Types of Seizures and Medication
Content
Types of Seizures and Symptoms
http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/types-of-seizures-their-symptoms
Generalized Seizures
(Produced by the entire brain)
Symptoms
1. "Grand Mal" or Generalized tonic-clonic
Unconsciousness, convulsions, muscle rigidity
2. Absence
Brief loss of consciousness
3. Myoclonic
Sporadic (isolated), jerking movements
4. Clonic
Repetitive, jerking movements
5. Tonic
Muscle stiffness, rigidity
6. Atonic
Loss of muscle tone
Partial Seizures
(Produced by a small area of the
brain)
Symptoms
1. Simple(awareness is
retained)
a. Simple Motor
b. Simple Sensory
c. Simple Psychological
a. Jerking, muscle rigidity, spasms, head-turning
b. Unusual sensations affecting either the vision, hearing, smell taste,
or touch
c. Memory or emotional disturbances
2. Complex
(Impairment of awareness)
Automatisms such as lip smacking, chewing, fidgeting, walking and
other repetitive, involuntary but coordinated movements
3. Partial seizure with
secondary generalization
Symptoms that are initially associated with a preservation of
consciousness that then evolves into a loss of consciousness and
convulsions.
Medication
http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/medications-treat-seizures
Tegretol or Carbatrol (carbamazepine)
First choice for partial, generalized tonic-clonic and mixed seizures
Common adverse effects include fatigue, vision changes, nausea, dizziness,
rash.
Zarontin (ethosuximide)
Used to treat absence seizures
Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, and weight loss.
Felbatol (felbamate)
Treats partial and some generalized seizures; is used rarely and only when no
other medications have been effective.
Side effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, inability to sleep, headache,
and depression. Although rare, the drug may cause bone marrow or liver failure.
Therefore, the use of the drug is limited and patients taking it must have blood cell
counts and liver tests regularly during therapy.
Gabitril (tiagabine)
Used with other epilepsy drugs to treat partial and some generalized seizures
Common side effects include dizziness, fatigue, weakness, irritability, anxiety,
and confusion.
Keppra (levetiracetam)
Primary therapy for generalized seizures; it is combined with other epilepsy drugs
to treat partial seizures.
Side effects include tiredness, weakness, and behavioral changes.
Lamictal (lamotrigine)
Treats partial and some generalized seizures
Has few side effects, but rarely people report dizziness, insomnia, or rash.
Lyrica (pregabalin)
Used to treat partial seizures, but is used more often to treat neuropathic pain.
Side effects include dizziness, sleepiness (somnolence), dry mouth, peripheral
edema, blurred vision, weight gain, and difficulty with concentration/attention.
Neurontin (Gabapentin)
Used with other epilepsy drugs to treat partial and some generalized seizures
Few lasting side effects; during the first weeks of treatment you may experience
tiredness and dizziness.
Dilantin (Phenytoin)
Controls partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures; also can be given
by vein (intravenously) in the hospital to rapidly control active seizures, although if the
drug is being delivered by IV, Cerebyx (fosphenytoin) is usually used.
Side effects include dizziness, fatigue, slurred speech, acne, rash, and increased
hair (hirsutism). Over the long term, the drug can cause bone thinning.
Topamax (Toprimate)
Used with other drugs to treat partial or generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Side effects include sleepiness, dizziness, speech problems, nervousness,
memory problems, visions problems, weight loss.
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine)
Treats partial seizures
Most common side effects are tiredness, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, or
double vision.
Depakene, Depakote (valproate, valproic acid)
Used to treat partial, absence, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tremor, hair loss,
weight gain, depression in adults, irritability in children, reduced attention, a decrease in
thinking speed. Over the long term, the drug can cause bone thinning, swelling of the
ankles, irregular menstrual periods. More rare and dangerous effects include hearing
loss, liver damage, decreased platelets (clotting cells), and pancreas problems.
Zonegran (zonisamide)
Used with other drugs to treat partial seizures
Adverse effects include drowsiness, dizziness, unsteady gait, kidney stones,
abdominal discomfort, headache, and rash.
Valium ( diazepam), Ativan (lorazepam) and similar tranquilizers such as
Klonopin (clonazepam)
Effective in short-term treatment of all seizures; used often in the emergency
room to stop a seizure, particularly status epilepticus
Tolerance develops in most within a few weeks, so the same dose has less effect
over time.
Valium can also be given as rectal suppository.
Side effects include tiredness, unsteady walking, nausea, depression, and loss of
appetite. In children, they can cause drooling and hyperactivity.
Fycompa (perampanel)
The drug is approved to treat partial onset seizures in those age 12 and older.
The label carries a warning of potential serious events including irritability,
aggression, anger, anxiety, paranoia, euphoric mood, agitation, and changes in mental
status.
Oxtellar XR (oxcarbazepine)
This drug is approved to treat partial seizures in those aged 6 and older. Oxtellar
XR is a once-daily medicine used with other medications to control seizures.
Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, headache, vomiting, double
vision, and balance problems.
Aptiom (eslicarbazepine acetate)
Aptiom is used as adjunctive treatment (meaning it's taken in addition to other
drugs) of partial-onset seizures.
The most common side effects include dizziness, nausea, headache, vomiting,
fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, blurred vision, and tremor.
Treatment should be initiated at 400 mg once daily. After one week, dosage may
be increased to the recommended maintenance dosage of 800mg once daily. Some
patients may benefit from the maximum recommended maintenance dosage of 1,200
mg once daily, although this dosage is associated with an increase in adverse reactions.
VIMPAT (lacosamide)
This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy.
VIMPAT can be used alone or with other drugs.
The drug comes as tablets, an oral solution, or injection.
Side effects include dizziness, headache, and nausea.
http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/guide/types-of-seizures-their-symptoms
Generalized Seizures
(Produced by the entire brain)
Symptoms
1. "Grand Mal" or Generalized tonic-clonic
Unconsciousness, convulsions, muscle rigidity
2. Absence
Brief loss of consciousness
3. Myoclonic
Sporadic (isolated), jerking movements
4. Clonic
Repetitive, jerking movements
5. Tonic
Muscle stiffness, rigidity
6. Atonic
Loss of muscle tone
Partial Seizures
(Produced by a small area of the
brain)
Symptoms
1. Simple(awareness is
retained)
a. Simple Motor
b. Simple Sensory
c. Simple Psychological
a. Jerking, muscle rigidity, spasms, head-turning
b. Unusual sensations affecting either the vision, hearing, smell taste,
or touch
c. Memory or emotional disturbances
2. Complex
(Impairment of awareness)
Automatisms such as lip smacking, chewing, fidgeting, walking and
other repetitive, involuntary but coordinated movements
3. Partial seizure with
secondary generalization
Symptoms that are initially associated with a preservation of
consciousness that then evolves into a loss of consciousness and
convulsions.
Medication
http://www.webmd.com/epilepsy/medications-treat-seizures
Tegretol or Carbatrol (carbamazepine)
First choice for partial, generalized tonic-clonic and mixed seizures
Common adverse effects include fatigue, vision changes, nausea, dizziness,
rash.
Zarontin (ethosuximide)
Used to treat absence seizures
Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, and weight loss.
Felbatol (felbamate)
Treats partial and some generalized seizures; is used rarely and only when no
other medications have been effective.
Side effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, inability to sleep, headache,
and depression. Although rare, the drug may cause bone marrow or liver failure.
Therefore, the use of the drug is limited and patients taking it must have blood cell
counts and liver tests regularly during therapy.
Gabitril (tiagabine)
Used with other epilepsy drugs to treat partial and some generalized seizures
Common side effects include dizziness, fatigue, weakness, irritability, anxiety,
and confusion.
Keppra (levetiracetam)
Primary therapy for generalized seizures; it is combined with other epilepsy drugs
to treat partial seizures.
Side effects include tiredness, weakness, and behavioral changes.
Lamictal (lamotrigine)
Treats partial and some generalized seizures
Has few side effects, but rarely people report dizziness, insomnia, or rash.
Lyrica (pregabalin)
Used to treat partial seizures, but is used more often to treat neuropathic pain.
Side effects include dizziness, sleepiness (somnolence), dry mouth, peripheral
edema, blurred vision, weight gain, and difficulty with concentration/attention.
Neurontin (Gabapentin)
Used with other epilepsy drugs to treat partial and some generalized seizures
Few lasting side effects; during the first weeks of treatment you may experience
tiredness and dizziness.
Dilantin (Phenytoin)
Controls partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures; also can be given
by vein (intravenously) in the hospital to rapidly control active seizures, although if the
drug is being delivered by IV, Cerebyx (fosphenytoin) is usually used.
Side effects include dizziness, fatigue, slurred speech, acne, rash, and increased
hair (hirsutism). Over the long term, the drug can cause bone thinning.
Topamax (Toprimate)
Used with other drugs to treat partial or generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Side effects include sleepiness, dizziness, speech problems, nervousness,
memory problems, visions problems, weight loss.
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine)
Treats partial seizures
Most common side effects are tiredness, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, or
double vision.
Depakene, Depakote (valproate, valproic acid)
Used to treat partial, absence, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tremor, hair loss,
weight gain, depression in adults, irritability in children, reduced attention, a decrease in
thinking speed. Over the long term, the drug can cause bone thinning, swelling of the
ankles, irregular menstrual periods. More rare and dangerous effects include hearing
loss, liver damage, decreased platelets (clotting cells), and pancreas problems.
Zonegran (zonisamide)
Used with other drugs to treat partial seizures
Adverse effects include drowsiness, dizziness, unsteady gait, kidney stones,
abdominal discomfort, headache, and rash.
Valium ( diazepam), Ativan (lorazepam) and similar tranquilizers such as
Klonopin (clonazepam)
Effective in short-term treatment of all seizures; used often in the emergency
room to stop a seizure, particularly status epilepticus
Tolerance develops in most within a few weeks, so the same dose has less effect
over time.
Valium can also be given as rectal suppository.
Side effects include tiredness, unsteady walking, nausea, depression, and loss of
appetite. In children, they can cause drooling and hyperactivity.
Fycompa (perampanel)
The drug is approved to treat partial onset seizures in those age 12 and older.
The label carries a warning of potential serious events including irritability,
aggression, anger, anxiety, paranoia, euphoric mood, agitation, and changes in mental
status.
Oxtellar XR (oxcarbazepine)
This drug is approved to treat partial seizures in those aged 6 and older. Oxtellar
XR is a once-daily medicine used with other medications to control seizures.
Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, headache, vomiting, double
vision, and balance problems.
Aptiom (eslicarbazepine acetate)
Aptiom is used as adjunctive treatment (meaning it's taken in addition to other
drugs) of partial-onset seizures.
The most common side effects include dizziness, nausea, headache, vomiting,
fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, blurred vision, and tremor.
Treatment should be initiated at 400 mg once daily. After one week, dosage may
be increased to the recommended maintenance dosage of 800mg once daily. Some
patients may benefit from the maximum recommended maintenance dosage of 1,200
mg once daily, although this dosage is associated with an increase in adverse reactions.
VIMPAT (lacosamide)
This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy.
VIMPAT can be used alone or with other drugs.
The drug comes as tablets, an oral solution, or injection.
Side effects include dizziness, headache, and nausea.
