvtþkarar – kiriyas½BÞ énlT§pl. BiBN’naBIGIVEdlsisSnwg GaceFIV)an
enAcugbBa©b;vKÁsikSa. RtUvEtGacvas;Evg)an. ]> karsarer:k,albU‘sIu
- -
OHT 3
96
karsresrEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
esckþIepþIm
EpñkepþImesckþIénEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk KYrEtrYmbBa©Úl 5cMNuc edIm,I[vaRsbtamsÞIl
énkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
cMnucTaMg 5 EdlnwgRtUvbkRsayKW ³
G
RbmUlBt’manrbs;BYkeK (Gather their information)
L
P¢ab;eTAnwgkarbNþúHbNþalBImun (Link to previous training )
O
lT§plEdlnwgRtUveFIV[sMercenAcugbBa©b;vKÁsikSa
(Outcomes to be achieved by the end of the session)
S
rcnasm½<n§énvKÁbNþúHbNþal (Structure of training session)
S
kardas;etOn nigelIkTwkcitþ (Stimulation and Motivation)
enATMB½rbnÞab; cUreyIgRkeLkemIlBIesckþIepþImEdlGacnwgeRbIkñúgemeronenH- karsresrEpnkar sMrab;
bNþúHbNþal.
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97
]TahrN_énesckþIENnaMkñúgkareFIVEpnkarsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal
G
L
O
S
eyIg\LÚvenHmkdl;dMNak;kalcugeRkayelIkTI 3 énkmµviFIbNþúHbNþaledayEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnaj
(Competency-based Training Programme) . kñúgEpñkenH ´cg; RbmUlnUvkarsikSarbs;GñkrYmKña
dUcenH GñknwgGacbBa©b;EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal nigeRtomrYcral; kñúgkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal.
vaCaRbkarsMxan;bMptu Edl Gñkmin[´bnþ rhUtdl;GñkeBjcitþTaMgRsug cMeBaHGIVEdlGñkRtUveFIV eLIy.
enAkñúgemeronmun² eyIgRtUvRkeLkemIlnUvGIVEdleFIV[køayCaGñkbgðat;RbkbedaysmtßPaB. eyIgRtUv
BicarNelIkareRbIR)as;CMnYykñúgkarbNþúHbNþal. eyIgRtUvKit dl;viFIsa®sþbNþúHbNþalepSg²
EdlGñkGaceRbIR)as;)an.
enAkñúgemeronenHeyIgnwgsresresckþIepþIm nigeRbIR)as;CMhanedIm,IbMeBjkargaredIm,I GPivDÆn_tYesckþI
kñúgEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;BYkeyIg. eyIgk¾nwgeFIVesckþIsegçb nigesckþIsnñidæankñúgEpnkar
sMrab bNþúHbNþalpgEdr.
enAcugbBa©b;énemeronenHGñknwgGac³
1- sresrEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþaldl;buKÁlikrbs;GñkedIm,IbMeBjkargarRbkbedaybTdæan.
2- begáItEpnkaredIm,IeFIVkarbNþúHbNþal.
edIm,I[kareronrbs;GñkmanPaBgayRsYleyIgnwgEbgEckemeronenHCa 4Epñk ³
a - GPivDÆn_tYesckþIcMbgrbs;EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþa l. RbkarenHnwgRtUvcMNayeBl 20 naTI.
b- GPivDÆn_segçbesckþIsegçb nigsniñdæanrbs;EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. RbkarenHnwgRtUv
cMNayeBl 10 naTI.
c- GñknwgRtUvsresrtYesckþIkñúgEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. RbkarenHnwgRtUv cMNayRbmaNCa
60 naTI.
d- Gñkk¾nwgRtUvsresrepþImesckþI nigsnñidæankñúgEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. RbkarenH
nwgRtUvcMNayeBlRbEhl 30 naTI.
e- kñúgdMNak;kalnimYy² GñkGacnwgecaTCasMnYr nigGMLúgeBlGñkkMBugsresr Epn karsMrab;
bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk ´nwgenAEk,rGñkedIm,Ipþl;CaCMnYy.
f- enAcugemeron GñknwgRtUv)aneKvaytMélBIsmtßPaBkñúgkarerobcMEpnkarsMrab; bNþúHbNþal
nigRtUv)aneKecaTsYrBIviFIEdlGñknwgykeTAbNþúHbNþal.
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98
cUrcgcaMfa eyIgnwgmineFIVkarvaytMélGMBIsmtßPaBrbs;Gñkfa CaGñkniBn§Rbelamelak b¤ GñkCMnaj
kñúgkarEføgkarCasaFarN³eT. eyIgRKan;EtvaytMélsmtßPaBrbs;Gñkkñúgkar erobcMEpnkarsMrab; bNþúHbNþal
EdlGñkGacnwgeRbIR)as;edIm,IykeTAbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlikrbs;GñkCaCMnaj nigcMeNHdwg EdlbuKÁlikkñúgsßab½n
rbs;GñkGacnwgeRbIR)as; kñgú kargarRbcaMéf¶. cab;BIGIVEdlGñk)anbgðaj´ enAeBl enH GñknwgminmanGIVlM)akeT
ebIsinCaGñkepþatGarmµrN_cMeBaHGIVEdlkMBugBiPakSaKña\LÚvenH.
skmµPaB 3.7
edayeRbIR)as;nUvlT§plEdlGñkTTYlkñúgskmµPaB 2.2 edIm,IsresresckþIénEpnkar bNþúH
bNþalrbs;Gñk. cUrcgcaMfa RtUveRbIBakübMEbkCatYGkSr GLOSS edIm,IBnül;.
tYesckþI
EpñkRTWsþI
bMEbkCabMENkEdlGacRKb;RKg)an
bMENknimYy²rYmmannUvkarBnül;BIBt’manEdlGñkcg;EckrMElkeGay
RbkarenHRtUveFIVeLIgedaymannUvskmµPaBEdlbBa¢ak;fasikçakam)anTTYlnUv cMeNHdwgenaH. bnÞab;mk
GñkRtUvsegçbEpñkenH muneBlbnþeTAEpñkxagmuxeTot.
CMnaj¼vKÁGnuvtþn_
laybBa©ÚlnUvkarbgðajTaMgGs;BIdMeNIrkar b¤kargarEdlnwgRtUvbMeBj.
pþl;CUnnUvkarBnül;BIGIVEdlnwgRtUvbgðaj. RbkarenHrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarbgðaj nig Bnül;dUcEdlGñk)an
eFIVmkehIy.
cUrpþl;CUnnUv»kasecaTsMnYreTAkan; nigmkBIsikçakamrbs;Gñk
cUrpþl;CUnnUv»kassMrab;buKÁlikkñúgGnuvtþn_CMnaj nigTTYl)annUv Feedback
tYesckþIénEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalxusKñarvagEpñkRTwsþI nigEpñkGnuvtþn_. cUrRkeLkemIlKMrUBIrxag
eRkamenH
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99
EpñkRTwsþI
EpñkGnuvtþn_
esckþIepþIm
esckþIepþIm
viFIsa®sþ 3 dMNak;kal
viFIsa®sþ 4 dMNak;kal
karBnül;
skmµPaB
esckþIsegçb
karbgðaj
karBnül;
karecaTsYr
karGnuvtþn_ nig Feedback
karBnül;
skmµPaB
esckþIsegçb
karbgðaj
karBnül;
karecaTsYr
karGnuvtþn_ nig Feedback
karbgðaj
karBnül;
karecaTsYr
karGnuvtþn_ nig Feedback
karBnül;
skmµPaB
esckþIsegçb
esckþIsnñidæan
esckþIsnñidæan
sa®sþ 3 dMNak;kal
viFIsa®sþ 4 dMNak;kal
EpñkRTwsþI
karBnül;
cUrpþl;KMnitEp¥kelIRTwsþIedIm,Ipþl;[Bt’man RKb;RKan;
dl;sikçakamkñúgeFIVkargar
skmµPaB
[sikçakambMeBjskmµPaB EdlnwgGacCYy bBa¢ak;
BIcMeNHdwgrbs;BYkeK
segçbesckþI
cUreFIVesckþIsegçbbMENknimYy²mun
bnþeTAmux
eTot. cUrecaTsYrsMnYrnana nig Feedback .
pþl;CargVan; edIm,IelIkTwkcitþ
EpñkCMnaj
karbgðaj -bgðajBICMnajTaMgmUledayes¶óms¶at;
karBnül;
eFIVkartamCMnajkñúgbMENktUc²
cUrBnül;
faetIGñkkMBugeFIVGIV
karecaTsYr
ecaTnUvsMnYrnanaedIm,IbBa¢ak; fasikçakam dwgBIGIVEdl
rMBwgTuk
karGnuvtþ nig Feedback
[sikçakambMeBjCMnajkñúgbMENkEdl )anRbKl;[eFIV
ehIybnÞab;mkecaTsYrnUv sMnYrnana ehIybBa¢ak;faetIBY
keKGnuvtþ CMnaj)anRtUvEdrb¤eT?
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100
skmµPaB 3.8
cUrsresrtYesckþIkñúgEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. cUrcgcaMfaGñkcaM)ac;RtUvrab;bBa©ÚlkarEbg
EckeBlevla skmµPaBEdlGñk nigsikçakamRtUveFIV ehIyRbPBFnFannanaEdlGñkRtUveRbIR)as;. Gñk
RtUvbBa©ÚlEpnkarsMrab;vaytMélBIdMeNIrkarrIkcMerInrbs;sikçakam.
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101
erobcMrcnasm<n§½vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
karbNþúHbNþalEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB KWEp¥keTAelIlMdab;lMedayEdlsmehtusmpl.
cUrsakl,geFVIkarBI³
Easy – ¬gayRsYl¦ cMeBaHkargarEdlBi)ak
Know – ¬dwg¦ GVIEdlBMuFøab;dwg
Concrete – ¬rUbI¦ cMeBaHGrUbI
General Principles – ¬KalkarN_TUeTA¦ eTAGVI²EdlCak;lak; ehIyRtLb;eTACaTUeTAvij.
segçb nigkarsnñidæan
karsegçb nigkarsnñidæan epþateTAelIbBaða 3 CacMbg EdlekþabedayGkSrkat; "OFF" ³
O
F
F
smiT§plEdlsMerc)an
Feedback
eTAeGay b¤ )anBIkñúgRkum
GnaKt etImann½yya:gem:c? etIGVICakarbNþúHbNþal
naeBlGnaKt?
GñkRbEhleFVIesckþIsnñidæanrbs;GñktamlMdab;lMedaydUcxageRkamenH³
smiT§plsMerc)an
rMlwklT§plsikSaedIm,IsMercfaetIRbkarmYyNaEdlFøab;eFVI)ansMerc
ehIyRbkarmYyNaEdltMrUveGaymankarbNþúHbNþal nigeFVIkarvaytMélbEnßm.
Feedback cMeBaH b¤)anmkBIkñúgRkum
cUreFVItamdMnak;kalsegçb nig cMNucKnøwHmYycMnYn
TukeBleGaysikçakamsYrnUvsMNYrcugeRkayedIm,IeGay)anRCabkan;Etc,as;BI
cMNucEdlmanPaBmnÞilsgS½y.
pSarP¢ab;karbNþúHbNþaleTAnwgtMrUvkarénkargar
sakl,gPaBeRtomrYcCaeRscrbs;sikçakamcMeBaHkarvaytMélCapøÚvkar
¬sYrsMNYrEdlTak;Tin
nwgvKÁsikSa¦
pþl;nUvFeedbackcMeBaHkarsMEdg
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102
GnaKt
cUreFVIniTsSn_faetIeBlNaEdlvKÁbNþúHbNþalbnÞab;nwgekIteLIg
pþl;cMNucKYrdwgmunxøH cMeBaHvKÁbNþúHbNþalbnÞab;
cUrBnül;BIGVIEdlBYkeKGaceFVInaeBl\LÚvenH b¤rgVan;rbs;eKEdlCalT§pl énkarbBa©b;kmµviFIbNþúH
bNþal.
skmµPaB 3.9
cUrsresresckþIsnñidæan cMeBaHvKÁsikSarbs;Gñk. cUrcgcaM RtUvsgát;F¶n;eTA elItYGkSr nImYy²
énGkSrkat; OFF . GñkcaM)ac;RtUverobcMsMNYrxøH² edIm,IsYrkñúgkMLúgeBl pþl; Feedback. cUrkMuePøc
GñkcaM)ac; RtUvEtpþl; nig TTYl ; Feedback.
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103
karCUndMNwgdl;sikçakam
eday)anbBa©b;EpnkarénvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;GñkenaH \LÚvenHGñknwgdwgnUvGVIEdlGñknwgRtUvekþabeTAelI
ehIyetIGñknwgekþabeTAelIva ya:gdUcemþc? etIRtUvcMNayry³eBlyUrb:uNÑa ehIyetIGñkRtUveRbI FnFan b¤
skmµPaBEbbNa? eBlenHCaeBlEdlRtUvCUndMNwgdl;sikçakam GMBIkarerobcMvKÁbNþúHbNþal. CaFmµta
GñknwgRtUvR)ab;dl;BYkeK tamry³karsresr ¬GnusSarN³ b¤ lixitsñam¦ b¤ CMrabeday pÞal;mat;. Bt’man
EdlGñknwgpSaybnþKñaenaH nwgRtUveFVIkarsMerccitþ enAkñúgskmµPaBTI 3.
skmµPaB 3.10
erobcMkarseg,bxøImYy edayeRbIR)as;vIFIsaRsþerobcMrbs;Gñk ¬GnusSrN³ - lixit- segçbpÞal;mat;¦
edIm,ICMrabCUnsikçakamrbs;Gñk GMBIvKÁbeRgon. GñkcaM)ac;RtUverobcM CamYyGñkRKb;RKg¼
GñkENnaMkic©karrbs;Gñk sMrab;Rkum Gñk. RkumenaH KYrEtmansikçakamBI 3 eTA 5 nak; .
segçb
enAkñúgvKÁenH eyIg)anekþabeTAelIkarsresr nigkarsresresckþIENnaMEdl nwgbegáItnUvmUldæanén
vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajrbs;Gñk. eyIgk¾Føab;)anbegáItnUvEpnkarénvKÁbNþúHbNþalpgEdr EdlRtUv)an begáIt
eLIgeday manCaesckþIepþIm ¬GLOSS¦ tYesckþI nig esckþIsnñidæan ¬OFF¦.
bBa©b;vKÁTI
3
skmµPaBvaytMél
cUrerobcMFnFanbNþúHbNþal EdlGñknwgykeTAeRbIsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
2-cUrerobcMÉksard¾eBleljmYysMrab;EpnkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
3-cUrbBa¢ÚnsMNMuÉksarénEpnkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk karsegçbxøIsMrab;sikçakam FnFansMrab;kar
bNþúHbNþal ¬Éksaremeron Rkdas)øasÞikeRbICamYy Overhead Projector ÉksareFVIetsþ .l. ¦
CUneTAGñk vaytMélrbs;Gñk edIm,IeFVIkarvaytMél.
1-
- -
104
vKÁTI
4
karpþl;karbNþúHbNþal
esckþIepþIm³
eFVICaRKUbgVik GñkKWCamnusSmñak;EdlmantYnaTIeFVIkaredaHRsay dwknaMeGaydMeNIrkarbNþúHbNþaledIr
eTAmux . etIvaRbRBwtþieTAya:gdUcemþc? ehIyetIvasMerceCaKC½yEdrb¤eT? RbkarenHehIy EdlGñkRtUvEt
Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñarvagesckþIepþIm tUesckþI nig esckþIsnñidæan eFVIdUcenHeTIbGñkRKb;KñamanGarmµN_suxRsYl
nigBMumankarEbkGarmµN_.
bBaðasMxan;EdleyIgnwgeXIjenAkñúgvKÁenHKWrebob ³
begáIteGaymanCMenOTukcitþ nigkareKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYynwgsikçakam rbs;Gñk.
pþl;CUnBIBt’manfµIdl;sikçakam
Gnuvtþn_skmµPaBepSg²EdlRsbeTAtamBt’manfµI enaH
RtYtBinitükarrIkcMerInrbs;sikçakam
elIkTwkcitþnigpþl;Feedbackdl;sikçakam
eRbIR)as;sMNYrEdlGaceqøIy)anTUlMTUlay nigsMNYrEdlmancMelIyEtmYy
RbEmRbmUlPsþútagénkareBjcitþ kñúgdMeNIrkarbNþúHbNþal Edlpþl;edaysikçakam
R)ab;sikçakameBlEdleK)ansMercQandl;kMritbTdæan ¬Standard ¦ énkarGnuvtþn_
karbegáItCMenOTukcitþ nigkareKarBKñaeTavijeTAmk
enAvKÁsikSadMbUgbMputCamYynwgRKb;RkumsikçakamfµI²RbEhlCaeBlevlad¾sMxan;bMputelIseBlNa TaMg
Gs;.taMgEtBIkarcab;epþImCaelIkdMbUgénvKÁsikSanImYy² RKUbgVwkRtUvEtcab;epþIm edaykarbegáItbriyakas
sikSamYy EdlCMrujeGaymanGarmµN_eKarB nigeCOTukcitþKña eTAvij eTAmk.
cUrTTYlsÁal;faenAeBlEdlRKUbgVwkmanCMnaj nigcMeNHdwgBitR)akdenaH sikçakammñak;² )anbegáItnUv
GarmµN_énkareKarBKaeTAvijeTAmk b¤k¾rYbrYmkñúgPaBCaédKU rvagsikçakam nigRKUbgVwk. RbsinebI smtßPaB
ÉkCnénbuKÁlmñak;² RtUv)anpþl;tMél ehIyRtUv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;tamrebobKaMRT enaH RkumTaMgmUlTTYl
)anplRbeyaCn_ ehIybTBiesaFn_kñúgkarsikSak¾kan;Etmanxøwmsar eLIgsMrab; Gñkral;Kña.
karsikSanwgBMuGacekItmaneLIgya:ggayRsYleLIy enAeBlmnusSenAkñúgRkummankar)armÖ faGVI Edl
BYkeKniyay nigGVI²EdlBYkeKeFVIRbEhlRtUv)aneKniyayedIm b¤eKesIccMGk b¤eKykeTAriHKn;enaH.
sMrab;ema:gsikSaCaelIkdMbUgrbs;Gñk GñknwgsßitenAeRkamkarGegátemIl edaysikçakammñak;² ehIymansMNYr
CaeRcInekIteLIgenAkñúgcitþrbs;BYkeK rhUtTal;EtsMNYrTaMgenaH RtUv)aneqøIytbedayBaküfa "Yes" eTIbkar
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105
ykcitþuTukdak;rbs;BYkeKElgepþatya:gxøaMgeTAelI
eTotehIy.
bBaðaRbFanbT EdlGñkkMBugEtykmkbgðajenaH
etIkarbNþúHbNþalenHnwgsMxan;sMrab;xJMú ehIybMeBjtamtMrUvkarrbs;xJMúEdrb¤eT?
mansmtßPaB yutþiFm’ nigykcitþTukdak;Edrb¤eT?
etIRKUbgVwkenaH
sMnYrGs;TaMgenH b¤GVI²pÞúynwgva nwgsßitenAkñúgxYrk,alrbs;sikçakamTaMgGs;.
etIkarbNþúHbNþal rbs;GñkeFVIeLIgCamYysikçakamEtmñak; b¤ sikçakammYyRkum? enAkñúgsßanPaB TaMg 2
enH GñkcaM)ac;RtUvbegáItbriyakaskñúgkarsikSa Edlbgðajdl;sikçakamfa GñkmanCMenO eTAelIkarTukcitþ
nigkareKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagRKUbgVwknigsikçakammñak;² ehIyrvagsikçakam nigsikçakam.
vKÁbNþúHbNþalmñak;Tl;nwgmñak;
lkçN³CabuKÁl vKÁbNþúHbNþalmñak;Tl;nwgmñak; eRcInEteRbIR)as;nUvvIFIsaRsþkñúgkarbgðajnUvCMnaj
nigBt’manfµI². bBðaaTaMgLayEdlekItmanenAkñúgviFIsaRsþenH nwgRtUv)anBinitüBic½yenAeBl EdleyIg
BicarNaelI vIFIsaRsþ 3 dMNak;kal énkarpþl;RTwsþI nig viFIsaRsþbgðajman 4 nig 6 dMNak;kalenA eBleRkay
enAkñúgvKÁenH.
vKÁbNþúHbNþalCaRkum
kargarCaRkumesÞIrEtRtUvtamniymn½y mann½yfamnusScaM)ac;RtUvEteFVIkarrYmKñaedIm,IsMerc)an nUv
Parkic©d¾ Cak;lak;mYy. TMnak;TMngnigkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagsmaCik énRkum)ankøayCaktþa KnøwH enAkñúgPaB
eCaKC½y.
mnusSnwgBMumanTMnak;TMngCacMh edaysV½yRbvtþiCamYyGñkdéTeTotedaysarEteKbegáItCaRkum Et
mYyenaHeT. BYkeKGaceXIjxøÜneKya:gsamBaØ faCaRkummnusSEdlpþMúKñaEtkñúgfñak;eronmYy edaysarEtvKÁsikSa
Etb:ueNÑaH. vaRtUvkareBlevla nigkic©xitxMRbwgERbgTaMgxagGñk nigxagBYkeK munnwgBYkeKmanGarmµN_ fayl;
RBm GMBIkarTMlayBt’manGaf’kM)aMgrbs;BYkeKCUndl;Gñk nig GñkdéT eTotenaH.
BüayambegáItnUvtulüPaBvKÁsikSarbs;Gñkrvag³
elIkTwkcitþsikçakameGayeFVIkarCamYyGñkdéTenAkñúgRkumtUc²
TTYlsÁal;enAeBlEdlsikçakamTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIkargarCalkçN³ buKÁlrbs;eK.
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106
kareqøIytbeTAnwgbriyakassikSa
enHKWCaGVI²EdlGñkRtUveFVIRKb;naTI enAeBlEdlGñkkMBugEtbNþúHbNþal edaykareRbIBaküsMdI kareRbI
RkEsEPñk nigkarelIkTwkcitþ kargk;k,albnþicehIyjjwm. cMelIytbrbs;GñkTaMgenH KWCaEpñk mYyén
briyakassikSa. etIvaCYybegáIteGaymanbriyakasviC¢man b¤k¾GviC¢manEmnb¤?
cUrBicarNaGMBI³
kayvikarrbs;Gñk ¬]> eKaHRmamédenAelItu¦ karelIkdak;sMelgrbs;Gñk
¬ ]> kardkdegIðmEvg¦
karbeBa©jTwkmuxrbs;Gñk ¬]> karRCYjcieBa©Imdak;bnþic¦
rebobedIreTAmkenAkñúgfñak;eron ¬]> CMhane)aHeLIgcuHelOn ¦
karENnaMbgðajBt’manfµI
eKaledAcMbg éndMNak;kalénvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;GñkKWRtUvFanaeGayR)akdfa sikçakamTaMgLay
RtUv)anpþl;nUv EpñkénBt’manfIµdl;eKmñak;² BIeRBaHBYkeKRtUvkarva. manviFICaeRcInEdlRbkarenH GaceFVIsMerc
eTA)an rYmman³
RKUbgVwkR)ab; b¤Bnül;Bt’man dl;sikçakamTaMgLay
sikçakamGanBt’mankñúgesovePA ÉksarEckCUn GtßbT kUnesovePApSBVpSay Bt’man
sikçakamemIlvIedGU b¤sþab;kaEstma:ej:
ePJovCavaKµinniyayeTAkan;sikçakam
CMnajENnaMbgðaj
enAeBlniyayeTAkan;RkummnusS b¤ niyayeTAkan;sikçakamNamYy manbBaðamYycMnYnEdlRtUv cgcaM ³
\riyabf
clna
karbBa¢ak;Twkmux
kareRbIRkEsEPñk
sMelg
TMBr½xageRkamenHmancMNucBIr b¤bI GMBIEpñknImYy²TaMgenaH sMrab;GñkeFVIkarBicarNaeGay)an l¥itl¥n;.
\riyabf
cUrQreGayRtg; b:uEnþkñúgsPaBsuxRsYl
cUrdak;eCIgrbs;GñkEbreTArkRkummnusSCamYynwgtulüPaBénTMgn;rbs;GñkeGay esµIKña
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107
clna
BüayamkMueyaleyaKxøÜnrbs;Gñk enAeBlGñkniyay
édrbs;GñkkøayeTACaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;énkareFVIbT]eTsnamNamYy.
sUmeRbIR)as;BYkvatamEbbFmµta CaCagTukvaeGayenAes¶omRTwgenaH.
sUmkMudak;édrbs;Gñkkñúgehae):A
karTajTgRtecok KWCaclnaEdlmnusSxøH eFVIedayBMu)andwgxøÜnesaHeLIy
karsMEdgTwkmux
karjjwmtamEbbFmµCati KWBitCaKYreGayrMePIbNas; b:uEnþkarEkøgCajjwmBMuEmn CakarTak;Taj
d¾l¥eLIy
karBRBicEPñkeRcIndgeBk nigkarmicEPñkrbs;Gñk eFVIeGayTsSnikCnElgcab;GarmµN_.
kareRbIRkEsEPñk
CaFmµtaGacTTYlyk)anenAeBlEdlmnusSmñak;kMuBugniyayeTAkan;RkummnusS buKÁlenaH nwgeRbI
RkEsEPñkeTAkan;smaCikTaMgLaykñúgRkum BIeBlmYyeTA eBlmYy. b:uEnþebIeyIgsMedAEt eTAelI
buKÁlmñak;kñúgRkumedayeRbIry³eBlyUrenaH BYkeKnwgmanGarmµN_Fujfb;.
mnusSxøHBMumanGarmµN_RsYlkñúgkareRbIRkEsEPñkenaHeT ehIyCamYyGñkdéT RbsinebIGñkBMu)aneRbI
RkEsEPñkeTAkan;BYkeKeTenaH Gñkhak;bIdUcCakMBugbegáItnUv]bsKÁraraMg cMeBaHkareFVITMnak;
TMngehIy. mUldæanvb,Fm’ rbs;sikçakam GacCH\T§iBldl;kareRbIRkEsEPñkpgEdr.
sMelg
eKaledAcMbg KWkarmansMelgxøaMg c,as; nig kMuniyayelOneBk.
eBlxøHenAeBlEdlmnusSRtUvniyayeTAkan;RkummnusS eKniyaykñúgsMelgEtmYy EdlsMelgeK
BMu)aneLIgcuHtamEbbFmµCatieLIy. krNIenHGacekIteLIg edaymUlehturn§t; Edl GaceFVIeGay
sac;dMuénRTUg nigbMBg;kKnøas;)antic ehIyeFVIeGayraMgsÞHdl;lMhUrénxül;. karQreGay)an
Rtg;bnþic nigkardkdegðImEvg² 2 b¤ 3 dg nwgelIkRbGb;q¥wgCMnI ehIyGacCYybn§Úrbnßy PaBtantwg
énsac;dMu.
sMelgrbs;GñknwgGaRs½yeTAelIkal³eTs³énTIkEnøgbNþúHbNþal. vaGacCaEpñk énkarENnaMxøÜn
Gñk edaysYrTsSnikCnrbs;GñkfaetIBYkeKGacB¤Gñkb¤eT?
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108
karGnuvtþn_skmµPaBEdleRbIR)as;Bt’manfµI
dMNak;kalbnÞab;enH KWedIm,IsikçakamGnuvtþn_skmµPaB b¤skmµPaBxøH²EdlGacCYy BYkeK³
edIm,Iyl;nUvBt’manfµI
edIm,IeRbIBt’manfIµenAkñúgsßanPaBBit
edIm,IemIlfaetIBYkeKGacepÞrBt’manfµIeTAkñúgsßanPaBkargareKy:agem:c
edIm,IcgcaMBIBt’manfµI
sikçakamCanic©kalnwgemIlfa etImankarsuIKñarvagGVI EdlBYkeKRtUv)anesIñeGayeFVIenAkñúg skmµPaB
nigGVIEdlBYkeKcaM)ac;RtUveFVI enAeBlEdlBYkeKRtUvvaytMélenaH EdreT.
edIm,I [R)akdfa manPaBsIuKñaenH RKUbgVwkcaM)ac;RtUvcaMTuk Baküskmµ
bNþúHbNþal enAkñúg citþ Canic©kMLúgeBleFVIkargar.
(action words)
énlT§pl
karBinitüdMeNIrkarvivtþn_rbs;sikçakam
sikçakamTaMgGs;cab;GarmµN_faetIeKeFVIeTA)anl¥b:uNÑa ehIyvaKWCacMENkéntYnaTIrbs;GñkCa RKUbgVwk
edIm,IeGaydwgfa eBlNaEdlRtUvpþl; Feedback edIm,Isßabna.
cugePAl¥ RtUvdwgBIsBaØaN GVIxøHEdlKYremIledIm,IR)ab;dl;BYkeKfasac;GaMg "steak" rbs;eKenaH
q¥inl¥ehIy RKUbgVwkGacdwgbnþicmþg² BIsBaØaNTaMgLayrbs;sikçakammñak;² EdlBYkeKbeBa©jmk eRkAEdl
eKGacniyayfa ³
"xJúM RtUvkarBt’manbEnßmxøH \LÚvenH" .
" sUmpþl;eGayxJMúnUvFeedbackxøH² edIm,Isßabna "
"sUmCYyxJMú EpñkenH"
"QreTAeRkay dl;evneGayxJMúmþg"
"xJMúRtUvkarGñkedIm,IBinitüemIlfaetIxMJúeFVI)anya:gem:cEdr "
"xJMúcg;manvKÁ Gnuvtþn_mYyepSgeTot"
"xJMúKitfaxMJúeFVI)anl¥ehIy cuHGñkKitdUcxMJúeT? "
"xJMúcg;Qb;sMrakbnþic etIGacQb;)aneT? "
KYrcab;epþImedayemIlelIbBaðaenH enAkñúgkMLúgeBlbNþúHbNþal enAeBlEdlRKUbgVwkRtUvsMerccitþ
faetIRtUvniyayCamYy sikçakamGMBIdmeNIrvivtþn_rbs;BYkeK Edrb¤eT. ]>
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109
enAeBlEdlsikçakam emIleTAdUcCamankarPan;RcLM
enAeBlsMPar³fµIRtUv)anbeRgon
bnÞab;BICMnajfµImYyRtUv)aneKENnaMbgðaj
yuT§saRsþmYyeTotEdlGacCYyRKUbgVwk sMerccitþfaetIsikçakammansmtßPaB b¤Gt;enaHKW RtUvsYrsMNYr
faetIKYreFVIya:gem:c? GMBICMnajb¤BIBt’man EdlBYkeKFøab;)annwgkMBug Eteron.
]Ta>
etIGñkKYreFVIya:gem:cRbsinebIkugtak;ePøIgenaHRsab;EtRCuHmYyrMeBcenaH?
etImanGVInwgekIteLIgRbsinebIcMENkmYyénemEdkenHFøak;cUleTAkñúgeRKOgma:sIun enaH?
etIGñkKYreFVIGVIdMbUgeKenAeBlEdlGñkdwgfamankøineqH?
etIGñkKYrcat;viFankarGVIxøHRbsinebIGñkGs;sMPar³enABak;kNþalpøÚvenAeBlkMBug dMeNIrkar?
etImanGVIekIteLIgenAeBlEdlePøIgRkhmelceLIgenaH?
sMNYrTaMgenH GnuBaØateGaysikçakam eFVIeGayGñk)andwgfaetIBYkeKGacedaHRsaysßanPaB EdlBMu
Fmµta EdlGacekItmaneLIgya:gdUcemþc.
RbsinebIsikçakammñak;hak;dUcCa BMuTan;GacmansmtßPaBCMnaj eBjeljkñúgkMLúgeBl bNþúHbNþal
enaH etIGñkKYreFVIkartamdanya:gdUcemþcxøH ? etIBYkeKnwgRtUvpþl;eBlevlabEnßmsMrab;kic©karTaMgenaH dUcCa ³
bNþúHbNþalsarCafIµ ?
Gnuvtþn_eGay)aneRcIn ?
pþl;karvaytMélbEnßm ?
GñkcaM)ac;RtUvdwgBICMerIsGVI EdlGaceTArYcedIm,ICYydl;sikçakamrbs;Gñk kñúgkrNIsikçakammñak;kñúg
cMeNamBYkeK)armÖeRBaHkMriténkarvivtþn_rbs;eKBMudUcKñanwgsikçakamdéTeTot ehIyBYkeKsYrGñkfa etIeGayBYkeK
eFVIya:gem:ceTA?
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110
elIkTwkcitþsikçakam nigpþl ; Feedback dl;BYkeK
karelIkTwkcitþ nigpþl; Feedback Gac ³
tamry³pÞal;mat; ¬edaykareRbIR)as;BaküsMdI¦
mintamry³pÞal;mat; ¬edayeRbIR)as;skmµPaB¦
vasMxan;Nas;Edlmñak;²manGarmµN_l¥ CamYynwgEbbbTénkarelIkTwkcitþ nigkarpþl; Feedback
EdlGñk)aneRbIenaH. cUrBinitüemIlfa EbbTmineRbIkarniyayTTYlyk)an Edr. krNIenHGaceFVIeGaysMerc
)aneday ³
1- RtUvdwgeGayc,as;BImeFya)ayEdlGñkCMrujsikçakam rbs;Gñk nigpþl;dl;BYkeKnUv Feedback
edaymineRbIBaküsMdI.
2- cUrrkeGayeXIjfaetI bBaðaEdlGñkeFVIenaH GaceFVIeGayeKxwg eFVIeGayeKxµaseGon b¤ eQIøy. ]Ta>
etIGñkeRbIkarb:HBal; b¤kareRbIRkEsEPñk?
]TahrN_
karb:HBal;
enAkñúgvb,Fm’xøHkarb:HBal;elIcMENkxøHéndgxøÜnBMuGacTTYlyk)aneT ehtuenHRKUbgVwkminKYrTHsµa
edIm,IbgðajGMBIkarEdleKeFVI)anl¥enaHeT.
mnusSxøHBMuRBmTTYlykkarb:HBal;edaysmaCik énmnusSEdlmanePTpÞúyKña enaHeT.
mnusScas;xøHBMuRBmTTYlykkarb:HBal;edayRkummnusSekµg²enaHeT.
kareRbIRkEsEPñk
vb,Fm’xøHcat;TukfaCakarBMueKarBRbNibtþin_ sMrab;RkummnusSekµg² EdleRbIRkEs EPñksMlwgry³
eBlyUreTAelImnusScas;² dUecñHcUrRCabfaRbkarenHKWCaehtupl Edlsikçakamekµg² BitCamankar
raErkkñúgkarsMlwgmkrkGñkkñúgry³eBlyUr enaH.
mnusSxøHmankarxµaseGonedaykareRbIRkEsEPñkBIsMNak;smaCikénmnusSpÞúy ePTKña.
karpþl; Feedback edaypÞal;mat RtUv)aneKeBjniym edayeRbIBaküeBCn_ niyay b:uEnþkñúgkal³eTs³
xøH GñkGacbMeBjEbbbT b¤sresrr)aykarN_xøI GMBIkarvivtþn_rbs;sikçakam. sikçakamrbs;Gñk RtUvkar
Feedback GMBIkarvivtþn_rbs;eK eRBaHfavaCYyeGayBYkeKemIleXIjBIcMNucexSayénkarGnuvtþrbs;eK nigriHrk
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111
meFüa)ayedIm,IykQñHva. enAeBlGñksegáItemIleK kñúgeBlkMBugbNþúHbNþal cUreFVIkareRCIserIseBlevla
Cak;lak; edIm,Ipþl;eTAsikçakammñak;² Feedback rbs;GñkGMBIkarvivtþn_rbs;BYkeK.
BMuEmnRKb;KñaTaMgGs;suT§EtmanGarmµN_l¥eBlEdlpþl; Feedback enaHeT. eBlxøH Feedback
CaviC¢manmankarlM)akpþl;CUn edaysarEteyIg mincg;eGaybuKÁldéTeTot manemaTnPaBeBkehIy Feedback
CaGviC¢mank¾Bi)akpþl;eGayEdr CaBiessRbsinebIva Feedback xøH² GMBIerOgra:vEdleFVIminl¥smlµmenaH.
bBaðasMxan;KWfaRKb;FeedbackKYrEtCamtiriHKn;sßabna mann½yfaeyIgpþl;vadUcenH buKÁlenaHGac
eRbIR)as;vaedIm,IksagxøÜnBYkeKeLIg nigeFVIeGaymanclnaeTAmux BMuEmnrujRcanBYkeKcuHehIy eFVIdMeNIrfy
eRkay enaHeT.
]Ta> énkarpþl; Feedback kñúgkMLúgvKÁsikSa.
CaviC¢man
Cakarl¥. xJMúcUlcitþva.eFVI)anl¥Nas;.
Feedback
karpþl; Feedback CaviC¢manedaykarsßabna
"kargarenaHeFVI)anl¥.
vaBMumansñamGVIenAelIsMPar³enaHeT EKmTaMgenaHRtg;ehIyBMumansl;cenøaH
xøHenaHeT. eFVI)anl¥xøaMgNas; ".
GviC¢manedaykarsßabna
" xJMúsMKal;eXIjfa GñkmanbBaðalM)akxøH kñúgkarTb;]bkrN_enAelI\dæ ehIyGñkbegáIteGaymansñamenA
elIva. TukeGayxJMúbgðajGñkeLIgvij BIrebobeFVIvaya:gem:c. EKmrbs;vak¾BMuRtg;pgEdr. RbkarenH eBlxøH
GacekItmaneLIg enAeBlEdlmanPaBritbnþwg BMusmRsbnwgkMras;enAeBlcab;epþImenaH. etIGñkcg;eFVImþgeTot
edayeFVIkarBinitüemIlkEnøgex©AbnþwgEdrb¤eT? "
Feedback
enAeBlEdlGñkRtUv)aneKesñI b¤rMBwgeGaycMNayeBlxøH² edIm,IpþlC; a Feedback dl;sikçakam
mñak;²eRkayBIkarbNþúHbNþalenaH KMrU 4 Epñk dUcxageRkamenHGacCYyGñk)an ³
1-cUrsaksYrsikçakamfa etIBYkeKKitya:gem:c ¼ etIeKmanGarmµN_faBYkeKeFVI)anl¥Edr b¤eT?
2- cUrsaksYrBYkeK etIeKKYreFVIGVIeGayxusBIenHenAeBleRkay
3-bEnßmkarpþl; Feedback Rbkbedaykarsßabna GMBIbBaðaTaMgLayEdlBMuRtUv)aneK ekþabeTAelI
edaysikçakam TaMgbBaðaviC¢man nig GviC¢man.
4- cUrbBa©b;edaykMNt;RtaCaviC¢man.
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112
eyIgnwgemIlenAeBlbnþiceTotGMBIskmµPaB
dl;GñkdéTeTot.
2
b¤
3
EdlGacCYydl;eyIg edIm,Ipþl;
Feedback
taragdUcteTAenHpþl;KMnUseRKag 8 cMNuc énkarpþl;mtikñúgkarvaytMél. tYGkSrFM²fa
FEEDBACK
GacCYyGñkeGaycgcaM BYkvaenAeBlEdlGñkcg; pþl;nUv Feedback dl;sikçakamrbs;Gñk.
Memory Jogger – The Feedback Sandwich
Feedback sandwich
karpþl;FeedbacktamEbbnM saMgvic
Esteem
kareGaytMélelIxøÜn
Environment
briyakasCMuvji
Does the learner understand?
etIGñksikSaGacyl;)anEdrb¤eT?
Be honest and sensitive
cUresµaHRtg; nig qab;emIldwg
karpþl; Feedback Canic©kalKYrcab;epþImBIkMNt;Rta CaviC¢man
dUecñHcUrEsVgrkerOgGVI² EdlGñkGacniyayBI kareCaKC½y. bnÞab;mk
RbsinebIGñkmancMENkGviC¢mankñúg Feedback EdlRtUvpþl;eGay dUcnM
Sandwich vaKWenArvagcMNuc viC¢man pþl;CacMNucviC¢manCamun bnÞab;
mkGviC¢man bnÞab; mkbBa©b;CamYyerOgviC¢manmYyeTot.
etIsikçakammanGarmµN_cMeBaHxøÜneKya:gem:c bnÞab;BIGñk )anpþl;dl;BYkeKnUv
Feedback enaH? etIeKenAEtmanGarmµN_faeKenAmankareKarB nig man
lT§PaB b¤ etIeKERbkøayCaGñkttaMg mankarxwgsm,ar nigbnÞabtMél
énkareKarBdl;xøÜneKpÞal;? cUrCYy dl;sikçakameGayemIleXIjBI
Feedback rbs;GñkfaCaTMrg;énkarelIkTwkcitþCalkçN³buKÁl l¥CaCag
sþIbenÞas b¤eFVIkarriHKn;.
cUreRCIserIseBlevlasmRsb nigTIkEnøgedIm,Ipþl;mti vaytMél. RtUvBinitü
pgEdr faGñkmanGarmµN_minl¥ pÞal;xøÜnxøH b¤eT? EdlGacbegáItnUv
briyakasBMul¥ enAeBl Gñkniyay eTAkan;sikçakam.
cUrBinitüemIlfaetI sikçakamyl;BIGVIEdlGñkpþl; mann½yya:gem:c edaysYr
BYkeKeGayniyayvaeLIgvij R)ab;Gñkeday eRbIBakürbs;eK. RbkarenH
nwgGacCYydl;eKeGayyl;dwg nigcgcaMva)an.
enAeBlEdlkarGnuvtþrbs;sikçakamBMuTan;Qandl;kMrit sþg;darRtwmRtUv
vaKWCakar TTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gñk EdlRtUvpþl; eGayBYkeKnUv Feedback
Rbkbedaykarsßabna. eTaHbICakrNIenHmankarlM)ak GñkmincM)ac;
ecosvag karpþl;FeedbackEdlcaM)ac;enaHEdr. cUrRbyt½ñRbEyg
eRbIR)as;BaküsMdI enAeBlGñkkMNt; BIbBaðaCak;lak; ehIyCYysikçakam
edaHRsaynUvGVIEdl eFVIxus ehIyRtUveFVIvaya:gem:c.
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113
Actions-not the person
skmµPaB-BMuEmnCabuKÁlenaHeT
Confidentiality
karsMgat;
Keep it short
rkSavaeGayxøI
enAeBlGñkRtUvkarpþl; Feedback CaGviC¢man cUrepþat eTAelIbBaða
TaMgLayEdlsikçakameFVICaCag GarmµN_ EdlGñkyl;ya:gem:c GMBIBYkeK.
]Ta> GñkGacniyay "GñkgakmuxkaMbiteTAeqVgeBkehIy" CaCag "GñkdUcCa
minykcitþTukdak;bnþicesaH enAeBlgakmuxkaMbitenaH " .
bgðajsikçakamfaGñkeKarBeK edaypþl;nUv Feedback rbs;GñkeTA
buKÁlnimYy² CalkçN³ÉkCn . cUreFVIeGay R)akdfa GñkBMueFVIeGayman
karelcB¤ Feedback edaykarsresr EdlGñkpþl;eGayenaH nwgBMuRtUv
)anGan edayGñkdéTeTotenaHeT.
kMupþl; Feedback dl;sikçakameRcInCagGVIEdleKGaceRbI )an. cUrBinitü
edaysYrxøÜnGñkfa etIenHCaEpñkEdlCYy bMputénkarpþl; Feedback b¤?
etIbuKÁlenHGaceRbI b¤ etIxJMúkMBugEtniyayeRcIneBkeTdwg?
edaykareRbIR)as;yuT§saRsþTaMgenHedayxøÜnÉg ehIyelIkTwkcitþeGaymankareRbIva kñúgkMLúgeBl nig
eRkayeBlénvKÁsikSarbs;Gñk. GñknwgbegáItbriyakassikSamYyEdlmnusSmanGarmµN_l¥ cMeBaHKñaeTAvij
eTAmk.
eKalbMNgénskmµPaBrYmbBa©ÚlEl,g enAkñúgkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal KWedIm,IeFVIkarbegáItbriyakasénkar
eCOCak; nigkarebIkcMhr dl;KñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgRkum. RbkarenHnwgCYydl;GñkRKb;KñaeGayman GarmµN_l¥
GMBIkar pþl; nigkarTTYlnUv Feedback.
kñúgzan³CasmaCikkñúgRkumGñkTaMgGs; GacCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmkeGaykøayCa RKUbgVwkRbkbeday
smtßPaB edayEckrMElkkaryl;dwgrbs;Gñk nigkaryl;dwgbEnßmrbs;mnusSmñak;² GMBICMnaj CUndl;Kñae
TAvijeTAmk.
karTTYlyk
Feedback
eTaHbICaeyIgGacmanGarmµN_jab;j½r cMeBaHKMnitenHkþI eyIgTaMgGs;KñacaM)ac;RtUvdwgBIviFI rbs;
mnusSdéTeTotcMeBaHGVI EdleyIg)anqøgkat; eRBaHviFIrbs;eyIgGacBMuTan;eBjelj. RbsinebIeyIg cg;eGay
GñkdéTmankaresµaHRtg;edayebIkTUlayenaH eyIgKYrEteFVIeGaymansuvtßiPaB nigPaB gayRsYldl;BYkeK
edIm,IeFVIdUecñaH. eyIgRtUvEteronTTYlyknUv Feedback edaycitþTUlMTUlay nigkares¶oms¶at;. eyIgmin)an
cMeNjGVIeLIy edaykarBüayamsþIbenÞasGñkdéTenaH b¤k¾CECk EvkEjkrkxusRtUvnUvGVIEdleyIg)aneFVI
b¤niyay enAeBlEdleKpþl;eGayeyIgnUv Feedback rbs;eKPøam²enaH.
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114
RbsinebIFeedbackKWCaGVImYyEdlGacedaHRsay)anya:ggayRsYl nigqab;rh½senaH. ]Ta> " 2 b¤
3nak; kñúgcMeNamBYkeyIg emIleXIjfa EbbénkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;GñkmankarFujRTan;bnþic " vaCaeBl
EdlRtUvGgÁúycuHCamYymnusS EdlBak;Bn§½ ehIyeFVIkarriHrkrYmKña nUvEpnkarmYyedIm,IykQñH elIbBaðaTaMgenaH.
cMNucxøH² EdlGacCYy enAeBlTTYl Feedback ³
GrKuNcMeBaHGñkpþl;mti nig eKarBPaBebIkcMhdl;eK ¬nigPaBkøahan¦
eGaytMél elI eyabl; nigTsSn³rbs;eK
cUrbBa¢ak;CamYyBYkeKedaykarniyaysareLIgvijmþgeTot b¤eRbIR)as;Xøa RbeyaKEdlmann½y
dUcKña edayBMumanPaBttbenaHeT.
cUreFVIkarBicarNaelI Feedback ehIy etIGñkKitfavasmehtuplehIyb¤enA?
cUrBinitüemIlvaedayPaBesµaHRtg;
CamYymnusSdéTeTotCaCagBwgEp¥keTAelI RbPBEtmYy
Kt;enaH.
RbsinebIvasmehtuplehIyenaH cUrGnuvtþPøam²tamEtGñkeFVI)an edIm,IedaHRsaybBaaðenaH.
RbsinebIvaminsmehtupleT enaHcUredaHRsaybBaðaenaHCamYyGñkpþl;mti.
eronBIbTBiesaFn_.
eFVICaKMrU éndMeNIrkarenH dl;sikçakamrbs;Gñk.
segçb
enAkñúgvKÁenH eyIg)anBicarNaBIktþaxøH² EdlGñkRtUvkaredIm,IKiteTAdl;karykvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;
GñkmkbBa©ÚlKña. vaBMuEmnCakarl¥eT EdlGñk)ansresrEpnkarénvKÁsikSaeGayl¥\tex©aHeTAehIyenaH Et
RbsinebI BMuTan;)aneTenaH dUcenHRtUveRbIeKalkarN_énkarENnaMl¥. enAkñúgvKÁ enHeyIgFøab;)anBicarNa
eTAelIeKalkarN_TaMgenaHPaKeRcIn eTaHbICaeyIg)anbBa¢ak;BIBYkvarYcehIy enAkñúgkarR)ab;eGaydwgBIcMNucKnøwH
¬Tips¦ . ehtuplKWfakarbNþúHbNþal cMa)ac;RtUvEt CakarGnuvtþtamEbbFmµCati. GñkBMuGacsMEdg CamnusS
Namñak;EdlBMuEmnCaxøÜnGñkenaHeT. GñkRtUv EtCaxøÜnÉg ehIyRtUveRbIyuT§saRsþ edIm,IbBa¢Únsar rbs;Gñk
eGayTUlMTUlay EdlskþismrvagGñk nigsikçakamrbs;Gñk.
------------------------------
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115
skmµPaBvaytémøbBa©b;vKÁTI
4
cUrerobcMCamYyRKUbNþúHbNþal RbFanEpñk GñkRbwkSarbs;Gñk edIm,Ipþl;vKÁsikSamYy EdlGñk
)anerobcMehIy. RKUbNþúHbNþal RbFanEpñk GñkRbwkSarbs;Gñk nwgvaytémøelIkargarrbs;Gñk nigpþl;CUn
dl;GñkvijnUv Feedback enaH.
viFIsaRsþd¾smrmümYy EdlGacRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalTaMgBIr KWenAkEnøgeFVIkargar nig
viFIbNþúHbNþalenATl;muxKña KYreRbIRkummYyEdlmanmnusScMnYn 6nak; edayeFVIkarmñak;mþg²vilCMu eday smaPaB
dUcteTA³
-mnusSTI1
RKUbNþúHbNþal
-mnusSTI 2-5
sikçakam
-mnusSTI 6
GñkGegátemIl
RKUbNþúHbNþalnwgGnuvtþkarbNþúHbNþal BinitüemIlkarRbRBwtþrbs;sikçakam eFVIetsþcMeNHdwg nig
CMnajrbs;sikçakam pþl; Feedback elIkareRtomrYcCaeRscrbs;BYkeKsMrab;karvaytémø nig Ca»kasl¥sMrab;
karGnuvtþn_bEnßmeTot GnuvtþkarvaytémøxøÜnÉg nigTTYl Feedback BIsikçakam. EbbbTénkarvay témøenH
dak;bBa©ÚlmkCamYyCaGtßbTP¢ab;bEnßmelx 2.
sikçakam KYrcUlrYmenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalenH nigpþl;
EdlBYkeKyl;eXIj enAeBlBYkeKCa sikçakam.
Feedback
TUeTAdl;RKUbNþúHbNþalGMBI GVIEdl
GñkGegátnwgpþl Feedback dl;KUbNþúHbNþal elIkareFVIbT]eTsnaménkarbNþúHbNþal karsMerc)an
nUvlT§pleronsURt PaBsmrmüénviFIsaRsþbNþúHbNþal rcnasm<½nénvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH. RkdascMelIy
vaytémørbs;GñkGegát KWenAGtßbTP¢ab;bEnßmelx 3.
ehtuenHehIy RKUbNþúHbNþalCasikçakamRtUvRsUbyk»kas edIm,ITTYlbTBiesaFn_eBjeljenAkñúg
dMeNIrkarbNþúbNþalenH dUcCa : karbNþúHbNþal : : kMBugRtUv)anbNþúHbNþal : : karpþl; Feedback : nig :
BinitüemIlkarbNþúHbNþalCafµIeLIgvij : . bEnßmelIenHeTotenaH BYkeKman»kasedim,IGegát nigeronsURt
BIrebobénkareFVIbT]eTsnam nig viFIbNþúHbNþalEdlxusEbøkKña enAkñúgeBlevlamYy nigsÞIlEdleKpþl;
karbNþúHbNþalTan;eBlevla nig cMNayR)ak;kasRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.
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116
karbNþúHbNþaldl;m®nþIcat;EcgkarbNþúHbNþal
esckþIENnaM
rebobeRbIR)as;kUnesovePAenH
esovePAenHRtUv)aneroberogeLIg sMrab;eRbIR)as;edaysala Regent School of Business kñúgkmµviFI
karbNþúHbNþaldl;RKUbNþúHbNþal EdlrYmmanCMBUksþIGBM I kardak;EpnkarelIvKÁbNþúHbNþaleRcIntKñatam
lMdab;lMeday kareFVIkarkarbNþúHbNþal nig karBinitSsareLIgvijelIkarbNþúHbNþal.
kBa©b;vKÁsikSaenHRtUv)antak;EtgeLIg edIm,IeRbIR)as;TaMgkñúgEbbCavKÁsikçasila b¤ sMrab;sikSaeday
xøÜnÉgbEnßmeTot nig eRbICaÉksareyag. vaeyageTAelIeKalkarN_kareronsURtrbs;mnusSeBjv½y EdlTTYl
sÁal;fa GñksikSaEdlCamnuseBjv½y eron)anqab;ecHbMputenAeBlEdleKmansµartITTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHkar
karsikSarbs;xøÜneKpÞal;.
eKalbMNgemeron
edIm,Ipþl;eGaysikçakam nUvCMnaj cMeNH nig \riyabf edm,IGacGnuvtþkarkarbNþúHbNþal enAkñúgkEnøg
eFVIkar b¤ brisßankarbNþúHbNþal edayGnuelameTAtamdMrUvkar éneKaledA nig ebskmµrbs;GgÁPaB.
etIvarYmbBa¢ÚlGVIxøH?
esckþIENnaMsþIGMBIkarkarbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtßPaB³
smtßPaBcMeBaHkarbNþúHbNþaldl;
sikçakam CaRkumtUc² TaMgkñúgEpñkCMnaj nig cMeNHdwg.
karerobcMsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal³ skmµPaBnanaEdlGñkRtUvGnuvtþ kñúgnamCaGñkbNþúHbNþalmñak;
kñúgkarerobcMkarbNþúHbNþaldl;sikçakamCaRkumtUc² TaMgkñúgEpñkCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgEdlRtUvkar
enAkñúgkEnøgkargar.
kareFVIkarbNþúHbNþal³ etIGñknwgRtUveFVIGVI nig eFVIkarbNþúHbNþaledayrebobNaeGayeTAdl;
sikçakamCaRkumtUc².
- -
1
pþl;»kaseGayGnuvtþ³ viFIEdlGñknwgeFVIy:agNaeGayR)akdfa sikçakam)aneRtomxøÜnCaeRsc
edIm,IkarvaytMél nig kareRbIR)as;CMnaj nig cMeNH edaykarpþl;eGaynUv»kassMrab;kar
GnuvtþTaMgenAkñúgkMLúgeBlbNþúHbNþal nig eBlEdleKRtLb;eTAkanshKmn_ b¤ bMeBjtUnaTI
kargarrbs;eKvij.
karcat;EcgvKÁsikSa³ kareFVIbøg;emeron sMrbsMrYlkmµviFI nig vaytMélelIkmµviFI.
etIeTANaedIm,IeGayeKCYy)an
edIm,ICYyGñkkñúgkarsikSa GñknwgeFVIkaredaymankarCYyRTRTg;BIsMNak;RKUbNþúHbNþalEdlKat;nwg³
pþl;dMbUnµandl;GñkGMBIrebobRtUvcab;epþImya:gem:c nig ENnaMGñkeTAtammatikaerOg nig skmµPaB
TaMgLayenAkñúgesovePA.
pþl;nUvFnFanEdlcaM)ac;eGaydl;Gñk.
BiPaKSacrcarelIkarhat;EdlGñknwgRtUvGnuvtþ.
BinitüeLIgvij nig CYysMrYlkarsikSa nig karGnuvtþnU vskmµPaBnanarbs;Gñk .
CYyGñkkñúgkareRbIR)as;smtßPaBTaMgenH enAkñúgkarbMeBjTMnYlxusRtUvrbs;Gñk.
rcnasm<½nemeron
emeronenH KWbgðajCarebobesovePAkarhat;EdleronnigGnuvtþCamYyKña. RbkarenHnwgpþl;eGaydl;
sikçakammñak;² nUvcMeNHdwg nig CMnajelIkargarCak;Esþg EdlcMa)ac; EdlGacGnuvtþ)anPøam²enAkñúgral;
skmµPaBkargarCak;EsþgTaMgLay.
RKb;EpñknimYy²man³
lT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal ¬RtUvkarcMenHdwg nig CMnaj¦
esckþIBnül;elIRbFanbT
skmµPaBhVwkhat;¼kareFVIetsþedayxøÜnÉg¼karsikSaelIkrNI (case study) nig
karhat;enAxagcugemeron
- -
2
vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa
enAeBlEdlGñksikSaemeronenHcb; GñknwgGac³
kMNt;tMrUvkarnanasMrab;karbNþúHbNþaltamry³karviPaKGMBItMrUvkarrbs;karbNþúHbNþalya:g
TUlMTUlay.
kMNt;eKaledA vtßúbMNgc,as;lasl;énkarbNþúHbNþaly:agsmrmü edaysMGageTAelI karviPaK
GMBItMrUvkarrbs;karbNþúHbNþal.
erobcMbøg;emeronbNþúHbNþal edayEp¥kelIvtßúbMNgc,as;las; EdlmankareKarBcMeBaH
eKalkarN_ sikSarbs;mnusSeBjv½y.
erobcMFnFanRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB edayEp¥keTAelIvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal.
dak;Epnkar nig begáItvKÁsikSa nig rcnasm§½nemeronRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.
erobcMeGayman lMhat;EdlmankarcUlrYm nig begáItkarCMnYydl;karbNþúHbNþal edIm,ICakarCYy
RTRTg;dl;skmµPaBTaMgenH.
sßabnaeGaymanPsþútagEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;kMNt;sMKal;smtßPaBCMnaj.
sßabnaeGaymanviFIsa®sþ nig smÖar³smRsbsMrab;karvaytMél.
vaytMél BinitüsareLIgvij nig raykarN_ GMBIPaBeCaKC½yénkarbNþúHbNþal.
Binitü nig vaytMéleLIgvijelIRBitþikarN_énkarbNþúHbNþal.
rkSaÉksarskmµPaBbNþúHbNþal karvaytMél nig FnFan eGay)anRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.
karvaytMél
karvaytMélelIkareronsURtrbs;Gñk GaceFVIeLIg)antamviFICaeRcIn. RbkarTaMgenH KWCaCMha‘nénkar
vaytMél.
GñknwgvaytMélkarrIkcMerInrbs;xøÜnÉgpÞal; b¤ vaytMélrebobCaRkumCamYymitþP½kþ tamskmµPaB
nana nig EpñkeFVIetsþxøÜnÉgnana EdlmanenAkñúgemeron.
RKUbNþúHbNþalrbs;GñknigBinitüemIlelIkarbMeBjkargarEdlmanenAkñúg skmµPaBnana
nig
BinitüemIlfaetIGñk)anbMeBjcb;dUckartMrUveGayeFVIEdrb¤eT.
skmµPaBxøH nig karhat;xøH nwgbgárCaPsþútagsMrab;karvaytMélCaelIkcugeRkayrbs;Gñk.
karhat;enAxagcugemeron
RKb;EpñknimYy²rbs;emeron mankarhat;enAxagcugEpñk EdlCakic©karmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay Edl
laycMruHcUlKña éntMrUvkarénkarsikSarbs;ral;EpñknimYy. karhat;TaMgenH RtUvkareGaysikçakamTaMgGs;bMeBj
eGay)ancb;. bnÞab;BIGñk)anbMeBjkic©karTaMgenHcb;sBVRKb;ehIy RKUbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk nwgbBa¢ak;eLIg
- -
3
vijfa etIlT§plkargarrbs;GñkGacsMerc)aneTAtamtMrUvkarEdl)anR)ab; Edrb¤eT. kargarCaEbbsresr rbs;
Gñk nig Psþútagd¾éTeTot nwgbegáIt)anCak®nþk (portfolio) mYysMrab;karvaytMél.
kMNt;ehtuénkarbNþúHbNþal
enAeBlEdlGñkbMeBjcb;nUvral;skmµPaBnimYy² GñkKYrEtsresrcUlkñúgkMNt;ehtu ¬enAxagcug
emeron¦.
karvaytMélelIkcugeRkay
karvaytMélCalkçN³pøÚvkarelIkcugeRkay nwgRtUveFVIeLIgedayGñkbNþúHbNþalEdlmanFøab;TTYlkar
bNþúHbNþalRtwmRtUv nigmankarTTYlsÁal;rbs;sala Regent School of Business EdlnwgBinitüemIleTAelI
PsþútagCakMNt;ehtu nig portfolio rbs;Gñk nigeFVIkarBiPaKSaGMBIkic©karvaytMélbEnßmeTotCamYyGñkebIsin
man.
- -
4
KnøwHTUeTAénkarsikSa
munnwgGñkeRbIR)as;kUnesovePArbs;Gñk cUreRbIeBlBI eTAbInaTI edIm,IGaneyabl;dUcxageRkam³
edaysarkarsikSaCadMeNIrkarmYymanlkçN³buKÁl KYrsikSaeTAtamel,ÓnEdlxøÜnGaceFVI)an. kMu
manGarmµN_Gn;citþedaysar eXIjel,Ónrbs;Gñkd¾éTenAkñúgRkum.
BiPakSaGMBIRbFanbT nig skmµPaBTaMgLay CamYymitþrbs;Gñk . b:uEnþGñknwgeronecHkan;EteRcIn
ebIsinCa enAeBlcugeRkayGñkGacrkeXIjnUv dMeNaHRsayedayxøÜnÉg.
pSaP¢ab;karsikSarbs;GñkeTAnwgbTBiwesaFn_Cak;Esþg eFVIdUcenHGñkRbEhlGaccaM)anl¥Cag.
kMNt;eKaledAEdlGacsMerc)an . cUreRtomCaeRsckñúgkarvaytMéleLIgvijelIeKaledA nig
eRKageBlevlarbs;Gñk nig sMrYlvaeGaysuIKñaCamYynwg kMritel,ÓnsikSarbs;Gñk.
v½yGacbNþaleGaykMritel,ÓnénkarsikSarbs;Gñkfybnþic k¾b:uEnþCaerOy² vabegáInPaBmanKMnit
eRcInrbs;Gñk. eRtomxøÜnedIm,IeronsaredImvij GaneLIgvij sakmþgeTot nig eFVIetsþelIkargar
rbs;GñkmþgeTot.
eRtomxøÜnCaeRsckñúgkarGnuvtþCMnajEdlGñkeTIbecH fµIenH eGay)anjwkjab;.
eRtomxøÜnCaeRscedIm,IeronBIkMhusrbs;Gñk.
emIlesovePAkarhat;rbs;GñkRtYs²eLIgvij edIm,IRsg;ykKMnitsegçb² ehIyBinitüemIlelI
lT§plsikSarbs;EpñknimYy² munnwgGanemeronTaMgmUl.
ebIsinCaGñkmanGarmµN_fa GñkkMBugEtGt;ecHGITal;EtesaH enAkñúgkmµviFIrbs;GñkenH GñkKYr
BiPakSaGMBIbBaðarbs;GñkCamYymitþrbs;Gñk nig eTArkRKUbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk edIm,IsMudMbUnµan
ebIcaM)ac;.
enAeBlEdlGñk )anmkdl;cMNuckarsikSarbs;Gñk Rtg;kEnøgEdlGñkhak;dUcminGaceTAmuxeTot
rYc GñkKYrbegáItsMNYrepSg²eTotCMnYsvij b¤ b:unb:gbegáItCameFüa)ayfµI² edIm,IGnuvtþcMeNHdwg
nig CMnajrbs;Gñk enAkñúgkEnøgeFVIkar.
- -
5
karvaytMéltamtragm:aRTIkelIkarbNþúHbNþalsikçakamRkumtUc²
taragm:aRTIksMrab;kareFVIEpnkarRbmYlPsþútag
viFIsaRsþ
kic©kar¼lkçN³vinicä½y³ kic©kar¼lkçN³vinicä½y³
karGegátelIebkçCnenA TIkEnøgkargar¼bNþúHbNþal
sMNYrEbb pÞal;mat;¼sresr
kareFVIRtab;tam¼edItY
k®nþkPsþútag (portfolio of evidence)
etsþtamEbbsresr
epSg²
viFIsaRsþ
karerobcMEpnkar
kareFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
kic©kar¼lkçN³vinicä½y³ kic©kar¼lkçN³vinicä½y³
karerobcMEpnkar
kareFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
karGegátelIebkçCnenA TIkEnøgkargar¼bNþúHbNþal
sMNYrEbb pÞal;mat;¼sresr
kareFVIRtab;tam¼edItY
k®nþkPsþútag (portfolio of evidence)
etsþtamEbbsresr
karvaytMélelIxøÜnÉg
epSg²
- -
6
EpñkTI
1:
lkçN³KnøWHénkarbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnaj
esckþIENnaM
skmµPaB 1.1
ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgRtUvbNþúHbNþalmnusS ?
cUreRCIserIscMelIymYy b¤ eRcIndUcxageRkam³
ehtupl
RtUv¼xus
edIm,IbMeBjPaBGMnYtxøÜneyIg nig bgðajfaeyIgGacQrenAxagmuxRkummnusS rab;ema:gedayKµan
PaBP½ytk;søút.
edIm,IGaceFVIeGaybuKÁlikGaceRbIR)as;]bkrN_fI)µ an.
BIeRBaHeyIg)ankMNt;sMKal;fa cMenHdwg nig CMnajxøH EdlRtUvkarsMrab;bMeBjkargar minGacrk
manenAkñúgkEnøgkargar.
edIm,IENnaMbKÁlikfµI GMBIRbB½n§ eKalneya)ay nig nitivIFI EdlGnuvtþenAkEnøgkargar.
BIeRBaHecAhVayniyayfabuKÁlikRtUvEtmankarbNþúHbNþal
enAkñúgEpñkTImYyenH GñknwgRtUv)anENnaM GMBIkarbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmµtßPaBCMnaj ehIyGñk
nwgRtUv)anENnaMGMBIBakümYycMnYn EdlGñkRtUvkaredIm,Iyl; nigGnuvtþ EdlGñkRtUvkareRbIkñúgkarbNþúH bNþal
Ep¥kelIsmtþPaBCMnaj.
GVIEdlGñkrkeXIjfavafµI KWkarRbkan;ykviFIsaRsþénkarbNþúHbNþal nig tamEdlGacGnuvtþ)an bM)at;
ecalnUv PaBlMeGog nigkarerIseGIgEdlFøab;eRCotcUlkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalkalBIGtit ehIyEdlkMhit
RbsiT§PaB rbs;karbNþúHbNþal dUcbTBiesaFn_rbs;GñkBImun.
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7
erOgEdlGñkeFVI EdlCalT§plsikSaEpñkenH nig emeronenH KW³
eCosevogkarpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþaledaymin)anerobcMeGay)ansmrmü.
eCosevogkarxVHkarGt;Fµt; edaysarEtsikçakammñak;rbs;GñkminGacyl;GMBIkarBnül;rbs;Gñk.
GñknwgeRbIR)as;yuT§saRsþepSg² edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnwgsÞIlénkarsikSarbs;sikçakamrbs;Gñk.
TTYlsÁal;fa mnusSGaceronecHedaykMritxusKña tamviFIbNþúHbNþalepSgKña nig ecHrebobbBa©Úl
yuT§saRsþsikSaepSg² enAkñúgvKÁsikSa.
eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalEdl mankarcab;GarmµN_ skmµ nig sMxan; edayEsVgyl;GMBIesckþIRtUvkar
rbs;sikçakamrbs;Gñk nig cMNayeBlevlasMrab; eFVIkarerobcM nig hVwkhat;.
dwgfa karxMRbwgERbgEdlGñkmancMeBaHkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk nwgTTYl)anmkvij tamry³
karTTYl)anlT§plkargarRbesIrCagmunBIRkumkargarrbs;Gñk ekInplitkmµsMrab;Rkumh‘un rbs;
Gñk nig RbEhlGaceLIgR)ak;Exrbs;GñkpgEdr.
sUmeGaymansMNagl¥kñúgkarsikSarbs;Gñk
nig cgcaMGMBI 6 P’s
“ Prior Preparation, Planning and Rehearsal Prevents Poor Performance”
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8
karbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtþPaBCMnaj
CBT
– Competency-based Training (CBT)
KWCavIFIsaRsþmYysMrab;karsikSaEdl³
mankarsgát;F¶n;CasMxan;elI GVIEdlsikçakamGaceFVI)an.
sgát;F¶n;elIlT§pl CaCagelIdMeNIkarbNþúHbNþal b¤ eBlevlaEdlcMNayTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIr
karenH.
KitKUrGMBIkarsMerc)an nig karsMEdgeGayeXIjtamry³karGnuvtþelI cMenHdwg nig CMnaj
eTAtamkMritsmtßPaBCak;lak;NamYy.
KitKUrdl;karsMerc)annUvkarbt;Ebn)ankñúgkareRbI nig Rbkan;yksþg;bTdæansmtßPaBfñak;Cati enA
elIkMritshRKas TnÞwmenHGacrkSa)annUvPaBGaccl½t)an nig Gcié®nþy_PaB caM)ac;sMrab;kar
sMerc)annUv karTTYlsÁal; nig karepÞrfñak;Cati)an.
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9
skmµPaB
1.
1.2
etIGgÁPaBrbs;Gñkmankarpøas;bþÚrya:NaxøHenAry³eBl (5) qñaMcugeRkayenH? etImankarpøas;bþÚrGVIxøH
bEnßmeTotEdlGñkrMBwgfanwgekItman enAry³eBl (5) qñaMeRkay? cUrBicarNasMNYrenH
edaypSaP¢ab;eTA nwgkarpøas;bþÚr rcnasm<½nnigkarerobcM TMnak;TMng]sSahkmµ OSH karEbgEckkargar
nig sÞIlénkarRKb;RKg.
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2.
etImankarpøas;bþÚrGVIxøHTak;TgeTAnwgkarbNþúHbNþal EdlGñk)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgry³eBl (5) qñaMcug
eRkayenH? etImankarpøas;bþÚrGVIxøHbEnßmeTotEdlGñkrMBwgfanwgekItmanenAry³eBl (5) qñaMeRkay? cUr
BicarNasMNYrenH edaypSaP¢ab;eTAnwgRbePTénkarbNþúHbNþal PaBjwkjab;énkarbNþúHbNþal
karsikSarbs;GñkkñúgnamCasikçakam KuNPaBrbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal nig TIkEnøgeFVIkarbNþúHbNþal.
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10
skmµPaB 1.3
etIsmtßPaBKWCaGVI? edIm,IkMNt;niymn½yrbs;Gñk cUrBicarNaGMBIGVIEdlGñkEsVgrk elIGñkNamñak;
EdlGacbMeBjkic©kar)anl¥BitR)akd.
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cUremIlkñúgEpñkeRbobeFobcMelIyrbs;GñksMrab;cMelIy
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11
dMNak;kalTaMgbYnénsmtßPaB
:smtßPaB : RtUv)anviPaKedayEckCa 4 dMNak;kal. karGFIb,ayxageRkam KYrEtGanBIeRkam Rtlb;eLIgelI
vij.
skmµPaB 1.4
cUrpþl;]TahrN_mYy ¬énCMnajEdlGnuvtþedayxøÜnGñk nig GñkNamñak;EdlGñk)anGegátenAkñúgGgÁPaB
rbs;Gñk¦ énRKb;kMriténsmtßPaBEdlmanBnül;dUcxageRkam.
kMritsmtßPaB
]TahrN_
4 smtßPaBeday\tRbugebobxøÜn
GñkGacbgðajGMBIsmtßPaBbMeBjkargarrbs;Gñk)anedaymincaM)ac;
¬cMeNHd¾cMNan¦
eFVIkarepþatGarmµRbugeRbobeBjeljenaHeT.
]TahrN_:³
3
smtßPaBedaydwgxøÜn
GñkGacbgðajGMBIsmtßPaBbMeBjkargarrbs;Gñk)an b:uEnþcaM)ac;GñkRtUv
eFVIkarepþatGarmµykcitTukdak;y:ageBlelj.
]TahrN_:³
2
GsmtßPaBedaydwgxøÜn
GñkdwgxøÜnfaGñkminGacbMeBjkickar)antambTdæanEdleKkMNt;;.
]TahrN_:³
1
GsmtßPaBeday\tdwgxøÜn
GñkmindwgxøÜnfakarbMeBjkic©karrbs;Gñk)aneRkamkMritbTdæanEdleK
cg;)an.
]TahrN_:³
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12
etIlkçN³KnøwHénkmµviFIbNþúHbNþaledayEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnajmanGVIxøH?
karbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnajKW³
Ep¥keTAelIkargar tYnaTI b¤CMnajsMxan;² EdlbegáItCakargar nigtYnaTIenaH.
RtUv)aneKEbgEckCAemerontamCMnajepSg² CaCagtammuxviC¢a b¤RbFanbT.
RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgeGaymanlkçN³bt;Ebn)an edIm,IeGayGñksikSaGace)øaHeTAdl;emeron
EdlmanCMnajnana EdlBYkeKGaceFVI)anrYcmkehIy.
RtUv)aneKbgðajmatikarerOgy:aglMGit muneBlcab;epþImcUldl;emeron.
epþateTAelIkarGnuvtþkargarCak;Esþgrbs;GñksikSa kñúgsßanPaB : BiPBBit : enAkEnøgNak¾)an.
RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgmYyCMhanmþg² edaymaneGay Feedback dl;GñksikSaRKb;CMhanéndMeNIrkar
énkarsikSa.
sgát;F¶n;eTAelIGVIEdlGñksikSaGacykCMnajeTAeRbIkar)an EdlCalTæénkarbNþúHbNþal.
karvaytMélEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnajKW³
Ep¥kelIkareRbI cMeNHdwg nig CMnaj enAkEnøgeFVIkarkargarCak;Esþg b¤ k¾begáItsßanPaBeGay
dUcCakEnøgeFVIkarCak;Esþg.
minEp¥kelIPaKry b¤ cMNat;faµ k;GVIenaHeT b:uEnþEp¥kelIfa etIGñksikSaGacGnuvtþkic©kar Edl)an
dak;eGay)aneTAtamsþg;daEdleKcg;)an b¤k¾Gt;.
plRbeyaCn_mYyrbs;karbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmßPaBCMnajKWfa
bNþal GaRs½ytamEtsmtßPaBCak;lak;nana EdlBYkeKRtUvkarb:ueNÑaH.
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neyaCiknwgTTYl)annUvkarbNþúH
13
karbNþúHbNþaledayEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnajrab;bBa©ÚlRKb;TidæPaBénkarGnuvtþkargar
karGnuvtþkargarenAkñúgkMritsmtßPaBCManajmYyTamTareGaymankarGnuvtþCMnajepSg²tamR)aMkMrit ³
CMnajelIkargar (task skills) - GnuvtþnUvkic©karpÞal;xøÜnmñak; )aneTAtamsþg;daEdl eKGacTTYl
yk)an.
CMnajRKb;RKgkargar (task management skills) - erobcMkic©karCaeRcInenAkñúgtYnaTINamYy.
CMnajRKb;RKgRBwtþikarN_EdlGacekIteLIgCayfaehtu (contingency management skills) eqøIytb nig eFVIkaredaHRsaybBaða nigkarlM)aknana.
CMnajEdlGacepÞr)an (transferable skills) - epÞr nigeRbIcMeNHdwg CMnajepSg² nigGkb,kiriya
eTAnwgsßanPaBfµI b¤ sßanPaBERbRbYl.
CMnajbriyakaskargar b¤tYnaTI (job/role environment skills) - Tak;TgeTAnwgkarTTYlxusRtUv
nig karrMBwgfanwgTTYl)anlT§pl enAkñúgsßanPaBkargar nigkareFVIkargarCamYyGñkd¾éT.
TidæPaBepSg²énsmtßPaBCMnaj
CMnajelIkargar
CMnajedaHRsay
bBaða
CMnajRKb;RKg
CMnajEdlGac
epÞr)an
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bgáreLIgedayCMnajbri
yakas
kargar b¤tYnaTI. ]>
smtßPaBrbs;
BYkeKkñúgkareFVIkargar
CamYyGñkdéT
14
sþg;dasmtßPaB -
Building Blocks
sMrab;karbNþúHbNþal nig karvaytMél
etIGVIeTACasþg;dasmtßPaB?
sþg;dasmtßPaBKWCar)aykarnana EdlBiBN’nay:agc,as;Bisþar GMBIcMeNHdwg nigCMnaj epSg²
EdlcaM)ac;kñúgkarGnuvtþkic©kar b¤tYnaTI eGay)aneTArksþg;daEdleK)anRBmeRBógmYy. BYkvaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
edayRKUbNþúHbNþal edIm,IbMEbkkic©karb¤kargarnana eGayeTACaFatutUc²eTot bnÞab;mkbegáItCamUldæan
sMrab;skmµPaB bNþúHbNþal. BYkvaKW ³
cMNgeCIgemeron
emeronsþIBIsmtßPaBqøúHbBa©aMgBImuxgar skmµPaB b¤k¾RkumkargarCMnaj nig kargar cMbg² .
]> {karbegáIt nigkarEfrkSaRbB½nV edIm,Ipþl;nUvsMPar³ b¤k¾B½t’manEdlTak;Tg}
BiBN’naemeron
vaGacmanb¤Kµank¾)an nig vaCYybBa¢ak;elIIcMNgeCIgemeron edaypþl;nUvkarBiBN’naedaysegçbBIGVI²
EdlBak;B½nV.
FatuepSg² (Elements) ³
lkç½NÐGnuvtþ³ (Performance Criteria)
FatuepSg²rbs;smtßPaB KWCa Building blocks mUldæan lk½çNÐGnuvtþ KWCar)aykarvaytMél Edl kMNt;Ca
énemeronsþIBIsmtßPaB ehIynwgbnþeFVIkar BiBN’naBIeKal BiessnUvkMriténkarGnuvtþEdleKtMrUv.
bMNgsMxan;rbs;emeronTaMgmYl.
]> sMrab;Fatu { karbegáItRbB½nV } lkçN³vinicä½yelI
]> enAkñúgemeron { karbegáIt nigkarEfrkSaRbB½nV edIm,Ipþl;nUv karGnuvtþKW ³
sMPar³ b¤k¾B½t’manEdlTak;Tg} FatutUc²én smtßPaBman ³ RbB½nVEdlRtYvtamtMrYvkarrbs;Pñak;gar
karbegáItRbB½nV
o RtUvtamtMrUvkarÉkCnPaB nigkargarsMgat;nana
karEfrkSaRbB½nV
o RbB½nVRtUvtameKalbMNgEdleKGPivDÆn_vaeLIg
karpþl;CaGnusasn_BIkareFVIeGayRbB½nVman
o RbB½nVRtUv)aneK
GPivDÆn_)ankñúgeBlevlaCak;
PaBl¥RbesIreLIg
lak;mYy.
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15
r)aykarN_CalMdab;
(range statement) ³
)aykaN_CalMdab;lMedayepSg²KµaCaeRcIn bMeBjmuxgarsMxan;² mYycMnYnenAkñúgRbB½nVsþg;da
mYy. TaMgenHrYmman ³
kMNt;EdnkMNt;EdlenAkñúgenaH sMNuMsmtßPaB nig lk½çNÐGnuvtþEdlTak;Tgnwgva .
pþl;TMnak;TMngrvagkareRbIsþg;damYYy eday]sSahkmµ nigkMritshRKas.
pþl;TMnak;TMngeTAnwg cMeNHdwg nig kic©karepSg² b¤ tMrUvkarCak;lak;nanarbs;
shRKas dUcCa cMeNHdwgRKåH (Underpinning Knowledge) GtßbTENnaMbec©keTs
(Technical Manual) OS&H nig nitivF
i IdMeNIrkarrbs;shRKas ( Enterprise
Operating Procedures ).
pþl;karepþatGarmµN_ edaymanlk½çNÐGnuvtþ sMrab;karvaytMél nigkarbegáIt
kmµvFi IbNþúHbNþalEdlEp¥kelIsþg;da.
CYysMrYldl;karbénßmbnßy (up-dating) b¤k¾karEktMrUvsþg;daenAeBleRkay²
eTAtam karERbRbYlénbribT EdlekItecjBIkarGPivDÆTaMgenH enAeBlEdlman
bec©kviC¢afµI² b¤ karerobcMkargar nig karpøas;bþÚrviF Isa®sþ EbbfµI.
]> lMdab;lMedayepSg²Kµa mYycMnYnsMrab;emeron { karbegáIt nigkarEfrkSaRbB½nV
edIm,Ipþl; nUvsMPar³ b¤k¾B½t’manEdlTak;Tg } man ³
sMPar³ nig B½t’manrUmman ³
o B½t’manCalayl½xGkSr b¤pÞal;mat;
o esovePA b¤ PsþútagepSg²
o KMrUsarFatuEr:
o KMrUsarFabtuCIvsa®sþ ]> Qam b¤ rukçCati
o EpnTI
RbB½nVrYmman ³
o RbB½nVpÞúkÉksar eRbIedayRkdasesovePA b¤ kMuBüÚT½r
o bNÑal½y b¤esovePAEpnTI (map banks)
o RbB½nVsþúk nig ehAyk KMrsarFatuEr: nig sarFatuCIvsa®sþ nigEpnTIepSg²
karpSBVpSayrYmman ³
o kardwkCBa¢ÚntaméRbsnIy_ edaypÞal;éd TUrsar b¤meFüa)ayepSgeTot
karENnaMGMBIPsþútag
CYydl;karbkRsayBnül; nigvaytMélelIemeronn. bgðajBIFnFanEdlTak;Tg smtßPaB
(Evidence Guide) ³ sMxan;² bribTénkarvaytMél .l. vapþl;nUvB½t’manbEnßmCaeRcIn dl;RKU nigGñkvaytMél.
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16
etIGIVeTACaRTg;RTayrbs;r)aykarN_énlkç½NÐGnuvtþ (Performance Criterior)?
EbbbTsMrab;karsresrr)aykarN_énlkç½NÐGnuvtþKW CaFmµtamandUcxag eRkam ³
nam (noun)
yuTVsa®sþ
kiriyas½BÞkñúgTMrg;Cal,Hkmµ (passive voice)
RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIg
lkçxNÐ nigxwømsar
edIm,ICMrujkarTMnak;TMngKña
skmµPaB 1.5
cUrTTYlyksþg;dasmtþPaBmYyc,ab;BIRKUrbs;Gñk EdlTak;TgsMrab;kic©karrbs;Gñk. ecjBI sþg;da
smtßPaBenH cUrrkMNt;Faturbs;smtßPaBEdlGñkKitfaGñkGaceFVI)anl¥ ehIynwgmanlTVPaBbNþúHbNþal
Gñkd¾éTenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;GñkeGayeFVI)anl¥dUcGñkEdr. cUrkt;RtanUvFatuenaH niglkç½NÐGnuvtþ. GñkGacnwg
eRbIR)as;BYkvaTaMgenH enAkñúgEpñkTI 2 enAeBlEdlGñkcab;epþIm begáItnUvKMeragrbs;Gñk sMrab;eFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
RkumtUc².
emeron
Fatu (element)
lkç½NÐGnuvtþ (performance criteria)
segçbemeronknøgmk
enakñúgdMNak;kalenH GñkRKan;Et)anemIlGMBIBI smtßPaBkargar nigkarbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelI smtßPaB
nig)aneXIjBIrebobEdl karbNþúHbNþalnaeBlbc©úb,nñRtUv)aneK tMrg;eTArktMrUvkarrbs;buKÁlmñak;² edIm,IeGay
BYkeKmanlTVPaBeFVIkarRbkbedaysmtßPaB. CaTIbBa©b; Gñk)anemIleXIjsþgd; asmtßPaB nigeFVIkareRCIserIs
sþg;dasmtßPaBmYYy kñúgcMeNamsþg;dasmtßPaBTaMgGs; sMrab;eRbIR)as;kñúgkarbegáItKMeragbNþúHbNþalmYy.
GñknwgTTUl)an»kasenAkñúgEpñkTI 2 nwgeXIjBIrebobEdleyIgbegáItlT§plsikSa (Learning Outcomes)
niglkç½NÐvaytMélecjBIsþgda. cab;BIenHeTA GñkcaM)ac;RtUvEtKitBicarNaBIcritlkçN³ nigtMrUvkarmYYycMnYnrbs;
GñksikSaCamnusSeBjv½y briyakasénkarsikSa nigGVIEdleFVIeGayGñkkøayCaRKUd¾l¥mñak;.
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17
critlkçN³rbs;RKYbgðat;
skmµPaB 1.6
kMNt;CMnajepSg² cMeNHdwg nigGkb,kiriya EdlRKYd¾l¥mñak;KUrEtman.
CMnaj
cMeNHdwg
Gkb,kiriya
sUmemIl Commpare Your Answers Section for Suggested Response
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18
critlkçN³énkarsikSarbs;mnusSeBjv½y - Characteristics of Adult Leaning
karsikSarbs;mnusSeBjv½y
eFVIkarsMerccitþedayxøÜnÉgnUvfaetIRtUveronGVIEdlmansar³sMxan;.
RtUvkaryl;c,as;BIB½t’man edayEp¥kelIkareCOCak; nigbTBiesaFn_rbs;BYkeK.
rMBwgfaGVIEdlBYkeKnwgsikSa manRbeyaCn_Pøam².
GacCaFnFanmYyEdleBareBjeTAedaycMeNHdwg cMeBaHRKU nigGñksikSaTaMgLay.
EtgEtmannUvbTBiesaFn_mantMél EdlGacRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal; nigCMrujbEnßmenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal eday
eRbIR)as; sisSTaMgenHCaFnFanrbs;Gñk nigrbs;KñaeTAvijeTAmk.
cg;manm©as;karelIrebobEdlBYkeKsikSa nig ebIkEnøgNaGaceFVI)an cg;sikSakñúgdMeNIrkareFVIEpnkar emeron.
EtgEteron)anBYEkCag RbsinebIBYkeKcYlrYmy:agskmµ CagkarsegátedayKµanskmµPaBGVITaMgGs;
eFVIkarsikSakan;EtmanRbsiTiVPaB RbsinebIcMeNHdwg nigCMnajRtUv)aneKBRgwg
cg;eXIjBITMnak;TMngnUvGVIEdlBYkeKkMBugsikSaeTAnwgCIvit nigkargarrbs;BYkeK
eGaytMél»kaskñúgkarCECkEvkEjk nigkarbegáItKMnit nigRTwsþInana
cg;dwgBIviFIEdleKykkarsikSaeTAGnuvtþ nig
eGaytMélelIbriyakasénkarsikSa EdlmankarshkarKña
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19
critlkçN³rbs;mnusSeBjv½ymñak;² EdlGñknwgeFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
enAeBlEdleFVIkarBicarNaBIviFIsa®sþ EdleyIgnwgeRbIR)as;sMrab;Gnuvtþ nigeFVIbT]eTsnamBIkarbNþúH
bNþalrbs;eyIg eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvKitBIcritlkçN³rbs;sisS dUcCa cMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;eK nigGVIEdleKmin
cUlcitþ. eyIgk¾RtUvKitBicarNapgEdrBIcritlkçN³rbs;mnusSmñak;² EdlnwgRtYvbNþúHbNþal ¬eyIgsMedAelIGñk
TaMgGs;KñaEdlCasisS¦. TaMgenHeFVIeGayeyIgmanlTVPaBbegáItnUvyuTVsa®sþ Edlrab;bBa©ÚlsisSTaMgGs;
edayminKitBI ³
Pasa tMrUvkarénkarecHGan ecHsresrGkSr nigelx
vb,Fm’ Pasa nigRbvtþiénkarsikSa
ePT
smtßPaBragkay
kMriténkareCOCak; PaBxVayxVl; nigPaBGnÞHsar
GayukalénbTBiesaFn_ kñúgkarbNþúHbNþal nigvaytMél
bTBiesaFnBImun²CamYynwgRbFanbTenH
eFVIkaeEktMrUveGayedaymankarRBmeRBógcMeBaHcritlkçN³rbs;buKÁlmñak;²
eyIgGaceFVIkarEktMrUveTAtamviFIEdleyIgvaytMélmnusSmñak;²
viFIsa®sþ EdlRtUvvaytMélenaH. GñkGac ³
edaypþl;eGayBYkeKnUvCMerIselI
eGaysisSeFVIkarbgðajfa BYkeKGaceFVIGIVmYy)an CaCagBnül;BIdMeNIrkarrbs;va
eGaysisSeqøIysMNUredaypÞal;mat; CaCagsresrcMelIydak;elIRkdasesovePA
pþl;nUvesvaRTRTg;pÞal;xøÜn ¬]> GñkbkERb GñkGan GñkcUlrUm GñkEfTaM Gñksresr¦
eRbIR)as;bec©kviC¢a b¤]bkrN_BIess EdlGacEktMrUv)an ¬]> kuMBüÚT½r b¤ lifting gear¦
begáIvKÁsikSaBIkarvaytMélxøI² edIm,ITukeBlsMrab;karGs;kMlaMg (fatigue) nigkarBüa)al (medication)
eRbIR)as;GkSrFM² enARKb;TMB½rTaMgGs; (use large print version of any papers)
edIm,IBicarNaelIcritlkçN³rbs;GñkvaytMélmñak;² nigedImIpþl;karGnuBaØat GñkRtUvpþl;PaBbTEbnenAkñúg
dMeNIrkarénkarbNþúHbNþal nigvaytMélenaH.
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20
eKalkarN_énkarsikSaEbbmnusSeeBjv½y
karsikSad¾skmµ (Active Leaning)
GkSrkat;xagedIm
sMPar³sikSaRbkbedayGtßn½y (Meaningful material)
EdlGaceRbIsMrab;
karsikSaedayeRbIBhuviBaØaN (Multi-sense learning)
cgcaM eKalkarN_
bzmPaB nigfµIPaB ¬cMNab;GarmµN_dMbUg nigcugeRkay¦ (Primacy and recency)
TaMgenH ³
eronehIyeroneTot ¬karGnuvtþ nigkarBRgwgmEnßm¦ (Overlearning)
FARM
karpþl;Gnusasn_ (Feedback)
MOP
rgVan; (Reward)
1.
karsikSad¾skmµ (Active learning)
} mnusSeron)anelOn nigmanRbsiTViPaB enAeBlEdlBYkeKcYlrYmy:agskmµkñúgdMe NIrkarénkarsikSa }.
{ RbsinebIR)ab;´ ´nwgePøc
RbsinebIbgðaj´ ´nwgGacyl;
RbsinebIeFVIeGay´sikSa ´R)akdCaeronecH }
cMNaM ³
karkt;RtaminEmnCakarsikSad¾skmµenaHeT. édGacskmµ b:uEnþxUrk,alRbEhlminskmµenaHeT.
2.
sMPar³sikSaRbkbedayGtßn½y (Meaningful material)
{ mnusSeronkan;EtmanRbsiTViPaB enAeBlEdlBYkeKGacP¢ab;sMPar³sikSafµI eTAnwgcMeNHdwgEdlmanRsab; }
cMnuccab;epþImrbs;GñkRtUvEtKitBicarNaGMBIbTBiesaFn_rbs;sisS. cab;epþImGVIEdlBYkeK)andwg eTAGVI
EdlBYkeKmindwg.
TMagenHCaviFIEdlGñkGacCYysisSrbs;Gñk ³
enAeBlEdlecab;epþImRbFanbTfµI sUmsYrsisSrbs;GñkBIGVIEdlBYkeK)andwg ehIyeTIbcab;epþIm
beRgón.
eFVIbT]eTsnamBIsMPar³sikSarbs;Gñk eTAtamkMritecHdwgrbs;sisS minEmnkMritecHdwgrbs;GñkeT
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21
3.
bgðajBIRbFanbT b¤vKÁsikSaeTAtamlMdab;lMeday
eRbIR)as;nUv]TahrN_ rUbPaB nigkareRbóbeFobmYycMnYn (mYycMnYnkñúgenHsMedAeTAelI
PaBRbedogKña ¬sTisPaB analogy¦)
eFVIeGaysMPar³sikSarbs;GñkdUcCakarBittamEtGaceFVIeTA)an eCosvagPaBGrUbiy
elIkTwkcitþsisS edayP¢ab;eTAnwgeKaledA nigtMrUvkarrbs;BYkeK
karsikSaedayeRbIBhuviBaØaN (Multi-sense learning)
{ viFIsa®sþénkarsikSa EdleRbIR)as;nUvviBaØNBIr b¤eRcInmanRbsiTViPaBCag kareRbIR)as;viBaØaNEtmYy }
tamry³karemIleXIj
11.0 % tamry³karsþab;lW
3.5% tamry³karhitkøin
1.5 % tamry³karsÞab;GEg¥l
1.0 % tamry³karPøk;rsCati
83.0 %
cUrkt;cMNaMfa ckçúvis½yman\TViBly:agNa enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarsikSa. sisSrbs;GñknwgTTYl)anpl
RbeyaCn_BI»kas kñúgkareRbIR)as;nUvviBaØaNmYycMnYnenH CaBiessKW karemIleXIj.
etIGñkGacCMrujeGaymankarsikSaedayeRbIBhuviBaØaNdUcem:þc?
pSMkarniyay nig karbgðajeGayeXIjbBa©ÚlKña
eRbI]bkrN_CMnUykaremIl nigsþab; (audio and visual aids) enAeBl nigenAkEnßgNa EdlGac
eFVIeTA)an
TukeGaysisSKit nigedaHRsay]TahrN_TaMgenH
enAkEnøgNaEdlcaM)ac; RtUveRbIvtßúBit
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22
4.
bzmPaB nigfµIPaB ¬cMNab;GarmµN_dMbUg nigcugeRkay¦ (Primacy and recency)
{mnusSGacmanninñakarrMlwknUvGVIEdll¥² EdlBYkeK)ansikSakalBIdMbUg nig cugeRkaytamlMdab;lMeday}
GñkGacCYysisSrbs;Gñkeday ³
pþl;karbgðajCamunRtYs² nigTidæPaBTUeTArbs;vKÁsikSa
eFVIkarsegçbcMnucsMxan;² enAeBlEdlsmRsmenAeBlsikSa
erobcMKMeragsMrab;karcab;epþIm nigkarbBa©b;emeronrbs;GñkedayRbugRby½tñ
rMlwksisSTaMgGs;KñaBIlMdab;lMedayEdleK)ansikSa
5.
eronehIyeroneTot ¬karGnuvtþ nigkarBRgwgmEnßm¦ (Overlearning)
{karsikSaRtUv)anRTRTg;eday»kasCajwkjy kñúgkarGnuvtþpÞal; nigGnuvtþeTAnwgCMnaj nigcMeNHdwgfµI²}
GñkGacCYysisSrbs;Gñkeday ³
EbgEckeBlevlasmRsbmYysMrab;BYkeK edIm,IGnuvtþnUvCMnajfµI²enAkñúgkaeRKagemeronrbs;Gñk
enAeBlcab;epþImsikSa cUresIñsMueGayBYkeKsegçbemeronmunenH
pþl;nUv]TahrN_ EdlCMrujeGayBYkeKrMlwk nigGnuvtþkarbNþúHbNþalmun²
sUrsMNUrCaerOy²
6.
karpþl;Gnusasn_ (Feedback)
{karsikSaRbkbedayRbsiTiVPaBRtUv)aneKCMrujelIkTwkcitþ enAeBlEdlRKU nigsisSpþl;Gnusasn_
eGayKñaeTAvijeTAmk}
enAkñúgbriyakasénkarsikSaGñkKUrEt ³
CMrujeGaysisSsYrsMNUrepSg²
GnuBaØateGaymankarrMlwkeLIgvijenAkñúgeBlsikSa
BiPakSa nigEktMrUvkMhusepSg² b:uEnþkMuriHKn;
pþl;lTVplkargarrbs;sisSeGay)anelOntamEtGaneFVIeTA)an kan;Etqab;kan;EtmanRbsiTViPaB
CYysisSeGayGPivDÆn_CMnaj
kñúgkarpþl; nigTTYlykGnusasn_ ¬TaMgenHCaCMnajsgÁm
nigkargard¾ sMxan;¦
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23
viFImYycMnYnEdlsisSpþl;CaGnusasn_nwgCYyGñkdYcteTA ³
begáItnUvTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiTVCamYysisSrbs;Gñk
vaytMélkaryl;dwgrbs;sisS – etIeKGacsMerc)antam vtßúbMNgénemeron)ankMritNa?
kMNt;sMKal;sisSEdlRtUvkartMrUvBiessrbs; – GñkEdleKeXIjfamanCMhanyWteBk GñkEdl
manCMhanelOneBk nig GñkEdlmankarlM)akkñúgkareRbIR)as;Pasa nigtMrUvkarBiess² d¾éTeTot.
7.
pll¥nwgTTYl)an (Reward)
{karsikSaEdlnwgTTYl)anpll¥ TMngCaeFVIeGaymankarykcitþeroneRcIn}
GñkGacCYysisSrbs;Gñkeday ³
pþl;nUveCaKC½ydMbUg² enAkñúgdMeNIrkaénkarsikSa - {KµanGVImaneCaKC½y dUcPaBeCaKC½yenaHeT}
(Nothing succeeds like success)
BRgwgGVI²EdlsisSrbs;GñkeFVI)anRtwmRtUv ¬vaEtgEtmanninñakareTAelIkarepþatGarmµN_ esÞIrEt
TaMgRsug eTAelIkMhusepSg²¦. {eFVIeGaysisSrbs;GñkeFVIGVI²eGay)anRtwmRtUv}
beBa¢óssisSTaMgGs;BIkareFVIeGaymankMhus tamEtGaceFVIeTA)an ¬eFVIeGayeCaKC½ytaMgBIeFVI
dMbUg¦
eFVIeGaysisSrbs;GñksikSakñúgkaredaHRsaybBaða nigkarGnuvtþCMnajfµI².
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24
skmµPaB 1.7
cUrbMeBjtaragxageRkam. enAkñúgkic©karrbs;Gñk etIGñkemIleXIjGVIeTACatMrUvkarénkarsikSarbs;
sisSrbs; Gñk? cUrbgðajGMBItMrUvkarEdlGñkkMNt;TaMgenH enAkUeLanxageqVg.
tMrUvkarEdlTak;Tgnwgkargar nigkarsikSaenAkñúgsßanPaBRkummYy ¬tarag¦
tMrUvkarrUbv½nþCamUldæan
(Basic Physical Needs)
tMrUvkarsuvtißPaB nigsnþisux
(Safety and Security Needs)
tMrUvkarsgÁm nigRTBüsm,tþi
(Belonging
Needs)
and
Social
tMrUvkarkareKarBBIGñkd¾éT
(Esteem Needs)
tMrUckarsñaéd
(Accomplishment Needs)
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25
sÞIlénkarsikSa (Learning Style)
skmµPaB 1.8
kMrg;sMNUrrbs;sÞWlénkarsikSa
RtUvbMeBjedayxøÜnÉg ehIyeFVIkarBiPakSaCaRkum.
skmµPaB 1.9
eRbIR)as;nUvtaragxageRkam edIm,Ikt;RtaBinÞúrbs;Rkumkargar EdlGñknwgeFVIkarbNþúHbNþalCamYy.
taraglTVplkMrgsMNYrelIsÞIlénkarsikSa
eQµaH
Gñkskmµ
GñkRbtikmµtb
GñkRTwsþI
(Activist)
(Reflector)
(Theorist)
GñkedaHRsaybBaða
Cak;Esþg
(Pragmatist)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
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26
sÞIlénkarsikSa - karBiBN’naTYreTA
Gñkskmµniym (Activists)
TsSn³viC¢a ³ { ´nwgBüayameFVIGVI²mþg }
BYkeKsÞúHcYleTAkEnøgEdleTBFItamankarP½yxøacminh‘anedIr. BYkeKTMngCaeFVIGmVI YyedayPaB Rbfuy
Rbfan. b:unµanéf¶enH BYkeKmankic©karCaeRcIny:agskmµ. BYkeKrIkraynwgkarBnøt;ePøIgbBaðary³eBlxøI.
BYkeKedaHRsaybBaða edayriHrkKMnit (brainstorming) . enAeBlEdlPaBrMePIb)an)at;rlt;eTA BYkeKBüayam
EsVgrkmUyeTot.
Gñkskmµ - Gñkeron)anBUEkeday ³
bTBiesaFn_ »kas nigbBaðafµI² ¬El,gkMsanþ edIrtYelçan .l.¦
Büayamecjmux ¬manmuxenAkñúgkic©RbCMutumUl .l.¦
begáItKMnitepSg² edayminxVl;xVayBI]bsKÁkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþgrbs;BYkeK
GñkRbtikmµtb (Reflectors)
TsSn³viC¢a ³ Rby½tñ mineFVIeGaydMufrµ maleLIy {emIleGayc,as;muneBlGñkelat{
BYkeKCamnusSmanKMnit EdlcUlcitþKitBicarNaRKb;RCugeRCay muneBlbnþdMeNIreTAmuxeTot. BYkeK
cUlcitþsikSakic©RbCMu nigkarBiPakSanana. BYkeKcUlcitþsegátemIlGñkd¾éTeFVIskmµPaB. BYkeKsþab;Gñkd¾éT
ehIyTTUlykTisedAénkarBIPakSa muneBlbeBa©ajKMnitpÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK.
GµkRbtikmµtb - Gñkeron)anBUEkedaysar
karelIkTwkcitþelIkaremIl nigKitBIGVImYy
TTUl)ankarGnuBaØateGayKitKUr muneBleFVIGVImYy
karGegát nigRsavRCav
BinitüemIleLIgvijelIsßanPaB
eq<aHeTAdl;karvinicä½yedayxøÜnÉg KµankareKobsgát; ¬]> kalkMNt;¦
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27
GñkRTwsþIniym (Theorists)
TsSn³viC¢a³ {manPaBGMNrcMeBaH PaBsmehtupl nig LÚsSic (logic). { RbsinebIvaLÚsSic val¥Nas; {
sMNUrmYycMnUnEdlBYkeKEtgEtecatsUrKW ³ {etIvasmehtuplEdr b¤eT? etITaMgenHsmnwgTaMgenaHEdr
b¤eT? etIGVICakarsnñt;CamUldæan? }
GñkRTwsþIniym - Gñkeron)anBUEkeday ³
GPiRkmmanlkçN³CaRbB½nV (a systematic approach)
maneBlsMrab;EsVgrkTMnak;TMngnana (explore inter-relationships)
rukrkBIviFIsa®sþ nigkarsninæan (probing methodolies and assumptions)
KMnit nigTsSn³Edlmankarcab;GarmµN_ ebIeTaHbICaminTak;TagedayPøam²k¾eday
saMjaMuCagmun nig sßitenAkñúgsßanPaBRbkUtRbECg
GñkeCOelIkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg (Pragmatists)
TsSnviC¢a ³ { vaEtgEtmanviFIløCagenH nigRbsinebIvadMeNIrkar vaBitCal¥Nas; {
BYkeKcYlcitþeFVIkarCamYyGVI² nigsMEdgGMeBIy:agrh½srhYn nigRbkbedayPaBeCOCak; eTAelIKMnitEdl
eFVIeGayeKcUlcitþ. BYkeKmincUlcitþniyayeRcInmincMTisedA “beating around the bush”
ehIyTMngGt;manPaBGt;Fµt;CamYy nwgkarBiPakSaEvgGnøay. BYkeKCamnusSsmaBaØ minsaMjaMu EdlcUlcitþeFVI
karsMerccitþ nigedaHRsaybBaðaedayCak;Esþg. BYkeKeqøIytmeTAnwg bBaða nig»kas EbbCakarRbNaMgRbECg
(challenge).
GñkeCOelIkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg - Gñkeron)anBUEktamry³ ³
ticnicsMrab;eFVIGVImYy
Gnusasn_ BIGñkGnuvtþEdlTTYl)aneCaKC½y
»kaskñúgkarGnuvtþ
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarTTUlsÁal; nigyl;dwgBI ³
sÞIlénkarsikSarbs;Gñk
sIÞlénkarsikSarbs;sisSEdlGñkkMBugeFVIkarbNþúHbNþal
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28
tMrUvkarénkarsikSaCak;lak;
V A K PO INT
V
Visual
A
Audial
K
Kinaesthetic
PO
Print Oriented
INT
Interactive Learnging
karemIleXIj
karsþab;lW
kayvikar
eRbIÉksare)aHBum<rYc
karsikSaedayeFVITMnak;TMngrvagKña
karsiSaedayemIleXIjCa ktþaxagkñúg nigxageRkA ³
eRbIkþIRsém: rUbPaB karRsemIlRsém: (daydreams) nigkaeemIleXIjenAkñúgGarmµN_
eRbIBN’FmµCati rUbPaB KMnUr overheads nig charts EdlCaktþaxageRkA
eFVIkarsikSaedayeFVIkarsegátemIlGñkd¾éT
karsiSaedaykarsþab; KWCakarniyaysþI nigsþab;lWrbs;eyIg ³
manlTVPaBeFVIkarsikSaedaykarCECkKñaBIkargarrbs;BYkeyIg
eFVIkasikSay:agskmµedaysþab;Gñkd¾éT
kayvikar KWCakarsikSaedayGnuvtþCak;Esþg (hand-on learning) rbs;eyIg nig karsikSaeedayeFVcI lna ³
GacmanlTVPaByl;dwg)antamry³kaeFVI nigbegáItvtßúnana karcab;yk b¤karbMEbkvtßúepSg²
vaeFVIeGaymanGarmµN_EdlecjmkBIxagkñúgcitþcMeBaHkarsikSaenH
eRbIÉksare)aHBum<rYc KWCakarsikSatamry³RbB½nVe)aHBum< ³
karsresr
b:uEnþ CaBiesselIkarGa
karTMnak;TMngKña KWCakarsikSatamry³karsikSaskmµCamYyKña ³
karsikSaedayshkarKñaCamYyGñkd¾éT
tamry³karCECkKña nigkarBIPakSaBIerOgepSg²
karEckrMElkKMnitKñaeTAvijeTAmk
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29
Gñkd¾éT nigkarsikSarbs;BYkeKenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal nigkarvaytMél
karbNþúHbNþal -- dMeNIrkarénkarsikSa
{ PaBeCOCak; karKaMRT kareKarB nigPaBkk;ekþAbegáIteGaymanbriyakasRTRTg;mYycMeBaHkarbNþúHbNþal. }
dMeNIrkarénkarbNþúHbNþaltMrUveGaymanbTBiesaFn_énkarsikSarvag RKU sisSanusisS nigGñkd¾éT
eTot enAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk.
skmµPaB 1.10
Gñkd¾éTeTotEdlBak;B½nVnwgdMeNIrkarenH RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam. cUreFVIkarBiPakSa CamYy
RKUrbs;Gñk CaBiessGñkEdlmantYnaTIenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal EdlGñknwgpþl; nigtUnaTIEbbNaEdleK RtUvman.
GñkBak;B½nVenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal
RbFanRkum¼GñkemIlkar¼ GñkCMnajbec©keTs
tYnaTIrbs;BYkeK
RbFanRKb;RKg¼ buKÁlik
GñksMrb;sMrYlkarbNþúHbNþal nigvaytMél
GñksikSakñúgkarbNþúHbNþal
Pñak;gartMNagrbs;raCrdæaPi)al
shCIB¼GñktMNagbuKÁlik¼RkumRBwkSaKN³kmµkar
GñkvaytMél
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30
segçb
\LÚvenHGñk)anbBa©b;EpñkTI 1 ehIynwgmankaryl;dwgRbesIrCagmun GMBtI YnaTIrbs;GñkEdlCa RKUbNþúH
bNþal. Gñknwgdwgfa karbNþúHbNþalminEmnRKan;EtQrenABImuxRkumsisSanusisS ehIyniyay GMBIRbFanbT
mYy EdlGñkKitfavamansar³sMxan;enaHeT. karbNþúHbNþal KWCakarbMeBjnUvtMrUvkar karsikSarbs;buKÁlmñak;²
EdlCabuKÁlikkargarrbs;Gñk nigkarGPivDÆn_karbNþúHbNþal edIm,IeGayBYkeKmansmtßPaBRtUvnwgkMritsþg;da
rbs;eragcRk shRKas nigCati.
Gñk)ankMNt;sMKal;nUvtMrUvkarpÞal;xøÜnmñak;²rbs;sisSrbs;Gñk ehIykñúgkareFVIEbbenH )anKitBicarNa
GMBIbBaßaCaeRcInEdlTak;TgnwgsÞIlénkarsikSa TidæPaBbriyakas eKalkarN_sikSarbs;mnusSeBjv½y nig
critlkçN³rbs;sisSmñak;². kñúgkarRbmUlB½t’manGñkcaM)ac;RtUvmansmtßPaB pþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal Edlman
RbeyaCn_ edaysarEtenAeBlenH Gñk)andwgBIsar³sMxan;énkareFVIeGayGñkd¾éTcUlrUmBak;B½nV enAkñúgdMeNIrkar
énkarbNþúHbNþal nigvaytMél.
cb;EpñkTI
1
skmµPaBvaytMél
karvaytMélsMrab;EpñkTI 1 nwgRtUveKvaytMélCaEpñkmYYyrbs;EpñkTI 2.
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31
EpñkTI
2
–
kareFVIEpnkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal
esckþIepþIm
enAkñúgEpñkenH
GñknwgRtUveRbIcMeNHdwgEdlGñk)anTTYlBIkarsikSaEpñkTI
edIm,IeFVIEpnkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal. sMrab;kic©karenH GñkRtUvBicarNaelI³
karviPaKtMrUvkarEpñk bNþúHbNþalsMrab;RkumtUc² enAkñúgGgÁPaBkargar
sresrBIlT§plsikSa)anmkBIvKÁbNþúHbNþal nig rgVas;vaytémøkMritcMeNHdwg
meFüa)aypþl;karbNþúHbNþþal
karerobcMÉksarbNþúHbNþalsMrab;RkumtUc²
1
kMNt;tMrvU karEpñkbNþúHbNþal
vKÁbNþúHbNþalEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnaj RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,Ip þl;CMnaj nig cMeNHdwgcaM)ac; sMrab;
bMeBjkic©kargareGay)anl¥RbesIr .
eyIgGackMNt;tMrUvkarbNþúHbNþaltamviFCI aeRcIn. viFmI YykñúgcMeNamenaH KWkarviPaKBItMrUvkarbNþúH
bNþal.
eyIgviPaKtMrUvkarbNþúHbNþal dUcxageRkam³
kMNt;BITMhMkargar EdleyIgtMrUveGayRkummYybMeBj
kMNt;kMritCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgcaM)ac;sMrab;bMeBjkargarenH
vas;sÞg; smtßPaBRkumeKaledA edIm,IkMNt;faetIBYkeKmanCMnajEdlcaM)ac;ehIyrWenA
eFVIya:gNaeGaykmµviFIbNþúHbNþaleqøIytbeTAnwgkMritCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgEdlRtUvkaredIm,I
bMeBjParkic© nig eTAnwgkMritCMnaj nig cMeNHdwgEdlBYkeKmanRsab;
eyIgKYrEtkMNt;TMhkM argar nig kMritCM naj nig cMeNHdwg edayEp¥kelIKuNPaBénvKÁbNþúHbNþal
EdlmanRsab; rW eTAtamsþg;darsmtß PaBCMnajRbsinebIman. bnÞab;mk eyIgGacsikSaelIRkumeKaledA nig
BinitüemIla etIsþg;darmYyNaEdlGacykmkGnuvtþn_pÞal;)an.
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32
etIkarviPaKGMBItMrUvkarkarbNþúHbNþalKWCaGVI?
eKalkarN_KnøwH
karviPaKGMBItMrUvkarbNþúHbNþal (TNA) – eRbIsMrab;rukrkcenøaHRbehag rvagkarbMeBjkargar)an
RKb;RKan; nig min)anRKb;RKan;. RbkarenHpþl;mUldæanmYy sMrab;kMNt;Gtßn½ytMrUvkar nig vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúH
bNþalrbs;GgÁPaB EdlepþImecjBIvaenH.
karXøaMemIl - dMNak;kaspþÜcepIþm TNA dMbUg³ RtYtBinitüemIlelIBt’man edIm,ICakarcgRkg)annYv
rUbPaBTUlMTYlaymYyénlT§plkargarrbs;GgÁPaB.
karGegát - dMNak;kal
bNþal.
TNA
enAkNþalTI³ CakEnøgEdlsYredjedalrkeraKsBaØaéntMrUvkarbNþúH
karviPaK - dMNak;kal TNA enATIcugeRkay³ erobcMtamlMdab; nig cat;fañ k;Tinñn½y sMrab;karGegátrbs;
TNA rYcehIyerobcMr)aykarN_.
vtþúbMngénkarsikSa
bnþab;BIeBlGñkcb;vKÁenH GñkmansmtßPaBGacnwg ³
GFib,ayGMBI TNA nig Bnül;faetIehtuGVI)anCavamansr³sMxan;sMrab;skþ½siT§rbs;GgÁPaB
Bnül;BIdMNak;kalrbs; TNA
GFib,ayGMBIbBaðaxøH EdlekItmanTnÞwmKñanwgeKalKMnitrbs; TNA
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33
lkçN³TUeTA
mnusSmYycMnYnRbEhlGHGagfa karviPaKBItMrUvkarrbs; karbNþúHbNþal (TNA) KWCadMNak;kalman
sar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarbNþúHbNþal. minEmnenaHeT¡ dMNak;kalnimYy² mansr³sMxan;rbs;va
esµIKña¡ eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday TNA CakarEdlcMa)ac;. vasßitenAdMbUgeKenAkñúgdMenIrkarbNþúHbNþal enHmann½y
fa kalNamankarxVHxatenAdMNak;kalenH GaceFVIeGaydMNak;kalbnþrbnÞab;gakecjBIeKaledAEdlcg;)an
edaymankarx¢Hx¢ayFnFanpgEdr. pÞúyeTAvij TNA d¾mansuRkwtPaBmYy Gackat;bnßyenAkarmankgVHxat
enSeBldMNak;kaleRkay².
vtßúbMNgrbs; TNA KWedIm,IRbmUl nig vaytMélBt’man edIm,IEsVgyl;GMBI³
1. etIGVIkMBugEt)aneFVI enAeBl\LÚvenH
2. etIGVIKYrEteFVI ¬eTaHCaenAeBl\LÚvenH b¤ eBlGnaKt¦
eyIg)anrkeXIjKMlatrvagcMnucBIrenH ehIyeyIgGacsMercfaetI karbNþúHbNþalGacbitKMlatenHvij
)anb¤eT. ebIsinCakarbNþúHbNþalGacbit)an enHTinñn½yEdleyIgRbmUl)anbgárCamYldæansMrab; eyIg
sMerccitþGMBI³
matikar nig viFIsa®sþbNþúHbNþal.
mnusSNaxøHRtUvkarkarbNþúHbNþal (target population) .
]bsKÁsareBlevla EdlekItmanenAkñúgdMNak;kalTaMgBIr . ¬]> karbNþúHbNþalRtUvEtcb;
kñúgry³eBlbIEx ehIysikçakamRtUvEtmansmtßPaBbMeBjkargar X eGay)ankñúgeBlBInaTI¦.
etIeyIgGacvas;sÞg;GMBIvtßúbMNg énkarbNþúHbNþal)anedayrebobNa.
viFIeFVI TNA
CaGkusl vaKµannitiviFIsmBaØNamYyeLIy kñúgkareFVI TNA . ral;sßankarnimYy²rbs;va RtUvkareGay
man karlayKñarvag karGegát karedjedalrk karviPaK nig karTajrkehtupl. tamviFICaeRcIn TNA KWdUcCa
kargarrbs;GñkesuIbGegát GBa©wgEdr edaysarEtdMnak;kalbnÞab;KWGaRs½yelIGVIEdleTIbEt)ancb;munvaPøamenH.
enAeBlEdlGñkeFVI TNA GñktamdanRKb;sBaØaNEdlelceLIg nig RtYtBinitüRKb;ral;Bt’man ¬eBlNa
GaceFVI)an¦. BinitüBic©½yelIral;cMelIy EdlCaCMerIsepSg² Edlman munnwgeFVIesckþIsnñidæan. manEteFVIya:g
enHeT eTIbGñkR)akdfa GñkmanPsþútagrbs;Gñk edIm,IKaMRTdl;yuT§sa®sþbNþúHbNþal.
CaerOy² vamansar³RbeyaCn_Nas; kñúgkarGFib,ay TNA CadMeNIrkar bIdMNak;kaldUcxageRkam³
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34
1.
2.
3.
karXøaMemIl (Surveillance)
karesuIbGegát (Investigation)
karviPaK (Analysis)
snñidæanfa Gñk)ansMerccitþ Gnuvtþ TNA mYyenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk.
karXøaMemIl (Surveillance)
enAkñúgdMNak;kalenH GñkKYrEtBinitüeLIgvijeGay)aneTogTat; elITinñn½ysMxan;² rbs;GgÁPaBrbs;
Gñk. emIlelIesckþIsegçbÉksar edm,IeGayGñkemIleXIj GMBI eKalerOgénsßanPaBrbs;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk
edaysV½yRbvtþ. dUcenH GñknwgTTYl)anBt’manTan;ehtukarN_ nig rUbPaBTMlMTUlay elIGVIEdlkMBugekItman
cMeBaHGgÁPaBTaMgmUl ehIyGñkGaccab;epþImemIleTAelIkEnøg EdlkarGnuvtþkargarmanbBaða nig «kaskñúgkar
bNþúHbNþal.
1.
elIsBIenHeTAeTot cUrxMRbwgERbgedIm,IrkSaeGayman karTMnak;TMngsmBaØeRkApøÚvkar CamYyGñkepSg²
enAkñúgTUTaMgGgÁPaB. eFVIkarsÞabsÞg;eGay)aneTogTat; elI \riybT nig GarmµN_ rbs;smaCikrbs;GgÁPaB
eTaHbICakarsÞabsÞgrbs;GñkmanlkçN³CaGBaØafavtßú (subjective) k¾eday.
enATIbMput RtUvdwgBIeKalneya)ay TisedA nig bTdæan fµI² Tak;TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþkargar. RbkarTaMenH
R)ab;eGayGñkdwg GMBI kargarmYycMnYnEdlGñkRtUvcgRkgTinñn½y sMrab;sMNuMÉksarénkarXøaMemIlrbs;Gñk.
GñkGacrk)ansnøwkkic©kar enATMB½rxageRkay Edlmansr³RbeyaCn_ kñúgkarsegçbÉksar. GñkGacEkERb)an
edayesrI b¤ BRgIkkEnøgEdlerobrab;cMNgeCIg edIm,IeGayRsbeTAnwgnitiviFIraykarN_ nig nitivIFIKNenyü
rbs;GgÁPaBGñk.
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35
Tinñn½yXøaMemIl
GVIkMBugekIteLIg eBlenH?
GVIKYRtUvekIteLIg?
ktþaGgÁPaB³
eKalneya)ay nig vtßúbMNgrbs;GgÁPaB
bTdæanGnuvtþkargar
eKaledAfvikar
karerobrab;GMBIkagar
brimaN nig KuNPaB plitkmµ
karerobcM nig viFIsa®sþsikSa
karvaytMélelIlT§plkargar
ktþaxageRkA³
karBüakrN_esd©kic©
karrIkcMerInxagbec©keTs
tMrUvkarénc,ab;
GRta³
buKÁlikQb;
karGvtþmanenAkEnøgkargar
eRKaHfñak;
skmµPaBdak;Bin½y
kareGayeyabl;
tMél³
Blkmµ
vtßúFatuedIm
htßÚbkrN_
kaksMNl;
karEfTaM
Efmem:ag
- -
36
karesuIbGegát
cUrGñkeFVIkaresuIbGegÁtemIl RbsinebIGñksgS½yfaGñk)anrkeXIjnUvkarxVHcenøaHénkarGnuvtþn¾ rWk¾Rbsin
ebIKN³RKb;RKgsMN
M UmBreGaymankarbNþúHbNþalmYy rW KN³RKb;RKgTMngCaKitfa vacaM)ac;RtUvEtmankar
bNþúHbNþal. eKalbMNgénkaresuIbGegÁtrbs;Gñk KWRtUvRbEmlRbmUlnUvTinñn½yCak;lak;niglMGitCagmun
enAelI EpñkEdlCab;Tak;Tg.
2.
\LÚvenHGñkGacemIleXIjBIsar³sMxan;énkarXøaMemIlCa®bcaM. edayminmanTidæPaBCaTUlMTUlayenaH
GñkGaceFVIkarsgát;F¶n;RCulEteTAelItMrUvkarmYyénkarbNþúHbNþal edayeFVIeGayxUcdl;tMrUvkarnana d¾éTeTot²
EdlGñksUm,IEtmindwgfavamanpg. lT§plGacCa kareRbIR)as;EdlminsYvTTYl)anpll¥eTAelIFnFannana
nigkar)at;bg;nUvCMenOTukcitþcMeBaHrUbGñk.
manmeFüa)ayCaeRcInsMrab;RbEmlRbmUlTinñn½y EdlGñkGaceRbIR)as;enAkñúgkaresuIGegÁt TNA mYy.
TaMgenHKWCameFüa)ayEdleKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTA ³
1.
karsegátemIl ³ edaypÞal;xøÜn edayftCaExSvIedGU
2.
karsMPasn¾ ³ CabuKÁl CaRkum
3.
sMnYr
³ Checklist dak;BinúÞ
4.
esovePAkMnt;ehtu ( karkt;RtaBIskmµPaBnana )
5.
KMrUrkargarnana
6.
karvaytMéleTAelIkarGnuvtþn¾kargar
7.
karerobcm nig viFIsaRsþsikSa ³ karsikSaeTAelIkargar
8.
kareFVIetsþEbbcitþsaRsþ
karBinitüemIleTAelIkic©karTaMgenHeGay)anlMGitenaH KWhYsBIkarTMhMénemeronenH k¾b:uEnþeyIgesñIreGay
Gñk begáItnUvCMnajRbmUlTinñn½y EdlCaEpñkmYyénkmµviFIGPivDÆn¾viC¢aCIv³.
karviPaK
karviPaKKWmankarlM)akkñúgkarBiBN’na BIeRBaHEtvaCaCMnajEdlRtUvkarnUvkareRbIR)as;bBaØa. eTaHbICa
ya:gNak¾eday enAkñúgkMritGb,brimaenaH eyIgGacniyayfa vaCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarBinitüeGay)anc,as;las;
eTAelITinñn½yEdlkMBugekItman edIm,Ilb;ecalnUvBt’manEdlmin)ankar karrYmpþúMCaRkum nigkarsegçbeTAelI
Tinñn½yEdlenAsl; karTajnUvkarsnñidæanedaysmrmü nigkarerobcMnUv ( r)aykarN¾sþIBI ) karTMnak;
TMngmYy. CMnajTaMgenHGacRtUv)ansMrYceGayecHc,as;)aneday karGnuvtþn¾pÞal; ehIyGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
edaymankarCYyBIbec©keTsTMenIbnana kñúgviPaKeTAelIsßiti nigkarKNnaTinñn½yeday]bkrN¾eGLicRtUnic.
3.
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37
eKGaceFVIkarviPaKeTAelITInñn½yeTAtamRbFanbTbI ³
1.
2.
3.
karviPaKeTAelIGgÁPaB ³ enHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgr)aykarN¾sþIBIvtßúbMNg nigeKalneya)ay enAkñúgGgÁPaB
eTAtamEpñk nigeTAtamkMrit ehIyRBmTaMgkarvIPaKeTAelIFnFanmnusSEdlGacman nigeTAelIbriyakas
rbs;GgÁPaB. karviPaKEbbenHGacrab;bBa©ÚlnUvkarbkRsay EdlmanlkçNHl¥itl¥n;eTAelIsnÞsSn¾
éns½kþsiT§PaB edIm,IeFVIkarepþateTAelIkarxVHcenøaH énkarGnuvtþn¾enAkñúgTaMgmUlrbs;GgÁPaB.
karviPaKeTAelIkarRbtibtþi ( kargar ) ³ karviPaKenHCadMbUgepþateTAelIsþg;daénkarGnuvtþn¾kargar.
bnÞab;mkvaeFVIkarEbgEckkargareTACakic©kartUc² ehIyesuIGegátemIleTAelImeFüa)ayénkarGnuvtþn¾kic©kar
TaMgenaH ( edaymaneKalbMNgEklMGrRbsiT§PaBkargar ). BIkarviPaKenH eyIgGacepþateTAelICMnaj
cMeNHdwg nig\triyabT EdlbuKÁlikmñak;RtUvkar edIm,IeFVIkargareGaysmRsbeTAtamsþg;da.
karviPaKeTAelIbuKÁlik ³ karviPaKenHepþateTAelIbuKÁlimñak;² EdlRtUv)anesuIbGegÁtemIlenAkñúgkarviPaKBI
dMeNIkarGnuvtþn¾kargarrbs;BYkeK. kMritGnuvtþn¾kargarnaeBlbc©úb,nñRtUv)aneKvas;emIl ehIytMrUvkarnana (
RbsinebIman ) RtUv)aneKBinitüemIledIm,IeFVIeGaykarGnuvtþn¾kargarsmRsbeTAtamsþg;dar.
dUecñHeyIg)ankMnt;BItMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal vtßbú MNgénkarbNþúHbNþal matikarénkarbNþúHbNþal
nigmnusSEdlCaeKaledAénkarbNþúHbNþal EdlktþaTaMgGs;enH)aneFVIeGayeyIg sßitenAelIpøÚvd¾l¥mYyeq<aH
eTArkkarbegáItskmµPaBbNþúHbNþalnana EdlsmRsbeTAtamPaBcaM)ac;.
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38
TMnak;TMngéndMNak;kal TNA
TMnak;TMngéndMNak;kalenAkñúgm:UEdl TNA GacRtUv)anBiBN’naenAkñúgtaragda:yaRkamxageRkamenH
karXøaMemIl KWCaskmµPaBbnþCab;mYy edaycaM)ac;eGaymankMritNamYy énkarviPaKEdleKeFVIdEdl².
RbkarenHRtUv)anbgðajeGayeXIj enAelItaragda:yaRkam BIry³eBlRtg;cMNuc A rhUtdl;cMNuc F .
karXøaMemIl nigkarviPaKenARtg;ry³eBlcMNuc A dl;cMNuc B naMeGayGñkmankarsgS½y
BItMrUvkareGaymankarbNþúHbNþalenARtg;cMNuc B .
GñkbegáInkic©xitxMRbwgERbgviPaKrbs;Gñk enARtg;ry³eBlcMNuc B dl;cMNuc C edIm,I)anTinñn½y
mUldæan EdlGñkRtUvkarCacaM)ac; edIm,Icab;e pþImeFVIkaresuIbGegátmYyenARtg;cMNuc C .
karesuIbGegátmanry³eBlBIcMNuc C dl;cMNuc D edaymankMriténkarviPaKekIneLIgxøaMg enAkñúgGMLúg
eBlenH e dIm,IeFVIkarKNnaTinñn½y Edl)anmkBIkaresuIbGegát.
karviPaKeTAelIkaresuIbGegátmanbnþhYsBIry³eBleFVIkarsnidæanénkaresuIbGegátrbs;va dl;manry³
eBlcab;BIcMNuc D dl;cMNuc E .
cab;BIry³eBlRtg;cMNuc E eTAmuxeTot karesuIbGegÁt nigkarviPaKCabnþ KWCaskmµPaB TNA
EdlecHbnþrmYy.
mU:Edlén karXøaMemIl karesuIbGegÁt nigkarviPaKeTAelI TNA KWmanlkçN³ EdleKerobcMCaRbBn§½ ehIy
vaCMrujeGaymankarRtYtBinitüemIleTAelIGgÁPaBTaMgmUl. vapþl;eGaynUvTinñn½yedIm,IkMNt;BItMrUvkarénkar
bNþúHbNþal vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal mnusSEdlCaeKaledA nigmatikarénkarbNþúHbNþal. RbkarenH
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39
CMrujeGayman»kasnana kñúgkarbegáItskmµPaBbNþúHbNþal EdlCabTBiesaFn¾kñúgkarsikSaRbkb
edayRbsIT§PaB nig CakareRbIR)as;edaymanRbsIT§PaBelIFnFand¾kMrrbs;GgÁPaB.
RtYtBinitüemIlskmµPaBe 2.1 LIgvij -rebobedIm,IeFVI
TNA
cUrGñkbgðajfa RtUv ( T ) rWxus ( F ) rWk¾bMeBjGkSrenAkñúgcenøaHEdlTMenr.
1.
KuNsm,tþimYyrbs; TNA KWRtg;favakat;bnßynUvkMhusqÁgnana EdlGacekItmanenAkñúgdMNak;kal
eRkay² k¾b:uEnþvaekItmkBIkarsMerccitþBIelIkmun._______
KWepþateTAelIfa etIkic©karmYyKYrEtRtUvGnuvtþn¾edayrebobNa k¾dUcCarebobEdlkic©karenHkMBug
RtUv)anGnuvtþ. _______
2. TNA
3.
PaBxusKñarvagkarbMeBjkargareday)anRKb;RKan; nig minRKb;RKan; Gacpþl;nUvcMnucTaMgLay Edl
RKUbNþúbNþalGac Taj)annUv kmµvtßúénkarbNþúHbNþal. ____
4.
dMNak;kalTaMgbI én TNA KW karXøaMemIl _______________________nig karviPaK.
5.
enAkñúgn½ymYy dMNak;karXøaMemIl KWdUcCakargar ______________________.
6.
kic©snüaminpøÚvkarnana minEmnCaRbPBEdlGacpþl;Bt’mansMxan; kñúgdMNak;kal XøaMemIlenaHeT. ___
7.
8.
9.
10.
enAkñúgn½ymYy dMNak;karesuIbGegát KWCadMNak;kalbnþBIdMNalkalXøaMemIl EdlRtUv)aneFVIeLIg
eday ykcitþTukdak; nigmanlkçN³suICMerACag. ______
karGegÁtemIl karsMPasn¾ nigkarsYredayeRbItaragsMnYr KWCa ticnic RbEmlRbmUlTInñn½yd¾l¥ sMrab;
eRbIR)as;enAkñúgdMNak;kalesuIbGegÁt. _____
vKÁcugeRkayenAkñúgdMNak;kalénkarviPaKrbs; TNA d¾eCaKC½ymYyKW__________________.
r)aykarN¾EdlmanRbsiT§PaBmYyrbs; TNA mankarvIPaKsMxan;² cMnYnbI ³ karviPaKelI
________________ karviPaKeTAelIkarRbtIbtþikargar nig karviPaKeTAelIbuKÁlik.
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40
bBaðarbs;
1.
TNA
rgVan;
enAtambNþaGgÁPaBmYycMnYn Gñkbgðat;minRtUv)aneKpþl;rgVan;eGaysMrab;kareFVI TNA enaHeT.
RbsinebIKN³RKb;RKgKitfa Gñkbgðat;mantYnaTIRtwmEtbgðat; (QrenABImuxfñak;beRgóndl;sisS) dUecñHBYkeK
cat;TukskmµPaBnanarbs; TNA faCaskmµPaBKµanRbeyaCn¾. (Cakusll¥ KN³RKb;RKgEdlmanviC¢aCIv³
min)anRbkan;yknUveKalKMnitEbbenH ).
eBlevla
Gñkbgðat;RtUvcMNayeBlevlaeRcInsMrab; TNA ehIynieyaCik k¾RtUvkarcMNayeBlevlaeRcInpgEdr
CaTUeTA CaeBlevlaEdlBYkeK cUlcitþcMNayeFVIerOg xus²Kañ. vaEtgEtmanbBaðacMeBaHmuxeRcInCag Edl TNA
Gac ( rWminGac ) b:HBal;dl;kargarrbs;buKÁliksMrab;ry³eBl 3Ex ( rWk¾3qñaM ) .
2.
3. Selling TNA
BIeRBaHEteKTamTaeGaycMNayeBlevlaenaH Gñkbgðat;CaTUeTARtUvsßitenAkñúgeKalCMhr mYyénkar
bBa©úHbBa©Úldl;GñkcUlrYmfa TNA vamanlkçNHl¥edIm,ITTYl)ankarshkar nigebþCJacitþBIBYkeK. CagenHeTA
eTot BIeRBaHEtkarbNþúHbNþalminGacbgðajnUvlT§plPøam² Gñkbgðat;CaerOy² RtUvEtbgðajnUvGnusasn¾l¥²
Edl)anmkBI TNA mYymuneBlEdlKN³RKb;RKg nigTTYlyknUvyuT§saRsþmYyénkarbNþúHbNþal .
karTan;eBlevla
CaerOy² TNA mYymankarkMriteBlevlaya:gxøaMg. Ca]TahrN¾ sMPar³fµInwgmkdl;enA éf¶cnÞ½
dUecñH´cg;eGayGñkral;KñaTTYlnUvkarbNþúHbNþalmYye lIkareRbIR)as;sMPar³enHenAéf¶suRkenH . GñkRtUvEteFVI
TNA mYyeGay)anl¥bMput EdlGñkGaceFVIeTA)anenAkñúgeBlevlaEdlmanenH.
4.
ehtu nig pl
bBaðaCayUrGEgVgmYyenAkñúg TNA KWmankarBak;Bn§½eTAnwgkarviPaKd¾RtWmRtUvmYy eTAelI ehtu nig pl.
RbsinebIRBWtþikarN¾ A nwgRBwtþikarN¾ B ekIteLIgeTAtamlMdab;lMeday eyIgTMngCaeFVIkarsnñidæanfa RBWtþikarN¾
A CaehtunaMeGay B ekIteLIg dUecñH karbNþúHbNþalTak;TgeTAnwg RBWtþikarN¾ A nwgedaHRsaybBaðaenAkñúg
RBWtþikarN¾ B . k¾b:uEnþcUrGñkRbugRbytñ½¡ etImanGVIekIteLIgRbsinebIRBWtþikarN¾ C bgáreGaymanRBWtþikarN¾ A
ekIteLIgenaH ehIybgáreGaymanRBWtþikarN¾ B ekIteLIgenaH? enAkñúgkrNIenH karbNþúHbNþalTak;TgeTAnwg
RBWtþikarN¾ A nigTTYl)anlT§plkMNt;. kan;EtGaRkk;CagenHeTAeTot RbsinebIRBWtþikarN¾ C CaÉkraCübgár
eGayRBWtþikarN¾ A nig RBWtþikarN¾ B ekIteLIgenaH ( Ca]TahrN¾ karRtYtBinitü min)anl¥itl¥n;
5.
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41
bgáreGaymanGaRtaplitPaBTab nig GaRtakarlaElgBIkargarrbs;buKÁlikx<s; ) dUecñHkarbNþúHbNþalTak;Tg
eTAnigRBWtþikarN¾ A nigminman GVIxusEbøkKñaeT. eKalbMNgd¾cMbgmYyrbs; TNA Kw RtUvbMEbk
mUlehtuedImecjBI lT§plnana ( rWk¾CasBaØØa ) edIm,IeGaykarbNþúHbNþal GacRtUveKtMrg;
TisedAeTArkmUlehtu.
eyabl;
CarYmmk eKpþl;eyabl;eGayCaxøaMgBI kareFVI TNA mYyEdlmanlkçNHc,as;las;ehIynigCabnþ
muneBl nigeRKagerobcMcat;EcgkmµvIFIbNþúHbNþal. karbegáItkmµviFImYyedayminmankareFVI TNA KWdUcCa
kar)aj;RBYjmYyRKab;eTArkTisedAEdlemIlmineXIjedaysarG½RP. RTwsþITsSnHmYyfa “ GVIEdleyIgGac
eFVI)anKWmanEtkarsgÇwmb:ueNÑaH ‘’ EdlbgðajBIviFImYyEbbenH KWminmanlkçNHl¥RKb;RKan;sMrab;Gñk eFVIkar
sMerccitþ xagkareGaymankarbNþúHbNþalenaHeT.
karviPaKeTAelItMrUvkarnanaeGaymankarbNþúHbNþalKWCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;éndMeNIrkarbNþúHbNþal.
kmµvtßúbMNgrbs; TNA KWmanBIr ³ eFVIkarRbEmlRbmUl nigvaytMéleTAelIBt’man edIm,IEsVgyl;cMeBaHGVI
EdlkMBugEteFVInaeBlbc©úb,nñ ehIynigGVIEdlnigKYreFVIenAeBl\LÚvnigenAeBleRkayeTot. eyIgminmannitiviFI
kMNt;sMrab;Gnuvtþn¾ TNA mYyenaHeT k¾b:uEnþral;skmµPaBEdlmanenAkñúgdMNak;kalTaMgbI ( dMNak;kaltamdan
dMNak;kalesuIbGegát nigdMNak;kalviPaK ) ehIynigcugbBa©b;edaymankarsresrr)aykarN¾mYy.
TsSnHrbs; TNA bgáreGaymanbBaðaCaeRcInenAkñúgGgÁkar ehIybuKÁlEdlKaMRT TNA RtUvEtRbQrmuxedaH
RsaycMeBaHbBaðaTaMgenH.
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42
rMlwkskmµPaB 2.2
1.
etIehtuGVI)anCakarviPaKtMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal (TNA) mansar³sMxan;?
2.
etIGVIeTACatYnaTIéndMNak;kalXøaMemIlrbs; TNA?
3.
cUreRKag (outline) matikar)aykarN_mYyrbs; TNA?
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43
krNIsikSa (Case Study)
esg suplCaRKUbeRgónmñak;enAeragBum<RksUgGb;rMyuvCn nigkILa EdlCakEnøge)aHBum<esovePA
nigsMPar³sikSasMrab;eRbIR)as;enAkñúgsalaeronenARbeTskm<úCa. enATIenaHrYmmanmmYyPaKFMCa GñkbegáIt
kmµviFIsikSa EdleFVIkarenAtamsßab½nGb;rMnana nigmYycMnYneTotCaGñkRbtibtiþkar EdlCaGñkeFVIkare)aHBum<
kardak;bBa©ÚlKña nigkarevcx¢ab;enAkñúgExSsgVak;plitkmµenAkñúgeragcRkmYy EdlmanTItaMgenAkñúgTIRkug.
muneBlEdlKat;eLIgdMENl suplKWCaGñkbegáItkmµviFId¾eCaKC½ymñak;. Kat;)anTTUlsarmYyfa Vincent
de Souza EdlCaCMnYykarmñak;EdlTak;TgnwgkarRKb;RKgplitkmµcg;BiPakSaCamYyKat;.
supl ³ Vince! ´)anTTYlsarrbs;ÉgehIy. etI´GacCYyGIÉg)an?
Vince ³ GñkRbtibtþienATIenHGn;Nas;¡ BYkeKGt;cg;eFVIkarTal;EtesaH. plitkmµfycuH ehIyBYkeyIgeFVI
karplitminTan;karkuMm:geT. GñkbegáItkmµviFIsikSa nigsalananakMBugEtERskeTOnBYkeyIg¡
supl ³ sUmesaksþaypgEdllWdUecñH Vince. ÉgniyayfaplitkmµfycuH. etIb:unµaneTA?
Vince ³ GU¡ vaminEmnCaerOgEdleTIbnwgekIteLIgenaHeT. ninñakarrbs;plitkmµmanTMenarFøak;cuHCag 6 Ex
mkehIy. ehIy\LÚgenHplitkmµmankMritTab;CagtYelxqñaMcas;RbEhlCa 20%.
supl ³ ¬mankarPJak;ep¥IlCaxøaMg¦ GU¡ vaBitCaGaRkk;Nas;. eyIgRtUvEteFVIGVImYycMeBaHbBaðaenH. ÉgCaGñk
enACiterOgenHCageK. etIÉgmaneyabl;GIEdr?
Vince ³ GW>>> BYkeKKµancMNab;GarmµN_cMeBaH´eT. vahak;dUcCaKµankarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHGñkNamñak;Tal;Et
esaHehIy.
John ³ ´manKMnitmYy. ´eTIbEt)anGankarsegçbrbs;PaBynþEdlmankarelIkTwkcitþfIm
µ Yy Edlmankar
KaMRTfamanPaBGs©arü. ´nwgCYlvamk ehIyeyIgnwgBüayambgðajvaeGaybuKÁileyIg)aneXIj.
y:amicEdr?
Vince ³ ¬mankarFUrcitþ¦ ÉgCaGñkCMnaj. ´TukerOgenHeGayÉgcat;EcgeTAecaH.
John ³ l¥Nas;. rIkrayEdl)anCYy. CYbKñaeBleRkay Vince.
cUrpþl;Gnusasn_cMeBaHbBaðaenH. sUmsMedACaBiesseTAelIdMNak;rbs; TNA.
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44
skmµPaB 2.3
Gñkk¾GacsikSapgEdr enAkñúgkarkMNt;tMrUvkarEpñkbNþúHbNþalrbs;RkumeKaledAEdl GñkeFVIkar CamYy
tamry³GgÁPaBkargarrbs;Gñk CaCagtamry³karviPaKtMrUvkarsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal. cUrbMeBjtaragxag
eRkamenH³
viFIsa®sþeRbIenAkñúgGgÁPaBkargarrbs;Gñk edIm,IkMNt;tMrUvkarsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal
karvaytémøKuNPaBkargar
kardak;eGayeRbIsmÖar³fµI
kardak;bBa©ÚlbuKÁlikfµI
kardak;eGayeRbIplitplfµI EbbbTfµI rW ÉksarfµI
plitPaBexSay
kareFVIsavnkmµKuNPaBéndMeNIrkar
karRtYtBinitüsþg;darsmtßkic©
kartva:rbs;GtifCi n
karBiPakSaCamYybuKÁlik nig RbFanEpñkrbs;BYkeK
r)aykarN_rbs;Gñkvaytémø
karsegátKuNPaBkargarrbs;kmµkr
man rW Gt;
BiPakSalMhat;enHCamYymit þrYmkargarCamYyGñk EdlBak;B½n§kñúgkarkMNt;tMrUvkarbNþúHbNþal.
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45
kareFVIKMeragkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
karsresrvtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçNvaytMél
GñkRbEhlCanwgsYrsMNYrfaetIGVIeTACa vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçN³vaytMél. cMeBaHcMelIyelI
sMNYrenHKWfa BYkvaCavtßúbMNgEdlGñkcg;)an EdlCalT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal nigGVIEdleKRtUvEtbgðaj edIm,I
R)ab;favtßúbMNgTaMgenHRtUveKsMerc)an. {c,as;dUcéf¶¡¡} (clear as mud!!) sUmkMuP½y GñknwgTTYl)ankarGnuvtþ
mYycMnYn.
GñknwgnwkeXIjm:UEdlsþg;dasmtßPaB (competency standard) Edl)anBiPakSaenAkñúgemeronTImYy
Edlman emeron Faturbs;va lkçN³vinicä½yelIkarGnuvtþ (performance criteria) GefrlMdab;lMeday (range
variables) nigkarENnaMPsþútag (evidence guide). vaekItecjBIsþg;da EdleyIgbegáItvtßúbMNg niglkçN³
vaytMélrbs;eyIg.
etIvtßúbMNgénkarsikSaekItecjmkBINa?
vaGaceFVIeTA)an kñúgkarbBa¢ak;BIPaBcM)ac;sMrab;karkMNt;vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalCamun ehIynwgeFVI
karkMNt;vaeGay)anCak;lak;. vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalekItecjpÞal;BIkarviPaKtMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal.
dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgemeronmun karviPaKtMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal (TNA) RtUv)aneKGnuvtþenAkEnøg
eFVIkar nigeFVIkarkMNt;kic©karepSg² EdleKminGaceFVI)anRbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB b¤k¾nwgmankarERbRbYl.
kick© armYycMnYnenaH BitCa)anbegáIteLIgBIsMNMuGkb,kiryaeRcInCalMdab;ttKña (a series of
behaviour). edayeFVIkarBiBN’naBIGkb,kiryaTaMgenaH Gñknwgcab;epþImeTAdl;cMNuccugeRkay énesckþIEføg
GMBIGkb,kriya (Terminal Behaviour Statements). cMNuccugeRkayénesckþIEføgGMBI Gkb,kriya KWCamUldæan
sMrab; vtßúbMNg énkar bNþúHbNþal.
etIBaküfa ‘Terminal’ mann½yfacugbBa©b;EmneT?
BitNas; vamann½ydUecñH. edaybBa¢ak;BI cMNuccugeRkayénGkb,kriya CalT§plcugeRkay ¬b¤k¾
eKaledA¦ rbs;vKÁbNþúHbNþal GñknwgbegáItcMNucesuIbmYyEdlmanlkçN³BitR)akd nigCak;lak;cMeBaHTisedA
(aim). karkMNt;TisedAk¾bgðajEdrfa GñkRtUvEtbnþkarbNþúHbNþal Tal;EtsisSrbs;GñkGacGnuvtþnUv
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46
Gkb,kiriya edayeBjcitþeBjeføIm. dUecñHCMhandMbUg kñúgkarerobcMvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal KWcab;epþImenA
eBlcugeRkay.
¬cMNaM ³ edIm,IeGaymanPaBRtwmRtUv\tex©aH vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalKUrEtehAfa vtßúbMNgénkar
sikSa (learning objectives) edaysarEtBYkvaniyayBIGVI EdlGñksikSa)aneronenAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSa. vak¾
niyayBIGVI EdlkarbNþúHbNþalenH RtUveKbu:gbgsMerceGay)anpgEdr b:uEnþkarGHGagenH KYrEtEp¥kCabzmeTA
elIkarsikSarbs;sisS minEmnkarbeRgónrbs;RKUenaHeT. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday CaTMlab;eKehABYkvafaCa
vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal (training objectives) dUecñHeyIgeKarBeTAtamTMlab;enaH.¦
FatuepSg²rbs;vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal
CaFmµta karBiBN’naBIGkb,kiriyaenAeBlbBa©b;vKÁsikSa KWminc,as;las;eT edIm,IeFVICamUldæansMrab;
karbegáItvKÁbNþúHbNþal. edIm,IeFVIeGayTisedAénkarbNþúHbNþalkan;EtCak;lak; GñkRtUvEtsresrvtßúbMNgén
karbNþúHbNþalmYy. vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalmanFatusMxan;² 3 ³
1. esckþIEføgGMBIcMnuccugeRkayénGkb,kirya
2. esckþIEføgBIsþg;da EdlGñksikSarMBwgfanwgsMerc)an
3. esckþIEføgBIlkçxNÐ EdlGñksikSarMBwgfanwgGnuvtþnUvGkb,kiryaenAcMNuccugeRkay
esckþIEføgsþIGMBIGkb,kiriyacugeRkay
Gkb,kiriyamYypþl;eGayGñk EdlCaRKUbNþúHbNþal nUvmUldæanénkareRtómxøÜneFVIkarsegáteTAelIGIV
EdleFVIkar vaytMélelIkarsikSa. GñkGacemIleXIjsisSrbs;GñkeFVIskmµPaBmYy. dUcCak,Ünc,ab;TUeTA
mYyEdr karvaytMélBIGkb,kiriyaeenAeBlbBa©b;vKÁsikSaEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBmYy nwgeRbIkiriyas½BÞGMeBI (action
verb) ³
]TahrN_
To type a paragraph.
esckþIEføgEdlkMNt;ny½ min)anl¥ (an ill-defined statement) ¬CamYynwg kiriyas½BÞEdlTak;Tgnwg
eKalKMnit¦ dUcCa
To understand how to type
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47
cUrbgðajBIbBaðamYycMnYn. etIGñkeFVIkarsegát nigvinicä½yBakü “understanding” y:agdUcemþc? RbsinebI
GñkeFVIetsþva etIGñkGacGHGagfa sisSmñak;²RtUveKeFVIetsþtamviFIsa®sþ nigrebobdUcKña)any:agdUcemþc?
Cak;EsþgNas; etIBt’manRbePTNa EdlcaM)ac;RtUvpþl;eGaysisSTaMgenaH edIm,IGHGagfa eKGacsMerc)annUv
vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal eBalKW karvaykMBüÚrT½rCaskmµPaBrUbv½nþ ehIyRtUv)aneKEsþgeLIgtamry³
kiriyas½BÞGMeBI (action verb). eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday etIGVInwgekIteLIg enAeBlEdlGñkeRKagemeronRTwsþI
(theory session) ¬EdleFVIkarEckrMElkKMnit b¤k¾karBit¦ nigeBlEdlGñkminGacsegátBIskmµPaBrUbv½nþ? Gñk
RtUvEtbgçMsisSrbs;GñkeGaycUleTAkñúgskmµPaBEdlbgðajfa BYk)ancab;ykKMnitTaMgenaHehIy. ]TahrN_
RbsinebIemeronmYyEp¥keTAelIk,Ünc,ab;suvtßiPaB edIm,IeGayeKeFVIkarsegát enAeBlEdleRbIR)as;m:asIumkin
(grinding machine) GñkRbEhlCasresr esckþIEføgGMBIcMnuccugeRkayénGkb,kirya (Terminal Behaviour
Statement) dUcxageRkam ³
To list and explain the safety rules that apply when using a grinding machine.
skmµPaBenHKW “listing” nig “explaining”. CaTUeTA enAeBlsresrkarEsþgecjBIGkb,kiriyaenAeBl
bBa©b;vKÁsikSa sUmeCosvageRbIkiriyas½BÞGrUbiy RtUveRbIkiriyas½BÞGMeBI (action verb).
Use the action verb
Avoid the abstract
To write
To demonstrate
To define
To solve
To explain
To select
To know
To understand
To be familiar with
To perceive
To be aware of
To think about
esckþIEføgsþIGMBIGkb,kiryaEdlkMNt;n½y)anl¥ ( a well-defined behavioural statement)
pþl;nUveKaledA d¾c,as;las;dl;GñksikSa. BYkeKnwgmanGarmµN_fa BYkeKdwgBITWkEnøgEdlBYkeKeTA
nigBIGVIEdlBYkeKsMerc)an.
sþg;da
Gñk nigsisSrbs;Gñk \LÚvenHGacemIleXIjBI esckþIEføgGMBIcMnuccugeRkayénGkb,kirya )anehIy.
b:uEnþ BYkeKRtUvGnuvtþ Gkb,kiriyaTaMgenH eGay)anl¥y:agdUcemþceTA?
sUmyk]TahrN_rbs; vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalKW “To type a paragraph”.
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48
etIGVIeTACakarGnuvtþRbkbedaykareBjcitþ? etIsisSmñak;RtUvEtvaykfax½NÐmYy edayKµankMhusTal;Et
esaH b¤? etIsisSenaHRtUvkareBlb:unµanedIm,Ivaykfax½NÐenaH? etIkfax½NÐenHEvgb:uNÑa?
edIm,IeCosvagPaBRseBcRsBil rYmTaMgsþg;daénkarGnuvtþenAkñúgvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal sþg;da
TaMgenHCaTUeTARtUv)aneKEbgEckCa 3 RbePT ³
1. brimaN
2. KuNPaB
3. eBlevla
cUrBicarNa]TahrN_enH ³
To type a five-line paragraph without error and in two minutes.
TaMgenHpþl;nUvsþg;dabrimaN (“five lines”) sþg;daKuNPaB (“without error”) nigsþg;daeBlevla (“in
two minute”).
cUrcMNaMfa karbegáItkMriténkarlM)akedaysV½yRbvtþi GacCYykMNt;cMnYneBlevlaEdlRtUvkar edIm,I
sMerc)annUvsþg;daenaH eBalKW vtßúbMNgénkarvaykMuBüÚT½r (The typing objective).
edIm,Ivaykfax½NÐR)aMbnÞat;edayKµankMhuskñúgry³eBl 2 naTI TamTareGaymankarvayRbkbedayPaB
RtwmRtUv\tex©aH. RbsinebIGñkmanbMNgcg;TTYlyksþg;daTabCagenHdUcCa
To type a five-line paragraph with no more than five errors and in five minutes.
GñkKYrEteRKagkarGnuvtþticCagmunsMrab;sisSrbs;Gñk. edIm,Ieq<aHeTAdl;sþg;daén “no more than five
errors and in five minute” RtUvkary³eBl X naTIkñúgkarGnuvtþ. edIm,IsMerc)ansþg;dax<s;CagenHrbs;
“without error and in two minutes” nwgRtUvkary³eBl X+Y naTIsMrab;eBlevlaGnuvtþ.
eyageTAtamk,Ünc,ab;TUeTA karGnuBaØateGaysþg;daenaH EdlRtUv)aneKTTYlykenAkEnøgeFVIkar bgðaj
BIkMriténkarlM)akrbs;sþg;daenHenAkñúgvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
cUrEbbeTAemIl]TahrN_epSgeTot rbs;eyIgsþIBI vtßúbMNgénGtþcrit (behavioural objective) ³
To list and explain the safety rules that apply when using a grinding machine.
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49
enHKWCakarsresreLIgvijEdllaybBa©ÚlKñanUvsþg;daénkarGnuvtþ ³
To list and explain, without error and in five minutes, five of the safety rules that apply when
using a grinding machine.
lkçxNÐ (Conditions)
FatucugeRkayénvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalnwgBiBN’naBIlkçxNÐepSg² EdleKrMBwgfaGñksikSanwgeFVI
karGnuvtþ. edayrab;bBa©ÚlnUvlkçxNÐnanaenAkñúgvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalmYy GñkR)ab;sisSrbs;GñkBIFnFan
RbePTNa EdlBYkeKnwgTTYl)an nigenAkñúgbriyakasEbbNa EdlBYkeKrMBwgfanwgRtUveKeFVIetsþ. vaCYyeGay
GñkeFVIkarkMMNt;n½yrbs;FnFannana EdlGñkRtUvEterobcMmuneBlbeRgón. ]TahrN_enAkñúgvtßúbMNgén
karvayGkSr (typing objective) GñksikSaKYrEtdwgfaetI ]bkrN_vayGkSrCa GgÁúlIelxeFVIedayéd GgÁúlIelx
eGLicRtUnic Word Processor b¤k¾CakMuBüÚT½r Edl]bkrN_nimYy²RtUvkarCMnajxus²Kña.
eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday karray (listing) lkçxNÐTaMgenHRbEhlkøayCakarbeBa©jcMeNHdwgtictYc
(a little pedantic) RbsinebI BYkvaminRtUv)aneKBnül; (self-evident) . karrab;bBa©ÚlnUv {tu nigekAGIEdleK
pþl;eGay} bEnßmcMeNHdwgtictYc cMeBaHRbsiT§iPaBrbs;vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþal. dUecñH karsMerccitþeTAelI
faetI lkçxNÐRbePTNa EdlRtUvdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgvtßúbMNgenH KWBwgesÞIrEtTaMgRsugeTAelIsßankarN_enH.
vaRbEhlCaRbesIr kñúgkarPan;RclMedayeFVIkarkMNt;Cak;lak;bnþic CaCagkarlb;lkçxNÐsMxan;ecal.
xageRkam enHKWCa ]TahrN_énlkçxNÐRbePTenH ³
Given a standard set of …
Without the aid of mathematical tables…
Using an electronic calculator …
vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalkñúgkarGnuvtþ
karkMNt;niymn½yelIvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalmYy sMrab;vKÁsikSaCMnajmYy KWmanTMnak;TMng
gayRsYl. GtþcriteBlbBa©b;vKÁsikSa (terminal behaviour) KWCakarBiBN’nad¾c,as;las;mYysþIBICMnaj
EdleK)aneron. dUecñHenAkñúgvtßúbMNg
cgRkvat;keGaydUcKMrUenHkñúgry³eBl 30 vinaTI
Tie a simple bow knot in 30 seconds
RKUGaceFVIkarsegátBIsisSEdlBüayamcgRkvat;k.
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50
eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday enAkñúgvKÁsikSaRTwsþI eKcaM)ac;RtUvEtRby½tñRbEygCagenH. snñt;fa RKUmñak;
kMBugbeRgónvKÁsikSaRTwsþIeTAelIeKalkarN_énkarsikSa. sisSTTYlykBt’mancUl b:uEnþRKUminGacemIleXIjGIV
EdlekIteLIgcMeBaHBt’manenaHeT. dUecñH enAkñúgvKÁsikSaRTwsþI RKUEtgEteFVIkarkMNt;BIGtþcritmYy Edlbgðajfa
etIsisS)anyl;nUvBt’manTaMgenaH nigfaetIvtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalRtUv)aneKsresrCaRbeyaKsþIBIGtþcrit
enaH b¤k¾Gt;. dUecñH enAkñúg]TahrN_rbs;eyIg vtßúbMNgénkarbNþúHbNþalsMrab;vKÁsikSaRTwsþIeTAelIeKalkarN_
énkarsikSaGacCa
rayeKalkarN_TaMg 10 énkarsikSa
List ten principles of learning.
sresrkarBiBN’naBIeKalkarN_nimYy²énkarsikSaeGay)an 2bnÞat;
Write a two-line description of each principle of learning
pøas;bþÚrsþg;daepSg² eTACavtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçN³vaytMél EdlCaEpñkmYyénemeronbNþúHbNþal
sþg;damYycMnYnRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,IkMNt;nUvsþg;daénkarGnuvtþ EdlbgðajedaymnusSmñak;enAkEnøg
eFVIkarkñúgkarbgðajBIsmtßPaB. eyIgeRbIR)as;BYkvaCamUldæansMrab;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;eyIg. enAkEnøgeFVIkar
eyIgcg;eXIjmnusSmñak;bgðajBIsmtßPaB. enAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal eyIgcg;eGaysisSrbs;eyIgsMerc)annUvvtßú
bMNgmYycMnYn enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþal nigkmµviFIsikSa.
dUcEdl)anBiPakSarUcmkehIy vtßúbMNgénkarsikSasMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk nwgkøayCakar
BiBN’na mYycMnYnd¾c,as;las;sþIBICMnaj nigBt’mannana EdlGñknwgCYyeGaysisSrbs;Gñkeron kñúgkMLúg
vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;BYkeK.
dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgrYcmkehIy enAeBlEdlGñkGanvtßúbMNgénkarsikSa Gñknwgkt;sMKal;eXIjfa
BaküTImYyenAkñúgRbeyaKKWCa BakübBa¢ak;BIGMeBI (action word). BakübBa¢ak;BIGMeBImYycMnYnenH rYmman
enAkñúgTMB½rTI 34 sMrab;Gñk. cUrcgcaMfa GñkRtUvEtecosvageRbIR)as;nUvBaküxageRkam enAkñúgkarsresr
vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa edaysarEtBYkvalM)akkñúgkarvas;Evgedaystüanum½tþ ehIyeKk¾minGaceFVIkarvaytMél
enAkñúgkmµviFIEp¥kelIsmtßPaB (competency-based programme) pgEdr ³
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51
Learn
Know
Be aware of
Understand
Be able to
Believe
BYkRKU²eRbIR)as;vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa edIm,IdwknaMBYkeK enAeBlEdlBYkeKeRCIserIsBt’man nigRbePT
skmµPaB EdlBYkeKcg;dak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;BYkeK.
vKÁbNþúHbNþalRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgecjBIvtßúbMNgénkarsikSamYycMnYn EdleKrMBwgfasisSnwgsMerc)an
cugbBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþal. RbsinebIGñkemIleTAelIlkçN³vinicä½yelIkarGnuvtþ ³
{RbB½n§sMerc)antamtMrUvkarrbs;GgÁPaB }
sMerc)antMrUvkarÉkCn nigkic©karsMgat
RbB½nVsMerc)antameKalbMNgsMrab; karGPivDÆn_rbs;BYkeK
RbB½nVnanaRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgkñúgeBlevlakMNt;mYy.
GñknwgeXIjfa mnusSmñak;RtUveFVIkarbgðajsmtßPaBy:agCak;Esþgfa eKmansmtßPaBRtUvnwgtMrUvkar
rbs;GgÁPaBmYy. RbsinebI eyIgRtUvsresrvtßúbMNgénkarsikSasMrab;vKÁsikSa EdlRKb;dNþb;elIlkçN³
vinicä½yelIkarGnuvtþenH eyIgnwgsresrvadUcxageRkam ³
{BiBN’naBIrebobEdlRbB½n§sMerc)antamkarRtUvkar}
enAcugbBa©ab;énvKÁsikSaenH eyIgnwgmanlT§PaBeFVIkarvas;EvgfaetI sisSrbs;eyIgsMerc)annUv
vtßúbMNgenH edayeFVIkaretsþcMeNHdwgrbs;BYkeKsþIBI ³
tMrUvkarrbs;GgÁPaBsMrab;PaBÉkCn nigkic©karsMxat;rbs;RbB½n§
rebobEdlBUkeKRtUtBinitüedIm,IGHGagfa RbB½n§enHRtUvnwgeKalbMNgénkarbegáIt nig
rebobEdlBYkeKGacsMerc)annUvkarbegáItenH enAkñúgKMerageBlevlaCak;lak;mYy.
cMNucedATaMgbIxagelIenH EdleyIgnwgeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVIkarvas;EvgkarsMerc)an Tl;nwgvtßúbMNg nwg
køayeTACalkçN³énkarvaytMél (assessment criteria). vaRbEhlCaminCak;EsþgeTenAkñúgvKÁsikSa
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52
kñúgkarvas;EvgBIrebobEdlBYkvaRtUvnwgtMrUvkarrbs;GgÁPaB nigdUecñHehIy eyIgRKan;EtGacrMBwgfa BYkeKnwg
manCMnaj nigcMeNHdwg EdlmanlT§PaBRtlb;eTAkEnøgeFVIkarvij ehIynwgGnuvtþkargar.
dUecñH etIeyIgsresrlkçN³vaytMél y:agdUcemþc?
dUcCaviFIEdleyIgsresrvtßúbMNgénkarsikSaEdr elIkElgEtfa eyIgR)akdfalkçN³vaytMélenH min
{x<s; } (superior) CaglT§plénkarsikSa. ]TahrN_ lT§plénkarsikSaEdleyIg)ansresr ³
{ BiBN’nafaetI RbB½n§GacsMerc)antamkarRtUvkarrbs;Pñak;gary:agdUcemþc}
“Describe how agency system requirements are met.”
minKUrmanlkçN³vaytMéldUcxageRkamenHeT ³
{ RtYtBinitüedIm,IGHGagfa RbB½n§enHRtUvnwgeKalbMNgénkarbegáIt.}
“Check to ensure that the system meets the purpose of development.”
edaysarEtBakü “Check” mann½yelIs “Explain” . kñúgn½yepSgeTot RbsinebIlT§plrbs;eyIg
RtUvBiN’naGMBIGVImYyenH eyIgnwgEsVgrkkarBnül;edaykarsresr nigpÞal;mat;sþIBIGVIEdlcaM)ac;RtUvEteFVI.
karRtUtBinitüGVImYyCak;EsþgRtUvEteFVIvaedaypÞal; CaCagBnül;va.
GVI²epSgeTotsþIBIvtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçN³vaytMél
vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa niglkçN³vaytMélRtUvEtmanlT§PaBeGayeKvaytMél. RbsinebIeyIgeRbIR)as;
Bakü “Check” EdleyIgnwgniyay mann½yfaenAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSaenH mnusSmñak;caM)ac;RtUvmansmtßPaB
GnuvtþkarRtYtBinitü (the Check). tamkarCak;Esþg enAcugBa©b;énvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH eyIgRKan;EtrMBwgfa
mnusSmñak;enaH nwgmanlT§PaBdwgBIrebobeFVIkarRtYtBinitü.
dUecñHRbsinebIeyIgsresrvtßúbMNgénkarsikSasMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;eyIg niglkçN³vaytMél Edl
eyIgnwgeRbIR)as; edIm,Ivas;EvgBIkarsMerc)anrbs;vtßúbMNgénkarsikSa eyIgnwgsresrBYkvadUcxageRkam ³
enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSaenHGñknwgmanlT§PaBGac ³
BN’naBIrebobEdlRbB½n§sMerc)antamkarRtUvkarrbs;Pñak;gar}
“Describe how agency system requirements are met.”
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53
edIm,IeFVIdUecñHGñkRtUvEtmanlT§PaB ³
EsþgecjBItMrUvkarPñak;garsMrab;PaBÉkCn nigkic©karsMxat;rbs;RbB½n§
eRKagnUvviFIsa®sþepSg²
edIm,IeGayeKeRbIR)as;kñúgkarRtYtBinitü
edIm,IkarGHGagfa
RbB½n§enHRtUvnwg eKalbMNgénkarbegáIt nig
erobcMkalviPaK edIm,IsMerc)ankarbegáItRbB½n§mYyenAkñúgKMerageBlevlamYyc,as;las;.
cuHcMeBaHvKÁsikSaCMnajvijy:agem:cEdr?
vKÁsikSaCMnajxusKñaEtbnþicbnþÜcbu:eNÑaH. enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSaenH GñknwgmanlT§PaBGacemIleXIj
fa sisSrbs;GñkGacGnuvtþCMnajenH)an. CaFmµta enAcugbBa©b;énvKÁsikSamYy sisSmñak;RbEhlCamin
GacGnuvtþCMnajmYyenaHeTAtamsþg;daEdltMrUv)anenaHeT b:uEnþBYkeKenAEtnwgmanlT§PaBGnuvtþCMnajenaH.
dUecñHeyIgnwgvaytMélelICMnajnana Tl;nwglkçN³vinicä½yelIkarGnuvtþrbs;sþg;damYy enAkñúgkal³eTs³
xus²KñamYycMnYn. eyIgenAEtGacsresrvtßúbMNg EdlsisSrbs;eyIgmanlT§PaBGacsMerc)an enAcugbBa¢b;
énvKÁsikSa ebIeTaHbICay:agNak¾eday KWedIm,IsMerc)annUvsmtßPaB BYkeKcaM)ac;RtUveKvaytMél Tl;nwg
sþg;daenaH.
dUecñHkñúgkarbegáItvKÁsikSaCMnajrbs;eyIg eyIgKYrEtsresrBIvtßúbMNg sMrab;vKÁsikSaBIcMeNHdwgmYy
b:uEnþRtUvR)ab;sisSrbs;Gñkfa BYkeKnwgRtUveKvaytMélnaeBlGnaKt Tl;nwgFatunana niglkçN³vinicä½yelIkar
Gnuvtþrbs;sþg;damYy enAkñúgsßanPaBénkarrs;enABit² b¤k¾enAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal.
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54
taragCMnaj
A
¬sRmbtam¦
Administer ¬pþl;¦
Advise ¬[eyabl;¦
Advocate ¬niyaykarBar¦
sRmb rW EkERb edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwglkçx½NÐEdltMrUv
karpþl; -karRbKl;eGayCapøÜvkar b¤ GnuvtþGVImYy
pþl;eyabl; edayEp¥kelIbTBie saFn_vCi ¢aCIv³Edlman
niyaykñúgnambuKÁlmñak;epSgeTot ¬mincaM)ac;Et cMeBaHEtkarGnuvtþkñúgvs½y]sSahkmµ
enaHeT¦
Amend ¬eFVIviesaFnkmµ¦
EkERb rW EktMrUvGVImYy edaymeFüa)ayEktMrUv rW bEnßm/ EklMG rW pøas;bþÚr
edIm,IeGay)anRbesIrCagmun
Analyze ¬viPaK¦
BinitüeGay)anhµt;ct;edIm,IEsVgrkFatupSMsMxan;²
Answer ¬cMelIy¦
eqøIypÞal;mat;eTAnwgsMNYr rW sMeNIr
Anticipate ¬rMBwgTuk¦
edIm,ITayTuk nig eFVIskmµPaBCamun/ edIm,IrMBwgTukCamun rW dwgeGay)anmun
Apply ¬Gnuvtþ¦
Gnuvtþn_eKalkarN_ENnaM nitiviFI karBnül;nana
Appraise ¬vaytMél¦
kMNt;tMél rW KuNPaB
Arrange ¬erobcM¦
erobcMTukdak;tamlMdab;lMeday/ tamtMrUvkar/ tamkargayykmkeRbI
Assemble ¬RbmUlpþúM¦
pÁúMEpñkepSg²Kña cUlKña
Assess ¬vaytMél¦
)a:n;sµan témø sarsMxan; lkçx½NÐ
Assimilate ¬eFVIRtab;tam¦ RsUbykB½t’man
Adapt
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55
B
Brief
¬segçb¦
erobcM rW Bnül; edaypþl;karsegçbelIktþasMxan;²
C
¬KNna¦
Calibrate ¬EktMrUvtam¦
KNnaedayeRbIrUbmnþKNitviTüa
karsMrYleTAtamkMritén>>> edIm,IepÞógpÞat;PaBRtwmRtUvén ¬]bkrN_ rW ma:suIn¦
Catalogue
dak;tamlMdab;lMeday edaysresrxøI²
Check ¬Binitü¦
BinitüemIlPaBRtwmRtUv KuNPaB rW dMeNIrkar
Clarify ¬bBa¢ak;eGayc,as;¦ bBa¢ak;B½t’maneGay)anc,as;
Classify ¬EbgEckfñak;¦
cat;EcgTukdak;B½t’man
Coach ¬ENnaMGMBIkargar¦
pþl;karENnaMdl;
Code ¬elxkUd¦
pþl;B½t’manxøI² edayeRbIBakü rUbPaB rW sBaØaepSg²
Collate ¬erobtamlMdab;¦
dak;B½t’mancUlKña tamlMdab;lMeday
Communicate ¬TMnak;TMng¦ pøas;bþÚr rW pSBVpSayB½t’man tamry³sunÞrkfa sMbuRt rW meFüa)ayepSg²
Compare ¬eRbobeFob¦
kt;cMNaMPaBRsedogKña nig PaBxusKña
Compile ¬cgRkg¦
RbmUlpþúMB½t’manBIRbPBepSg²Kña
Conceptualize
eFVIkaredayEp¥kelIKMnitGrUbI
¬eyagelIKMnit¦
Conduct ¬RbRBwt¦
Gnuvtþn_ erobcM rW cat;EcgskmµPaBmYy
Consult ¬BieRKaH
eRtomnrNamñak;edIm,IeGayeKGacsYreyabl;
Contribute ¬pþl; sikSa¦
pþl;KMnit eyabl; EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarCECkedjedal rW BiPakSa
Co-operate ¬shkar¦
eFVIkarCamYyGñkd¾éTedIm,IsMerc)anlT§plrYmmYy
Co-ordinate ¬sRmbsMrYl¦ emIlkarxusRtUvelIbuKÁlikmYyRkum ehIyTYlxusRtUvelIlT§plkargar karbNþúH bNþal
karGPivDÆn_ nig suxumalPaBrbs;BYkeK
Counsel ¬eGaydMbUnµan¦
pþl;CMnYy dUcCakarKaMRT rW karENnaM
Create ¬begáIt¦
eFVIeGayGVImYymanGtßiPaB manvtþman elcecjCarUbrag³ sikSakñúgKMnit pþÜcepþIm
Calculate
D
¬CECkEvkEjk¦
Decide ¬sMerccitþ¦
Decipher ¬GannigBnül;¦
Define ¬kMNt;n½y¦
Delegate ¬eFÞrsiT§kargar¦
Demonstrate ¬sEmþg¦
Describe ¬GFib,ay¦
Debate
BiPakSabBaða eKalKMnit rW mtiGVImYy edayCMrujeGaymanKMnitRbqaMg
karkMNt;dMeNaHRsayGVImYy
EsVgrkGtßn½y
BN’nasarCati rW FatupSMsMxan;²
pþl;GMNac tYnaTI Parkic© .l. dl;buKÁld¾éT
bgðajeGayeXIjGVImYy edayBN’na rW bgðajfavamandMeNIrkardUcemþc
pþl;cMeNHdwgGMBIktþaNamYy rW sßanPaBNamYy edIm,IbegáItrUbPaBEdl GacRbém:emIl
eXIj)an
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56
¬KUrbøg;¦
Determine ¬kMnt; sMerc¦
Develop ¬GPivDÄn_¦
Devise ¬KMnitbegáIt¦
Dictate ¬niyaytam¦
Direct ¬bgðajTisedA¦
Distribute ¬pþl;eGay¦
Document ¬Éksar¦
Draft ¬BRgag¦
Dress ¬esøokBak¦
Drive ¬ ebIkbr¦
Design
BN’nalMGitGMBIviFIEdleKalKMnit RbB½n§ .l. fµImYy mandMeNIrkar
segçbxøwmsarbnÞab;BIkarGegát viPaK nig BicarNa
EklMG eFVIeGay\tex©aH BRgIk rW erobrab;bEnßmnUvKMnit rW kargarEdlman
KMnitbegáIt b¤bgárCaGVImYy
niyay rW GanxøaMg²edIm,IeGayeKftsemøg rW kt; eGay)anlMGit
bgÁab;CapøÚvkar dwknaMedaypþl;dMbUnµan
pþl;
raykarN_B½t’manlMGit
sresresckþIRBagTI1 EdlenAGacEkERbeTot)an
esøókBak;
ebIkbryanynþ
E
Edit
¬ EksMrYl¦
Empathize
¬yl;elIGarmµN_ ¦
Enhance ¬BRgwg ¦
Establish ¬ sßabna¦
Estimate ¬ )a:n;sµan¦
Evaluate ¬ vaytMél¦
Examine ¬ BinitüemIl¦
Explain ¬ Bnül;¦
Binitü nig EktMrUvÉksarCalaylkçGkSr
yl;BIGarmµN_Gñkd¾éT
EklMG rW begáInGVImYy begáInKuNPaB tMél rW famBlrbs;GVImYy
begáItGVImYy eGaymanmUldæansßitefr nig Gcié®nþy_
begáItCakarvinicä½y b¤ eyal;Rbhak;RbEhl
kMNt;eGay)annc,as;nUvtMél nig¼ rW PaBsMxan;cMeBaH
emIl Binitü Gegát ya:glMGit
Bnül;Gtßn½y
F
¬ CYysMrYl¦
Feed ¬ ciBa©wm¦
File ¬ erobcMÉksar¦
Forecast ¬ BükrN_¦
Format ¬ EbbbT¦
Formulate ¬ begáItrUbmnþ¦
Foster ¬elIkkMBs;¦
Facilitate
eFVIeGaygay CYydMeNIrkarénGVImYy
eGayGahar pþl;GaharUbtßmÖ
erobcMtamsNæab;Fñab;
TayBIGnaKt
eFVIEpnkar b¤ erobcMB½t’man eGayecjCasÞIlsresrmYyedayELk
bgðaj rW begáItKMnit eKalkarN_ EdlmanRsab;eGayecjCa karkMNt;RbB½n§lMGit
elIkkMBs;kMeNIn rW karGPivDÆn_én/ elIkTwkcitþ
G
¬ begáIt¦
Groom ¬ erobcMEtgxøÜn¦
Generate
begáIt rW naMeGaymanGtßiPaB
eFVIeGaysMelokbMBak;s¥at mansNæab;Fñab;
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57
I
Identify
¬ kMNtGtþsBaØaN¦
¬ Gnuvtþ¦
Improve ¬ eFVI[RbesI¦
Index ¬ matikar¦
Influence ¬ CH\T§iBlelI¦
Inform ¬R)ab;CadMNWg ¦
Innovate ¬éqñ ¦
Inspect ¬ RtYtBinitü¦
Interpret ¬ bkERbBnül;¦
Intervene ¬ GnþraKm¦
Interview ¬ smÖas¦
Investigate ¬ esuImGegát¦
Implement
TTYlsÁal; rW kMNt;GtþsBaØaN. edIm,IsMKal; b¤bBa¢ak;Psþútag EdlGacsninßan b¤
GHGar)an EdlGacKitfadUc b¤ esµIKña
dak;Epnkar rW KMerageGayGnuvtþn_
eFVIeGayRbesIrCagmun/ elIkkMBs;KuNPaB tMél rW famBl
erobcMedaydak;tameQµaH rW RbFanbT
eFVIeGayeCOCak; edIm,IeGaymankarpøas;bþÚrenAkñúglT§pl skmµPaB rW RBwtþkarN_NamYy
pþl;cMeNHdwgGMBIerOgra:v rW sßanPaBNamYy
begáItGVImYyEdlfµI
BinitüGVImYyya:gl¥itl¥n; edIm,IBinitüemIlfaetIsuIKaeTAnwgsþg;darrWeT
yl;dwgB½t’man ehIyeRbIcMeNHdwgEdlmanedIm,IBnül;xøwmsar
cUleTAkñúgCMelaH RBwtþkarN_ skmµPaBNamYy
snÞna rW sYrsMNYreTAkan;buKÁlNamñak;edIm,ITTYl)anB½t’man
RsavRCav rW rukrkGVImYy enAkEnøgNamYy
L
¬Tak;Tgkargar ¦
Locate ¬ rk¦
Liaise
begáIt rW rkSaTMnak;TMngCamYYyGñkd¾éT bak;B½n§nwgkargar
EsVgrkTItaMg sßanPaB rW TIkEnøg
M
¬ rkSa¦
Manage ¬ RKb;RKg¦
Manipulate ¬ EkERb bMéPø¦
Market ¬ rkTIpSa¦
Measure ¬ vas;Evg¦
Mediate ¬ sMrbsMrYl¦
Meet ¬ RbCuM¦
Memorize ¬ TenÞj¦
Modify ¬ Ek¦
Monitor ¬ Binitütamdan¦
Maintain
N
Negotiate
¬ crcar¦
eFVIkargarRbcaMéf¶ edIm,IeGaymandMeNIrkarCaRbcaM
RtYtBinitüemIldMeNIrkarGVImYy dUcCadMeNIrkarrbs;GgÁkar rW RbB½n§mYy
sRbbtam rW pøas;bþÚrtam edIm,IeKalbMNgGVImYy
eFVIeGaymantMrUvkarplitpl rW esvakmµNamYy
vas;EvgTMhM KuNPaB
edIrtYnaTICaGñksMrbsMrYledIm,IeGaymankarÉkPaBKña RBmeRBogKña
RbmUlpþúMKñaedIm,IeKalbMNgGVImYy
TenÞjcaMrt;mat;
EkERbrcnasm<½n§ lkçN³ rW eKalbMNg edIm,Ikat;bnßykMritKuNPaB
segátemIldMeNIrkarénGVImYy
sMerc)annUvkarsMerccitþ dMeNaHRsayrYmmYy tamry³karCECkBiPakSa
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58
O
Operate
¬ dMeNIrkar¦
Optimize
eFVIkaredayeRbIeRKOgmasuIn rW eRKOgcRk
eRbIGVImYyeGaymanRbeyaCn_bMput
¬ TajykpleGay)aneRcIn¦
Organize ¬ erobcM¦
erobcMrbcnasm<½n§rdæ)al edIm,IeKalbMNgmYyedayELk
P
¬ sikSa¦
Persuade ¬ bBa©úHbBa©Úl¦
Plan ¬ dak;Epnkar¦
Prepare ¬ erobcM¦
Present ¬ eFVIbT]eTsnam¦
Prioritize ¬ pþl;GTiPaB¦
Process ¬ dMeNIrkar¦
Produce ¬ plit¦
Promote ¬ pSBVpSay¦
Proof ¬ bBa¢ak;¦
Provide ¬ Eckcay¦
Participate
sikSaya:gskmµ
bBa©úHbBa©ÚleGaynrNamñak;eFVIGVImYy tamry³karniyay rW pþl;dMbUnµan
erobcMmeFüa)aylMGitedIm,IsMerckic©karNamYy
eRtomlkçN³eGay)aneRsc eTatamGVIEdl)aneRKagTuk
niyayeTAkan;Gñksþab; CaBiesseBlpþl;dMbUnµan rW R)ab;ehtupl
erobcMkargareTAtamlMdab;lMedayénsarsMxan;
begðIykic©karNamYy eTAtamesckþIENnaM rW eKalkarN_ENnaM
begáIteGayecjCarUbrag
begáInkMeNIn karGPivDÆn_ dMeNIrkar rW GtßiPaB
GanÉksarsresr edIm,IrkemIl nig EkkMhus
pþl;eGay
Q
Question
¬ sYr¦
sYrpÞal;mat;
R
¬ cat;fñak;¦
Reason ¬ bBa¢ak;ehtupl¦
Recall ¬ rMlwkeLIgvij¦
Reference ¬ eyag¦
Repair ¬ CYsCul¦
Report ¬ r)aykarN_¦
Represent ¬ tMNag¦
Request ¬ sMNUmBr¦
Research ¬ RsaveRCov¦
Resolve ¬
edaHRsay
sMerc¦
Review ¬ BinitüeLIgvij¦
Rank
cat;taMgeGaymandMENgNamYy
R)ab;BIehtupl GMNHGMNag Psþútag .l. BiehtukarN_ b¤ karsnnSa
cgcaM rW rMlwkeLIgvij
epJIreTAkan;
eFVIeGaymansßanPaBRbesIreLIgvij CYsCul b:HbU:v sg
pþl;B½t’man
niyay rW edIrtYnaTItMNagnrNamñak;
suM sMNUmBr
EsVgrkkarBit rW eKalkarN_
sMerccitþ b¤ kMNt;enAkñúgcitþ
BinitüemIlerOgra:v kal³eTs³ b¤ RBwtþikaN_ EdlekIteLIgkñúgeBlGtItkal
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59
S
¬ EsVgrk¦
Select ¬ eRCIserIs¦
Search
Schedule
¬ edaHRsay¦
Sort ¬ erobtamlMdab;¦
Summarize ¬ segçb¦
Supervise ¬ emIlkar¦
Solve
EsVgrkGVImYy
eRCIserIs
erobcMEpnkarsMrab;KMeragmYy edaykMNt;TMhMkargar nig ry³eBlEdl RtUvsMerckargar
edaHRsay Bnül; rkdMeNaHRsay
erobcMeTAtamRbePT
bgðajB½t’manedaysegçb
pþl;TwsedAsMrab;eFVIkargar
T
¬ EfrkSa¦
Test ¬ etsþ¦
Train ¬ bNþúHbNþal¦
Transcribe ¬ sresrcMlg¦
Tend
emIlkarxusRtUvelI EfTaM
kMNt;vtþman KuNPaB b¤ PaBBiténGVImYy
pþl;esckþIENnaM edaybgðajeGayemIl rW Gnuvtþn_pÞal;
sresr e)aHBumÖ Rsg;tam b¤ kt;Rta kMNt;RtaGVImYy
U
Undertake
Use
¬ eFVI Gnuvtþ¦
¬ eRbI¦
yl;RBmebþCJacit þeFVIGVImYy
eRbIR)as;
V
¬karvaytMél¦
Verify ¬karepÞótpÞat;¦
Value
KitGMBItMél PaB]tm RbeyaCn_ sar³sMxan;
BinitüepógpÞat; bBa¢ak;GMBIkarBit PaBRtUv
W
Write
¬karsresr¦
beBa©jKMnit b¤ TMnak;TMngedayeRbIGkSr Bakü .l.
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60
skmµPaB 2.2
cUrGñksresrBIlT§plsikSaredayrab;bBa©ÚlnUvlk½çNÐGnuvtþ¾CabnþbnÞab;xageRkam nig FatuepSg²
CaeRcIn ( range variables ) énemeronsþIBIsmtßPaBCMnaj “ erobcMnYvskmµPaBnanaedIm,I sMerc)antam kmµvtßú
bMNgrbs;kargar ‘’.
Fatu (Elements) lk½çNÐGnuvtþ (Performance Criteria)
begáItKMeragpÞal;xøÜn kargarRtUv)aneKerobcMeTAtamGTiPaBkargarEdleKEbgEck³
b¤KMeragRkumkargar
kargarRtUv)aneKpþl;GTiPaBeTAtamkmµvtßúbMNgrbs;
GgÁPaB nigRkumkargar.
kmµvtßúbMNgry³eBlxøIRtUv)aneKreRKagerobcMedIm,IKitdl;
eKalbMNgry³eBlEvg.
buKÁlEdlCab;Tak;TgRtUv)aneKBiPakSaCamYyelIKMeragkargar
karsikSaKMnitRtUv)aneKeFVIeT,IgcMeBaHEpnkarRkumkargar.
EpnkaryfaPaBRtUv)aneKbegáIteT,IgpgEdr.
FatuepSg² ( range variables )
Rkumkargar GacCa³
kalviPaKkmµviFIkargar b¤ kmµviFIrgtUc²
RkumkargartUc²
EpnkarCapø¶Úvkar b¤k_minpøÚvkard_ éTeTot
RkumkargareTAtamEpñk
RkumkargareTAtamGKnayKdæan eKalneya)ay nignitIviFI Gacrab;bBa©Úl ³
nitikmµEdlCab;Bak;B½n§
EpnkarRkumkargar Gacrab;bBa©Úl³ sþg;darEdlCab;Bak;B½n§
karsMerccitþminpøÚvkar
RkmRbtibtþi
karEbgEckkargar
eKalkarN_ENnaMrbs;GgÁPaB
EpnkarlMdab;sarvCIkmµ
FnFanmnusS nigeKalkarN_ ENnaMrbs;
EpnkartamEpñk
]sSahkmµ
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61
lT§iplkarsikSa (Learning Outcomes)
lkç½NÐkarvaytMél (Assessemnt Criteria)
cUlGñkemIl nigeFVIkareRbobeFob cMelIyrbs;GñkenARtg;Epñk Suggested Answers.
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62
skmµPaB 2.3
edayeRbIR)as;sþg;daEdlGñk)aneRCIserIsenAkñúgskmµPaB 1.5 cUrGñksresrBIlT§plsikSar niglkç½NÐ
vaytMélsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal mYy. GñkminKYrBüayamerobrab;elIlk½çNÐGnuvtþeRcInCagBIrenaHeT. CaCMerIsenaH
cUrGñkcg¥úlbgðajBIFatuepSg² ( range variables ) EdlmanenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal.
lT§iplkarsikSa (Learning Outcomes)
lkç½NÐvaytMél (Assessment Criteria)
cUlGñkviPakSarenAcMelIyrbs;GñkCamYyRKU b¤ RbFanrbs;Gñk.
- -
63
meFüa)ay nig bec©keTsénkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal
kareRCIserIsmeFüa)ayénbNþúHbNþal
enAeBlEdrGñk)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaNéntMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal nig)ansresrBIlT§plsikSarYcehIy
Gñknwgcab;epþImKitGMBImeFüa)aynanasMrab;bgðat;nUvGVI EdlmanenAkñúgmatikarenaH. meFüa)ayTaMgenH ehAfa
meFüa)ayénkarbNþúHbNþal.
meFüa)ayénkarbNþúHbNþal
pþl;eGaynUvviFImYysMrab;eGayGñksikSareronBImatikarénkarbNþúHbNþalCak;lak;
EdlGñk)an
erobrab;.
eFVIeGayGñksikSarrkSakarcab;GarmµN¾ nigsikSaenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþaledIm,IeGaykar sikSar
mankarrIkcMerIneTAmux.
RbePTénviFIbNþúHbNþal
viFINþúHbNþal CaeRcInEdlGñkGaceRCIserIs)ankñúgnamCaRKbNþúHbNþalmñak;. viFITaMgenHrYmman ³
kareFVIbT]eTsnam - karniyaybgðajemeron sikSarkrNI kareGayÉksarGan.
karbgðaj - kareFVIlMhat;tamemeron kareFVIRtab;tam.
karBnül; - karniyaybgðajemeron kareRbobeFobnUvkarcg¥úlbgðaj karsegçbeGayxøI.
karedaHRsaybBaða - karBiPaKSaCaRkum kareRBogeKalKMnit karBiPakSa karCECkCaRkum.
kareGayKMnit - karBiPaKSa karsikSarkrNI kareFVIlMhat;tamemeron kareFVIRtab;tam.
karsikSartamkareFVIBiesaFn¾- skmµPaBGnuvtþ n¾ karsikSarkrNI kardak;eGayeFVIkar karbgðaj
kareFVIkargarenAnwgkEnøg kareFVIRtab;tam karelgEl,gepSg².
kargarCaRkum - karBiPaKSa
kareRBogeKalKMnit karCECkKñaCaRkum kareFVIRtab;tam
karsikSakrNI.
karbgðat;eBleFVIkargar - karBnül; karcg¥úlbgðaj karRtYtBinitü karbþÚrkargareTAkEnøgepSg
karedaH RsaybBaða karbgðaj karBiPaKSa.
karbþÚrkargareTAkEnøgepSg - karbgðat;enAeBleFVIkargar.
karKYbpSMNamYyénviFIxagelI.
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64
skmµPaBbNþúHbNþal
manRbePTskmµPaBCaeRcInxusKña²mYycMnYn EdlGñkGaceRbIR)as;edIm,IepÞrCMnaj nigcMeNHdwgeTAeGay
RkumGñksikSaEdlCaEpñkénkargarv½KÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. bBa©IrenATMBr½bnÞab;enHGacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; edIm,I
kMNt; nUvyuT§saRsþeronsURtd_smrmü EdlnwgRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,IFanaeGay)annUvkarepÞrnUv CMnaj
nigcMeNHdwg.
karCECk
EvkEjk
karBiPakSaCa
Rkum
karCECkKña
CaRkum
enHKWCakarCECkEdleK
erobcMmYyrvagbuKÁlEdl
manTsSn³pÞúyKña
KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
mancMNucepþatc,as;las;
viFIedaHRsaymanPaBtwgEtg
bgðajnUvTsSn³pÞúyKña
rvagBIPaKI
BRgwgCMnajénkareron
karsikSamankMNt;
smaCiknimYy²GacemIleXIj BwgEp¥keTAelIsmtßPaB
rbs;Gñkniyay
manlkçN³minsßabnaCaCag
{karbegáItnUveKalKMnit{
karedaHdUrKñanUvKMnit nig KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
cMeNHdwg
mankarsikSax<s;
GñkxøHyl;eXIjfaman
manKMniteRcIn
kareFVIeGaymankarP½y
GnuBaØateGaymansMnYr
manKMnitGviC¢aeRcIn
nigcMelIy
mansmaCikxøHbeBa©j
CMrujeGayman : karbegáIt
mtieRcInEtÉg
KMnit :
R)ascasBIvF
i anbT
CaRkumBiPakSatUc²Edl
KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
minmanGñkdwknaM edayman karsikSax<s;
xVHnUvkarBiPakSaeGay
ebskmµmYycMnYnEdl
KµankarP½y
)ansIuCMerA
eKkMNt;eGay nigeBlevla manPaBrIkray
Gac)at;bg;TIsedAén
mankMNt;
Feedback
dl;RKUbNþúH
karBiPakSaRbsin ebImin man
bNþal
karRtYt BinitüeGay)andit
mankarbeBa©jKMnit)an
dl;
elOn
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65
karRBageKal enHKWenAeBlEdlman KuNsm,tþi
KMnit
karbeBa©jKMnitCaeRcIn bMEbkkarraraMgnana
edayminmankarBiPakSa kñúgkarbeBa©jmti
nigkarvaytMél
manKMnitpþÜcepþImeRcIn
maneKalKMniteRcIn
minmankarP½y
manPaBsb,ay
KuNvibtþi
TamTarnUvPaBdwknaM rW
dMeNIrkarN¾
eKalKMnitEdlmanRb
eyaCn¾mantictYc
mannUveKalKMnitrbs;
Gñkbgðat;tictYcenAkñúg
matikar
karsikSarkrNI enHCaeBlEdlsßankar KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
N¾ rWCaRBwtþkarN¾mYy mankarsikSa
GacnaMeGaymancMelIyEdl
RtUv)aneKeFVIkarviPaK
nig Rbtikmµtbt
yl;faRtwmRtUvEtGacmin
mankarsikSar sIuCMerA nig lMGit
smehtupl
karGnuvtþn¾nUvCMnaj nigcM
TamTarnUveBlevlaedIm,IeFVI
eNHdwg
karviPaKeTAelIr)aykarN¾
eKokCiteTArkPaBBit
Cak;Esþg
karedIrtYr
skmµPaBEdleFVIRtab; KuNsm,tþi
KuNvibtþi
tamCIvti Cak;Esþg
GñksegátGacmancMnYnERbRbYl
eRbIR)as;eBlevla
)an
manGacTsSTayTukmun
manRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarpøas;bþÚr
GñkmYycMnYnmanGarmµN¾P½y
\riyabf nigGkb,kiriya
Feedback RtUvEtrkdMeNaH
GacmanPaBsb,ay
RsayeGay)anl¥
pþl;nUvCMenOTukcitþenAkñúgsßanPaB
CIvti Bit
karbgðaj
enHCadMenIrkarN¾énkar KuNsm,tþi
bgðaj : BIrebobkñúg mankaryl;nUvCMnaj
kar eFVIGVImYy :
begáIncMNab;GarmµN¾kñúg
CaFmµtamYyCMhanmþg²
karemIlrebobeFVI
CaviFImYyCMhanmþg²
- -
KuNvibtþi
Gñkbgðat;RtUvCa KMrUrd¾l¥mñk;
mankarlM)akkñúkkarbgðat;
RkumEdlmanKñaeRcIn
RtUvkarnUvdMenIrkarN¾Fmµta
66
karbgðaj
edaymankar
Gnuvtþ
enHCakarBnül;cg¥úlbgðaj
KuNsm,tþi
edaymankarGnuvtþn¾pÞal;BIGñk karGnuvtþn¾GacRtUv)anEk
sikSa
tRmUv)an
mankarsikSax<s;
Gkb,kiriyamankarpøas;bþÚr
karbgðaj
enHCakarbgðajsMPar³
sMPar³Éksar Éksar edIm,ICYydl;kar
sikSar
KuNsm,tþi
Cak;Esþg
KYreGaycab;GarmµN¾
bEnßmelIRTwsþI
dMeNIreTAsikSa enHCadMeNIrTsSn³kic© Edl
enAkEnøgpÞal; )aneRKagmYyeTAkan;tMbn;
EdlTak;Tgdl;bTBiesaFn¾
énkarsikSar
KuNsm,tþi
Cak;Esþg
CakarBiesaFn¾
karsegátemIlelIkargarCak;
Esþg
eFVIkarEsVgyl;CalkçNH
buKÁl
KuNsm,tþi
begáInnUvkarEsVgyl;eTA
elIeKalkarN¾
mankarsikSax<s;
manPaBsb,ay
ktþaCMrujTwkcitþ enHKWEp¥keTAelIkarEsVg
/El,g
yl;tamEbbBiesaFn¾Edl
sisSEsVgrkeGayeXIjnUv
TsSn³ nigeKalkarN¾
KuNvibtþi
TamTarnUveKalkarN¾
ENnaM
GacCabTBiesaFn¾min
l¥rbs;RKUbNþúHbNþal
TamareBlevlaeRcIn
KuNvibtþi
TamTareBlevlaeRcIn
mankarkMNt;cMeBaH
RkumEdlmanKañeRcIn
TamTarnUvkEnøgFM
KuNvibtþi
cMNayeBlevlanig
fvikar
karbgðajnUvEpñk
sMxan;²
PsþúPar
KuNvibtþi
sisSx¢ilGaccat;Tukfa
manlkçNHdUcekµg²
skmµPaB 2.4
cUrGñkeRCIserIsviFIepSg² cMnYnbIkñúgkarpþl;nUvRbFanbT Edl)aneRCIserIsenAkñúg skmµPaB 1.5
ehIy EdlGñksresrlT§plsikSarenARtg;skmµPaB 2.3. cUrGñkBnül;BImUlehtuEdlGñkeRCIserIsyknUv
viFITaMgenaH EdlTak;TgeTAnwgemeronsþIBIsmtßPaBCMnaj.
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67
kareRCIserIsTIkEnøgd_smrmüsMrab;karbNþúHbNþal
\LÚvenHGñk)anbBa©b;EpñkCaeRcInénkarerobcMeTAelIkarpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. Gñk)an³
eRCIserIsykemeronmYyBIsþg;dar bnÞab;BIGñk)anBicarNa eTAelItMrUvkarrbs;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk eday
eFVIkarBiPakSaCamYyGñkd¾éTeTot EdlsikSaenAkñúgdMenIrkarénkarbNþúHbNþal. ¬GñkRbEhlCa
min)anKitBicarNadl;tMrUvkarenaHeTenAeBlenH k¾b:uEnþGñknigeFVIkarKitdl; enAeBlEdlGñkcab;
epþImpþl;karbNþúHbNþalCak;Esþg sMrab;GgÁPaBrbs;Gñk¦.
Gñk)ansresrnUvlT§plénkarsikSar nigbegáItnUvlkç½NÐvaytMél sMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
Gñk)an
eRCIserIsyknUvviFIcMnYnbIkñúgkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal EdlGñknwgeFVIkareRbIR)as;enAkñúg
karpþl;nUvvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
GVIEdlGñkRtUveFVI\LÚvenHKWeRCIserIsykTIkEnøgd¾smrmümYysMrab;pþl;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
TIkEnøgpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal
enAkñúgkarkMNt;ykTIkEnøgsMrab;pþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal CamUldæanGñkmanCMerIs 4 ya:g³
enAeBleFVIkargar.
enAeBleRkAema:geFVIkargar
k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkEnøgkargarCaFmµtarbs; GñkEdlRtUvTTYlnUvkar
bNþúHbNþal.
enAeBleRkAema:geFVIkargarenAkñúgTIkEnøgBiessNamYy.
enAeBleRkAema:geFVIkargarenAkñugbnÞb;sMrab;eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalénGgÁPaBrbs;Gñk.
kareRCIserIsykTIkEnøgpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþalCajwkjab;RtUv)anCMrujedayktþaTaMgenH ³
bBaðaRbFanbTEdlGñknwgpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal.
cMnYnmnusSEdlnwgRtUvTTYlnUvkarbNþúHbNþal.
sMPar³ Éksar nigFnFanEdlGacrk)anenAkñúgkEnøgkargarrbs;Gñk.
viFIbNþúHbNþalEdlGñkeRCIserIs.
CMerIsénkarcMNayfvikarenAcMeBaHmuxGñk.
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68
erOgsMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUvKitBicarNakñúgkareRCIserIsnUvTIkEnøgbNþúHbNþal KWTak;Tg
dl;tMrUvkarEpñkbrisßanBIGñksikSar nigPaBEdlGacrk)annUvmnusS nigsMPar³epSg². cUrGñkcgcaMfa enA
eBlEdrGñkpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal Gñkcg;pþl;eGaynUv»kasd¾l¥bMputdl;GñksikSarrbs;GñkkñúgkareronsURt
eday Gñkmincg;eGaymankarrMxaneRcIntamEdlGaceFVIrTA)an. Gñkkan;EtenACitkEnøgkargarrbs;eK Gñkkan;
EtRbEhlCaRtUv)aneKrMxaneRcIn. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday sMrab;karbNþúHbNþalenAkñúgkEnøgkargar TIkEnøg
bNþúHbNþald¾l¥bMput KIRtUvmanbrisßanRsedogKñamYy Edlman]bkrN_ nigRbBn§½EdlGñksikSarFøab;)ansÁal;.
skmµPaB 2.5
cUrGñkeRCIserIsTIkEnøg EdlsmrmüsMrab;Gñkpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. cUrGñkBnül;BImUlehtu.
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cUrGñkBIPaKSacMeBaHCMerIsrbs;GñkCamYyGñkbgðat;rbs;Gµk nig Qandl;karyl;RBmKñamYyedIm,IbnþeTAmuxeTot
karerobcMFnFanbNþúHbNþal
ÉksarbNþúHbNþal / ]bkrN¾bNþúHbNþalEdlGñk®tUvkarsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñkman dUcxag
e®kam ³
1. Éksarrbs;Gñkbgðat;³
a.
kalviPaKvKÁsikSa
b.
ÉksarsMrab;EckCUndl;sisS
c.
ÉksarnanasþIBIkEnøgkargar eKalneya)ay nitiviFI karENnaM c,ab;sPa ®km®btibtþ
EbbbTepSg²>>>.l.
d.
®bGb;smÖar³rbs;RKYbNþúHbNþal
- -
69
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
sMPar³
kþarexon
Overhead Projector
vIedGU nig TUrTsSn¾
]bkrN¾ftvIedGU
LCD Projector
sMrab;karEFVIbT]eTsname®bI®)as; PowerPoint
f.
Lap Top
g.
h.
Slide Projector
Flip Chart Holders
ÉksarsMrab;eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalepSg²eTot
a.
ÉksarsMrab;bBa©aMgtam Overhead Projector
b.
KMrU
c.
mUEdl
d.
kMNt;sMKal;
e.
daya:®kam ¼ rUbPaB
f.
El,gkMsanþ
g.
ÉksarepSg²eTot
etI]bkrN¾CMnYydl;karbe®gon®bePTNaEdlGñke®bI®)as; enAkñúgkarGnuvtþkñúgnamCaGñkbgðat;mñak; ?
®bEhl Ca Gñke®bI®)as;]bkrN¾mYy rWk¾]bkrN¾TaMgGs;kñúgcMeNam]bkrN¾CMnYy Edlmanxage®kamenH ³
vIedGU
kþaexon
Overhead Projector
LCD Projector
nig kareFVIbT]eTsnamedaye®bI®)as; PowerPoint
ÉksarenHnwgeFVIkarBiPaKSaelIKuNsm,tþi nigKuNvib½tþ énkare®bI®)as;]bkrN¾be®gonTaMgenH ehIy
®BmTaMgpþl;nUvdMbUnµand¾man®beyaCn¾xøH² edIm,IeFVIeGaykareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk kan;Etman®bsIT§PaB nig
c,as;las;.
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70
vIedGU
vIedGUGacCa]bkrN¾be®gond¾manKuN®beyaCn¾mYy. vIedGUCa]bkrN¾Edlman®bsiT§PaBbMput enAeBl
Edl®tUv)aneKe®bI®)as;Ca]bkrN¾sMrab;cab;epþImkarBiPaKSa . vamin®Kb;®Kan;enaHeTkñúgkarbBa©aMgviedGU ehIy
snµt;faGñksikSarbs;Gñk)anTTYlkaryl;dwgtamryHkaremIlvIedGU. vaCatYrnaTIrbs;Gñkkñúgnam CaGñkbgðat;
mñak;kñúgkarCYyeFVIeGayGñksikSaTaMgenaHyl;BIBt’man EdlbBa©aMgenAkñúgvIedGU edayBnül;bgðaje®bI®)as; Bakü
eBCn¾ EdleFVIeGayBYkeKgay®sYlyl;.
KuNsm,tþiénkare®bI®)as;vIedGU
vIedGUGacbgðajnUvBt’manEdlmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj rWk¾lM)akemIl ( ]> TidæPaBsuvtßPaB éne®KOgma:suIn
nig ]bkrN_ ).
vIedGUGacnaMGñksikSaeGayeFVIkarEsVgyl;eTAdl;kEnøgEdl®tUvsikSapÞal;Etmþg.
KuNvib½tþénkare®bI®)as;vIedGU
Gñkminmankar®Kb;®KgeTAelImatikarénvIedGU ¬ ®bsinebICAGñkmineFVIvaedayxøÜnGñkenaHeT¦.
manmnusSCae®cInmincUlcitþrUbPaBenAkñúgvIedGU ehIygayEbkGarmµN¾ ¬ CaBiess®bsinebIGñk
bBa©aMgvIedGU yUreBk¦ .
vIedGUKWCameFüa)ykarTMnak;TMngEtmYyxag
¬
®bsinebIGñkmin)aneGayGñksikSasikSa
kñúgkarbeBa¢jmtiGMBIxøwmsarénExSvIedGUenaHeT¦.
dMbUnµankñúgkare®bI®)as;vIedGU®bkbeday®bsiT§PaB
cak;vIedGUedIm,IBinitüemIlCamun
cUrGñkkuM®Kan;EtBwgEp¥keTAelIcMNgeCIgrbs;ExSvIedGU karsresrsegçbenAelIKMrb rWk¾eTAtamGnusasn_
rbs;Gñkd¾éT. cUrGñk®)akdfa xøwmsarénExSvIedGUBitCamanbgðajBITsSn³ EdlGñkcg;bgðaj®)ab;dl;®kum Gñk
sikSarbs;Gñk. GñkcaM)ac;®tUvFanapgEdrfa ExSvIedGU vamanlkçN³smrmü niyaymü:ageTot vaGacman
Bt’manminl¥ hYssm½y b¤ Bt’manxus.
cUrGñk®)akdfaGñkGace®bI®)as;]bkrNI)an
bBaðad¾Ga®kk;bMputrbs;GñkeFVbI T]eTsnam KWkarGt;dwgBIrebobcak;vIedGU. karcMNayeBlevla\t
®beyaCn¾ kñúgkarBüayam eFVIeGaye®KOgcak;vIedGUdMeNIrkar enaHvaemIleTAhak;dUcCaGñkmin)anerobcMTukCamun
ehIy vaeFVIeGayGñksikSamankarEbkGarmµN¾. tamBiteTA bBaðad¾Ga®kk;enHGñkGacbeBa©ós)anTaMg®sug ®bsin
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ebIGñkmankaryl;dwgBI]bkrN_TaMgenaH munGñkcab;epþImnUvkaeFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk. cUrGñk®)akdfa
Gñkdwgpg EdrnUvrebob p¥ak rWk¾bBa©b;vIedGU ehIy®BmTaMgdwgpgEdrGMBIrebobsasMelg nig rUbPaB.
cUrGñkeFVIkarENnaMGMBIExSvIedGUdl;sik<akamCamunsin
kuMcab;epþImbBa©aMgExSvIedGUedaymin)anpþl;eGayGñksikSanUveKalKMnit elIGVIEdlBYkeKnwgemIleXIjenA
elIkBa©k;vIedGU. GñkKYrEtBiPaKSaGMBIxøwmsarénerOgvIedGUCamYy GñksikçakambnÞab;BIGñk)anbBa©aMgvarYc dUecñH
cUrGñk®)akdfaBYkeK)aneFVIkarkt;cMNaMnUvTsSn³ nigeKalKMnitsMxan;² Edl)anbgðaj. edIm,IeFVIdUecñH Gñk
caM)ac;eFVIkarcg¥úlbgðajnUvEpñkNamYyénExSvIedGU eTAkan;GñksikSaedIm,IeGayBYkeKmankarkt;Rta)an.
cak;ExSvIedGUdl;®tg;cMNucEdlGñkcg;bgðaj
kuMeFVIeGayGñksikSamankarEbkGarmµN¾ edayGñkcak;xaeTAmuxeGayelOn edIm,IIkuMeGayBYkeKeXIj
karRbmanGMBIkmµftcMlg nig Credits nanaEdlminmankarcaM)ac;rbs;ExSvIedGU.
kuMbgðajnUvExSvIedGUEvgeBkdl;sikçakamrbs;Gñk
ry³eBlykcitþTukdak;CamFüménGñksIkSaCamnusSeBjv½yKWsßitenAkñúgcenøaH ry³eBl 10naTI nig
20naTI. ExSvIedGUEdle®bIeBlhYs 15 naTI CakareFVIetsþelITMhéM nkarepþatGarmµ sUm,IEtcMeBaHsikçakam
EdlmanPaBrIraybMput.®bsinebIerOgvIedGUe®bIeBlelIsBIryHeBl 15naTI enaH GñkGacsakl,gbgðaj®twmEt
EpñkNamYy énerOg rWk¾sakl,gp¥ak®twmEpñkNamYyedIm,IeFVIkarBiPaKSaGMBITsSn³mYycMnYn ( ExSvIedGU sMrab;
eFVIkarbNþúHbNþalmYycMnYnEdleKerobcM)anl¥manbBa©Úlry³eBlsMrakcMeBaHkarbBa©aMgpgEdr ).
kþaexon
manGñkeFVIbT]eTsnamCae®cIn
e®bI®)as;kþaexoneFVICaEpñkmYyénkarEFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;BYkeK.
kþaexonGac
®tUv)aneKe®bI®)as;edIm,Ikt;®ta
nigbgðajnUvBt’mannigeKalKMnit
enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarEFVIbT]eTsnamCae®cIn
edIm,IKUsbBa¢ak;elIcMnucsMxan;²
ehIynigedIm,IbgðajKMnYsbM®BYjepSg².
KuNsm,tþiénkare®bI®)as;kþaexon
eKGackt;®taeKalKMnitsMxan;²)an enAeBlEdlKMnitTaMgenH®tUv)anelIkeLIgedayGñksikSa
kþaexonKWCa]bkrN¾EdlmanPaBbt;EbnmYy - GñkGacpøas;bþÚrelIrebobEdlGñke®bI®)as;kþaexon eTA
tam kareqøIytbrbs;GñksikSa.
vamanlkçN³gay®sYlkñúgkarrkSanUvbriyakasminpøÚvkar enAeBleyIge®bI®)as;kþaexon.
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®kumGñksikSa Gacyl;eXIjfaBYkeKsikSaenAkñúgbT]eTsnamedayBuMmankartantwgGarmµN¾.
Kunvib½tþénkare®bI®)as;kþaexon
kþaexonminmanlkçN³smrmü enAeBlEdlmanGñksikSae®cIn.
Gñkmankar)at;bg;nUvkarTMnak;TMng®kEsrEPñkCamYyGñksikSa enAeBlEdrGñkEbrmuxeTA sresrGkSr
elIkþaexon.
Bt’manEdlTTYl)anBIGñksikSaminGacrkSaTuk)anrhUt ( ®bsinebIGñkminmankþaexone®bIGKÁisnI rWk¾min
manGñkNamñak;cMlgTukenaH ).
dMbUnµankñúgkare®bI®)as;kþaexon®bkbeday®bsiT§PaB
sresrGkSrédeGay)anc,as;
sresrGkSreGay)anc,as;enAelIkþaexon KWCaerOgBi)ak. cUrGñksakl,gsresrGkSreGay)andac;²
BIKañ CaCagkarsresrGkSrédEdlmanlkçN³Cab;²Kña. cUrGñk®)akdfaGñksresrGkSrenAkñúgTMhMmYyEdrGac
eGayGñkEdrGgÁúyenAxage®kayemIleXIj)an ehIy®tUvR)akdpgEdr kñúgkarTukcenøaHeGay)an®Kb;®Kan;
BIbnÞat;mYyeTAbnÞat;mYy.
e®bI®)as;kþaexonedIm,Ikt;®tanUvcMnucsegçb²
karkt;®tacMeBaHBaküKnøwH² enAelIkþaexonkMNt;®twmcMnYn 5BakükñúgmYybnÞat;. GñksikSamankarlM)ak
kñúgkarGanGkSrelIkþaexon EdlmansresrGkSreBjrej:réj:.
e®bI®)as;KMnUsbM®BYj rWk¾rUbPaBedIm,IbEnßmcMNab;GarmµN¾
kare®bI®)as;®twmEtGkSrmYymuxTMngCamineFVIeGaymankarcab;GarmµN¾dl;GñksikSaenaHeT.
begáInkarcab;GarmµN¾dl;GñksikSa edaye®bI®)as; KMnYsbM®BYj ®kahVic elx rUbPaB>>>.l.
cUrGñk
e®bI®)as;BN’eGaymanlkçN³pÞúyKñabMputrvagGkSr nigépÞrbs;kþaexon
cUrGñk®)akdfaGñkmanbichVWtBN’mYycMnYnedIm,IsresrGkSrelIkþaexon. bicBN’exµAsresr enAelIkþa
exonBN’sr KIemIleXIjGkSrc,as;bMput ehIyGace®bI®)as;eFVICaBN’sMxan; (BN’exovcas;k¾emIleXIj c,as;
Edr).
ecosvagkare®bI®)as;BN’EdlmanlkçN³pÞúyTab eTAnwgépÞrbs;kaþexondUcCa BN’etñat rWBN’Twk®kUc.
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73
KitBITItaMgrbs;GñkenAeBlEdlGñkeRbIR)as;kþaexon
enAeBlEdrGñksresrGkSrenAelIkþaexoncb; cUrGñkQreTAmçagénkþaexon dUecñHGñksikSaGac emIleXIj
nYvGkSrrbs;Gñk. cUrGñkEbrmuxeTArkGñksikSaenAeBlEdlGñkniyay. kuMniyayedayEbrmuxeTAkan;kþaexon
BIe®BaHvaGaceFVIeGayGñksikSa minGacsþab;lW sMelgrbs;Gñk ehIyGñkk¾)at;bg;nUvkarTMnak;TMngedaye®bI
®kEsrEPñk CamYyGñksikSapgEdr. rMkileCIgrbs;GñkenAeBlEdrGñksresrGkSr elIkþaexon BIeRBaHEtvaGac
CUyeFVIeGaybnÞat;énGkSrRtg;l¥.
kuMsresrnYvBt’mane®cIneBkenAelIkþaexon
vaCaviFIsa®sþd¾Gn;mYycMeBaHkarsresrnUvesckþIkt;sMKal;eRcIneBkenAelIkþaexon. GñksikSaCae®cIn
nwgminkt;Tuk rWk¾minGackt;RtaeGay)anc,as; nUvesckþIkt;sMKal;TaMgenaH)an. ®bsinebIÉksarTaMgenaH
mansar³sMxan;Emn vamanlkçN³®besIrCag kñúgerobcMCaÉksarEckCYndl;BYkeK.
kuMBüayamKUsdaya:®kamEdlmanPaBsµúKsµajelIkþaexon
karKUsdaya:RkamEdlmanlkçN³FmµtaenAelIkþaexon KWmanPaB®besIrbMput k¾b:uEnþvaminEmnCakar
l¥enaHeT kñúgkarBüayamKUsnUvdaya:®kamNaEdlmanPaBsµúKsµaj rWk¾TamTanUvkMritén PaBc,as;las;x<s;
( kñúgkrNIenH vamanPaB®besICag kñúgkarerobcMdaya:®kamNa EdlmanPaBsµúKsµajeTACaÉksarbBa©aMgtam
Overhead Projector eGay)anCamun ). kþaexonRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as; ya:gl¥bMputsMrab; karBiPaKSa Edl
e®bIeBlxøI² . enAeBlEdlGñkKUsdaya:®kam EdlmanPaBsµúKsµajenAelIkþaexonenaH GñkeFVIeGay)at;bg;nYv
karykcitþTukdak;BIGñksikSa.
Overhead Projector
]bkrN¾bNþúHbNþalmYykñúgcMeNam]bkrN¾bNþúHbNþald¾manRbsiT§PaBbMputenaHKW
Overhead
Projector .
Overhead Projector GacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;edIm,I ³
ENnaM rWk¾segçbnUvÉksar. GñkGacbgðajnUvrebobvIr³rbs;Gñkdl;GñksikSa muneBlEdrGñkcab;epþIm nig
segçbnUvcMNcu sMxan;² eLIgvijenAÉeBlcugeRkayénkareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk.
sgát;F¶n;eTAelIBaküKnøwHsMxan;² edaye®bI®)as;GkSrFM² ehIykare®bI®)as;rUbPaB d¾Tak;Tajnana
GacCUyeGayGñkGaceFVIkarsgát;F¶n;eGayxøaMg eTAelIeKalKMnitsMxan;²rbs;Gñk.
bgðajeTAtamlMdab;lMedayénÉksar. ®bkarenHGacTak;Tgdl;dMNak;Cae®cInenAkñúgdMeNIkareFVIGVImYy
]TahrN¾ karykTwkedaHeKaBIksidæaneTAeGayGtifCi n rWk¾vaGacTak;Tgdl;eKalKMnit EdlCab;Bak;
Bn§½Kña CaeRcIn.
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74
manKuNsm,tþiCaeRcIn nigKuNvib½tþtictYckñúgkareRbIR)as; Overhead Projector . ®bsinebIGñkerobcM
ÉksarsMrab;bBa©aMgrbs;Gñk)anl¥ ehIyGñkeFVIkarrMBwgTukCamunnUvbBaðGa®kk;mYycMnYn EdlGacekItmanenaH Gñk
GacykQñHelIKuNvib½tþd¾tictYcTaMgenH ( dUcCakarpÞúHGMBUl nigkar)at;bg;cMNucepþatkarykcitþTukdak; ).
KuNsm,tþiénkareRbIR)as; Overhead Projector
vapþl;eGayGñknUvTMhMGkSrkñúglkçN³mYyd¾c,as;bMputeTaHbICa manGñksikSatic rWeRcInk¾eday.
vaCYyeGayGñkrkSa)ankarTMnak;TMngedayeRbIRkEsrEPñkCamYyGñksikSaenAeBlEdrGñkeRbI®)as;va.
GñkGacRKb;RKgedayRbsiT§PaBelIkarkMnt;eBlevla nigelIkarbgðajnUvÉksarrbs;GñkeTAtamlMdab;
lMeday.
vaCYyeGayGñksßitenAkñúglkçN³ EdlmankarerobcM)anl¥edayGñkGacsresrGkSrédenAkñúgTMhMkMrit
Gb,brima ( nUvBaküKnøwH ) enAelIkBa©k;dak;ÉksarbBa©aMg ( kñúgkrNIEdlGñksikSaemIlmineXIj ).
GñkGaceRbIR)as;CafµInUvÉksarsøay rbs;GñksMrab;kareFVIbT]eTsnamelIkeRkayeTot.
Overhead
Projector
manlkçN³gay®sYlkñúgkarebIkeGaydMeNIrkar. kugtak;ebIkbiT
nigcMNucsaerBnøWsßitenAe®kamkar®Kb;®KgEtmYy.
Éksarsøay KWgay®sYleFVI. GñkGacbegáItÉksarTaMgenaHenAkñúgkuMBüÚTr½edaye®bI®)as;kmµviFI Wordprocessing ehIyplitvaedaydak;elI Laser or bubble-jet printer . CaCMerIsenaH GñkGac
eRbIR)as;ma:suInhVÚtUKUbBI ( Photocopier ) edIm,IeFVIÉksarsøayrbs;Gñk ( cUrGñkBinitüemIl esovePA
ENnaMrbs;ma:suInhVÚtUKUbBICamunsin ehIy®tUv®)akdfaGñkkMBuge®bIÉksarsøay Edlman lkçN³
smrmüsMrab;kic©karrbs;Gñk).
dMbUnµankñúgkareRbIR)as; Overhead Projector
saercMNuccMNaMgBnøWCaeRscmuneBlEdlGñkcab;epþImEFVI
karEFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñknig)at;bg;nUvPaBc,as; RbsinebIGñkcMNayeBl\tRbeyaCn¾ taMgBImundMbUg
kñúgkarsaer cMNuccMNaMgBnøW. cUrGñkR)akdfa Gñk)ansaervarYcmuneBlEdlGñkcab;epþIm. cUrGñkBinitü
emIlemeronrbs;Gñk
enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk
ehIykuMeGayvaecjBIput
BIcMNuccMNaMgBnøW.
biTecal Projector eBlbBa©b;ÉksarsøaynimYy²
kuMTukÉksarsøayeGaycaMgRKb;eBlTaMgGs;. cUrGñkeRbIvaeFVICaeRKOgCMrujmYy. enAeBlEdrGñkbBa©b;
karbeBa©jeKalKMnitrbs;Gñk cUrGñkbiTvaecal.
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eRbIR)as;nUvRkdassrmYysnøwkedIm,I)aMgEpñkNaEdlGñkminTan;cg;bgðaj
RbsinebIGñkmanÉksarsøaymYyEdlmansresrnYvcMNucsMxan;mYycMnYn cUrGñkeRbIR)as;RkdassrmYy
snøwkedIm,I)aMg edaybgðajRtwmEtEpñkNamYy EdlGñkcg;eGayGñkcUlrUmeFVIkarepþakkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelI
eday dak;RkdassrpÞal;elIkBa©k;ehIyenAeRkamÉksarsøayEdlmanGkSrenaH GñkGackarBarRkdasenaH
mineGayFøak;ecj enAeBlEdlGñkrMkiledIm,IbgðajBIcMNucsMxan;rbs;Gñkbnþicmþg².
rkSanUvkarTMnak;TMngedayeRbIRkEsrEPñkCamYyGñksikSa
KuNsm,tþIénkareRbIR)as; Overhead Projector KWfaGñkGacEbrmuxeTAkan;GñksikSa enAeBl
EdlGñkGFib,ay BIÉksarsøayEdlGñkbBa©aMg. kuMRkeLkemIlTaMgRsugeTAkan;cMNaMgGkSr ehIy)at;bg;
nUvkarTMnak;TMngedayeRbIRkEsrEPñkd¾mantMélCamYyGñksikSa.
rkSaBnøWeGaymanrhUt
kuMeFVIeGaybnÞb;ggwkeBkrhUtdl;GñksikSaminGacemIleXIjGñk. KuNsm,tþimYykñúgcMeNam KuNsm,tþi
d¾FMeFgénkareRbIR)as;]bkrN¾enH KWfavaGacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;enAeBléf¶)an.
cUrGñkR)akdfaÉksarsøayrbs;GñkmanlkçN³emIleTAKYreGayTak;Taj
cUrGñkeRbIR)as;TMhMGkSrEdlGacGan)an enAeBlEdlGñkbBa©aMgva ehIy RbsinebImanPaBcaM)ac;
cUGñkeRbIR)as;rUbPaBRkahVIc nigBN’edIm,IbEnßmPaBTak;Tajdl;Éksarsøayrbs;Gñk. dMbUnµanénkarerobcM
Éksarsøayrbs;Gñk manbBa©ÚlenAÉcugbBa©b;énEpñkenH.
kuM)aMgnUvcMNaMgGkSr (Screen) EdleFVIeGayGñksikSaminGacemIleXIj
muneBlénkareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk cUrGñkR)akdfaGñksikSaEdlGgÁúyenACYr
emIleXIj Screen. enAeBlEdlGñkeRbIR)as;va cUrGñkkuMQrenABImuxva.
xageRkayGac
kuMRKan;EtGFib,ayeLIgvijenAGVIEdlmanenAelIcMNaMgBnøW
kareFVIbT]eTsnamtam Overhead Projector d¾GaRkk;bMput KWenAeBlEdlGñkeFVIbT]eTsnam RKan;Et
GFib,aynUvGVIEdlmanenAelI Screen . Cajwkjab;bMput GVIEdlmanenAelI Screen KWRKan;EtCa cMNucsMxan;²
b:ueNÑaH
dUecñHvaCatYrnaTIrbs;GñkeFVIbT]eTsnamkñúgkarelIkykcMNucTaMgenaH
mkBnül;
rWeFVIeGayvamanlkçNHcab;
GarmµN¾.
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dMbUnµankñúgkareFVIÉksarsøaykñúglkçNHmYyd¾l¥
cab;epþImedayeRbIR)as;Éksarc,ab;edIm
vamankarlM)akkan;EtxøaMgeLIgkñúgkarGanGkSrEdlmanlkçN³sabBN’
BRgIkeday Projector .
enAeBlEdlRtUv)an
eRbIR)as; Typefaces EdlgayRsYlGan
Typefaces Ebb Sans serif KWmanlkçNHgayRsYlGanCag enAeBlEdrRtUveKbBa©aMgenAelIcMNaMgBnøW.
xageRkamenHKWCa]TahrN¾EdlbgðajBIPaBxusKñarvagtYGkSrtamEbb Serif nigEbb Sans serif ³
Strokes or
letters tend
to be of
different
width
Ar
Ar
Serif
Sans Serif
Serif-type fonts (e.g. Times New Roman)
suitable for handouts, reports etc.
not so good for display (PowerPoint, OHP)
Sans (without) Serif fonts (e.g. Arial etc)
better for OHP, PowerPoint etc.
not so good for longer, extended texts
m:UtGkSrtamEbb Sans serif mYycMnYnEdlGñksÁal; KWman Arial , Tahoma >>>.l.
ehIym:UtGkSrTaMgenHKWmanlkçN³c,as;l¥ sMrab;kareFVIbT]eTsnam nigÉksarbBa©aMgtam Overhead
Projector .
dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelIpgEdr m:UtGkSrtamEbb serif RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;ya:gl¥bMputsMrab;GtßbTEvg²
dUecñHRbsinebIGñkerobcMCaÉksarsMrab;EckCUnGm bTeFVIbgðajrbs;GñkenaH cUrGñkeRbIm:UtGkSrtamEbb serif
sMrab;ÉksarTaMgenaH. m:UtGkSrtamEbb serif rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgm:UtGkSrEbb Times New Roman, Palatino,
nig Dutch . cUrGñkCanic©kaleRbIm:UtGkSrEdlmanlkçN³FmµtabMput nigc,as;bMputsMrab;kic©karrbs;Gñk.
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77
eRbItYrGkSrFMEtbnþicbnþÜc)anehIy
BaküeBCn¾EdleKsresrPaKeRcInCatYrGkSrtUcKWmanlkçNHgayRsYlGanCag. beyaKEdleKsresr
edayeRbIR)as;tYrGkSrFMTaMgGs;KWmankarlM)akxøaMgNas;kñúgkarGan.
eRbIR)as;TMhMGkSreGay)anFM
cUrGñkkMNt;TMhMGkSrkñúgTMhMRbEhl 24 sMrab;ÉksarbBa©aMgtam Overhead Projector nig
Powerpoint . kuMeRbITMhMGkSrtUcCagTMhM 18 ebImindUecñHeTvamanlkçN³tUceBkrhUtdl;minGacGan)an.
ebItamk,ÜnGnuvtþd¾l¥mYyenaH KWRtUvBinitüemIlfaetI GñkGacGannUvGkSrsøayrbs;GñkkñúgcMgay 3Em:Rt)anEdr
rWeT. RbsinebIGñkGacGan)an Éksarsøayrbs;Gñk nwgGacemIlGan)anenAkñúgkarerobcMbnÞb;bNþúHbNþal
PaKeRcIn.
rkSakarerobcMÉksarsøayrbs;GñkenAkñúgFmµta
cUrGñksegçbnUvBt’manrbs;GñkmkRtwmcMNucsMxan;EtBIr rWbIcMNuc EdlgayRsYlcgcaM. segçbnUv
kfaxNнeGayeTACaRbeyaK segçbnUvRbeyaKeGayeTA CaXøa nigsegçbnUvXøaeGayeTACaeKal cMNucsMxan;².
eRbIR)as;BaküminelIsBIcMnYn 6 BakükñúgmYybnÞat; ehIynigminelIsBI 6 bnÞat;kñúgmYy Éksarsøay.
bgðajEtmYyeKalKMnitenAkñúgmYyÉksarsøay
kuMeFVIeGayGñksikSamankarPan;RclM edaysarEtGñkBüayamsresr nUvGVI² RKb;ya:g EtenAelIRkdas
søayEtmYy. GñksikSarbs;GñkTMngCacgcaM EteKalKMnitmYyEdlbgðajenAelIRkdassøaymYy.
eRbIR)as;BN’ nigrUbPaBRkahVicedIm,IeGayemIleTAmanPaBTak;Taj
tamkarsikSaCaeRcInbgðajfa Bt’manEdl)anbgðajedayeRbIBN’begáInnUvGarmµN¾kñúgkarGandl;eTA
80% . rUbPaBRkahVIc KMnYsbgðajnana nig rUbkMEbøgbEnßmcMNab;GarmµN¾ nIgPaBTak;Tajdl;Éksar søay
rbs;Gñk.
rkSakareRbIm:UtEtmYy
kuMeRbI Typefaces nig Format eRcInEbbeBkenAkñúgÉksarsøaysMrab;kareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk.
cUrGñkrkSakareRbIm:UtEtmYysMrab;RkdassøaynimYy² rbs;Gñk ehIyBIrmU:tkñúgkareFVIbT]eTsnamnimYy².
TMhMGkSrEdlmanlkçNHsmrmüsMrab;karEFVIbT]eTsnamedayeRbI Overhead Projector nig Powerpoint
18 point 24
point 30 point Arial
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78
TMhMGkSrEdlmanlkçN³smrmüsMrab;Éksar nigr)aykarN¾EckCUn
TMhMGkSrelx 11 Ebb Times New Roman nig TMhMGkSrelx 12 Ebb Times New Roman
TMhMGkSrelx 11 Ebb Times New Roman nig TMhMGkSrelx 12 Ebb Times New Roman
segçb
enAkñúgEpñkenH Gñk)anKitGMBIvIFICaeRcInkñúgkarerobcMpþl;karbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. eyIg)anbgðajnUv
viFImYycMnYnEdlGaceRbIR)as; edIm,IeqøIytbeTAtamtMrUvkarénkarbNþúHbNþal enAkñúgkEnøgkargarrbs;eyIg.
eyIg)anbgðajBIrebobkñúgkarsresrlT§plénkarsikSa niglk½çNÐvaytMélnana EdlnigRtUveRbIR)as; edIm,ItMrg;
TisedAénkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. eyIgk¾)anbgðajpgEdr nUvviFICaeRcInkñúgkarpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal
kareRCIserIsTIkEnøgd¾smrmü sMrab;eFVIkarbNþúHbNþal nigRbePTén]bkrN¾ nigÉksarEdlGaceRbIR)as
;edIm,IKaMRTcMeBaHkareFVIbT]eTsnamrbs;Gñk.
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79
skmµPaBvaytMélenAcugbBa©b;énEpñkTI 2
cUrGñkeqøIynUvsMnYretsþxageRkamenHedayeRbIR)as;RkdascMelIyepSgBIKañ. cMelIyrbs;Gñknwg RtUv)an
vaytMéledayRKUbgðat;rbs;GñkenAÉcugbBa©b;énvKÁenH.
karsakl,gvay bNþúHbNþaldl;RkumtUc²
tMél etsþTI 1
elx
sMnYr
1
cUrGñkBnül;BIGVIEdlGñknwgeFVI edIm,IeFVIeGaymatikarénkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñkman
PaBTak;TgeTA nwgmnusSenAkñúgkEnøgkargarrbs;Gñk.
2
etIvamansar³sMxan;ya:gNacMeBaHkar EdleyIgeRbIR)as;nUvmeFüa)ayepSg²kñúg kar
pþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk?
3
BIkarbNþúHbNþalEdlGñk)anTTYl)annUvbTBiesaFn¾kñúgry³eBl 5qñaM knøgeTAenH . cUr
Gñksresr nigpþl;nUv]TahrN¾sþIBIcMNucl¥ eGay)anbIcMNuc nigcMNucGaRkk;eGay
)anbIcMNucpgEdr GMBIkarbNþúHbNþal. GñkGacKitGMBI RKUbgðat; viFIénkarpþl;
karbNþúHbNþal sMPar³Edl)aneRbIR)as; brisßan rWk¾faetIkar bNþúHbNþalenaH )an
eqøIytb eTAtamsþg;dar edayrebobNa.
4
cUrGñkerobcMnUvÉksarmYysMrab;bBa©aMgtam OHP nig Powerpoint EdlGñkman
bMNgcg;eRbIR)as;enAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. RbsinebIGñkmincg;eRbIR)as; OHP
nig Powerpoint eT cUrGñkerobcMnUvÉksarmYysMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþald¾éT²eTot EdlGñk
nwgeFVIenAeBlGnaKt.
5
etItMrUvkard¾Cak;lak;kñúgbNþúHbNþalRtUv)aneKkMNt;edayrebobNa?
6
etInrNaCabuKÁlikd¾saksm EdlGñkKYrEteFVIkarBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyelIkkar begáIt
kmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk ehIyehtuGVI?
7
etIehtuGVI)anCaeKeFVIkareRCIserIsyknUvmeFüa)ayEbbNamYy
kñúgkarpþl;nUvkar
bNþúHbNþal?
8
etIGñknwgKitBicarNarebobNa cMeBaHkarKitKUrGMBIlkçN³sm,tþirbs;GñksikSa eTAkñúgkar
begáItkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk?
9
etIehtuGVI)anCaeKeFVIkareRCIserIsFnFansMrab;bNþúHbNþal?
√
ehtuGVI?
√
y:agem:c?
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80
EpñkTI
3-
erobcMEpnkavKÁbNþúHbNþal / erobcMGñksikSaedIm,IeGayTTYl
)annUvkarbNþúHbNþal
esckþIENnaM
EpñkenHKWCaEpñkcugeRkayénkarerobcMrbs;Gñk kñúgkarpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal. enAkñúgEpñkenH Gñknwg
)anerobcMkalviPaKbNþúHbNþal nigeRtomxøÜnCaeRsckñúgkarpþl;nUvkarbNþúHbNþal. GñknwgRtUvR)ab;pgEdr
eTAdl; GñkEdlnwgcUlrYmenAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. CacugeRkayenH Gñknwg)aneXIjBIsar³ sMxan;én
karTTYl )anbTBiesaFn¾GMBIkarhVwkhat;
eTaHbICakarhVwkhat;GñkenH nwgbegáItCaEpñk TI 4
énkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal .
skmµPaB 3.1
RbsinebIGñkRtUveKtMrUveGaycUlrYm enAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalmYy kñúgnamCasikçakammñak; etIGñknwg
RtUvkarnUvBt’manGVIxøH?
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skmµPaB
3.1
¬bnþ¦
etIGVIEdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUvdwg nigGVIEdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUveFVI enAeBlEdrGñkmanKMeragnwgpþl;nUvvKÁbNþúbNþal
mYy?
etIGVIEdlRKUbgðat;caM)ac;RtUvdwg?
GVIEdlRKUbgðat;caM)ac;RtUveFVI?
2.
sUmemIl Commpare Your Answers Section for Suggested Response
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81
esckþIENnaMedaypÞal;mat; nIgCalaylkç½GkSr
esckþIENnaMbgðajBIrebobrbbénkareFVIGVImYy ehIyk¾)anbgðajBICMhan rWskmµPaBeTAtamlMdab;
lMeday kñúgkareFVIerOgGVImYypgEdr. esckþIENnaMEdlmanRbsiT§PaB FanafaGñksikSanwgGacbMeBjkic©kar
edayeRbIR)as;smtßPaBCMnaj nigmincaM)ac;maneKmkRtYtBinitüemIl.
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarTTYl)annUv
Bt’manEdlbBa©ÜneTA = Bt’manEdlTTYl)an
esckþIENnaMCalaylkç½GkSrCajwkjab;
begáItCamUldæanénsac;erOgrbs;EpnkarvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
esckþIENnaMelIbec©keTs
esckþIENnaMKWCaTMrg;énkarTMnak;TMngd¾c,as;las;mYy. muneBlEdlGñkcab;epþImpþl;nYv esckþIENnaM
edaypÞal;mat; rWCalaylkç½GkSrenaH manEpñkmYycMnYnEdlGñkRtUveFVIkarykcitþTukdak;elI ³
etIeKalbMNgénesckþIENnaM KWCaGVIeTA?
etIGVIxøHEdlGñkcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarEsVgyl;BIGñksikSa?
etIBt’manRtUverobcMtamrebobNa?
etiGVIeTACaeKalbMNg?
enAtambNþaGgÁPaBCaeRcIn Gñkd¾éTeTotCaGñksMercnUvtMrUvkareGay nrNamñak;TTYlnUvesckþIENnaM.
eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday GñkGacRtUv)aneKpþl;tYrnaTIeGayeFVICaGñkbNþúHbNþal CMnajNamYydl;buKÁlikfµI
dUecñHBYkeKGacTTYl)ancMeNHdwg xøH²BIÉkeTs nigCMnajEdlGñkman.
GñkcaM)ac;RtUvyl;eGay)anc,as;las;BIGVIEdlENnaM.
etIGkñ sikSaCanrNa?
esckþIENnaMrbs;GñkmanRbsIT§PaB luHRtaEtvaeqøIytbeTAtameKalbMNgrbs;GñksikSa. RbkarenH
GacemIleXIjenAeBlEdlGñksikSa rbs;GñkeFVItamesckþIENnaMrbs;Gñk)an. GñkGaceFVIkarsnµt;eday sm
ehtupl)an enAeBlEdlGñkniyayeTAkan;mitþrYmkargarrbs;Gñk ehIyBYkeKmancMeNHdwgCamunnUv ³
GtþsBaØaN nig Function nanarbs;smÖr³ b¤ ]bkrN¾PaKeRcInEdlBYkeKeRbIR)as;.
eKalkarN¾CamUldæannanaénTsSn³sMxan;²EdlBYkeKRtUvRbkan;ykenAkñúgkEnøgkargar.
eRKOgpSMnana sMPar³ nig Function rbs;va.
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nitiviFIsuvtßiPaBCamUldæannana Tak;TgeTAnwgkareRbIR)as;ma:suIn ]bkrN¾>>>.l.
GñkcaM)ac;RtUveFVIkarBicarNaeGay)anCamuncMeBaH smtßPaBCMnajrbs;GñksikSa enAeBlEdrGñkpþl;
esckþIENnaM.
xageRkamenHKWCasMnYrmYycMnYn GMBIGñksikSaCaskþanuBl EdlGñkcaM)ac;eFVIkarBicarNa ral;eBlEdl
GñkerobcMesckþIENnaM ³
etIGñkTTYlnUvesckþIENnaMTaMgenH CanrNa?
etIGVIxøHEdrBYkeK)andwgrYcehIy?
etICMnaj rWk¾CaBaküeBCn¾Cak;lak;fI²
µ GVIxøHEdlBYkeKcaM)ac;RtUveronedIm,IbMeBjkic©karrbs;BYkeK?
karBIcarNaepSgeTotGaceTAelI ³
etIBYkeKmanGayub:unµan? ehIyGVIeTACabTBiesaFn¾kargarBImunrbs;BYkeK?
etIBYkeKGacniyay nigyl;)annUvPasarGg;eKøsEdrrWeT?
karerobcMesckþIENnaM
eyIgmñak;² EtgEtmankarPJak;ep¥IlcMeBaHesckþIENnaMNa EdleyIgminGacGnuvtþn¾tam)an rWk¾esckþI
ENnaM Edl)at;nUvBt’manmYycMnYn.
edIm,IeGaymanRbsiT§PaB esckþIENnaMRtUvEtmanlkçN³
c,as; (CLEAR)
R)akd (CONCISE)
suRkwt (ACCURATE
eBjelj (COMPLETE)
etIGVIeTAeFVIeGayesckþIENnaMmanlkçNHc,as; ?
enAeBlEdreFVIkarENnaM GñkKYrEtdwgeGayR)akdfa GñksikSarbs;GñkdwgnUvGVIEdlBYkeKkMBugRtUv)an
GñkENnaMeGayeFVI. GñkKYrEtbgðajBt’mankñúglkçN³mYy EdlsmrmütamlMdab;lMeday niggayRsYlyl;;.
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skmµPaB 3.2
cUrGñkemIlnUv]TahrN¾sþIBIesckþIENnaMxageRkam ehIynwgeqøIysMnYrxageRkampgEdr
1. cUrGñkGanesckþIENnaMxageRkamenH ehIyecaTsYrCasMnYr edIm,IBinitüemIlfaetIvaeqøIytmeTAtamsþg;dar
rWk¾Gt;.
enAeBlEdrGñkcakecjBIkEnøgenH cUrGñkedIreTAkan;pøÚvFM bt;eqVg nigedIrRtg;eTAkan;ePøIgsþúb
TImYy. edIrqøgkat;ePøIgsþúbenH ehIyhYssßanIy¾eRbg cUrGñkbt;sþaM bnÞab;mkbt;eqVgTImYy
cuHeTAkan;Tenø. enAeBlEdlGñkeTAdl;Tenø TUknwgenAcMBImuxGñkEtmþg. vamandMbUl
BN’Rkhm.
)aT
eT
etIesckþIENnaMenHmanlkçN³c,as;las;EdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
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etIvamanlkçN³R)akdEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
___________________________________________
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etIvamanlkçN³suRkwtEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
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etIvamanlkçNHeBjeljEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
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xageRkamenHKWCaesckþIENnaMmYyQuteTot. cUrGñkGanva ehIyBinitüemIlfaetIvaeqøIytmeTAtamsþg;da
EdrrWGt;.
rkSaTuknUvsMNuMÉksar
1. cuc F10
2. vayGkSr M : FILENAM bnÞab;mkcuc Enter.
3. cuc F5 pøas;bþÚr directory eTACaGkSr M: bnÞab;mkcuc Enter
4. rMkilem:As_ edIm,Idak;BN’exµAelI File rbs;Gñk.
5. eRCIserIselx8 BI menu edIm,IKYbBI File rbs;GñkeTAkan;GkSr B: FILENAME
6. eRCIserIselx 7 (other directory) ehIyvayGkSr B
7. enAÉcMnuc The Prompt DIR B:Z *.* cUlGñkcuc Enter edIm,Ibgðaj Directory
8. dak;BN_exµAelIsMnMuTinñ½yrbs;Gñk ehIyeRCIserIselx 1 edIm,Idkvaecj
9. cuc Shift P7 edIm,I RBInecj
10. cucGkSr S edIm,IeRCIserIs EPSON L Q-2500
11. eRCIserIselx 1 sMr ab;RBinykEtmYysnøwkkñúgcMenamÉksarBIrsnøwk
2.
)aT
eT
etIesckþIENnaMenHmanlkçN³c,as;las;EdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
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etIvamanlkçN³R)akdEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
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etIvamanlkçN³suRkwtEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
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etIvamanlkçN³eBjeljEdrrWeT?
ehtuGVI / ehtuGVImin
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85
esckþIENnaMCalayl½kçGkSr
rebobrbbsresrdMNak;kal
viFIsa®sþd¾manRbsiT§iPaBbMputkñúgkarbkRsaybgðajdMNak;kalnana KWRtUveRbIR)as;nUvbBa¢ImYy Rbkar
enH kan;EtgayRsYleFIVtamenAeBlEdl ³
BakübgðajBIskmµPaBdak;enAedImdMNak;kalnimYy²
dMNak;kalnimYy² dak;enAkñúgCYrepSg² BIKña
BakübgðajBIskmµPaB
enAeBlEdlsresresckþIENnaM vaCakarRbesIrbMputkñúgkarsresrBaküTaMgenaHCaTMrg;bBa¢a. Gñksnµt
faRkumGñkeron nwgBitCaeFIVtamnUvGIVdUcEdlBYkeKRtUv)anR)ab;. cMnucenHmann½yfa dMNak;kal nimYy²
kñúgdMeNIrkarKWcab;epþImedaykiriyas½BÞmYy. kiriyas½BÞenaHcaM)ac;RtUveFIVeLIg edaysegçb nigRtwmRtUv.
sMrab;kareFIVesckþIENnaM ¬edIm,I[R)akdBIPaBeBjelj¦
xageRkamenHKWCacMnucTaMgLayEdlRtUveFIVenAeBlsresrnUvesckþIENnaM ³
1. cUrdak;cMNgeCIg[kargarenaH b¤dak;eQµaH[dMeNIrkarenaH[)anc,as;las;enAedImdMbUg.
2. cUreFIVkarBiBN’naedaysegçbBIkargarenaH
b¤pþl;esckþIsegçbBIGIVEdlGñkGan kMBugRtUv)an
ENnaM[eFIV.
3. cUrraytarag]bkrN_ b¤smÖar³ EdltMrUv[man. cUrkMNt;BI]bkrN_nana EdlnwgRtUvbriyaykñúg
esckþIENnaM.
4. cUrEcgBIBaküRbmannana EdlcaM)ac;enAxagedImvKÁ nigbnÞab;mkcUrrMlwkvaTaMgenH eLIgvijenAdMNak;
kal EdlmankarTak;Tg.
5. cUrerobcMnUvesckþIENnaMtamlMdab;lMeday.
6. cUrdak;c,ab; dMNak;kal nigskmµPaBnimYy² EdlnwgRtUvykmkGnuvtþenAtamCYr epSg²BIKña.
7. cUreRbIR)as;RbeyaKcMnYnmYykñúgmYydMNak;kal.
8. cUreRbIR)as;kiriyas½BÞbgÁab;bBa¢aCaBaküTImYykñúgdMNak;kal b¤skmµPaBnimYy².
9. cUrniyayeTAkan;GñkGanedaycM² ¬mann½yfa GñksnµtfaGñkGannwgBitCaeFIV nUvskmµPaBenaH¦.
10. cUrsresrnUvdMNak;kaldEdl² [)an 3 dg ehIyeRbIR)as; { dMNak;kaldEdl ²enaH}
cMeBaHdMNak;kal dEdlepSgeTot.
11. cUrRtYtBinitüGMBIPasa edIm,I[R)akdfamann½yEtmYyb:ueNÑaH.
12. cUreFIVkarsakl,g nigEkERbBaküENnaM edayGanBaküTaMgenaH[eTAnrNamñak; ehIyeFIV[Kat;
eFIVtamdMNak;kal nimYy² edayBitR)akd.
Checklist
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86
xageRkamenHKWCakarENnaMkñúgkar { karlIkaMCeNþIrxøImYy}
CMhanTI 1 ³ cUrelIkcMkNþalxÞg;kaMCeNþIr
CMhanTI 2 ³ elIcugxagmuxeLIg
CMhanTI 3 ³ eFIV[kaMCeNþIrmanlMnwgedayeRbIédmçageTot
CMhanTI 4 ³ kan;;kaMCeNþIr[Cab;eFIVdUcenH cugxageRkamsßitenAb:RbHnwgdI
CMhanTI 5 ³ BinitüemIlfaetIGñkmanb:HGIVenAxagelIb¤Gt;
CMhanTI 6 ³ lIkaMCeNþIreTAkan;kEnøgEdlRtUveRbI
cUrrkSakarBN’naxøI c,as; nig Cak;lak;
karENnaMedayeRbIBaküsMdI
enAkñúgkEnøgeFIVkar CaerOy²Gñknwgman»kaseFIVEpnkar nigpþl;nUvkarENnaMCaBakü sMdI. sUmepþat
karcab;GarmµN_CaBiesselIcMnucxageRkam³
CMnajeFIVEpnkar
sÁal;BITsSnikCn
viPaKelIkargar
CMnajkñúgkarENnaM
eRCIserIsPasa
eFIVkarBnül;
ecaTsYr
CMnajsMrab;karENnaMedayBaküsMdI
karpþl; nigkarTTYlyknUvkarENnaMedayBaküsMdI KWCaTMrg;samBaØbMputénTMnak;TMngenAkñúgkEnøgeFIVkar.
düaRkamsamBaØenHbgðajBIdMeNIrkarénkarENnaMedayBaküsMdI.
PLAN
MODIFY
DELIVER
FEEDBACK
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skmµPaB 3.3
enAkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH GñknwgRtUveFIVkarpþl; bMEbkkargarCaCMhan nigsresrkarENnaM mYy
dUcKñanwg]TahrN_ {karlIkaMCeNþIrxøImYy}.
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cUrBiPakSaesckþIENnaMrbs;GñkCamYynwgGñkRKb;RKg nigGñkENnaMrbs;Gñk. manCMhansMxan;² 4
sMrab;eRbIR)as; enAeBlEdlGñkRtUvpþl;esckþIENnaM ³
eFIVEpnkarsMrab;karENnaM
eFIVkarpþl;esckþIENnaM
EsVgrk Feedback GMLúgeBlENnaM edIm,I[R)akdfaGñkkMBugENnaM RbkbedayRbsiTi§PaB.
EsVgrk Feedback bnÞab;BIkarENnaMrYc edIm,ICYyGñkvaytMél nigeFIV[karENnaMrbs;Gñk)anRbesIr
eLIg.
eFIVkarEkERb b¤pøas;bþÚrEpnkar edIm,IeFIV[karENnaMrbs;GñkRbesIreLIg enAeBleRkay.
karviPaKelIkargar
cUrbMEbkBt’manenHCa ³
kargardMu EdlGacRKb;RKg)an
(Manageable Chucks)
+
dMNak;kalLÚsiuk (Logical Steps)
elIdMeNIrkarkñúgkarpþl;esckþIENnaM ³
eFIV[mnusSTaMgenaHyl;fagayRsYl.
eFIVesckþIsegçbéndMeNIrkarTaMgmUl.
RtYtBiinitüemIlBIcMeNHdwg¼bTBiesaFn_BImun RbsinebI)andwgrYcehIy.
dak;eQµaH[eRKOgbnøas;rbs;]bkrN_ b¤Bnül;BIBakübec©keTs.
GnuvtþkargarTaMgmUl CaFmµtaRtUveFIV[)anelOndUcEdlGñkCMnajeFIV RbkarenHKW kMNt;BITisedA
Edl)aneRKagTuk.
Checklist
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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88
eFIVTMrg;karenHsareLIgvij - eBlenHKWenAelIqak
karBicarNaelIsuvtßiPaB.
7. esñI[GñkTaMgenaHeFIV nigBnül;BICMhannimYy²
8. cUrEknUvkMhusTaMgenaH
9. RbsinebIcaM)ac; RtUvTukeBlxøH[Gnuvtþ
10. eFIV[BYkeKbgðajnUvTMrg;karTaMgmUl ehIyvaytMélBYkeK
6.
nigBnül;CMh‘annimYy
ehIysgát;elI
skmµPaB 3.4
cUreRCIserIskargarxøH EdltMrUv[manCMnajkñúgkarbMeBj ¬mann½yfa bBa©ÚlRKab;kwb nig BinitüemIlfa
vaeRbI)anehIyb¤enA b¤k¾TTYlykÉksarftcMlg¦. cUrsresr BaküENnaMmYy edIm,IbMeBjskmµPaBenH.
skmµPaBenHKWmany:agehacNas;cMnYn 4 CMhan. cUrbgðat;nrNamñak;[eFIVkargarCMnajenH.
CMhanTI 1
CMhanTI 2
CMhanTI 3
CMhanTI 4
CMhanTI 5
CMhanTI 6
CMhanTI 7
CMhanTI 8
erobcMEpnkarkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþal
GñkRtUvemIlBItMrUvkarcMa)ac; EdlRtUvsßabnaeLIg GMBIGñkTaMLayNaEdlGñknwgbNþúHbNþal lkçN³
sm,tþEi dlBYkeKGacnwgbgðaj rebobEdleKeronsURt nigyuT§sa®sþEdlGñk RtUveRbIkñúgkarbNþúHbNþal.
Gñkk¾RtUverobcMBI lT§plsikSa nigrebobEdlGñknwgeFIV karvaytMélsikçakamrbs;Gñk. Gñkk¾RtUvsresr
nUvsMNMuénkarENnaMmYycMnYnsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
ehIynwgsresrnUvsMNMuénkarENnaMmYycMnYnepSgeTot nig bNþúHbNþalnrNamñak;[eFIVnUvBaküENnaMTaMgenaH.
CMhanbnÞab;KWsresrKMeragbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. muneBlGñkRkeLkemIlKMeragEpnkarbNþúHbNþal
enaH cUreFIVkarKitbnþicfaehtuGIVeyIgRtUverobcMKMeragbNþúHbNþal.
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89
skmµPaB 3.5
etIehtuGIVeyIgRtUverobcMbBa¢ITijTMnij muneBleyIgeTAedIrTij\v:an;?
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sUmemIl Commpare Your Answers Section for Suggested Response
etIGIVeTACaEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal?
EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalKWCakarkt;cMNaMrbs;GñkmYycMnYn
EdlGñkkt;RtaBIGIVEdlnwgRtUveFIV
eLIgkñúgem:ag bNþúHbNþal. GñknwgdwgBIehtuplEdleyIgRtUverobcMbBa¢ITijTMnij KWCaehtupl
dUcKñanwgGIVEdleyIgerob cMEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal.
ehtudUcenH EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalKW]bkrN_rbs;eyIg edIm,I[R)akdfakarbNþúHbNþal ³
Ep¥kelIlT§pl
Tak;TgnwgtMrUvkarrbs;Rkum
RtUv)anbegáIteLIgtamviFIsa®sþEdlGñkeronGaceFIVtam nigcaM)anrhUt
rYmbBa©ÚlnUvGIVEdlRtUvdwg
pþl;»kas[eFIk
V arGnuvtþ nigeFIVkarRtYtBinitüdMeNIrkarvivtþn_rbs;GñksikSa
kMNt;BIRbPBEdlGñkcaM)ac;
nigskmµPaBEdlGñknwgeRbIR)as;
nigeBlevlaEdl
RtUveRbIR)as;BYkva.
RtUv)anbBa©b;Tan;eBledayminRbjab;Rbjal; nigePøcnUvBt’mansMxan; b¤kar Gnuvtþn_
etIEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrYmmanGIVxøH?
bNþúHbNþaledayviFINa?
etIvamanlkçN³dUcemþc?
- -
etI´begáItEpnkarsMrab;
90
ral;EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalmannUvTMrg;mUldæandUcKña. enHKWCa ³
rcnasm½<n§beRgon
esckþIepþIm b¤esckþIBN’nasegçbelI
beRgon
tYesckþI
esckþIsnñidæan b¤esckþIsegçbénkarbeRgon
FatunanaénkarbNþúHbNþal
tYesckþIénkarbNþúHbNþalnwgRtUvcMNayeBlevlaEvgCageK kñúgem:agbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk ehIy
eTaHbI CaesckþIepIþm nigesckþIsnñidæanRtUveRbIR)as;eBlevlaxøIebIebobeFobnwgtYesckþI k¾EpñkTaMgenH KWCaKMnit
sMxan;én karbNþúHbNþal nigmantYnaTICak;lak;.
skmµPaB 3.6
cUrRkeLkemIlEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalCaEpñk² enATMB½rxageRkamenH. cUrkMnt;BIFatusamBaØén
RbePTnimYy².
cUreRbobeFobcMelIyrbs;Gñk sMrab;tMrUvkarénEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal
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91
karEsVgrkkargar elx 15
kkáda 28 dl; 01 sIha 2005
RbFanbT
kalbriecäT
ema:g
28/7/97
0900-0930
0930-1030
skmµPaB
FnFan
- etI´CanrNa
kþarexon
RbmUlnUvTMrg;
REGO
- eKhkic© nigkarENnaMdUbUg
cMnucsMxan;²énvKÁ etIvKÁenHnwgniyayBIGIV
TMrg;cuHeQµaH
eFIVkarBiPakSa
- Bt’manEdl)andwgrYcehIy
cUleron
- etIvaTak;TinnwgemeronenHedayrebobNa
RbKl;[Éksar tarageBlevla
- tarageBlevlaénvKÁsikSa
karrMBwgTuk
-etIGIVxøHEdlGñknwgTTYl)anBIvKÁsikSaenH? eFIVkarBiPakSa
RbvtþirUbsegçb
namb½NÑ
Flyer CUneTAdl; nieyaCkTaMgGs;
karelIkTwkcitþ[bnþkarRsavRCav
RbFanbTTI 1 – karelIkTwkcitþ - karraraMg
karBiPakSaCa ÉksarRTWsþI m:asøÚ
cUrsYrsikçakam ³ etIGEIV dlCMrujTwkcitþeyIg?
Rkum
ÉksarBI
etIehtuGIVeyIgRtUveFIVkar?
eKalbMNg
ENnaMbgðajBIRTwsþItMrUvkarrbs;elakm:asøÚ
esckþIepþIm
Maslow’s theory of needs
1045-1130
cUreFIVkarBiPakSafaetItMrUvkarxagkñúgrbs;eyIg RtUv)anbMeBj
eday eRKOgCMrujTwkcitþxageRkA-KWR)ak;kas dUcenHGñkmi nEtg
EteFIVkaredIm,IR)ak;eT. vamaneRcIneTot-b:uEnþetICaGIV?
cUrBiPakSa BIeRKOgraraMgnanacMeBaHkar)ankargar
RbFanbTTI 2 - RbvtþirUbsegçb RESUMES
kargarCaRkum
skmµPaB - cUrbMEbkCa 2-3 Rkum nig[sikSakam eFIVbBa¢I 81
cMnucnanaEdlRtUveFIVkarBica
kargarCabuKÁl
rNaedIm,IeFIVRbvtþirUbsegçb. [BYkeK rYmbBa©Úl
cMENkmYy edaysresr[ )anRtwmRtUveFIV
Ca]TahrN_. smaCik mñak;CaGñkeLIg
bkRsay eFVIbT]eTsnamdl; Rkum.
cUrbegáItcMnucnanarbs;RbvtþirUbsegçb)anl¥RbesIrsMrab;
smaCiknimYy²
cUrerobcMvayGtßbTedaykMuBüÚT½r
- -
Butchers Paper
Texta Pens
ÉksarRbvtþirUbsegçb
92
11301200
12001230
12301300
13001430
RbFanbTTI 3 – namb½NÑ Calling Cards
kargarCabuKÁl
skmµPaB - RbKl;Éksarnamb½NÑftcMlgBImun
nigeFIV[sikçakamKitBIGIVEdlBYkeKcg;
niyaykñúgb½NÑrbs;BYkeK
cMNaM ³
namb½NÑRtUvmannUvtYnaTIkargar vamincaM)ac;man
Gas½ydæan RbsinebIeKmincg;dak;bBa©Úl.
RtUvbBa©b;Rtwméf¶c½nÞ sMrab;Éksaréf¶GgÁar
sMrakGaharéf¶Rtg;
RbFanbTTI 4 – Bt’man Flyer
kargarCabuKÁl
skmµPaB
-RbKl;ÉksarftcMlgbBa¢IBImun
nig[sikçakam KitBIGIVEdlBYkeKcg;niyay
cMNaM³
manEteQµaHTImYyeTEdleRbI nigTak;Tg
bEnßmtam ry³cMlgCUn CC
RbFanbTTI 5 – sÞIleron Learning Style
karBiPakSa
cUrsYrsikçakam ³ - etIBYkeyIgcg;erony:agem:c?
CaTUeTA
RKb;RKgerobcMsMnYrGMBIsÞIleron enAeBlbBa©b; begáItBinÞúsMrab;
kic©BiPakSa
karBiPakSa
Cabfm BinÞúbgðajbgðajBIkareBjcitþb:ueNÑaH nig mintwgEtgeT.
CaTUeTA
karBiBN’na BIsÞIldéTGacykmkGnuvtþ)an CaBiess enAeBl
EdlBinÞúkan;Etx<s;. BinÞúx<s;bMputbgðajBI kareBjcitþ cMeBaH
sÞIlenaH. b:uEnþmnusSGacnwgpøas;bþÚrBIsÞIl mYyeTAsÞIlmYy
b:uEnþCa erOy EtgEtpSaP¢ab;CamYynwgkarsgát;n½y RbsinebIBinÞú
)anTab.
Éksar-namb½NÑ
ÉksarbBa¢IBt’man
Éksar- sÞIl
eronsURt
Butchers Paper
cUrBiPakSabEnßmfa etIRbkarenHGacGnuvtþenAkñúgkEnøgkargar
y:agdUcemþc?
]Ta> RbsinebICa Activist CaecAhaVynay nig Reflector
CabuKÁlik ?
14451530
RbFanbTTI 6 – tMrUvkar RPL
cUreFIVkarBiPakSaGtßn½yénkarTTYlsÁal;kareronmun
- -
tMrUvkar RPL
93
karbNþúHbNþal nigkareronsURt
kareFIVEpnkar nigkarerobcMbTBiesaFn_eronsURt
GPivDÆn_EpnkarsMrab;vKÁsikSa
EpnkarsMrab;GñkbNþúHbNþal
vKÁsikSa ³
RbFanbT³
eKalbMNgénvKÁsikSa ³
lT§plénvKÁsikSa ³
FnFan ³
snøwkTMB½rTI 1 én 2TMB½r
viFIsa®sþmUldæanénkareFVIesckþIENnaM
lT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal
vKÁenHENnaMbgðajsisS[sÁal;BIKMniténlT§pleronepþatelIsisS
RtwmbBa©b;énvKÁsikSa GñknwgGac ³
(1) kMNt; nigBnül;FatunimYy²énFatuTaMg 3 énlT§plsikSa Edlsresr)any:agl¥.
(2) cUrsresrlT§plsamBaØRsbeTAtamkarbNþúHbNþalpÞal;rbs;BYkeK EdlrYm
manFatudUcxageRkamenH
sUmemIlxageRkamenH ³
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94
eBlevla
cMnucsMxan;²
5 naTI
karlM)akrbs;GñksikSa THE LEARNER’S DILEMMA
BYkeKGanedayes¶óms¶at;
GanmYycb; ehIykt;cMNaMnUvcMnucnana
etIGñkEdlmanGarmµrN_dUcenHb¤eT?
FnFan
OHT 1
5
naTI
kargarTI 1
ÉksaremeronTI 1
cUrGandl;cb;- kMueFIVkarBiPakSa
etIvaniyayGMBIGIV?
dak;sMBaF
ecaTsMnYr
pþl;cMelIy
sTisPaB - RbsinebIvKÁsikSadUcnwgkareFIVdMeNIr enaHlT§plrbs;va KWkarsMerc
dl;eKaledA
OHT 2
5
naTI
lT§pl
lT§pl
lT§plnana
etIehtuGIV)aneyIgRtUveRbIR)as;BYkva?
GtßRbeyaCn_
OHT 3
FatuTaMg 3 énlT§pl
]TahrN_
OHT 4
tYesckþI
10
naTI
eFIVesckþI
RBagKMnitenAelI
RkdasRBag
(Butcher’s
Paper)
b½NÑemejTic
OHT 5
lT§plénkarGnuvtþkargar
EdlGacsegát)an
EdlGacvas;)an
b½NÑemejTic
b½NÑemejTic
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95
karbNþúHbNþal nigkareronsURt
kareFIVEpnkar nigkarerobcMbTBiesaFn_eronsURt
GPivDÆn_EpnkarsMrab;vKÁsikSa
EpnkarsMrab;GñkbNþúHbNþal
vKÁsikSa ³
RbFanbT³
eKalbMNgénvKÁsikSa ³
lT§plénvKÁsikSa ³
FnFan ³
snøwkTMB½rTI 1 én 2TMB½r
viFIsa®sþmUldæanénkareFVIesckþIENnaM
lT§plénkarbNþúHbNþal
vKÁenHENnaMbgðajsisS[sÁal;BIKMniténlT§pleronepþatelIsisS
RtwmbBa©b;énvKÁsikSa GñknwgGac ³
(1) kMNt; nigBnül;FatunimYy²énFatuTaMg 3 énlT§plsikSa Edlsresr)any:agl¥.
(2) cUrsresrlT§plsamBaØRsbeTAtamkarbNþúHbNþalpÞal;rbs; BYkeK EdlrYm
manFatudUcxageRkamenH
sUmemIlxageRkamenH ³
eBlevla
10 naTI
cMnucsMxan;²
FnFan
Tak;TgnwgvKÁsikSaBImun ¬kargareFIVEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal nig karviPaK elI OHT 1
RbFanbT¦. smasFatusMxan;²énEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal KW etIeyIgnwg
eTATINa?
eKalbMNg - Rtwmcb;vKÁsikSaenH GñksikSanwgGacrabrab;smasFatu 3 OHT 2
énlT§plbNþúHbNþal nigsresrBIlT§pl pÞal;rbs;BYkeK.
tYesckþI
ehtuGIVRtUveRbIR)as;lT§pl? RbeyaKRbFanbT - edayminman RbeyaKRbFanbT ÉksaremeronTI 1
vamankarBi)akerobcM GIVEdlkMBugniyay. dUcKñaenHEdr vak¾CakarlM)aksMrab;sisS
kñúgkaryl;BIvKÁsikSa edayKµanKMnit faetIvanwgeTATINa.
lMhat; - EcklMhat;GMBIRbeyaKRbFanbTeGAy. cUrbBa¢ak;famin GnuBaØat[eFIVkar
BiPakSa. cUrTukeBl 2-4naTI ehIybnÞab;mk esñI[GñkEdl)anyl; GMBIkfaxNÐ
elIkéneLIg. RbsinebIRbeyaKRbFanbTxVHnUvGtßn½yenaH bribTnwgminc,as;.
dUcKñanwgemeronEdr. cUrrIHrkKMnit EdlfaehtuGVIlT§plCYydl; sisS RKU nigkmµvFi I.
15
naTI
lT§plGnuvtþkarar – kiriyas½BÞ énlT§pl. BiBN’naBIGIVEdlsisSnwg GaceFIV)an
enAcugbBa©b;vKÁsikSa. RtUvEtGacvas;Evg)an. ]> karsarer:k,albU‘sIu
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OHT 3
96
karsresrEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
esckþIepþIm
EpñkepþImesckþIénEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk KYrEtrYmbBa©Úl 5cMNuc edIm,I[vaRsbtamsÞIl
énkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
cMnucTaMg 5 EdlnwgRtUvbkRsayKW ³
G
RbmUlBt’manrbs;BYkeK (Gather their information)
L
P¢ab;eTAnwgkarbNþúHbNþalBImun (Link to previous training )
O
lT§plEdlnwgRtUveFIV[sMercenAcugbBa©b;vKÁsikSa
(Outcomes to be achieved by the end of the session)
S
rcnasm½<n§énvKÁbNþúHbNþal (Structure of training session)
S
kardas;etOn nigelIkTwkcitþ (Stimulation and Motivation)
enATMB½rbnÞab; cUreyIgRkeLkemIlBIesckþIepþImEdlGacnwgeRbIkñúgemeronenH- karsresrEpnkar sMrab;
bNþúHbNþal.
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97
]TahrN_énesckþIENnaMkñúgkareFIVEpnkarsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal
G
L
O
S
eyIg\LÚvenHmkdl;dMNak;kalcugeRkayelIkTI 3 énkmµviFIbNþúHbNþaledayEp¥kelIsmtßPaBCMnaj
(Competency-based Training Programme) . kñúgEpñkenH ´cg; RbmUlnUvkarsikSarbs;GñkrYmKña
dUcenH GñknwgGacbBa©b;EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþal nigeRtomrYcral; kñúgkarpþl;karbNþúHbNþal.
vaCaRbkarsMxan;bMptu Edl Gñkmin[´bnþ rhUtdl;GñkeBjcitþTaMgRsug cMeBaHGIVEdlGñkRtUveFIV eLIy.
enAkñúgemeronmun² eyIgRtUvRkeLkemIlnUvGIVEdleFIV[køayCaGñkbgðat;RbkbedaysmtßPaB. eyIgRtUv
BicarNelIkareRbIR)as;CMnYykñúgkarbNþúHbNþal. eyIgRtUvKit dl;viFIsa®sþbNþúHbNþalepSg²
EdlGñkGaceRbIR)as;)an.
enAkñúgemeronenHeyIgnwgsresresckþIepþIm nigeRbIR)as;CMhanedIm,IbMeBjkargaredIm,I GPivDÆn_tYesckþI
kñúgEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;BYkeyIg. eyIgk¾nwgeFIVesckþIsegçb nigesckþIsnñidæankñúgEpnkar
sMrab bNþúHbNþalpgEdr.
enAcugbBa©b;énemeronenHGñknwgGac³
1- sresrEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþaldl;buKÁlikrbs;GñkedIm,IbMeBjkargarRbkbedaybTdæan.
2- begáItEpnkaredIm,IeFIVkarbNþúHbNþal.
edIm,I[kareronrbs;GñkmanPaBgayRsYleyIgnwgEbgEckemeronenHCa 4Epñk ³
a - GPivDÆn_tYesckþIcMbgrbs;EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþa l. RbkarenHnwgRtUvcMNayeBl 20 naTI.
b- GPivDÆn_segçbesckþIsegçb nigsniñdæanrbs;EpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. RbkarenHnwgRtUv
cMNayeBl 10 naTI.
c- GñknwgRtUvsresrtYesckþIkñúgEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. RbkarenHnwgRtUv cMNayRbmaNCa
60 naTI.
d- Gñkk¾nwgRtUvsresrepþImesckþI nigsnñidæankñúgEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. RbkarenH
nwgRtUvcMNayeBlRbEhl 30 naTI.
e- kñúgdMNak;kalnimYy² GñkGacnwgecaTCasMnYr nigGMLúgeBlGñkkMBugsresr Epn karsMrab;
bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk ´nwgenAEk,rGñkedIm,Ipþl;CaCMnYy.
f- enAcugemeron GñknwgRtUv)aneKvaytMélBIsmtßPaBkñúgkarerobcMEpnkarsMrab; bNþúHbNþal
nigRtUv)aneKecaTsYrBIviFIEdlGñknwgykeTAbNþúHbNþal.
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98
cUrcgcaMfa eyIgnwgmineFIVkarvaytMélGMBIsmtßPaBrbs;Gñkfa CaGñkniBn§Rbelamelak b¤ GñkCMnaj
kñúgkarEføgkarCasaFarN³eT. eyIgRKan;EtvaytMélsmtßPaBrbs;Gñkkñúgkar erobcMEpnkarsMrab; bNþúHbNþal
EdlGñkGacnwgeRbIR)as;edIm,IykeTAbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlikrbs;GñkCaCMnaj nigcMeNHdwg EdlbuKÁlikkñúgsßab½n
rbs;GñkGacnwgeRbIR)as; kñgú kargarRbcaMéf¶. cab;BIGIVEdlGñk)anbgðaj´ enAeBl enH GñknwgminmanGIVlM)akeT
ebIsinCaGñkepþatGarmµrN_cMeBaHGIVEdlkMBugBiPakSaKña\LÚvenH.
skmµPaB 3.7
edayeRbIR)as;nUvlT§plEdlGñkTTYlkñúgskmµPaB 2.2 edIm,IsresresckþIénEpnkar bNþúH
bNþalrbs;Gñk. cUrcgcaMfa RtUveRbIBakübMEbkCatYGkSr GLOSS edIm,IBnül;.
tYesckþI
EpñkRTWsþI
bMEbkCabMENkEdlGacRKb;RKg)an
bMENknimYy²rYmmannUvkarBnül;BIBt’manEdlGñkcg;EckrMElkeGay
RbkarenHRtUveFIVeLIgedaymannUvskmµPaBEdlbBa¢ak;fasikçakam)anTTYlnUv cMeNHdwgenaH. bnÞab;mk
GñkRtUvsegçbEpñkenH muneBlbnþeTAEpñkxagmuxeTot.
CMnaj¼vKÁGnuvtþn_
laybBa©ÚlnUvkarbgðajTaMgGs;BIdMeNIrkar b¤kargarEdlnwgRtUvbMeBj.
pþl;CUnnUvkarBnül;BIGIVEdlnwgRtUvbgðaj. RbkarenHrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarbgðaj nig Bnül;dUcEdlGñk)an
eFIVmkehIy.
cUrpþl;CUnnUv»kasecaTsMnYreTAkan; nigmkBIsikçakamrbs;Gñk
cUrpþl;CUnnUv»kassMrab;buKÁlikkñúgGnuvtþn_CMnaj nigTTYl)annUv Feedback
tYesckþIénEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalxusKñarvagEpñkRTwsþI nigEpñkGnuvtþn_. cUrRkeLkemIlKMrUBIrxag
eRkamenH
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99
EpñkRTwsþI
EpñkGnuvtþn_
esckþIepþIm
esckþIepþIm
viFIsa®sþ 3 dMNak;kal
viFIsa®sþ 4 dMNak;kal
karBnül;
skmµPaB
esckþIsegçb
karbgðaj
karBnül;
karecaTsYr
karGnuvtþn_ nig Feedback
karBnül;
skmµPaB
esckþIsegçb
karbgðaj
karBnül;
karecaTsYr
karGnuvtþn_ nig Feedback
karbgðaj
karBnül;
karecaTsYr
karGnuvtþn_ nig Feedback
karBnül;
skmµPaB
esckþIsegçb
esckþIsnñidæan
esckþIsnñidæan
sa®sþ 3 dMNak;kal
viFIsa®sþ 4 dMNak;kal
EpñkRTwsþI
karBnül;
cUrpþl;KMnitEp¥kelIRTwsþIedIm,Ipþl;[Bt’man RKb;RKan;
dl;sikçakamkñúgeFIVkargar
skmµPaB
[sikçakambMeBjskmµPaB EdlnwgGacCYy bBa¢ak;
BIcMeNHdwgrbs;BYkeK
segçbesckþI
cUreFIVesckþIsegçbbMENknimYy²mun
bnþeTAmux
eTot. cUrecaTsYrsMnYrnana nig Feedback .
pþl;CargVan; edIm,IelIkTwkcitþ
EpñkCMnaj
karbgðaj -bgðajBICMnajTaMgmUledayes¶óms¶at;
karBnül;
eFIVkartamCMnajkñúgbMENktUc²
cUrBnül;
faetIGñkkMBugeFIVGIV
karecaTsYr
ecaTnUvsMnYrnanaedIm,IbBa¢ak; fasikçakam dwgBIGIVEdl
rMBwgTuk
karGnuvtþ nig Feedback
[sikçakambMeBjCMnajkñúgbMENkEdl )anRbKl;[eFIV
ehIybnÞab;mkecaTsYrnUv sMnYrnana ehIybBa¢ak;faetIBY
keKGnuvtþ CMnaj)anRtUvEdrb¤eT?
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100
skmµPaB 3.8
cUrsresrtYesckþIkñúgEpnkarsMrab;bNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk. cUrcgcaMfaGñkcaM)ac;RtUvrab;bBa©ÚlkarEbg
EckeBlevla skmµPaBEdlGñk nigsikçakamRtUveFIV ehIyRbPBFnFannanaEdlGñkRtUveRbIR)as;. Gñk
RtUvbBa©ÚlEpnkarsMrab;vaytMélBIdMeNIrkarrIkcMerInrbs;sikçakam.
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101
erobcMrcnasm<n§½vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
karbNþúHbNþalEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB KWEp¥keTAelIlMdab;lMedayEdlsmehtusmpl.
cUrsakl,geFVIkarBI³
Easy – ¬gayRsYl¦ cMeBaHkargarEdlBi)ak
Know – ¬dwg¦ GVIEdlBMuFøab;dwg
Concrete – ¬rUbI¦ cMeBaHGrUbI
General Principles – ¬KalkarN_TUeTA¦ eTAGVI²EdlCak;lak; ehIyRtLb;eTACaTUeTAvij.
segçb nigkarsnñidæan
karsegçb nigkarsnñidæan epþateTAelIbBaða 3 CacMbg EdlekþabedayGkSrkat; "OFF" ³
O
F
F
smiT§plEdlsMerc)an
Feedback
eTAeGay b¤ )anBIkñúgRkum
GnaKt etImann½yya:gem:c? etIGVICakarbNþúHbNþal
naeBlGnaKt?
GñkRbEhleFVIesckþIsnñidæanrbs;GñktamlMdab;lMedaydUcxageRkamenH³
smiT§plsMerc)an
rMlwklT§plsikSaedIm,IsMercfaetIRbkarmYyNaEdlFøab;eFVI)ansMerc
ehIyRbkarmYyNaEdltMrUveGaymankarbNþúHbNþal nigeFVIkarvaytMélbEnßm.
Feedback cMeBaH b¤)anmkBIkñúgRkum
cUreFVItamdMnak;kalsegçb nig cMNucKnøwHmYycMnYn
TukeBleGaysikçakamsYrnUvsMNYrcugeRkayedIm,IeGay)anRCabkan;Etc,as;BI
cMNucEdlmanPaBmnÞilsgS½y.
pSarP¢ab;karbNþúHbNþaleTAnwgtMrUvkarénkargar
sakl,gPaBeRtomrYcCaeRscrbs;sikçakamcMeBaHkarvaytMélCapøÚvkar
¬sYrsMNYrEdlTak;Tin
nwgvKÁsikSa¦
pþl;nUvFeedbackcMeBaHkarsMEdg
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102
GnaKt
cUreFVIniTsSn_faetIeBlNaEdlvKÁbNþúHbNþalbnÞab;nwgekIteLIg
pþl;cMNucKYrdwgmunxøH cMeBaHvKÁbNþúHbNþalbnÞab;
cUrBnül;BIGVIEdlBYkeKGaceFVInaeBl\LÚvenH b¤rgVan;rbs;eKEdlCalT§pl énkarbBa©b;kmµviFIbNþúH
bNþal.
skmµPaB 3.9
cUrsresresckþIsnñidæan cMeBaHvKÁsikSarbs;Gñk. cUrcgcaM RtUvsgát;F¶n;eTA elItYGkSr nImYy²
énGkSrkat; OFF . GñkcaM)ac;RtUverobcMsMNYrxøH² edIm,IsYrkñúgkMLúgeBl pþl; Feedback. cUrkMuePøc
GñkcaM)ac; RtUvEtpþl; nig TTYl ; Feedback.
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103
karCUndMNwgdl;sikçakam
eday)anbBa©b;EpnkarénvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;GñkenaH \LÚvenHGñknwgdwgnUvGVIEdlGñknwgRtUvekþabeTAelI
ehIyetIGñknwgekþabeTAelIva ya:gdUcemþc? etIRtUvcMNayry³eBlyUrb:uNÑa ehIyetIGñkRtUveRbI FnFan b¤
skmµPaBEbbNa? eBlenHCaeBlEdlRtUvCUndMNwgdl;sikçakam GMBIkarerobcMvKÁbNþúHbNþal. CaFmµta
GñknwgRtUvR)ab;dl;BYkeK tamry³karsresr ¬GnusSarN³ b¤ lixitsñam¦ b¤ CMrabeday pÞal;mat;. Bt’man
EdlGñknwgpSaybnþKñaenaH nwgRtUveFVIkarsMerccitþ enAkñúgskmµPaBTI 3.
skmµPaB 3.10
erobcMkarseg,bxøImYy edayeRbIR)as;vIFIsaRsþerobcMrbs;Gñk ¬GnusSrN³ - lixit- segçbpÞal;mat;¦
edIm,ICMrabCUnsikçakamrbs;Gñk GMBIvKÁbeRgon. GñkcaM)ac;RtUverobcM CamYyGñkRKb;RKg¼
GñkENnaMkic©karrbs;Gñk sMrab;Rkum Gñk. RkumenaH KYrEtmansikçakamBI 3 eTA 5 nak; .
segçb
enAkñúgvKÁenH eyIg)anekþabeTAelIkarsresr nigkarsresresckþIENnaMEdl nwgbegáItnUvmUldæanén
vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajrbs;Gñk. eyIgk¾Føab;)anbegáItnUvEpnkarénvKÁbNþúHbNþalpgEdr EdlRtUv)an begáIt
eLIgeday manCaesckþIepþIm ¬GLOSS¦ tYesckþI nig esckþIsnñidæan ¬OFF¦.
bBa©b;vKÁTI
3
skmµPaBvaytMél
cUrerobcMFnFanbNþúHbNþal EdlGñknwgykeTAeRbIsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk.
2-cUrerobcMÉksard¾eBleljmYysMrab;EpnkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk
3-cUrbBa¢ÚnsMNMuÉksarénEpnkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;Gñk karsegçbxøIsMrab;sikçakam FnFansMrab;kar
bNþúHbNþal ¬Éksaremeron Rkdas)øasÞikeRbICamYy Overhead Projector ÉksareFVIetsþ .l. ¦
CUneTAGñk vaytMélrbs;Gñk edIm,IeFVIkarvaytMél.
1-
- -
104
vKÁTI
4
karpþl;karbNþúHbNþal
esckþIepþIm³
eFVICaRKUbgVik GñkKWCamnusSmñak;EdlmantYnaTIeFVIkaredaHRsay dwknaMeGaydMeNIrkarbNþúHbNþaledIr
eTAmux . etIvaRbRBwtþieTAya:gdUcemþc? ehIyetIvasMerceCaKC½yEdrb¤eT? RbkarenHehIy EdlGñkRtUvEt
Rc)ac;bBa©ÚlKñarvagesckþIepþIm tUesckþI nig esckþIsnñidæan eFVIdUcenHeTIbGñkRKb;KñamanGarmµN_suxRsYl
nigBMumankarEbkGarmµN_.
bBaðasMxan;EdleyIgnwgeXIjenAkñúgvKÁenHKWrebob ³
begáIteGaymanCMenOTukcitþ nigkareKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYynwgsikçakam rbs;Gñk.
pþl;CUnBIBt’manfµIdl;sikçakam
Gnuvtþn_skmµPaBepSg²EdlRsbeTAtamBt’manfµI enaH
RtYtBinitükarrIkcMerInrbs;sikçakam
elIkTwkcitþnigpþl;Feedbackdl;sikçakam
eRbIR)as;sMNYrEdlGaceqøIy)anTUlMTUlay nigsMNYrEdlmancMelIyEtmYy
RbEmRbmUlPsþútagénkareBjcitþ kñúgdMeNIrkarbNþúHbNþal Edlpþl;edaysikçakam
R)ab;sikçakameBlEdleK)ansMercQandl;kMritbTdæan ¬Standard ¦ énkarGnuvtþn_
karbegáItCMenOTukcitþ nigkareKarBKñaeTavijeTAmk
enAvKÁsikSadMbUgbMputCamYynwgRKb;RkumsikçakamfµI²RbEhlCaeBlevlad¾sMxan;bMputelIseBlNa TaMg
Gs;.taMgEtBIkarcab;epþImCaelIkdMbUgénvKÁsikSanImYy² RKUbgVwkRtUvEtcab;epþIm edaykarbegáItbriyakas
sikSamYy EdlCMrujeGaymanGarmµN_eKarB nigeCOTukcitþKña eTAvij eTAmk.
cUrTTYlsÁal;faenAeBlEdlRKUbgVwkmanCMnaj nigcMeNHdwgBitR)akdenaH sikçakammñak;² )anbegáItnUv
GarmµN_énkareKarBKaeTAvijeTAmk b¤k¾rYbrYmkñúgPaBCaédKU rvagsikçakam nigRKUbgVwk. RbsinebI smtßPaB
ÉkCnénbuKÁlmñak;² RtUv)anpþl;tMél ehIyRtUv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;tamrebobKaMRT enaH RkumTaMgmUlTTYl
)anplRbeyaCn_ ehIybTBiesaFn_kñúgkarsikSak¾kan;Etmanxøwmsar eLIgsMrab; Gñkral;Kña.
karsikSanwgBMuGacekItmaneLIgya:ggayRsYleLIy enAeBlmnusSenAkñúgRkummankar)armÖ faGVI Edl
BYkeKniyay nigGVI²EdlBYkeKeFVIRbEhlRtUv)aneKniyayedIm b¤eKesIccMGk b¤eKykeTAriHKn;enaH.
sMrab;ema:gsikSaCaelIkdMbUgrbs;Gñk GñknwgsßitenAeRkamkarGegátemIl edaysikçakammñak;² ehIymansMNYr
CaeRcInekIteLIgenAkñúgcitþrbs;BYkeK rhUtTal;EtsMNYrTaMgenaH RtUv)aneqøIytbedayBaküfa "Yes" eTIbkar
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105
ykcitþuTukdak;rbs;BYkeKElgepþatya:gxøaMgeTAelI
eTotehIy.
bBaðaRbFanbT EdlGñkkMBugEtykmkbgðajenaH
etIkarbNþúHbNþalenHnwgsMxan;sMrab;xJMú ehIybMeBjtamtMrUvkarrbs;xJMúEdrb¤eT?
mansmtßPaB yutþiFm’ nigykcitþTukdak;Edrb¤eT?
etIRKUbgVwkenaH
sMnYrGs;TaMgenH b¤GVI²pÞúynwgva nwgsßitenAkñúgxYrk,alrbs;sikçakamTaMgGs;.
etIkarbNþúHbNþal rbs;GñkeFVIeLIgCamYysikçakamEtmñak; b¤ sikçakammYyRkum? enAkñúgsßanPaB TaMg 2
enH GñkcaM)ac;RtUvbegáItbriyakaskñúgkarsikSa Edlbgðajdl;sikçakamfa GñkmanCMenO eTAelIkarTukcitþ
nigkareKarBKñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagRKUbgVwknigsikçakammñak;² ehIyrvagsikçakam nigsikçakam.
vKÁbNþúHbNþalmñak;Tl;nwgmñak;
lkçN³CabuKÁl vKÁbNþúHbNþalmñak;Tl;nwgmñak; eRcInEteRbIR)as;nUvvIFIsaRsþkñúgkarbgðajnUvCMnaj
nigBt’manfµI². bBðaaTaMgLayEdlekItmanenAkñúgviFIsaRsþenH nwgRtUv)anBinitüBic½yenAeBl EdleyIg
BicarNaelI vIFIsaRsþ 3 dMNak;kal énkarpþl;RTwsþI nig viFIsaRsþbgðajman 4 nig 6 dMNak;kalenA eBleRkay
enAkñúgvKÁenH.
vKÁbNþúHbNþalCaRkum
kargarCaRkumesÞIrEtRtUvtamniymn½y mann½yfamnusScaM)ac;RtUvEteFVIkarrYmKñaedIm,IsMerc)an nUv
Parkic©d¾ Cak;lak;mYy. TMnak;TMngnigkic©shRbtibtþikarrvagsmaCik énRkum)ankøayCaktþa KnøwH enAkñúgPaB
eCaKC½y.
mnusSnwgBMumanTMnak;TMngCacMh edaysV½yRbvtþiCamYyGñkdéTeTotedaysarEteKbegáItCaRkum Et
mYyenaHeT. BYkeKGaceXIjxøÜneKya:gsamBaØ faCaRkummnusSEdlpþMúKñaEtkñúgfñak;eronmYy edaysarEtvKÁsikSa
Etb:ueNÑaH. vaRtUvkareBlevla nigkic©xitxMRbwgERbgTaMgxagGñk nigxagBYkeK munnwgBYkeKmanGarmµN_ fayl;
RBm GMBIkarTMlayBt’manGaf’kM)aMgrbs;BYkeKCUndl;Gñk nig GñkdéT eTotenaH.
BüayambegáItnUvtulüPaBvKÁsikSarbs;Gñkrvag³
elIkTwkcitþsikçakameGayeFVIkarCamYyGñkdéTenAkñúgRkumtUc²
TTYlsÁal;enAeBlEdlsikçakamTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIkargarCalkçN³ buKÁlrbs;eK.
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106
kareqøIytbeTAnwgbriyakassikSa
enHKWCaGVI²EdlGñkRtUveFVIRKb;naTI enAeBlEdlGñkkMBugEtbNþúHbNþal edaykareRbIBaküsMdI kareRbI
RkEsEPñk nigkarelIkTwkcitþ kargk;k,albnþicehIyjjwm. cMelIytbrbs;GñkTaMgenH KWCaEpñk mYyén
briyakassikSa. etIvaCYybegáIteGaymanbriyakasviC¢man b¤k¾GviC¢manEmnb¤?
cUrBicarNaGMBI³
kayvikarrbs;Gñk ¬]> eKaHRmamédenAelItu¦ karelIkdak;sMelgrbs;Gñk
¬ ]> kardkdegIðmEvg¦
karbeBa©jTwkmuxrbs;Gñk ¬]> karRCYjcieBa©Imdak;bnþic¦
rebobedIreTAmkenAkñúgfñak;eron ¬]> CMhane)aHeLIgcuHelOn ¦
karENnaMbgðajBt’manfµI
eKaledAcMbg éndMNak;kalénvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;GñkKWRtUvFanaeGayR)akdfa sikçakamTaMgLay
RtUv)anpþl;nUv EpñkénBt’manfIµdl;eKmñak;² BIeRBaHBYkeKRtUvkarva. manviFICaeRcInEdlRbkarenH GaceFVIsMerc
eTA)an rYmman³
RKUbgVwkR)ab; b¤Bnül;Bt’man dl;sikçakamTaMgLay
sikçakamGanBt’mankñúgesovePA ÉksarEckCUn GtßbT kUnesovePApSBVpSay Bt’man
sikçakamemIlvIedGU b¤sþab;kaEstma:ej:
ePJovCavaKµinniyayeTAkan;sikçakam
CMnajENnaMbgðaj
enAeBlniyayeTAkan;RkummnusS b¤ niyayeTAkan;sikçakamNamYy manbBaðamYycMnYnEdlRtUv cgcaM ³
\riyabf
clna
karbBa¢ak;Twkmux
kareRbIRkEsEPñk
sMelg
TMBr½xageRkamenHmancMNucBIr b¤bI GMBIEpñknImYy²TaMgenaH sMrab;GñkeFVIkarBicarNaeGay)an l¥itl¥n;.
\riyabf
cUrQreGayRtg; b:uEnþkñúgsPaBsuxRsYl
cUrdak;eCIgrbs;GñkEbreTArkRkummnusSCamYynwgtulüPaBénTMgn;rbs;GñkeGay esµIKña
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107
clna
BüayamkMueyaleyaKxøÜnrbs;Gñk enAeBlGñkniyay
édrbs;GñkkøayeTACaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;énkareFVIbT]eTsnamNamYy.
sUmeRbIR)as;BYkvatamEbbFmµta CaCagTukvaeGayenAes¶omRTwgenaH.
sUmkMudak;édrbs;Gñkkñúgehae):A
karTajTgRtecok KWCaclnaEdlmnusSxøH eFVIedayBMu)andwgxøÜnesaHeLIy
karsMEdgTwkmux
karjjwmtamEbbFmµCati KWBitCaKYreGayrMePIbNas; b:uEnþkarEkøgCajjwmBMuEmn CakarTak;Taj
d¾l¥eLIy
karBRBicEPñkeRcIndgeBk nigkarmicEPñkrbs;Gñk eFVIeGayTsSnikCnElgcab;GarmµN_.
kareRbIRkEsEPñk
CaFmµtaGacTTYlyk)anenAeBlEdlmnusSmñak;kMuBugniyayeTAkan;RkummnusS buKÁlenaH nwgeRbI
RkEsEPñkeTAkan;smaCikTaMgLaykñúgRkum BIeBlmYyeTA eBlmYy. b:uEnþebIeyIgsMedAEt eTAelI
buKÁlmñak;kñúgRkumedayeRbIry³eBlyUrenaH BYkeKnwgmanGarmµN_Fujfb;.
mnusSxøHBMumanGarmµN_RsYlkñúgkareRbIRkEsEPñkenaHeT ehIyCamYyGñkdéT RbsinebIGñkBMu)aneRbI
RkEsEPñkeTAkan;BYkeKeTenaH Gñkhak;bIdUcCakMBugbegáItnUv]bsKÁraraMg cMeBaHkareFVITMnak;
TMngehIy. mUldæanvb,Fm’ rbs;sikçakam GacCH\T§iBldl;kareRbIRkEsEPñkpgEdr.
sMelg
eKaledAcMbg KWkarmansMelgxøaMg c,as; nig kMuniyayelOneBk.
eBlxøHenAeBlEdlmnusSRtUvniyayeTAkan;RkummnusS eKniyaykñúgsMelgEtmYy EdlsMelgeK
BMu)aneLIgcuHtamEbbFmµCatieLIy. krNIenHGacekIteLIg edaymUlehturn§t; Edl GaceFVIeGay
sac;dMuénRTUg nigbMBg;kKnøas;)antic ehIyeFVIeGayraMgsÞHdl;lMhUrénxül;. karQreGay)an
Rtg;bnþic nigkardkdegðImEvg² 2 b¤ 3 dg nwgelIkRbGb;q¥wgCMnI ehIyGacCYybn§Úrbnßy PaBtantwg
énsac;dMu.
sMelgrbs;GñknwgGaRs½yeTAelIkal³eTs³énTIkEnøgbNþúHbNþal. vaGacCaEpñk énkarENnaMxøÜn
Gñk edaysYrTsSnikCnrbs;GñkfaetIBYkeKGacB¤Gñkb¤eT?
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108
karGnuvtþn_skmµPaBEdleRbIR)as;Bt’manfµI
dMNak;kalbnÞab;enH KWedIm,IsikçakamGnuvtþn_skmµPaB b¤skmµPaBxøH²EdlGacCYy BYkeK³
edIm,Iyl;nUvBt’manfµI
edIm,IeRbIBt’manfIµenAkñúgsßanPaBBit
edIm,IemIlfaetIBYkeKGacepÞrBt’manfµIeTAkñúgsßanPaBkargareKy:agem:c
edIm,IcgcaMBIBt’manfµI
sikçakamCanic©kalnwgemIlfa etImankarsuIKñarvagGVI EdlBYkeKRtUv)anesIñeGayeFVIenAkñúg skmµPaB
nigGVIEdlBYkeKcaM)ac;RtUveFVI enAeBlEdlBYkeKRtUvvaytMélenaH EdreT.
edIm,I [R)akdfa manPaBsIuKñaenH RKUbgVwkcaM)ac;RtUvcaMTuk Baküskmµ
bNþúHbNþal enAkñúg citþ Canic©kMLúgeBleFVIkargar.
(action words)
énlT§pl
karBinitüdMeNIrkarvivtþn_rbs;sikçakam
sikçakamTaMgGs;cab;GarmµN_faetIeKeFVIeTA)anl¥b:uNÑa ehIyvaKWCacMENkéntYnaTIrbs;GñkCa RKUbgVwk
edIm,IeGaydwgfa eBlNaEdlRtUvpþl; Feedback edIm,Isßabna.
cugePAl¥ RtUvdwgBIsBaØaN GVIxøHEdlKYremIledIm,IR)ab;dl;BYkeKfasac;GaMg "steak" rbs;eKenaH
q¥inl¥ehIy RKUbgVwkGacdwgbnþicmþg² BIsBaØaNTaMgLayrbs;sikçakammñak;² EdlBYkeKbeBa©jmk eRkAEdl
eKGacniyayfa ³
"xJúM RtUvkarBt’manbEnßmxøH \LÚvenH" .
" sUmpþl;eGayxJMúnUvFeedbackxøH² edIm,Isßabna "
"sUmCYyxJMú EpñkenH"
"QreTAeRkay dl;evneGayxJMúmþg"
"xJMúRtUvkarGñkedIm,IBinitüemIlfaetIxMJúeFVI)anya:gem:cEdr "
"xJMúcg;manvKÁ Gnuvtþn_mYyepSgeTot"
"xJMúKitfaxMJúeFVI)anl¥ehIy cuHGñkKitdUcxMJúeT? "
"xJMúcg;Qb;sMrakbnþic etIGacQb;)aneT? "
KYrcab;epþImedayemIlelIbBaðaenH enAkñúgkMLúgeBlbNþúHbNþal enAeBlEdlRKUbgVwkRtUvsMerccitþ
faetIRtUvniyayCamYy sikçakamGMBIdmeNIrvivtþn_rbs;BYkeK Edrb¤eT. ]>
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109
enAeBlEdlsikçakam emIleTAdUcCamankarPan;RcLM
enAeBlsMPar³fµIRtUv)anbeRgon
bnÞab;BICMnajfµImYyRtUv)aneKENnaMbgðaj
yuT§saRsþmYyeTotEdlGacCYyRKUbgVwk sMerccitþfaetIsikçakammansmtßPaB b¤Gt;enaHKW RtUvsYrsMNYr
faetIKYreFVIya:gem:c? GMBICMnajb¤BIBt’man EdlBYkeKFøab;)annwgkMBug Eteron.
]Ta>
etIGñkKYreFVIya:gem:cRbsinebIkugtak;ePøIgenaHRsab;EtRCuHmYyrMeBcenaH?
etImanGVInwgekIteLIgRbsinebIcMENkmYyénemEdkenHFøak;cUleTAkñúgeRKOgma:sIun enaH?
etIGñkKYreFVIGVIdMbUgeKenAeBlEdlGñkdwgfamankøineqH?
etIGñkKYrcat;viFankarGVIxøHRbsinebIGñkGs;sMPar³enABak;kNþalpøÚvenAeBlkMBug dMeNIrkar?
etImanGVIekIteLIgenAeBlEdlePøIgRkhmelceLIgenaH?
sMNYrTaMgenH GnuBaØateGaysikçakam eFVIeGayGñk)andwgfaetIBYkeKGacedaHRsaysßanPaB EdlBMu
Fmµta EdlGacekItmaneLIgya:gdUcemþc.
RbsinebIsikçakammñak;hak;dUcCa BMuTan;GacmansmtßPaBCMnaj eBjeljkñúgkMLúgeBl bNþúHbNþal
enaH etIGñkKYreFVIkartamdanya:gdUcemþcxøH ? etIBYkeKnwgRtUvpþl;eBlevlabEnßmsMrab;kic©karTaMgenaH dUcCa ³
bNþúHbNþalsarCafIµ ?
Gnuvtþn_eGay)aneRcIn ?
pþl;karvaytMélbEnßm ?
GñkcaM)ac;RtUvdwgBICMerIsGVI EdlGaceTArYcedIm,ICYydl;sikçakamrbs;Gñk kñúgkrNIsikçakammñak;kñúg
cMeNamBYkeK)armÖeRBaHkMriténkarvivtþn_rbs;eKBMudUcKñanwgsikçakamdéTeTot ehIyBYkeKsYrGñkfa etIeGayBYkeK
eFVIya:gem:ceTA?
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110
elIkTwkcitþsikçakam nigpþl ; Feedback dl;BYkeK
karelIkTwkcitþ nigpþl; Feedback Gac ³
tamry³pÞal;mat; ¬edaykareRbIR)as;BaküsMdI¦
mintamry³pÞal;mat; ¬edayeRbIR)as;skmµPaB¦
vasMxan;Nas;Edlmñak;²manGarmµN_l¥ CamYynwgEbbbTénkarelIkTwkcitþ nigkarpþl; Feedback
EdlGñk)aneRbIenaH. cUrBinitüemIlfa EbbTmineRbIkarniyayTTYlyk)an Edr. krNIenHGaceFVIeGaysMerc
)aneday ³
1- RtUvdwgeGayc,as;BImeFya)ayEdlGñkCMrujsikçakam rbs;Gñk nigpþl;dl;BYkeKnUv Feedback
edaymineRbIBaküsMdI.
2- cUrrkeGayeXIjfaetI bBaðaEdlGñkeFVIenaH GaceFVIeGayeKxwg eFVIeGayeKxµaseGon b¤ eQIøy. ]Ta>
etIGñkeRbIkarb:HBal; b¤kareRbIRkEsEPñk?
]TahrN_
karb:HBal;
enAkñúgvb,Fm’xøHkarb:HBal;elIcMENkxøHéndgxøÜnBMuGacTTYlyk)aneT ehtuenHRKUbgVwkminKYrTHsµa
edIm,IbgðajGMBIkarEdleKeFVI)anl¥enaHeT.
mnusSxøHBMuRBmTTYlykkarb:HBal;edaysmaCik énmnusSEdlmanePTpÞúyKña enaHeT.
mnusScas;xøHBMuRBmTTYlykkarb:HBal;edayRkummnusSekµg²enaHeT.
kareRbIRkEsEPñk
vb,Fm’xøHcat;TukfaCakarBMueKarBRbNibtþin_ sMrab;RkummnusSekµg² EdleRbIRkEs EPñksMlwgry³
eBlyUreTAelImnusScas;² dUecñHcUrRCabfaRbkarenHKWCaehtupl Edlsikçakamekµg² BitCamankar
raErkkñúgkarsMlwgmkrkGñkkñúgry³eBlyUr enaH.
mnusSxøHmankarxµaseGonedaykareRbIRkEsEPñkBIsMNak;smaCikénmnusSpÞúy ePTKña.
karpþl; Feedback edaypÞal;mat RtUv)aneKeBjniym edayeRbIBaküeBCn_ niyay b:uEnþkñúgkal³eTs³
xøH GñkGacbMeBjEbbbT b¤sresrr)aykarN_xøI GMBIkarvivtþn_rbs;sikçakam. sikçakamrbs;Gñk RtUvkar
Feedback GMBIkarvivtþn_rbs;eK eRBaHfavaCYyeGayBYkeKemIleXIjBIcMNucexSayénkarGnuvtþrbs;eK nigriHrk
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meFüa)ayedIm,IykQñHva. enAeBlGñksegáItemIleK kñúgeBlkMBugbNþúHbNþal cUreFVIkareRCIserIseBlevla
Cak;lak; edIm,Ipþl;eTAsikçakammñak;² Feedback rbs;GñkGMBIkarvivtþn_rbs;BYkeK.
BMuEmnRKb;KñaTaMgGs;suT§EtmanGarmµN_l¥eBlEdlpþl; Feedback enaHeT. eBlxøH Feedback
CaviC¢manmankarlM)akpþl;CUn edaysarEteyIg mincg;eGaybuKÁldéTeTot manemaTnPaBeBkehIy Feedback
CaGviC¢mank¾Bi)akpþl;eGayEdr CaBiessRbsinebIva Feedback xøH² GMBIerOgra:vEdleFVIminl¥smlµmenaH.
bBaðasMxan;KWfaRKb;FeedbackKYrEtCamtiriHKn;sßabna mann½yfaeyIgpþl;vadUcenH buKÁlenaHGac
eRbIR)as;vaedIm,IksagxøÜnBYkeKeLIg nigeFVIeGaymanclnaeTAmux BMuEmnrujRcanBYkeKcuHehIy eFVIdMeNIrfy
eRkay enaHeT.
]Ta> énkarpþl; Feedback kñúgkMLúgvKÁsikSa.
CaviC¢man
Cakarl¥. xJMúcUlcitþva.eFVI)anl¥Nas;.
Feedback
karpþl; Feedback CaviC¢manedaykarsßabna
"kargarenaHeFVI)anl¥.
vaBMumansñamGVIenAelIsMPar³enaHeT EKmTaMgenaHRtg;ehIyBMumansl;cenøaH
xøHenaHeT. eFVI)anl¥xøaMgNas; ".
GviC¢manedaykarsßabna
" xJMúsMKal;eXIjfa GñkmanbBaðalM)akxøH kñúgkarTb;]bkrN_enAelI\dæ ehIyGñkbegáIteGaymansñamenA
elIva. TukeGayxJMúbgðajGñkeLIgvij BIrebobeFVIvaya:gem:c. EKmrbs;vak¾BMuRtg;pgEdr. RbkarenH eBlxøH
GacekItmaneLIg enAeBlEdlmanPaBritbnþwg BMusmRsbnwgkMras;enAeBlcab;epþImenaH. etIGñkcg;eFVImþgeTot
edayeFVIkarBinitüemIlkEnøgex©AbnþwgEdrb¤eT? "
Feedback
enAeBlEdlGñkRtUv)aneKesñI b¤rMBwgeGaycMNayeBlxøH² edIm,IpþlC; a Feedback dl;sikçakam
mñak;²eRkayBIkarbNþúHbNþalenaH KMrU 4 Epñk dUcxageRkamenHGacCYyGñk)an ³
1-cUrsaksYrsikçakamfa etIBYkeKKitya:gem:c ¼ etIeKmanGarmµN_faBYkeKeFVI)anl¥Edr b¤eT?
2- cUrsaksYrBYkeK etIeKKYreFVIGVIeGayxusBIenHenAeBleRkay
3-bEnßmkarpþl; Feedback Rbkbedaykarsßabna GMBIbBaðaTaMgLayEdlBMuRtUv)aneK ekþabeTAelI
edaysikçakam TaMgbBaðaviC¢man nig GviC¢man.
4- cUrbBa©b;edaykMNt;RtaCaviC¢man.
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eyIgnwgemIlenAeBlbnþiceTotGMBIskmµPaB
dl;GñkdéTeTot.
2
b¤
3
EdlGacCYydl;eyIg edIm,Ipþl;
Feedback
taragdUcteTAenHpþl;KMnUseRKag 8 cMNuc énkarpþl;mtikñúgkarvaytMél. tYGkSrFM²fa
FEEDBACK
GacCYyGñkeGaycgcaM BYkvaenAeBlEdlGñkcg; pþl;nUv Feedback dl;sikçakamrbs;Gñk.
Memory Jogger – The Feedback Sandwich
Feedback sandwich
karpþl;FeedbacktamEbbnM saMgvic
Esteem
kareGaytMélelIxøÜn
Environment
briyakasCMuvji
Does the learner understand?
etIGñksikSaGacyl;)anEdrb¤eT?
Be honest and sensitive
cUresµaHRtg; nig qab;emIldwg
karpþl; Feedback Canic©kalKYrcab;epþImBIkMNt;Rta CaviC¢man
dUecñHcUrEsVgrkerOgGVI² EdlGñkGacniyayBI kareCaKC½y. bnÞab;mk
RbsinebIGñkmancMENkGviC¢mankñúg Feedback EdlRtUvpþl;eGay dUcnM
Sandwich vaKWenArvagcMNuc viC¢man pþl;CacMNucviC¢manCamun bnÞab;
mkGviC¢man bnÞab; mkbBa©b;CamYyerOgviC¢manmYyeTot.
etIsikçakammanGarmµN_cMeBaHxøÜneKya:gem:c bnÞab;BIGñk )anpþl;dl;BYkeKnUv
Feedback enaH? etIeKenAEtmanGarmµN_faeKenAmankareKarB nig man
lT§PaB b¤ etIeKERbkøayCaGñkttaMg mankarxwgsm,ar nigbnÞabtMél
énkareKarBdl;xøÜneKpÞal;? cUrCYy dl;sikçakameGayemIleXIjBI
Feedback rbs;GñkfaCaTMrg;énkarelIkTwkcitþCalkçN³buKÁl l¥CaCag
sþIbenÞas b¤eFVIkarriHKn;.
cUreRCIserIseBlevlasmRsb nigTIkEnøgedIm,Ipþl;mti vaytMél. RtUvBinitü
pgEdr faGñkmanGarmµN_minl¥ pÞal;xøÜnxøH b¤eT? EdlGacbegáItnUv
briyakasBMul¥ enAeBl Gñkniyay eTAkan;sikçakam.
cUrBinitüemIlfaetI sikçakamyl;BIGVIEdlGñkpþl; mann½yya:gem:c edaysYr
BYkeKeGayniyayvaeLIgvij R)ab;Gñkeday eRbIBakürbs;eK. RbkarenH
nwgGacCYydl;eKeGayyl;dwg nigcgcaMva)an.
enAeBlEdlkarGnuvtþrbs;sikçakamBMuTan;Qandl;kMrit sþg;darRtwmRtUv
vaKWCakar TTYlxusRtUvrbs;Gñk EdlRtUvpþl; eGayBYkeKnUv Feedback
Rbkbedaykarsßabna. eTaHbICakrNIenHmankarlM)ak GñkmincM)ac;
ecosvag karpþl;FeedbackEdlcaM)ac;enaHEdr. cUrRbyt½ñRbEyg
eRbIR)as;BaküsMdI enAeBlGñkkMNt; BIbBaðaCak;lak; ehIyCYysikçakam
edaHRsaynUvGVIEdl eFVIxus ehIyRtUveFVIvaya:gem:c.
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Actions-not the person
skmµPaB-BMuEmnCabuKÁlenaHeT
Confidentiality
karsMgat;
Keep it short
rkSavaeGayxøI
enAeBlGñkRtUvkarpþl; Feedback CaGviC¢man cUrepþat eTAelIbBaða
TaMgLayEdlsikçakameFVICaCag GarmµN_ EdlGñkyl;ya:gem:c GMBIBYkeK.
]Ta> GñkGacniyay "GñkgakmuxkaMbiteTAeqVgeBkehIy" CaCag "GñkdUcCa
minykcitþTukdak;bnþicesaH enAeBlgakmuxkaMbitenaH " .
bgðajsikçakamfaGñkeKarBeK edaypþl;nUv Feedback rbs;GñkeTA
buKÁlnimYy² CalkçN³ÉkCn . cUreFVIeGay R)akdfa GñkBMueFVIeGayman
karelcB¤ Feedback edaykarsresr EdlGñkpþl;eGayenaH nwgBMuRtUv
)anGan edayGñkdéTeTotenaHeT.
kMupþl; Feedback dl;sikçakameRcInCagGVIEdleKGaceRbI )an. cUrBinitü
edaysYrxøÜnGñkfa etIenHCaEpñkEdlCYy bMputénkarpþl; Feedback b¤?
etIbuKÁlenHGaceRbI b¤ etIxJMúkMBugEtniyayeRcIneBkeTdwg?
edaykareRbIR)as;yuT§saRsþTaMgenHedayxøÜnÉg ehIyelIkTwkcitþeGaymankareRbIva kñúgkMLúgeBl nig
eRkayeBlénvKÁsikSarbs;Gñk. GñknwgbegáItbriyakassikSamYyEdlmnusSmanGarmµN_l¥ cMeBaHKñaeTAvij
eTAmk.
eKalbMNgénskmµPaBrYmbBa©ÚlEl,g enAkñúgkmµviFIbNþúHbNþal KWedIm,IeFVIkarbegáItbriyakasénkar
eCOCak; nigkarebIkcMhr dl;KñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgRkum. RbkarenHnwgCYydl;GñkRKb;KñaeGayman GarmµN_l¥
GMBIkar pþl; nigkarTTYlnUv Feedback.
kñúgzan³CasmaCikkñúgRkumGñkTaMgGs; GacCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmkeGaykøayCa RKUbgVwkRbkbeday
smtßPaB edayEckrMElkkaryl;dwgrbs;Gñk nigkaryl;dwgbEnßmrbs;mnusSmñak;² GMBICMnaj CUndl;Kñae
TAvijeTAmk.
karTTYlyk
Feedback
eTaHbICaeyIgGacmanGarmµN_jab;j½r cMeBaHKMnitenHkþI eyIgTaMgGs;KñacaM)ac;RtUvdwgBIviFI rbs;
mnusSdéTeTotcMeBaHGVI EdleyIg)anqøgkat; eRBaHviFIrbs;eyIgGacBMuTan;eBjelj. RbsinebIeyIg cg;eGay
GñkdéTmankaresµaHRtg;edayebIkTUlayenaH eyIgKYrEteFVIeGaymansuvtßiPaB nigPaB gayRsYldl;BYkeK
edIm,IeFVIdUecñaH. eyIgRtUvEteronTTYlyknUv Feedback edaycitþTUlMTUlay nigkares¶oms¶at;. eyIgmin)an
cMeNjGVIeLIy edaykarBüayamsþIbenÞasGñkdéTenaH b¤k¾CECk EvkEjkrkxusRtUvnUvGVIEdleyIg)aneFVI
b¤niyay enAeBlEdleKpþl;eGayeyIgnUv Feedback rbs;eKPøam²enaH.
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RbsinebIFeedbackKWCaGVImYyEdlGacedaHRsay)anya:ggayRsYl nigqab;rh½senaH. ]Ta> " 2 b¤
3nak; kñúgcMeNamBYkeyIg emIleXIjfa EbbénkarbNþúHbNþalrbs;GñkmankarFujRTan;bnþic " vaCaeBl
EdlRtUvGgÁúycuHCamYymnusS EdlBak;Bn§½ ehIyeFVIkarriHrkrYmKña nUvEpnkarmYyedIm,IykQñH elIbBaðaTaMgenaH.
cMNucxøH² EdlGacCYy enAeBlTTYl Feedback ³
GrKuNcMeBaHGñkpþl;mti nig eKarBPaBebIkcMhdl;eK ¬nigPaBkøahan¦
eGaytMél elI eyabl; nigTsSn³rbs;eK
cUrbBa¢ak;CamYyBYkeKedaykarniyaysareLIgvijmþgeTot b¤eRbIR)as;Xøa RbeyaKEdlmann½y
dUcKña edayBMumanPaBttbenaHeT.
cUreFVIkarBicarNaelI Feedback ehIy etIGñkKitfavasmehtuplehIyb¤enA?
cUrBinitüemIlvaedayPaBesµaHRtg;
CamYymnusSdéTeTotCaCagBwgEp¥keTAelI RbPBEtmYy
Kt;enaH.
RbsinebIvasmehtuplehIyenaH cUrGnuvtþPøam²tamEtGñkeFVI)an edIm,IedaHRsaybBaaðenaH.
RbsinebIvaminsmehtupleT enaHcUredaHRsaybBaðaenaHCamYyGñkpþl;mti.
eronBIbTBiesaFn_.
eFVICaKMrU éndMeNIrkarenH dl;sikçakamrbs;Gñk.
segçb
enAkñúgvKÁenH eyIg)anBicarNaBIktþaxøH² EdlGñkRtUvkaredIm,IKiteTAdl;karykvKÁbNþúHbNþalrbs;
GñkmkbBa©ÚlKña. vaBMuEmnCakarl¥eT EdlGñk)ansresrEpnkarénvKÁsikSaeGayl¥\tex©aHeTAehIyenaH Et
RbsinebI BMuTan;)aneTenaH dUcenHRtUveRbIeKalkarN_énkarENnaMl¥. enAkñúgvKÁ enHeyIgFøab;)anBicarNa
eTAelIeKalkarN_TaMgenaHPaKeRcIn eTaHbICaeyIg)anbBa¢ak;BIBYkvarYcehIy enAkñúgkarR)ab;eGaydwgBIcMNucKnøwH
¬Tips¦ . ehtuplKWfakarbNþúHbNþal cMa)ac;RtUvEt CakarGnuvtþtamEbbFmµCati. GñkBMuGacsMEdg CamnusS
Namñak;EdlBMuEmnCaxøÜnGñkenaHeT. GñkRtUv EtCaxøÜnÉg ehIyRtUveRbIyuT§saRsþ edIm,IbBa¢Únsar rbs;Gñk
eGayTUlMTUlay EdlskþismrvagGñk nigsikçakamrbs;Gñk.
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skmµPaBvaytémøbBa©b;vKÁTI
4
cUrerobcMCamYyRKUbNþúHbNþal RbFanEpñk GñkRbwkSarbs;Gñk edIm,Ipþl;vKÁsikSamYy EdlGñk
)anerobcMehIy. RKUbNþúHbNþal RbFanEpñk GñkRbwkSarbs;Gñk nwgvaytémøelIkargarrbs;Gñk nigpþl;CUn
dl;GñkvijnUv Feedback enaH.
viFIsaRsþd¾smrmümYy EdlGacRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgkmµviFIbNþúHbNþalTaMgBIr KWenAkEnøgeFVIkargar nig
viFIbNþúHbNþalenATl;muxKña KYreRbIRkummYyEdlmanmnusScMnYn 6nak; edayeFVIkarmñak;mþg²vilCMu eday smaPaB
dUcteTA³
-mnusSTI1
RKUbNþúHbNþal
-mnusSTI 2-5
sikçakam
-mnusSTI 6
GñkGegátemIl
RKUbNþúHbNþalnwgGnuvtþkarbNþúHbNþal BinitüemIlkarRbRBwtþrbs;sikçakam eFVIetsþcMeNHdwg nig
CMnajrbs;sikçakam pþl; Feedback elIkareRtomrYcCaeRscrbs;BYkeKsMrab;karvaytémø nig Ca»kasl¥sMrab;
karGnuvtþn_bEnßmeTot GnuvtþkarvaytémøxøÜnÉg nigTTYl Feedback BIsikçakam. EbbbTénkarvay témøenH
dak;bBa©ÚlmkCamYyCaGtßbTP¢ab;bEnßmelx 2.
sikçakam KYrcUlrYmenAkñúgkarbNþúHbNþalenH nigpþl;
EdlBYkeKyl;eXIj enAeBlBYkeKCa sikçakam.
Feedback
TUeTAdl;RKUbNþúHbNþalGMBI GVIEdl
GñkGegátnwgpþl Feedback dl;KUbNþúHbNþal elIkareFVIbT]eTsnaménkarbNþúHbNþal karsMerc)an
nUvlT§pleronsURt PaBsmrmüénviFIsaRsþbNþúHbNþal rcnasm<½nénvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH. RkdascMelIy
vaytémørbs;GñkGegát KWenAGtßbTP¢ab;bEnßmelx 3.
ehtuenHehIy RKUbNþúHbNþalCasikçakamRtUvRsUbyk»kas edIm,ITTYlbTBiesaFn_eBjeljenAkñúg
dMeNIrkarbNþúbNþalenH dUcCa : karbNþúHbNþal : : kMBugRtUv)anbNþúHbNþal : : karpþl; Feedback : nig :
BinitüemIlkarbNþúHbNþalCafµIeLIgvij : . bEnßmelIenHeTotenaH BYkeKman»kasedim,IGegát nigeronsURt
BIrebobénkareFVIbT]eTsnam nig viFIbNþúHbNþalEdlxusEbøkKña enAkñúgeBlevlamYy nigsÞIlEdleKpþl;
karbNþúHbNþalTan;eBlevla nig cMNayR)ak;kasRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB.
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