Undergraduate Research Manual

COLEGIO DE DAGUPAN Arellano St., Dagupan City

UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH MANUAL

2

Table of Contents Front Page ………………………………………………………………………... Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………… I STYLE REQUIREMENTS……………………………………………… General Document Guidelines ……………………………………………. Title Page …………………………………………………………………. Approval Form ……………………………………………………………. Abstract …………………………………………………………………… Acknowledgment/Dedication …………………………………………….. Table of Contents/ List of Tables/List of Figures/Plates …………………. Body …………………………………………………………………….. Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………… Bibliography …………………………………………………………….. Appendices ………………………………………………………………. Tables ……………………………………………………………………... Figures and Plates ……………………………………………………….. II CONTENT REQUIREMENTS ……………………………………….. Abstract ………………………………………………………………….. Introduction ……………………………………………………………… Review of Literature ……………………………………………………… Methodology……………………………………………………………… Discussion of Findings……………………………………………………. Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations ………………………….. Bibliography ……………………………………………………………… Text Citations ……………………………………………………………. Quotations ………………………………………………………………… III RESEARCH POLICIES AND GUIDELINES ……………………….. Specific Functions ………………………………………………………… Oral Examination Fee ……………………………………………………. Remuneration of the Members of the Oral Examination Committee …… Implementation of Research ……………………………………………… Ethical Standards …………………………………………………………. Research Evaluation ……………………………………………………… Citation …………………………………………………………………… IV UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH FLOWCHARTS ……………… V SAMPLE FORMATS AND FORMS ………………………………… Page 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 14 16 17 17 20 20 20 22 24 24 26 28

3

I. STYLE REQUIREMENTS General Document Guidelines Margins Font Size and Style Spacing One (1) inch on the bottom and right sides, and 1.5” on the upper and left sides. Font style is Times New Roman with a font size of twelve (12) points Double-space throughout the paper except for title page, approval sheet, abstract, table of contents, list of tables, list of figures, list of plates, bibliography, appendices, and curriculum vitae. Flush Left (creating an uneven right margin). .5 inch from the margin or 1 tab. The page number appears on the bottom of the page, centered, .8 inch from the bottom of the paper. Page numbers should not appear on prefatory pages (every first page of every chapter). Small Roman numerals should be used for paging the preliminaries, which contain title page to list of figures and/or plates, while Arabic numerals for the rest of the paper. CDD letterhead should be used for the Approval Form and transmittal letters, while the header of the college/ department shall be used on the other parts of the document, if available. Active voice, third person must be used. For example, use "The researchers predicted that ..." Title Page, Approval Form, Abstract, Acknowledgement, Dedication, Table of Contents, List of Tables, List of Figures, List of Plates, Body, Bibliography (for more than ten entries), Appendices, and Curriculum Vitae (with picture). All capital letters and bold. This contains the title, researchers, degree program, and the month and year.

Alignment Paragraph Indentation Pagination

Manuscript Header

Active/Passive voice Order of Pages

Cover Page

4 Arrange alphabetically the name of researchers based on the surnames. The name of the leader should appear first. The color of the hardbound should be: green for CON; blue for CASED; orange for COE; grey for CICS; and yellow for CBA. Side Label Title Case, bold letters. This contains the name of the leader (for group) with “et al.”, title of research, and the month and year of submission.  Title Page Description Key Elements First part of the preliminaries. Paper title, researcher(s), name of the institution, degree program, date. Equal spacing in between must be observed. Title case, bold letters, centered, arranged as inverted pyramid. Title case, bold letters, centered on the line following the paper title, alphabetically arranged according to family names, however, name of the leader should be written first. Title case, bold letters, centered. Title case, bold letters, centered.

Paper Title Researcher(s)

Name of the Institution and College Degree Program Date

Includes month and year, written in title case, bold letters, centered.  Approval Form (see sample format) Abstract

Description Heading Format

Third part of the preliminaries after the approval form. Abstract (centered on the first line below the margin). The heading “Abstract” is written in title case and bold letters. It should not exceed 200 words. All numbers (except those beginning a sentence) should be typed as digits rather than words.  Acknowledgment/Dedication

5 Description Heading Format This begins on a new page following the “Abstract”. Acknowledgment/Dedication (centered on the first line below the margin). The heading “Acknowledgment/Dedication” is written in title case and bold letters.  Table of Contents/ List of Tables/List of Figures/Plates (see sample format)  Body Description The body of the paper begins on a new page (after the preliminaries). Subsections of the body of the paper do not begin on new pages.

Title

Chapter number is written in Arabic format (Chapter 1, Chapter 2…). The title is written in title case and bold letters. The chapter heading, for example INTRODUCTION for Chapter 1, is written in uppercase and bold letters centered on the first line below the manuscript header. Headings are used to organize the document and reflect the relative importance of sections. Some sections may have subsections/subheadings. The following formats shall be used: A. Main headings (e.g., Research Design, Tools for Data Analysis under Chapter 3 should be written in title case and bold letters aligned left) B. Subheadings (when the paper has two levels of subheadings) are written in title case and bold letters indented from the left margin (1 tab).

Headings

Definition of Terms

This is last part of the INTRODUCTION. The terms must be written in title case and bold. A period follows after the term. The definitions (with hanging indent) begin on the line following its heading. Entries are organized alphabetically. This section is aligned left.  Bibliography

6 Description Title / Heading Format The bibliography begins on a new page. Bibliography (centered on the first line below the manuscript header/margin) The heading “Bibliography” is written in title case and bold letters. The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the bibliography heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors. This section is aligned left.  Appendices Description Heading Each Appendix begins on a separate page. If there is only one appendix, Appendix is centered on the first line below the manuscript header. If there is more than one appendix, use Appendix A (or B or C, etc.) and type the appendix title (centered written in title case letters).

 Tables A common use of tables is to present quantitative data or the results of statistical analyses. This is presented before the discussion of data. Heading Table 1 (or 2 or 3, etc.) is aligned left just above the table referred followed by the table title written in title case and italics.

Size

The font size may be reduced to 8 points when necessary. Single Space Continuous The table may be continued to next page but should carry the table number, the word “continued”, and an ellipsis in its heading (Table 1 continued…)

Spacing Numbering Continuation

 Figures/Plates

7 A common use of Figures is to present graphs, photographs, or other illustrations (other than tables). This is presented before the discussion of data. Heading Figure/Plate 1 (or 2 or 3, etc.) is aligned left just below the figure/plate referred followed by the figure/plate title written in title case, bold letters. Single Space Continuous

Spacing Numbering

II.CONTENT REQUIREMENTS

8 Abstract This part is a summary of the most important elements of the paper. This should summarize the problem, methodology, results/findings and conclusions. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study This part gives the readers an overview of what the research is all about, describing the problem situation in light of global, national and local forces. It justifies the existence of the problem situation by citing statistical data and authoritative sources. This part should likewise include the reasons on why the researcher/s had selected the research topic and explains its importance. At least, five (5) references should be used. Further, a clinching statement that will relate the background of the research problem should be included. Theoretical Framework This part discusses the theories and/or concepts which are useful in conceptualizing the research. This part may be omitted if theories are not available. Conceptual Framework This part identifies and discusses the variables related to the problem. A schematic diagram of the research is presented including the discussion of the relationships of the different elements/variables involved in the study. Statement of the Problem This part presents the statement of the main problem usually in declarative form. The main problem generally reflects the title of the research and its objectives. It should be stated in a way that it is not answerable by yes or no and not indicative of when and where. Rather, it should reflect relationships/differences between and among variables. This part also includes the sub-problems or the research questions that are to be answered specifically. These are stated as questions. The essential characteristic of a research question is that there should be some information that can be collected in an attempt to answer it. Moreover, the sub-problems should be arranged in a logical order from actual to analytical following the flow in the research paradigm. The characteristics of a good research question should be noted: it should be feasible, clear, and significant (Fraenkel and Wallen, 2003).

9 Hypotheses (optional) The part states tentative answers to research questions. The hypothesis should be measurable and desirable, expressing expected relationship between/among two or more variables. It should be based on the theory and/or empirical evidence. It is a prediction of some sort regarding the possible outcomes of a study. • • A hypothesis in statistical form has the following characteristics: It is used when the tests of significance of relationships and differences of measures are involved. The level of significance/confidence is stated.

Assumptions (optional) The part is a statement of things that are presumed to be true during the conduct of the study. It should be noted that these assumptions need not be proven unlike the hypothesis. It should likewise be based on the general and specific problems and be stated in simple, brief, generally accepted statement. Significance of the Study The part should clearly state the importance/ usefulness of the research to different specific groups (community, school, respondents, college, department, students, and researchers), education, research and practice. Scope and Limitations This part mentions the areas that will be included and excluded in the research, its boundaries and constraints. It should indicate the principal variable, locale, timeframe and justification. Definition of Terms This part defines the important terms taken from the title and statement of the problem. The terms should be arranged alphabetically and defined in two common ways: the dictionary-type definitions and the operational definitions. The latter is preferred. It should define the terms according to how it was used in the study with hanging indent The following format is adopted: Term1. The definition of term1 stated in sentence format. Term2. The definition of term2 stated in sentence format.

10 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE This includes the related literatures and studies from both foreign and local sources. It is arranged and synthesized thematically to conform to the specific problems. It synthesizes evidences from all the literatures reviewed to get an overall understanding of the state of knowledge in the research problem. As much as possible, the reviewed literatures are limited to those published within the last 10 years (with at least 10 references). A clinching statement showing how the related literatures had assisted the researchers in the present study should be written in the last part. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY Research Design This specifies, describes, and justifies the appropriateness of the research design used in the study. Sources of Data This describes the locale of the study (place where the study was conducted) and the rationale of its choice. It should likewise describe the research population and the sampling methods or techniques used in determining the respondents or subjects of the study. Instrumentation and Data Collection This part should describe the instrument, what it measured, how it was interpreted, to whom it was administered, and if it is necessary, how it was administered. A description of the instrument or parts of the instrument used is included. Further, it mentions the type of instruments used in the study, such as the rating scales, interview schedules, tally sheet, performance checklist, documents and others. If the instrument used to gather data is made by the researcher, the test conducted to ensure the instruments’ (usually the questionnaires) validity and reliability should be stated. The level of reliability (probability) should be stated. At least five (5) experts on the field being studied should have evaluated the instrument. Describe the specific data gathering procedures employed.

11 Tools for Data Analysis This presents the statistical tools or treatment employed in the analysis and interpretation of the collected data. The tools used for data analysis for each of the problems should be described. The numerical and descriptive values, if any, to interpret data should be determined and justified. Depending on the statistical treatment used, the studentresearchers may consult a statistician for a more precise result. Chapter 4 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Data Presentation This is presented based on the specific problems posited in the study. The data are presented in tabular or graphical and textual form. The data should likewise be presented from general to particular, macro to micro or vice versa. Data Analysis The data are analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively depending on the level of measurement and the number of dimensions and variables of the study. The statistical description is stated in declarative sentences Table reading should be avoided in the analysis of the results presented in tabular format. For studies involving correlation The presence of any correlation including whether positive or negative and the level of significance is indicated. The acceptance or rejection of hypothesis is also stated. For studies involving differences The presence of any difference and the level of significance is indicated. The acceptance or rejection of hypothesis is also stated. Data Interpretation The interconnection between and among data is established. Indicators whether hypothesis is supported or not by the findings is checked. Moreover, present findings are linked with previous literature. The student-researchers parallel observations with contemporary events presented in the introduction. Further, implications from the results must be drawn.

12 Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary This includes a brief statement of the research objectives, the research problems, the research methodology and the major findings of the study. The problems are stated in paragraph form. The major findings for each of the problems raised are presented, excluding figures and implications. The result of the tested hypothesis is also presented including the level of confidence or significance. Conclusions These are brief, generalized statements deduced from the findings to answer the general and sub-problems. These contain generalizations applicable to the population. These are clearly aligned to the research problem, briefly worded directly answering, in sequential order the research problems, exclusively derived from the significant findings, not merely restatement of the findings, and free from any misleading impression, bias or unfair and incorrect generalizations. Flexibility is considered in making of conclusions. It is not a must to state conclusions on a one-to-one correspondence with the problems and the findings as all variables can be subsumed in one paragraph. Conclusions must be used as generalizations from a micro to a macro-level or vice versa (zoom lens approach). Recommendations These are worthy or acceptable and relevant suggestions that offer solution to the problems or issues presented in the study, based on the conclusions. Bibliography This includes all materials used and reviewed by the researcher arranged according to type, e.g. book, journal article, unpublished materials, and web documents. Citation with reference to APA (American Psychological Association) format shall be used. All sources included in the Bibliography/Reference section must be cited in the body of the paper (and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the Bibliography/ References section). Most reference entries have three components:

13 1. Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are seven or more authors, list the first six and then use "et al." for remaining authors. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference. 2. Year of Publication: In parentheses following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use "n.d." in parentheses following the authors. 3. Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers.  Examples of sources 1. Journal article Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1617-1626. 2. Book Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 3. Web document on university program or department Web site Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department of Psychology Website:http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx? doc_id=796 4. Stand-alone Web document (no date) Nielsen, M.E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved August 3, 2001, from http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm 5. Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date) Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, from http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html 6. Journal article from database Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal aggression link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved May 20, 2000, from ProQuest database. 7. Abstract from secondary database Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172. Abstract retrieved July 23, 2001, from PsycINFO database. 8. Journal article, Internet-only journal Bergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend play in children's cognitive development. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1). Retrieved February 1, 2004, from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html

14 9. Article or chapter in an edited book Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and mental health (pp. 70-84). New York: Oxford University Press. 10. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author. Appendices This contains the following: letters and other forms of communication; instruments used; sample computations; and additional tables and figures. Text Citations Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The underlying principle is that ideas and words of others must be formally acknowledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper. A. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. Consider the following example: Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there was a reduction in insulin dosage over a period of two weeks in the treatment condition compared to the control condition, the difference was not statistically significant. [Note: “and” should be used when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Compare this to the example in the following section.] B. When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and year of publication appear in parentheses. Consider the following example: Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). [Note: “&” should be used when multiple authors are identified in parenthetical material. Note also that when several sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered alphabetically by first authors' surnames and separated by semicolons.] C. When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors should be included every time the source is cited.

15 D. When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first author's surname and "et al." should be used. Consider the following example: Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). Payne et al. (1991) showed that... E. When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first author's surname and "et al." should be used every time the source is cited (including the first time). F. Every effort should be made to cite only sources that have been actually read. When it is necessary to cite a source that have not read ("Grayson" in the following example) that is cited in a source that have read ("Murzynski & Degelman" in the following example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source have read in the References list: Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. G. To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone interviews), include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. Because a personal communication is not "recoverable" information, it is not included in the References section. For the text citation, use the following format: B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed... H. To cite a Web document, use the author-date format. If no author is identified, use the first few words of the title in place of the author. If no date is provided, use "n.d." in place of the date. Consider the following examples: Degelman and Harris (2000) provide guidelines for the use of APA writing style. Changes in Americans' views of gender status differences have been documented (Gender and Society, n.d.). I. To cite the Bible, provide the book, chapter, and verse. The first time the Bible is cited in the text, identify the version used. Consider the following example: "You are forgiving and good, O Lord, abounding in love to all who call to you" (Psalm 86:5, New International Version). [Note: No entry in the References list is needed for the Bible.]

16 Quotations When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation. A. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. Example: Patients receiving prayer had "less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently incubated and ventilated" (Byrd, 1988, p. 829). B. A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks) apart from the surrounding text, in block format, with each line indented five spaces from the left margin.

17 III.RESEARCH POLICIES AND GUIDELINES 1. Specific Functions The research work shall be undertaken individually or in a group of 2-5 students. The grouping should be done in the onset of the semester. This arrangement shall establish the partnership of the student-researcher/s to pursue their desired topic related to their field of specialization. 1.1 Research Instructor/Adviser The research instructor/adviser must be a faculty member of the studentresearcher/s’ department/college. Within the time frame for the research completion, the research instructor/adviser should be able to: 1.1.1 provide student-researchers with information necessary in carrying out the research; 1.1.2 ensure that research titles submitted by student-researcher/s are related to their degree program; 1.1.3 approve the research title of the student-researcher/s; 1.1.4 ensure no duplication of research works in specific degree program; 1.1.5 help student-researcher/s in the development of the research problem, which should be clearly defined to the students, instructor/adviser and to those who shall approve it; 1.1.6 ensure that the research to be undertaken is feasible as to content, finances and time; 1.1.7 set definite time frames and deadlines for the construction of different parts of the research manuscript; 1.1.8 monitor the completion of the research;

1.1.9 recommend published or unpublished references, and people in authority for a thorough understanding of the research; 1.1.10 supervise the writing of the research manuscript; 1.1.11 ensure that sources of information are acknowledged;

18 1.1.12 ascertain that research manuscript is ready for presentation before recommending student research for oral examination; 1.1.13 ascertain that final copies of the research manuscript are in conformity with the content and style requirements found in this manual; 1.1.14 endorse student-research/es for oral examination to the Dean; and 1.1.15 compute the final grade of the student-researchers (average of the evaluation rating given by the oral examination committee). 1.2 Student-Researcher/s Within the time allotted for the completion of the research work, the studentresearcher/s should be able to: 1.2.1 submit research titles for approval of the research instructor/adviser and for preliminary evaluation of the research adviser; 1.2.2 work closely with the research instructor and adviser for approval of the research proposal; 1.2.3 choose a research adviser, other than the research instructor, from the college or department’s pool of advisers; 1.2.4 consult the research adviser at scheduled times;

1.2.5 provide oral or written updates of the research to the research adviser; 1.2.6 coordinate with the research unit for oral examination scheduling;

1.2.7 document and receive comments and suggestions from the Oral Examination Committee; 1.2.8 revise final manuscript based on the comments and suggestions from the Oral Examination Committee; and 1.2.9 submit three (3) copies of the hardbound research manuscript, (two (2) for the Library, and one (1) for the department/college, and a soft copy (CD) of the manuscript and an abstract (printed in the Colegio de Dagupan letterhead) to the Research Unit.

19

1.3 Research Unit The unit coordinates with the student-researcher/s, research instructors/advisers, dean/department head and library to facilitate the conduct of research in the school. Within the time allotted for the completion of the research work, the research unit should be able to: 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 1.3.8 orient student-researcher/s on the content of this handbook; issue forms to student-researcher/s necessary in the conduct of research; schedule student-researcher/s for oral examination; ensure that comments and suggestions are documented and received by the research adviser and student-researchers, respectively; check the integration of corrections to the research manuscript based on the school’s guidelines; facilitate the distribution of hardbound research copies to the concerned offices; coordinate the conduct of research paper presentation, conference or forum; and perform other functions as the need arises.

1.4 Dean/Department Head Within the time allotted for the completion of the research work, the dean/department head should be able to: 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 examine and endorse student-researcher/s to the research unit for oral examination schedule; approve final research manuscripts after corrections have been integrated by the student-researcher/s; and receive hardbound copies of all completed student-researches in his/her college.

20

1.5 Oral Examination Committee The committee members should have at least earned master degrees. The committee shall be composed of the Dean /Department Head, technical panel and research unit representative. The members of the committee will have the following functions: 1.5.1 the Dean/Department Head acts as the chairman of the committee, but may assign other faculty members in his/her behalf; 1.5.2 the technical panel representative, who is a faculty member of the student- researcher/s’ College or Department, evaluates the theoretical and content integrity of the research and suggests other materials to improve the manuscript; 1.5.3 the research unit representative checks the research as to the content and style requirements found in this manual; and 1.5.4 the research instructor/adviser acts as a moderator in the oral examination. 2. Oral Examination Fee An institutionalized oral examination fee (research defense fee) of five-hundred pesos (PHP 500.00) shall be paid to the cashier by each student-researcher/s before the final defense only. The policy “No Receipt, No Defense” shall be implemented strictly. The receipts shall be submitted to the research instructor/adviser and a photocopy be presented to the research unit for record purposes. 3. Remuneration of the Members of the Oral Examination Committee The oral examination fee shall be appropriated for the remuneration of the oral examination committee members and for the development of the research and extension services. The Dean/Department Head shall process the appropriation and distribution of the remuneration with the Finance Office. 4. Implementation of Research 4.1 Choosing a Title

21 The choice of a good title is a demanding but challenging search for a field of inquiry closely related to the student-researcher/s’ expertise and interest. The title should be reflective of the general problem that must be concise, preferably not more than 10 substantive words or two lines using the inverted pyramid format. Further, starter phrases such as “a study of …,” “an evaluation of …,” or “an assessment of …,” should be avoided. The chosen research problem should be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-bound (SMART) that it can be adequately and feasibly undertaken within the time frame of the research. 4.2 Developing the Research Proposal Upon the approval of the title by the research instructor/adviser, the studentresearcher/s shall commence structuring a research proposal containing the first three chapters of the research, including a sample of the instruments to be employed. The research proposal shall then be evaluated by the oral examination committee in terms of mechanics, organization and content. 4.3 Executing the Research After the evaluation and approval of the revised research proposal by the oral examination committee, as evidenced by a duly signed approval form, the studentresearcher/s shall then proceed to the research execution. 4.4 Constructing the Research Manuscript The student-researcher/s shall include all information based on the content and style provided in this manual. It should be submitted to the research instructor/adviser for the evaluation of mechanics, organization and contents. 4.5 Defending the Research The research adviser shall endorse the research manuscript to the dean, who will thereafter endorse it to the research unit using an endorsement form. The studentresearcher/s will then be scheduled for oral examination upon presentation of the endorsement form signed by the dean. The research will be examined using the evaluation form. Comments and suggestions of the oral examination committee members shall be documented and received by the research adviser and student-researcher/s, respectively. Research defense should be held at the Defense Room beside the Research Unit and Graduate School Library located at the ground floor, Library Building, if available. Reservations should be made with the research unit three (3) working days prior to the defense.

22

4.6 Submitting the Final Research Manuscript A copy of the final research manuscript shall be evaluated by the oral examination committee. Upon its approval, it shall then be replicated and hardbound. The studentresearcher/s shall submit three (3) copies of the hardbound research manuscript to the following: (two (2) for the Library; and one (1) for the department/college, and a soft copy (CD) of the manuscript and an abstract (printed in the Colegio de Dagupan letterhead) to the Research Unit. 5. Ethical Standards 5.1 Offenses 5.1.1 Plagiarism The practice of plagiarism is a form of academic high treason undermining the entire scholarly enterprise. Academic plagiarism is the deliberate attempt to deceive the reader through the appropriation and representation as one's own the works and words of others. This happens when a writer repeatedly uses more than four words from a printed source without the use of quotation marks and a precise reference to the original source. Some of these plagiarism are: Straight Plagiarism is committed when only capitalization and sentence structures are changed and the odd word is added or deleted. But, the original authors are not acknowledged nor are quotation marks used. Plagiarism using a citation is committed when although the real author is acknowledged plagiarism takes place because the original text is reproduced with only minor changes without using either quotation marks or footnotes. Simple plagiarism using a footnote is committed when a reference is provided but quotation marks are still not used when academic rules for citation demand their use and some words are slightly changed to make the passage appear to be different from the original. Complex plagiarism using a footnote is committed when various changes and paraphrases, from more than one page, are used with a footnote but without appropriate quotation marks. Thus a reference is given, although it may not be to exactly the correct page, and many words and phrases are taken from the original text. Plagiarism with hanging quotations is committed when the plagiarist begins by using a quotation but continues to quote after closing the quotation marks.

23 Paraphrasing as plagiarism is committed when a researcher paraphrases without reference to the original source, even when the source is mentioned, without the addition of material that seriously interacts with the paraphrased passages or adds significant new information. Legitimate paraphrasing takes place only where the source is acknowledged and where the paraphrasing is limited to material that is then discussed, explained, and argued about. Self-plagiarism is committed when students submit essentially the same research for credit in different courses. This happens when no indication is given that the research is being recycled or when an effort is made to disguise the original text. Disguising a text occurs when student-researchers make cosmetic changes that cause the same research to look different when in reality it actually remains unchanged in its central argument. Thus, quotation marks must be used for any passage copied from another work containing five or more words. To know how to cite works and use quotations correctly, please see the page regarding it on this manual. 5.1.2 Falsification of Data Falsification of data is the selective alteration of data collected in the conduct of scientific investigation or the "misrepresentation of uncertainty" during statistical analysis of the data. Falsification also includes the selective omission/deletion/suppression of conflicting data without scientific or statistical justification. http://www.research.edu. Data collected from observations, experiments, surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and polls are often used in reports. It is academically dishonest to report anything other than the results obtained using the stated method of data collection. In particular, the student-researcher/s must not: • • • • • Change or manipulate the method of data collection before the end of the data collection period, unless a full account is provided in the final report Change or omit data that have been collected Add data collected outside the data collection period Add fictitious data Or otherwise misrepresent the true results of the data collected.

5.2 Procedures for Dealing with These Offenses Complaints on plagiarism and falsification of data are to be made with the Research Unit. The Unit in coordination with the concerned Deans/Department Head will conduct a preliminary investigation of any allegation of research offense. Such preliminary investigation will make provision for a written statement of any allegations to be provided to the person(s) against whom such allegations are directed, and for a written response from that person to be received and considered. A preliminary investigation

24 will be limited to determining whether a case exists, that a research offense may have occurred. If the preliminary investigation finds that a case exists, there will be a formal investigation, which shall follow the school’s procedures for dealing with cases of personnel and student misconduct. 5.3 Consequences Attempts to plagiarize and make data fit a particular theory or preferred outcome contravene the basic principles of academic integrity, hence, severe penalties will be given to research instructors/advisers and student-researchers. 5.3.1 Student-Researchers If found guilty of either plagiarism or falsification of data, the student-researcher/s shall be advised to re-enroll the course. 5.3.2 Research Instructor/Adviser If found guilty of either plagiarism or falsification of data, the research instructor/adviser shall be pulled out from the list of the College’s pool of advisers. 6. Research Evaluation The research is evaluated based on the manuscript and oral examination. 6.1 Research Manuscript The research manuscript is evaluated on its mechanics, organization and quality of research content. (see sample format) 6.2 Oral Examination The candidates’ ability to defend the research is based on their mastery of the research content, knowledge of the problem area, clarity and comprehensiveness of presentation ability to orally communicate answers to questions, ability to keep discussions on the main issues and ability to demonstrate a professional attitude towards suggestions and revisions. (see sample format) 7. Citation 7.1 Award In pursuit of academic excellence, particularly in the field of research, the college shall recognize exemplary outputs of student-researcher/s by giving “Exemplary Research Award”. Every college or department shall recommend researches for

25 evaluation. The recommended researches shall be presented in the College Research Conference and evaluated by the Research Unit and the Vice-President for Research and Planning. The researches that qualify for the award will be recommended for approval of the President. 7.2 Publication The college shall recognize exemplary research outputs through its publication. The exemplary researches approved by the president will be published in the school’s research journal.

26

IV. UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH FLOWCHARTS Proposal
1. ENDORSEMENT BY THE ADVISER The research adviser endorses the research proposal to the dean/department head for comments and suggestions.

2. ENDORSEMENT BY THE DEAN/DEPARTMENT HEAD the dean/department head endorses the research proposal to the research unit through an endorsement form.

3. SCHEDULING OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL EXAMINATION The research unit issues a schedule form to the student-researcher/s for proposal examination upon presentation of the endorsement form.

4. SUBMISSION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL The student-researcher/s provides a copy of the research proposal to all oral examination committee members three (3) working days before the oral examination.

5. RESEARCH PROPOSAL EXAMINATION The research unit representative, technical panel representative and the dean/department head as chairman compose the oral examination committee, which examines the research using the evaluation form. Comments and suggestions of the oral examination committee members are documented and received by the research adviser and student-researcher/s, respectively.
COMPLETION OF APPROVAL FORM FOR REVISED RESEARCH PROPOSAL The research adviser endorses the revised proposal to the committee members for review. The student-researcher/s consults and seeks the approval of the oral examination committee members for the research proposal. 6.

7. SUBMISSION OF APPROVED RESEARCH PROPOSAL The student-researcher/s submits the approved research proposal to the research unit within three (3) weeks after the proposal oral examination. An approval form to conduct the research will be issued.

27

Final Research
1. ENDORSEMENT BY THE ADVISER The research adviser endorses the completed research to the dean/department head for comments and suggestions.

2. ENDORSEMENT BY THE DEAN The dean/department head endorses the completed research to the research unit through an endorsement form

3. SCHEDULING OF DEFENSE The research unit issues a schedule form to the student-researcher for final oral examination upon presentation of the endorsement form.

4. SUBMISSION OF COMPLETED RESEARCH The student-researcher/s provides a copy of his/her completed research to all oral examination committee members five (5) working days before the defense.

5. FINAL ORAL EXAMINATION The research unit representative, technical panel representative and the dean/department head as chairman compose the oral examination committee, which examines the research using the evaluation form. Comments and suggestions of the oral examination committee members are documented and received by the research adviser and student-researcher/s, respectively. 6. COMPLETION OF THE RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT The research adviser endorses the defended research to the committee members for final review. The student-researcher/s consults and seeks the approval of the committee members of the completed research manuscript within two (2) weeks after the final oral examination. 7. SUBMISSION OF COMPLETED RESEARCH MANUSCRIPT The student-researcher/s submits three (3) hardbound copies, one (1) for the Dean/Department Head and two (2) for the Library; a soft copy (CD) of the manuscript and an abstract (printed in the Colegio de Dagupan letterhead) to the Research Unit. The completed research manuscript should be hardbound after the approval form has been duly signed by all committee members.
8. COMPLETION OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FORM The research unit issues an acknowledgement form to the student-researcher/s that shall be signed by the Library Head and Dean/Department Head to ensure that hardbound research manuscripts were submitted to their offices.

28 SAMPLE FORMATS AND FORMS Cover Page TRAINING PRACTICES OF SELECTED REGIONAL AND NATIONAL BUSINESSES WITH OPERATIONS IN DAGUPAN CITY (All capital and bold letters, centered, inverted pyramid))

BAYANI, KENETH G. MUNAR, EMELY A. VERGONIA, MARIVIC C. (All capital and bold letters, centered) (Alphabetically arranged accdg to Family Names)

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN <Course> (All capital and bold letters, centered)

OCTOBER 2008 (All capital and bold letters, centered)

29 Title Page Training Practices of Selected Regional and National Businesses with Operations in Dagupan City (Title case, bold letters, centered, inverted pyramid)

Bayani, Keneth G. Munar, Emely A. Vergonia, Marivic C. (Title case, bold letters, centered, and alphabetically arranged according to Family Names)

College of <NAME OF COLLEGE> Colegio de Dagupan Arellano St., Dagupan City (Title case, bold letters, centered)

Bachelor of Science in <COURSE> (Title case, bold letters, centered)

October 2008 Title case, bold letters, centered)

30 Proposal Approval Form (3 spaces) In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ________________________________ the research proposal entitled, ______________ _______________________________________________________________________ _____prepared and submitted by _____________________________________________ is hereby endorsed for approval.

________________________________ Research Adviser

This is to certify that the research proposal mentioned above submitted by ____________________________________ has been examined and approved on ________________________ by the Oral Examination Committee.

________________________________ Chairman ____________________________ Member ___________________________ Member

Noted: _______________________________ Dean

31 Completed Approval Form (3 spaces) In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ________________________________ the completed research entitled, _____________ _______________________________________________________________________ _prepared and submitted by _________________________________________________ is hereby endorsed for approval and acceptance. _________________________ Research Adviser

This is to certify that the completed research mentioned above submitted by ____________________________________ has been examined and approved on ________________________ by the Oral Examination Committee.

________________________________ Chairman

___________________________ Member

___________________________ Member

APPROVED and ACCEPTED as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ____________________________________ on _____________________ with a grade of ___________________.

________________________________ Dean

32

Abstract (3 spaces) <Name of Researchers>, “<Paper Title>,” Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management, College of Business and Accountancy, Colegio de Dagupan, Arellano Street, Dagupan City, Pangasinan, Philippines, October 2008. Adviser: <Name of Adviser> Training is an essential strategy to match human capital to current customer demands, however, determining why, what and how to carry out these trainings is a crucial decision. The study profiled the companies’ business, department, number of employees, job, in-house training programs, training department structure, changes anticipated, training skills sets, and instructional delivery methods; and described the skills sets and criteria for these methods. It involved 63 managers of regional and national companies in Dagupan City engaged in retailing products and providing services. Data were gathered through questionnaires substantiated by interview and were analyzed using frequency counts and mean. Consequently, most of these businesses were relatively small retailers with no separate training departments, but provide in-house training programs and anticipate increased of these programs on customer service, management and sales. Self-study, classroom-based instruction, and computer software were the training methods employed with much consideration on their flexibility and cost.

33

Acknowledgment (3 spaces) The researchers wish to express their profound gratitude to the following who in one way or the other have contributed to the success of this study. To the almighty God for His eternal love, blessings and guidance, and the wisdom He has given us; To (mention the persons whom you wish to thank). The Researcher(s)

34 Table of Contents (3 spaces) Title Page…………………………………………………………………..……… Approval Form…………………………………………………………………… Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...... Acknowledgment……………...…………………………………………………. Dedication (optional)……………………………………………………………… Table of Contents…………………………………………….…………………… List of Tables……………………………………………………………..………. List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….. Background of the Study…………………………………………………... Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………… Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………..... Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………. Hypothesis/es……………………………………………………………… Assumptions (Optional)…………………………………………………… Significance of the Study…………………………………………………. Scope and Limitations……………………………………………………. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………….. 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES ….………………….. 3 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………….. Research Design……………………………....…………………………. Sources of Data………………………………………………………….. Instrumentation and Data Collection……....……………………………. Tools for Data Analysis ……………………….….……………………… 4 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS…………………………………………. 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…….. Summary …………………………………………………………………. Conclusions…………………………………….………………………….. Recommendations……………………….…………………....................... Bibliography …………………………………………………………………….. Appendices ……………………………………………………………………….. A Transmittal Letters ……………………………………………………….. B Letter to the Respondents ………………………………………………… C Sample Computations ……………………………………………………. Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………………… Page i ii iii iv v vi viii ix 1 1 6 8 13 15 15 16 16 17 20 91 91 91 93 94 96 171 171 173 174 175 178 178 179 180 185

35 List of Tables (3 spaces) Table 1 2 3 Title <Title of Table 1> <Title of Table 2> <Title of Table 3> Page 92 97 100

36 List of Figures (3 spaces) Figure 1 2 3 Title <Title of Table 1> <Title of Table 2> <Title of Table 3> Page 7 15 98

37 Proposal ENDORSEMENT FOR ORAL EXAMINATION This certifies that the research proposal entitled __________________________________ ENDORSEMENT FOR ORAL EXAMINATION _______________________________________________________________________________ prepared and submitted by _______________________________________________________ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ______________________________ has been examined and is endorsed for Oral Examination. _____________________________ Research Adviser Approved: _______________________________ Dean

Completed ENDORSEMENT FOR ORAL EXAMINATION This certifies that the completed research entitled ________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ prepared and submitted by _______________________________________________________ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ______________________________ has been examined and is endorsed for Oral Examination. _____________________________ Research Adviser Approved: _______________________________ Dean

38 Proposal ORAL EXAMINATION SCHEDULE FORM Please be informed that the research proposal entitled _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ prepared and submitted by _________________________________________________________ will be evaluated by the Oral Examination Committee on the schedule presented below. Date Time Venue

________________________________ Signature over Printed Name

Completed ORAL EXAMINATION SCHEDULE FORM Please be informed that the completed research entitled ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ prepared and submitted by ________________________________________________________ will be evaluated by the Oral Examination Committee on the schedule presented below. Date Time Venue

______________ _________________ Signature over Printed Name

39 EVALUATION FORM Name of Researcher/s : ____________________________________________________ Degree Program : ____________________________________________________ Date of Defense : ____________________________________________________ Research Title : ____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Directions: Please check (/) the number that corresponds to your rating in the number/line for each item; 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 5 1. Mechanics (5%) a. General Appearance, including encoding b. Sentence Structure c. Semantics/ Rhetoric d. Referencing/Bibliographic Entries/Appendices 2. Organization (15%) a. Coherence and consistency (unity of ideas) b. Clarity (clearness of expression) c. Emphasis d. Unity of Structure (from presentation, interpretation to conclusion) e. Logical Presentation of the Research 3. Quality of Research Content (30%) a. Originality b. Appropriateness of the Presentation Media Used c. Relevance of the Study d. Appropriateness of Statistical Treatment e. Soundness and depth of Findings’ Interpretation f. Relevance of Conclusions and Recommendations g. Objectivity in Presentation 4. Researcher’s Ability to Defend the Research (50%) a. Mastery on the Research Content (10%) b. Knowledge of the Problem Area and Allied Fields (5%) c. Clarity and Comprehensiveness of Presentation (10%) d. Ability to Orally Communicate Answers to Questions (10%) e. Ability to Keep Discussions on the Main Issues (5%) e. Ability to Demonstrate a Professional Attitude towards suggestions and revisions (10%) TOTAL
N.B. The researcher has to achieve 75% to pass the oral examination.

______________

Evaluated by: ____________________________________________________________

40 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FORM This is to acknowledge that copies of the research entitled__________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ have been submitted by ___________________________________________________________ to the following: Signature DEAN - one (1) hardbound copy LIBRARY - two (2) hardbound copies RESEARCH UNIT - one (1) CD and abstract printed in the CDD letterhead Date

LETTERHEAD REQUEST FORM ________________ _ Date To the Cashier Please allow Mr./Ms. __________________________________________ of the College of ___________________________________ to buy _____ pieces of the school’s letterhead for the completion of his/her research.

_________________________ Signature over Printed Name