Victimization in Criminal Justice System

 

VICTIMIZATION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

SUBMITTED TO -

SUBMITTED BY –  

PROFESSOR DR.ANJU BERWAL BERWAL

TEJINDER SINGH

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES PANJAB UNIVERSITY

102/10 10TH SEMESTER 

 

CHANDIGARH

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Th! "#$%&'( )$*+, & '$"+&(& )(h$*( &"#&!!  #3((*,& ($)3#,! (h& "&$"+& )h$ 3,& ( "$!!+& 4$# & ($ 4!h ( $ (& 3, )(h 3''*#3'. F#!(+5 I )$*+, +6& ($ (h36 $*# C#$+$5 P&$+$ 3, V'($+$ P#$4&!!$# D#.A%* B&#)3+ 4$# 7 & (h& #&8*!(& *,&+&! 3, h&+" &  4*+4++ (h& +$$"h$+&! $4   "#$%&'(. S&'$,+5 I )$*+, +6& ($ (h36  43+ &&#9! 4#&,! )h$ '$!(3(+ 37& & 3,7'& $ (h& 8*3+( $4 4$#3($ 3, h&+"&, &  '$"+&(  "#$%&'(. L3!(+ I )$*+, +6& ($ (h36 $*# +#3# !(344 4$# h&+" &  '$++&'( (h& 3(&#3+ 3, (h& #&8*#&, $$6! 4$# (h& "#$%&'(.

T&%,&# Sh

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT........... ACKNOWLEDGMEN T..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................................... ......................................... 2  T  TABLE ABLE OF CONTENTS............ CONTENTS....................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................ 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........ ABBREVIATIONS................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................................... ........................... 4 INTRODUCTION................ INTRODUCTION..... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .................................. .......................5 5 CONCEPT OF VICTIM................... VICTIM............................. ..................... ...................... ..................... ........................................... ................................. 6 DEFINITION OF VICTIM................... VICTIM.............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................................ .............................. 6  THEORIES OF VICTIMIZATION........ VICTIMIZATION................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .................... ......... 7 COMPONENTS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SSTEM..................... SSTEM................................ ..................... ........................! ..............! L"# E$%&'()*)$+................. E$%&'()*)$+........................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... .......................... ................ ! P'&,)(-+&$............... P'&,)(-+&$.... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................. ! D)%)$,) A++&'$)/,.............. A++&'$)/,........................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................................... ............................ ! C&-'+,.................... C&-'+,......... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .............................. ................... ! C&'')(+&$,............... C&'')(+&$,..... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................................................ ..................................... ! VICTIM AND THE CRIMINAL C RIMINAL JUSTICE SSTEM...................... SSTEM....................................................... ................................. 01  THE VICTIM AS VICTIM OF THE THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE JUSTICE SSTEM...................... SSTEM..................................00 ............00 VICTIM SERVICES.......... SERVICES.................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ............................................. .................................. 02 GRIEVANCES GRIEV ANCES AND PROBLEMS OF VICTIMS.......... VICTIMS.................... ..................... ..................... ............................ .................. 02 CONCLUDING CONCL UDING REMARKS.................. REMARKS............................. ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ........................... ................ 04

 

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AIR

A++ I,3 R&"$#(&#  

A++

A++3h33,

B$ LR

B$3 L3) R&"$#(&#  

C3+

C3+'*((3

DE

D&+h

G*%

G*%3#3(

:&#

:&#3+3

L(,

L(&,

MANU

M3*"3(#3

Mh LJ

M3h3#3!h(#3 L3) J$*#3+

O#

O#!!3

P;H

P*%3 3, H3#33

SC

S*"#&& C$*#(

SCC

S*"#&& C$*#( C3!&!

SCR

S*"#&& C$*#( R&"$#(&#  

TN

T3+ N3,*

 

VICTIMIZATION IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION F#$ +3(& 1<=< ($ +3(& 1<<>5  (h& A*!(#3+3 !(3(& $4 N&) S$*(h W3+&!5 3 ,$?& $# !$ $* ($*#!(! h3, $& !! 3+$ $& $4 (h& '$*(#&! 3%$# hh)3!. M3 $4 (h& $,&! )&#& +3(&# 4$*,  (h& B&+3+$ S(3(& F$#&!(5  73# !(3&! $4 ,&'3. S$& (#37&+&,   "3#!5 $(h&#! 3+$&. Th& )&#& )&# & $(h 3+&! 3, 4&3+&!5 3&, 3 &, &()&& 1< 3, 22. Th& '$& 4#$ ,44&#&( 3'6#$*,!5 ,44&#&( '$*(#&!5 3, )&#& (#37&+ ($ ,44&#&( ,&!(3($!. D&!"(& (h&!& ,44&#&'&!5 3++ $4 (h& 7'(! !h3#&, 3 '$$ 'h3#3'(&#!(' (h3( +6&, (h&@ (h& )&#& )&#& h6&#! h6&#! 3, 3'6"3 3'6"3'6& '6&#!. #!. Th&!& Th&!& !+3# !+3#(&! (&! h3, (h& "$!! "$!!+( +(  $4 "#$7, "#$7,  7&!(3($#! )(h 3 '+*& 3$*( (h& +6&+ "&#"&(#3($# $4 (h& '#&!5 3, "#$7,& (h& "#$4+&#  )(h 7(3+ 4$#3($ $( $+ 3$*( (h& "&#"&(#3($#5 *( 3$*( (h& 7'(! (h&!&+7&!. C$++&'(7&+5 (h! 4$#3($ ! #&4&##&, ($ 3! V'($+$5 $# (h& !(*, $4 7'(!@ 3 &33($ $4 &7&# 43'&( $4 (h&# +4&!(+&5 3'6#$*,5 h&3+(h5 3, "h!'3+ 'h3#3'(&#!('!. I( ! h$"&, (h3( (h#$*h 3 -,&"(h &33($ $4 (h& 7'(!5 )& 3 6$) (h& "&#"&(#3($#  3 +((+& &((&#. Th& '#3+ %*!('& !!(& ! (h& !&( $4 3&'&! 3, "#$'& "#$'&!!&! !!&! &!(3+!h&,  $7&#&(! $7&#&(! ($ '$(#$+ '#& 3, "$!& "&3+(&! $ (h$!& )h$ 7$+3(& +3)!. Th&#& ! $ !+& '#3+  %*!('& !!(&  (h& U(&, S(3(&! *( #3(h&# 3 !+3#5 ,7,*3+ !!(&!. H$) (h& '#3+ %*!('& !!(& )$#6!  &3'h 3#&3 ,&"&,! $ (h& %*#!,'($ (h3( !  'h3#&@ '(5 '$*(5 !(3(&5 4&,&#3+ $# (#3+ $7&#&( $# +(3# !(3++3($. D44&#&( %*#!,'($! h37& ,44&#&( +3)!5 3&'&!5 3, )3! $4 33 '#3+ %*!('& "#$'&!!&!.

 

CONCEPT OF VICTIM Th& #$+&5 "$#(3'& 3, 7!+( $4 (h& 7'( h37& 73#&, #&3(+  h*3 !$'&(&!. Th&!& Th& !& 73#3( 73#3($! $! #&4+&'( #&4+&'( (h& h!($# h!($#'3+ '3+ &73+*3 &73+*3($ ($  $4 +&3+ +&3+ '$'&" '$'&"(!5 (!5 3! )&++ )&++ 3! ,7&#!& ,7&#!& 3""#$3'h&, ($ (h& (&#"#&(3($ $4 !*'h $($! 3! (h3( $4 ,7,*3+ #&!"$!+(.  Th& '$'&"( $4 (h& 7'( ! 3 3'&( $& (h3( ! 4$*,  3 '*+(*#&! 3, (h3( ! &(#'3+ (&#()&, )(h #&+$*! !3'#4'&. E3#+ #&+$*! #(*3+! 4#$ 3++ "3#(! $4 (h& )$#+, &$, (h& ,&3-3, $4(& (h& "#3'('&-$4 ,7&5 h*3 $# 33+ !3'#4'&. E"'! 3, (h$  (h$+$ +$  $44&# $44&# *&#$ *&#$*! *! &3"+ &3"+&! &! $4 !$+ !$+' ' !3'#4' !3'#4'&! &! $4 7'( 7'(!. !. B&4$#& B&4$#& !$'&( !$'&(&! &! '#&3(&, +3) $# #*+&!5 +3) 3, $#,&# $#3(&,  (h& ,7,*3+. Th& 7'(?&, "&#!$ h!&+4 'h$$!&! (h& $44&,&#! "*!h&( 3,5 4 "$!!+&5 4+'(&, (. R&7&& )3! (h& ,#7 4$#'& $4 !*'h ,7,*3+!( %*!('&5 3, ,&(&##&'& )3! (! 'h&4 3. Th& &&, 4$#  !&'*#( 3! )&++ 3! (h& ,&!#& ($ "#&7&( 4*(*#& 3((3'6! $4(& &3( (h3( "#&-&"(7& #3,! )&#& '$,*'(&,. Th*!5  &3#+ !$'&(&! (h& #&+3($!h" $4 '#3+ 3, 7'( 3!'3++ #&4+&'(&, 3 #3) !(#* !(#* +& +& 4$# 4$# "$ "$)& )&## 3 3, , !* !*#7 #77 73+ 3+55 3 3, , (h (h&& #h #h(( $4 (h (h&&  , ,7 7,* ,*3+ 3+ 7 7'( '(  ($ (3 (36& 6& 7&&3'& )3! $4 "3#3$*( "$#(3'&.

DEFINITION OF VICTIM Th&& '$ Th '$ $( $(3( 3($ $! ! $4 (&# (&# 97 97' '( ( 73 73# #  ,44 ,44&#& &#&( ( +& +&3 3+5 +5 !$' !$'3+ 3+55 "!'h "!'h$+ $+$ $' '3+ 3+ $#  '#$+$'3+ '$(&(!. Th& "&3+ '$,&! $4 (h& &#!()h+& USSR ,&!'#& (h& 7'( 3! 4$++$)!.  Th$!& )h$ h37& 3! 3 ,#&'( #&!*+( $4 3 '#& !*44&#&, $#3+ "h!'3+ $# 3(&#3+ ,33& 1. Th$!& Th$!& )h$ h37& !*44&#&, !*44&#&, "h "h!'3 !'3+5 +5 $#3+5 $#3+5 $# 3(&#3 3(&#3++ ,33& ,33& (h#$) (h#$) 3, 3(( 3((&" &"(&, (&, $44&'& 2. Th$!& Th$!& )h$!& )h$!& 3(&#3+ 3(&#3+ ,33& ,33& '3*!&, '3*!&,  (h& '#& )3! 3,& 3,& $$, 34(&# 34(&# (h& '#&5 &(h&#  (h& '#3+ h!&+4 $# )(h (h& h&+" $4 M+(3 $# $4 3 ,7,*3+ 3'($ >. C+$!& #&+3($ #&+3($ $4 "&#!$ )h$ ,&, 3! 3 #&!*+( #&!*+( $4 $4 3 '#&. '#&.

From the legal stand pont! Fattah "#$%%& o'ser(ed)

 

Th& V'( V'( 3 & !"&'4 !"&'4'' !*'h !*'h 3! "h!'3 "h!'3++ $# $#3+ $#3+ "&#!$ "&#!$ C$#"$ C$#"$#3( #3($5 $5 S(3(&5 3, A!!$'3($ $# $ !"&'4'-3, 3 3!(#3'($. *+nne, "#$-.&)

Th& 7'( ! 3 '$'&"($ $4 #&3+( 3! )&++ 3! 3 $%&'( $4 &7&(!. A++ "3#(&! 7$+7&,  !&8*&'& $4 3'($! '$!(#*'( (h& #&3+( $4 (h& !(*3($. A,  (h& +3#&# !$'3+ '$(3'(!5 )& 3++ &3&  '$$ !&!& '$!(#*'($ $4 (h& '#&5 (h& '#3+5 3, (h& 7'(! Separo(/ "#$-0& stated)

W& '$!,&# 3 7'( 3! 3(h5 "h!'3+ $# $#3+ "&#!$ )h$ !*44&#! &(h&# 3! 3 #&!*+( $4  #*(h+&!! ,&! $# 3'',&(3++. A''$#,+ )& h37& 7'( $4 '#& $# $44&'& 3, 7'(! $4 3'',&(!. Castro"#$-$&)

A V'( ! 3 73#3+& $4 '#& $# ! 3 3'',&( "#$,*' 43'($# 4$# $(h&#! 3, 4$# h.

THEORIES OF VICTIMIZATION A *&# $4 (h&$#&! h37& && 3,73'&, ($ &"+3 !$& $4 (h& 4,! ,'3(&, 3$7&. L4&-!(+& (h&$#5 4$# &3"+&5 3#*&! (h3( '&#(3 +4&-!(+&! '#&3!&! $&! &"$!*#& ($ '#3+ $44&!&! 3, '#&3!&! #!6 $4 7'(?3($5 )h+& $(h&# +4&-!(+&! h( #&,*'& #!6. F$# &3"+&5 '#&3!&, #!6 )$*+, & +6&+ 4 3 "&#!$ ! !+&5 3!!$'3( )(h $(h&# $* & )h$ 3#& 3( #&3(&# #!6 4$# '#3+ 3'(7(5 +7  *#3 3#&3!5 3, $ ($ "*+'  "+3'&! +3(& 3( 3 ( h(. R&,*'&, #!6 )$*+, & 3!!$'3(&, )(h !(3 h$& 3( h(5 +7  3 #*#3+ 3#&35 & 3##&, 3, !(3 3( h$&5 3, &3# $#& $&. $&. A''$#, A''$#, ($ (h! &"+33($5 (h& "#$3+( $4 $4 '#& ,&"&,! "3#(3++ $ (h& 3'(7(&! $4 (h& 7'(. C#& ! $#& +6&+ )h& 7'(! "+3'& (h&!&+7&!  %&$"3#,. Th! &"+33($ &"+33($ )$*+, )$*+, 3''$*( 4$# !$& $4 (h& 4,! 4,! )(h #&!"&'( ($ 7'(? 7'(?3($. 3($. F$#  &3"+&5 3+(h$*h (h& &+,&#+ 3#& $#& 4&3#4*+ $4 '#& "&#h3"! &'3*!& (h& 3#& $#& 7*+&#3+&5 (h& $ $*( +&!! 3, (36& $#& $#& "#&'3*($! )h& (h& ,$. W$& W$& 3+!$ (&, ($ (36& $#& "#&'3*($!5 3, 3#& $#& +6&+ ($ & 3''$"3&, & 3''$"3&,  3 3+& $# 3

 

#$*"5 #3(h&# (h3 3+$&. L7  3 *#3 3#&3 !h$*+, '#&3!& '#&3!& #!65 &'3*!& '#& ! $#& '$$  *#3 3#&3! 3, (h& +6&+h$$, $4 ,&(&'($ ! +$)&#. Th& P#$( h"$(h&!! !*&!(! (h3( '#& ! +&!! 3 4*'($ $4 +4&-!(+&5 *( #3(h&# !  3!&, $ '+$!& "#$(. "#$(.

V'(! V'(! 3, '#3+! +7&  (h& !3& hh '#& 3#&3!5

'h3#3'(&#?&,  "$$#5 ,&!&+ "$"*+3(&,5 h hh+ h+ (#3!&( &h$*#h$ &h$*#h$$,!. $,!. Th& "#$3+( $4 & 7'(?&, ! $#& 3 4*'($ $4 )h&#& $& +7&! (h3 $&! +4&!(+&. P#$"$&(! $4  (h! 3#*&( "$( $*( (h3( ("'3++ '#3+! ,$ $( $ 43# 4#$ h$& ($ '$( (h&#  '#&!5 3, (h*! $(h&# "&$"+&  (h&# $) &h$*#h$$,! )++ & $#& 3( #!6. A #&+3(&, '$'&"( ! (h& &8*73+&( #$*" h"$(h&!!5 )h'h "$(! $*( (h3( '#3+! 3, 7'(! $7&#3++ !h3#& !+3# 'h3#3'(&#!('! &'3*!& (h& 3#& $( &(#&+ !&"3#3(& #$*"!. P&$"+& )h$ '$( '#&! 3#& "#$3+ 3( hh&# #!6 4$# 7'(?3($5 $(h &'3*!& $4   "#$( ($ $(h&# '#3+! 3, &'3*!& $4 (h&# (h& # $) +4&!(+&!5 +4&! (+&!5 )h'h 7$+7& $ $*( 3( h h(( 3 3, , 3!!$' 3!!$'3( 3(   ) )(h (h $(h&# $(h&# $ $* *  3+&! 3+&! )h$ 3#&  7$ 7$+7 +7&, &,  '#& '#&..

I !*'h !*'h

3!!$'3($!5 (h& "+3'& (h&!&+7&! 3( #!6 4$# &'$ (h& 7'( $4 '#&! (h&!&+7&!. S$& !*""$#( 4$# (h! '$'&"( '$&! 4#$ #&!&3#'h (h3( ,'3(&! (h3( '#& 7'(! 3! 3 #$*" !&+4-#&"$#( 3 hh 3$*( $4 '#3+ 3'(7( 3'(7(.. Th! h"$(h&!! ,$&! ,$&! $( ,'3(& (h3( 3++ 7'(! 3#& '#3+!5 *( (h3( '#3+! 3! 3 #$*" 3#& 3( hh&# #!6 4$# &'$ 7'(! 3( !$& "$( &'3*!& $4 (h& hh-#!6 3(*#& $4 (h&# 3'(7(&! 3, 3!!$'3($!. R$*(& 3'(7(&! (h&$# 3#*&! (h3( 7'(?3($ ! ,&"&,&( $ (h& #$*(& 3'(7(&! $4   "&$"+&! ,3+ +7&!. Th& 7$+*& 3, ,!(#*($ $4 "#&,3($# '#&! ,&"&,! $ 1 (h& 373+3+( 373+3 +( $4 !*(3+& (3#&(! 2 (h& 3!&'& $4 '3"3+& '3"3+& *3#,3! 3, > (h& "#&!&'& "#&!&'& $4  $(73(&, $44&,&#!. $(73(&, $44&,&#!. I $(h&# )$#,!5 3! "&$"+& $7& 3$*(5 3$*(5 (h&#& *!( & $""$#(* $""$#(*(&! (&! !*(3+& (3#&(!5 3, ( *!( 3""&3# (h3( $ $& )++ & "#&!&(5 $# (h3( $ $& )++ (&#7&& 4 (h& ,$ $!&#7& $!&#7& (h& '#&. C3"3+& C3"3+& *3#,3! *3#,3! #&4&#! ($ '(?&! '(?&! )h$ 3#& )3('h4*+ )3('h4*+ 3, )h$ )$*+, )$*+, (36& &44&'(7& &44&'(7& 3'($ 4 (h& !3) '#3+ 3'(7( 3'(7(. O4 '$*#!&5 &7& 4 (h&#& )&#& $""$#( $"" $#(* *(& (&!! 3, $ $& ($ $!&#7 $!&#7&& 3'(7( 3'(7( 5 '#& '#& )$*+, )$*+, $( $''*# $''*# 4 (h& (h& )&#& )&#& $ $(( $(73(&, ($ '$( 3 '#&. R$*(& 3'(7(&! (h&$# 3''$*(! 4$# (h& '#&3!&  '#& !'& (h& 1<0! 3! 3 4*'($ $4  'h3&!  3'(7(&!. F$# &3"+&5 (h& (#3,($3+ &h$*#h$$,  (h& '( h3! ,&'+&, ,&'+&, 3! 3 "&$"+& "&$"+& h37& +&4( 4$# (h& !**# !**#!5 !5 +&37 +&37 4&)&# 4&)&# '3"3+& '3"3+& *3#, *3#,3!. 3!. Th&#& Th&#& 3#& +&!!  "&$"+& 3( h$&. P3#(+ (h! ! &'3*!& $#& )$& h37& &(&#&, (h& )$#64$#'& #3(h&# (h3

 

!(3 h$&5 *( "&#h3"! $#& "$#(3(+ $#& "&$"+& h37& 3*($$+&! 3, $#& "+3'&! 373+3+& 4$# (h& ($ $5 3, !"+ !(3 h$& +&!!. Th& 7$+*& $4 $4 )&3+(h (h3( '3 & &3!+ (#3!"$#(&, (#3!" $#(&, h3! '#&3!&,. '#&3!&,. S*'h 'h3&! 'h3&! h37& &3( (h3( (h&#& 3#& $#& $""$#(*( $""$#(*(&! &! 4$#  '#& 3! 3 4*'($ 4*'($ $4 "&$"+&! ,3+ #$*(&!. #$*(&!. M$!( $4 W&!(&# W&!(&# E*#$"&5 E*#$"&5 A*!(#3+35 A*!(#3+35 C33,35 C33,35 3, (h& U(&, S(3(&! h37& 3++ &"&#&'&, '#&3!&!  '#&  (h& +3((&# "3#( $4 (h& 20(h '&(*#5 3, 3 $4 (h&!& 'h3&! h37& $''*##&,  (h&!& '$*(#&!.

COMPONENTS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM M$!( '#3+ %*!('& !!(&! h37& 47& '$"$&(! '$"$&(!-+3) -+3) &4$#'&&(5 &4$#'&&(5 "#$!&'*($ "#$!&'*($55 ,&4&!& ,&4&!& 3(($#&!5 '$*#(!5 3, '$##&'($!5 &3'h "+3 3 6& #$+&  (h& '#3+ %*!('& "#$'&!!.

Law Enfor!"!n#@ L3) &4$#'&&( $44'&#! (36& #&"$#(! 4$# '#&! (h3( h3""&  (h&# 3#&3!. O44'&#! 7&!(3(& '#&! 3, 3(h&# 3, "#$(&'( &7,&'&. L3) &4$#'&&( $44'&#! 3 3##&!( $44&,&#!5 7& (&!($ ,*# (h& '$*#( "#$'&!!5 3, '$,*'( 4$++$)-*" 7&!(3($! 4 &&,&,.

Pro$!%#&on@ P#$!&'*($#! 3#& +3)&#! )h$ #&"#&!&( (h& !(3(& $# 4&,&#3+ $7&#&( $( (h& 7'( (h#$*h$*( (h& '$*#( "#$'&!!-4#$ (h& 4#!( 3""&3#3'& $4 (h& 3''*!&,  '$*#( *(+ (h& 3''*!&, ! 3'8*((&, $# !&(&'&,. P#$!&'*($#! #&7&) (h& &7,&'& #$*h( ($ (h&   +3) &4$#'&&( ($ ,&',& )h&(h&# ($ 4+& 'h3#&! $# ,#$" (h& '3!&. P#$!&'*($#! "#&!&( &7,&'&  '$*#(5 8*&!($ )(&!!&!5 3, ,&',& 3( 3 "$( 34(&# 'h3#&! h37& && 4+&, )h&(h&# )h&(h &# ($ &$(3(& "+&3 3#3! 3#3! )(h ,&4&,3(!. ,&4&,3(!. Th& h37& #&3( ,!'#&($5 ,!'#&($5 $# 4#&&,$5 4#&&,$5 ($ 36& 'h$'&! 3$*( h$) ($ "#$!&'*(& (h& '3!&. V'(! 3 '$(3'( (h& "#$!&'*($#! $44'& ($ 4, $*( )h'h "#$!&'*($# !  'h3#& $4 (h&# '3!&5 ($ 4$# (h& "#$!&'*($# 4 (h& ,&4&!& 3(($#& h3! '$(3'(&, (h& 7'(5 3, ($ !&&6 $(h&# 4$#3($ 3$*( (h& '3!&.

D!f!n$! A##orn!'$@ D&4&!& 3(($#&! ,&4&, (h& 3''*!&, 33!( (h& $7&#&(! '3!&. Th& 3#& &(h&# h#&,  (h& ,&4&,3( $# 4$# ,&4&,3(! )h$ '3$( 344$#, 3 3(($#& (h& 3#& 3!!&,  (h& '$*#(. Wh+& (h& "#$!&'*($# #&"#&!&(! (h& !(3(&5 (h& ,&4&!& 3(($#& #&"#&!&(! (h& ,&4&,3(.

Co%r#$@ C$*#(! 3#& #*  %*,&!5 )h$!& #$+& ! ($ 36& !*#& (h& +3) ! 4$++$)&, 3, $7&#!&& )h3( h3""&!  '$*#(. Th& ,&',& )h&(h&# ($ #&+&3!& $44&,&#! &4$#& (h& (#3+. J*,&! 3''&"( $# #&%&'( "+&3 3#&&&(!5 $7&#!&& (#3+!5 3, !&(&'& '$7'(&, $44&,&#!.

 

Corr!#&on$@ C$##&'($ $44'&#! !*"&#7!& '$7'(&, $44&,&#! )h& (h& 3#&  %3+5   "#!$5 $#  (h& '$*( $ "#$3($ $# "3#$+&. I !$& '$*(&!5 '$##&'($! $44'&#! $44' &#! "#&"3#& "#&"3#& "#&-!&(&' "#&-!&(&'  #&"$#(! #&"$#(! )(h &(&!7& 3'6#$*, 3'6#$*, 4$#3($ 4$#3($ 3$*( (h& $44&,&# $44& ,&# ($ h&+" %*,&! ,&',& !&(&'&!. !&(&'&!. Th& %$ $4 '$##&'($! $44'&#! $44'&#! ! ($ 36& !*#& (h& 43'+(&! (h3( h$+, $44&,&#! 3#& !&'*#& 3, !34&. Th& $7&#!&& (h& ,3-($-,3 '*!($, $4  3(&!. Th& 3+!$ $7&#!&& (h& #&+&3!& "#$'&!!&! 4$# 3(&! 3, !$&(&! $(4 7'(! $4  'h3&!  (h& $44&,&#! !(3(*!.

VICTIM AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM O& "$#(3( 3, 3!' 43'($#  (h& 3,!(#3($ $4 '#3+ %*!('& ! (h& 7'(! ,&'!$ 3! ($ )h&(h&# h& !h$*+, 7$6& (h& %*,'3+ "#$'&!!. Th&#& 3#& 3 *&# $4 $(7&! 3, 43'($#! #&!"$!+& 4$# (h& ),& 3" &()&& (h& 3'(*3+ 7$+*& $4 (h& '#& 3, (h& #&"$#(! 3,& ($ (h& "$+'& 3$*( (. O+  (h& 1<0! ,, !'h$+3#+ (&#&!(  (h& '#3+-7'( #&+3($!h" ,&7&+$"5 3+(h$*h (h& 4$*,&#! 4$*,&#! $4 '#$ '#$+$ +$  h3, && 3)3#& 3)3#& $4 h$) '#*'3+ '#*'3+ ( )3!. )3!. H3! H3! V$ H&( H&(55 B&%3 M&,&+!$h5 3, H&# E++&&#&#5 (h& +3!(  h! !(*, $4 (h& "!'h$+$'3+ #&+3($!h" &()&& (h& '#3+ 3, h! 7'(!. I( ! 3 "3#$, $ (h& 733#&! $4 (h& '#3+ %*!('& !!(&! $4 (h& D&7&+$" W$#+, (h3( !"(& $4 Th#( &3#! $4 I,&"&,&'& (h&#& h3! && $ '$'&"(*3+ !(*, $# &"#'3+ #&!&3#'h #&3#, (h& 7'(! $4 '#3+ $44&'&!.

A $7&&( 4$# (h& #&'$($ $4 (h& $,&# 7'( $4 '#& 3! ,&!&#7 $#& &44&'(7& #&&, (h3 (h& (#3,($3+ "#3'('& $4 # '7+ !*(! )3! &*  (h& E+!h "&3+ #&4$#&# M3#&# F#  1<KK. H&# '3++ 4$# #&4$# )3! h&&,&,  N&) &3+3,  1<>5 )h& (h3( '$*(#! "3#+3&( &!(3+!h&, (h& 4#!( '#& '$"&!3($ (#*3+. Th! $3#, h3! ,!'#&($3# "$)&# ($ 3)3#, "*+' '$"&!3($ ($ (h& 7'( $# h! ,&"&,3(!  (h& '3!& $4 '&#(3 !"&'4&, $44&'&!. Th& &( &3#5 G#&3( B#(3! T$# T$# $7&#&( 3$*'&, 3 !+3# *( $ !(3(*3# "#$#3. I (h& U(&, S(3(&! (h& 4#!( %*#!,'($ ($ 3,$"( (h& '$"&!3($ "#'"+& )3! C3+4$#3 )h'h &3'(&, (! "#$#3!  1<K 3, "*( ( ($ $"&#3($ ()$ &3#! +3(&#. S'& (h3( (&5 !+3# $# #&+3(&, "#$#3! h37& && &!(3+!h&,  !$& (h#( !(3(&!  (h& U(&, S(3(&! 3,  3++ (h& C33,35 "#$7'&!. F3'3+

 

#&!((*($  (h& $44&,&# ($ (h& 7'( #&"#&!&(! 3$(h&# ,&7&+$"&(  (h& +&3+ h3,+ $4 (h& 7'(5  (h& U(&, S(3(&!5 3( +&3!( 4$#( $#3+ #&!((*($ "#$#3! 3#&  $"&#3($.

THE VICTIM AS VICTIM OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM S(*,&(! 3, "#$4&!!$3+!  (h& '#3+ %*!('& !!(& h37& &'$& '#&3!+ 3)3#& (h3( (h& 7'( $4 3 '#3+ $4(& &'$&! (h& 7'( $4 '#3+ %*!('& !!(& 3! )&++ 3! $'& (h& 7'( #&"$#(! h! 7'(?3($ ($ (h& "$+'&-(h& 3(&)3 ($ (h& '#3+ %*!('& !!(&-h& #$*(&+ 43'&! "$!("$&&(!5 ,&+3!5 #&!'h&,*+5 3, $(h&# 4#*!(#3($!. A++ (h&# &3! +$!! $4 &3#!5 )3!(& $4 (&5 "3&( $4 (#3!"$#(3($ 3, $(h&# &"&!&!5 ,!'$*#3&&(5 3, (h& "34*+ #&3+?3($ (h3( (h& !!(& ,$&! $( +7& *" ($ (! ,&3+! 3, ,$&! $( !&#7& (! '$!((*&'5 *( !(&3, !&#7&! $+ (!&+4. M3 &+&7& (h3( (h& 7'( ! (h& $!( ,!#&3#,&, ,!#&3#,&, "3#('"3( "3#('"3(  '#3+ '#3+ %*!('& %*!('& "#$'&&,!. "#$'&&,!. I "#3'('&5 34(&# (h& 7'( h3! #&"$#(&, h! 7'(?3($ 7'(?3($ 3, "#$7,&, 4$#3($ 4$#3($ ($ (h& "$+'&5 "$+'&5 h& 3 $( h&3# 4#$ (h& "$+'& $# (h& "#$!&'*($# 4$# 3 +$ (&5 4 &7&#5 '3!&! 3#& ,!"$!&, $4 )(h$*( 3 '$!*+(3($ )(h (h& 7'( 4 3, )h& (h& 7'( ! '3++&, 4$# (h& (#3+5 h& ! (#&3(&, !"+ 3! (h& )(&!! 4$# (h& !(3(& 3, ! !*%&'( ($ +$ ,&+3!5 "$!("$&&(!5 3, $(h&# 4#*!(#3( &"&#&'&!.  N&)+ 4$'*!&, 3((&($ h3! #$*h( "#$4&!!$3+ #&'$($ ($ (h& 7'(! "+h( 3( (h& h3, h3,!! $4 (h& (h& '# '# 3+ 3+ %*!( %*!(' '&& !!( !!(& &@@ A! 3 #& #&!* !*+( +(55  $ $73 73( (7& 7& "# "#$" $"$! $!3+ 3+!! h3 h37& 7& & && & "+&&(&, ($ '#&3(& 7'( 3!!!(3'& "#$#3&!5 ($ "#$7,& (h& 7'( )(h +&3+ 3, !$'3+ #&4&##3+ !&#7'&!5 ($ h$$# h! #h( ($ & '$!*+(&, 3, ($ $44&# h! $"$! )h& (h&  "#$!&'*($# "+&3 3#3! )(h (h& 3''*!&,5 3, ($ ($(3++ ($(3++  #&73" (h& '$"&!3($-#&!((*($ ,&3. S$& "$+'& ,&"3#(&(! #&"$#( ($ 7'(! (h& "#$#&!! & 3,&  7&!(3( 3, !$+7 (h&# '3!&!5 3, '$*(&! 3 "#$7,& !*'h !&#7'&! 3! #3"& '#!! '&(&#! 3, !"$*!& 3*!& !h&+(&#! ($ 3!!!( '#& 7'(!  (&#7&  (h& '#!! 3, #&4&## (h& 7'(! ($ '$*( 3, $(h&#! #&!$*#'&!  (h& '3!& $4 #3"&5 (h& )$&! $7&&( h3! !"*##&, 7'($+$!(!-$!(+ 3+&!-($ 7& $#& &8*(3+& 3, 3+3'&, 3((&($ ($ (h& !!*&! !*##$*, )h3( !$& h37& '3++&, (h& $!( ,&!"'3+& *( +&3!( "*!h&, '#&.   A((&($ ($ (h& 7'( '3++! 4$# 3 &33($ $4 (h& 3""#$"#3(& #&&,&! 4$# 7'(?3($. T$$ $4(& (h& #&&,&! $44&#&, ($ "$$# 7'(! #&4+&'( ,,+&-'+3!! 73+*&!. Th& 7'(! "$( $4 7&) !h$*+, !h$*+, & !$*h( !$*h( )h& !!(&! !!(&! 3#& ,&7&+$"&, 4$# '$"&!3( '$"&!3( '#& 7'(!5 3,

 

(h& (h& '$ '$' '&" &"(( $4 #& #&+3 +3( (7& 7& +$ +$!! !! !h !h$* $*+, +, & (# (#$, $,*' *'&, &,  ,& ,&3 3(& (& 3 3, , ,& ,&+ +& &#3 #3( ($ $!! 4$ 4$#  #  '$"&!3($.

 VICTIM SERVICES Th& ,&7&+$"&( $4 &) "#$#3! 3, +&!+3($ h3! #&!*+(&, 4#$ (h& !(*, $4 7'(!. S*'h "#$#3! h37& '+*,&,@ .

V'( V'(  '$"& '$"&!3( !3($ $ "#$# "#$#3! 3!55  )h' )h'h h (h& !(3( !(3(&& "3! "3! !$& $4 $4 (h& 43 43'3+ '3+ '$!( '$!(!! $4 

. . .

(h& 7'(5 "3#('*+3#+ )(h #&!"&'( ($ 7$+&( '#& C$*#( C$*#( !&#7 !&#7'&!5 '&!5 )h'h )h'h "#$7 "#$7,& ,& 4$# 4$#3($ 3($  3, 3, 33!! !!!(3 !(3'& '& ($ ($ 7'( 7'(!! C# C#! !! ! (&#7 (&#7&( &($ $  3 3, , '$ '$* *!&+ !&++ +  "# "#$ $#3 #3!! 4$ 4$## 7 7'( '(! !55 "3#('* "3#('*+3 +3#+ #+  (h& '3!& '3!& $4 

7. 7.

#3"& S& S&+4 +4-" -"#$ #$(& (&'( '($ $  "# "#$ $#3 #3! ! (h3( (h3( (&3' (&3'h h "&$" "&$"+& +& h$ h$) ) ($ 37 37$ $, , 7 7'( '( ? ?3( 3($ $  (3# (3#& &(( h3#,& 3, h$) ($ $+?& 3! 3 '$*( ($ "#&7&( 7'(?3($ !*'h 3! &h$*#h$$, )3('h

Th&#& h3! 3+!$ && 3 $$ ,&3(& 3$*( 7'(! #h(!5 3, )h3( (h$!& #h(! $*h( ($  &. Sh$*+, #&+3(7&! # &+3(7&! $4 7'(! & 3++$)&, ($ !"&36 3, ,!'*!! (h& "3'( $4 (h& '#& 3(  "3#$+& h&3#! $# 3( ,&3(h "&3+( h&3#! M3 !(3(&! $) "#$7,& 4$# (h! &3!*#&. Sh$*+, '(?&! & )3#&, )3#&, )h& 3 &-4&+$ &-4&+$ $7&! ($ (h&# &h$*#h$$, S$& "&$"+&  &+&7& (h3( (h& !h$*+, h37& (h& #h( ($ 6$) 3, "#$(&'( (h&!&+7&!. O(h&#! &+&7& (h3( (h& 4&+$ h3! '$"+&(&, h! "*!h&( 3, !h$*+, & 3++$)&, (h& $""$#(*( ($ #&h3+(3(& h!&+4 )(h$*( "$(&(3+ h3#3!!&( 4#$ $(h&#!.

Th! !!*& h3! && "3#('*+3#+ ,&3(&, )(h #&!"&'( ($ M&h3! L3)5 3 +3) "#$"$!&,  (h& "3#&(! $4 3 'h+, *#,&#&, *#,&#&,  3 'h+, $+&!(&#. $+&!(&#. Th& "&#"&(#3($# "&#"&(#3($# h3, 3 "#$# h!($# $4  $+&!(3($5 $+&!( 3($5 3, +7&,  M&h3! M&h3! &h$*#h$$, &h$*#h$$,.. Th& "3#&(! "3#&(! 3(3&, (h3( h3, (h& 6$) 6$)  $4 h! "3!(5 (h& )$*+, )$*+, h37& (36& $#& "#&'3*($!. "#&'3*($!. Th& "#$"$!&, "#$"$!&, +3)5 )h'h )h'h h3!  && "3!!&,  !$& !(3(&!5 3++$)! &h$*#h$$, #&!,&(! ($ & 4$#&, )h& 3 !& $44&,&# $7&! ($ (h&# &h$*#h$$,. Th&#& h3! && '$(#$7&#! '$(#$7&#! &'3*!& !$& 4$#&#  $44&,&#! h37& && ,#7& 4#$ &h$*#h$$,!5 3, h37& ,44'*+( 4, 3 "+3'& ($ +7&-3, )h$ h37& !&#7&, (h&# !&(&'&!. Th&!& !!*&! 3#& 43# 4#$ #&!$+*($.

 

GRIEVANCES AND PROBLEMS OF VICTIMS Th& #&73'&! $4 (h& 7'(! '3 & !*3#?&, 3! 4$++$)!1. I3,&8 I3,&8*3' *3' $4 (h& +3)  3++$) 3++$)  (h& 7'( ($ "3#(' "3#('"3( "3(&&  (h& "#$!&'* "#$!&'*($ ($   3 '#3+ '3!& !((*(&, $ 3 "$+'& #&"$#( 2. F3+*# F3+*#&& $ (h& "3#( "3#( $4 (h& "$+'& "$+'& 3, "#$!&'* "#$!&'*($ ($  ($ 6&&" 6&&" (h& 7'(! 7'(! 4$#&, 4$#&, 3$*( 3$*(  "#$#&!! $4 (h& '3!& >. I'$7&& I'$7&&'& '& ,*# (&##$ (&##$3($ 3($  (h& "$+'& "$+'& 3, +&(h +&(h '$*#( '$*#( "#$'&&,. "#$'&&,. . L3'6 L3'6 $4 "#$"( "#$"( &,'3+ &,'3+ 3!!!(3 3!!!(3'& '& ($ (h& 7'(! 7'(! $4 $, $44& $44&'&! '&! 3, 7'( 7'(!! $4  3'',&(. K. L3'6 L3'6 $4 +&3+ +&3+ 3!!! 3!!!(3 (3'& '& ($ (h& 7'( 7'(.. . L3'6 $4 $4 "#$(&'($ "#$(&'($ )h& )h& (h& (h& 7'(! 7'(! 3#& (h#&3(&&, (h#&3(&&,  (h& (h& $44&,&# $44&,&#.. . F3+*# F3+*#&&  #&!((* #&!((*($ ($ $4 7'(. 7'(. A+$ )(h (h&!& #&73'&!5 (h& 7'(! $4 '#&! 43'&, *+(43#$*! "#$+&!@ . ..  . . 7. 7.

E'$ '$$' $' !( !(#3 #3  $4 (h (h&& 43 43 + + Ch3 Ch3& &  S$' S$'3+ 3+ #$ #$+& +& $4 ,&"& ,&"&, ,& &(! (!.. F#*! F#*!(# (#3( 3($ $  3, 3, h&+ h&+"+ "+&!! &!!& &!! !! +&3, +&3,   ($ ($ !*' !*',& ,&.. S$'3+ !!((3. E&# E&#& &' '&& $4 $4 '# '# 3 3++ &h &h37 37$ $*# *#..

A "$#(3( 3!"&'( $4 7&!(3( 3 7$+&( '#& ! 3 *,&#!(3, $4 (h& 7'( 3, (h& #&+3($ (h3( (h&# +4&!(+& $# "&#!$3+( 'h3#3'(&#!('! 3 h37& '$(#*(&, ($ (h& $44&,&#  'h$$! (h& (h& 3! 3 7'(. P+&3!& ,$ $( !*,&#!(3, !*,&#!(3, (h& "#&7$*! !(3(&&(. I $ )3 3#& 7'(! & +3&, +3&, 4$# &'$ &'$ 3 7'( $4 3 7$+&( '#&. E7& hh hh #!6 7'(! ($ & ,&!'#&, !h$#(+ h37& (h& #h( ($ +7& h$) (h& )!h )(h$*( &'$ 3 7'( $4  (h& ("& $4 $44&! $44&!&! &! ,&!'#&, ,&!'#&, $ (h! !( !(&. &. Y&( (h& 43'( #&3!5 #&3!5 (h3( ($ *,&#! *,&#!(3, (3, (h& $44&,&#5 $& *!( 4#!( *,&#!(3, (h& 7'(. V'(! 3#& '+3!!4&, ,*# 3 7&!(3($  (h#&& &&#3+ '3(&$#&! (h3( ,&!'#& (h& +&7&+ $4 #!6 (h&# +4&!(+& #&"#&!&(!  #&+3($ ($ (h& 7$+&( '#& (h3( h3! && '$((&,.

 

Th& "$#(3'& "$#(3'& $4 *,&#!(3, *,&#!(3, (h!  3 7&!(3($ 7&!(3($  ! ,#&'(+ #&+3(&, 3'6 ($ (h& +&7&+ $4 #!6 ($ (h& $44&,&# $44&,&# ,*# (h& '$!!$ $4 (h& '#&. Th! 4$#3($ ! "$#(3( ($ (h& 7&!(3($ ($ &((&# *,&#!(3, (h& !$"h!('3($ $# "$!!+& "3(h$+$ $4 (h& $44&,&#. 1gh Rs2 V/tms V/tms - V'(!  (h! #$*" h37& 3 +4&!(+& (h3( 36&! (h& 3 hh&# #!6 4$# 

 & 3 7'( $4 3 7$+&( '#&.

Th& $!( $7$*! hh #!6 7'( ! (h& "#$!((*(&.

P#$!((*(&! P#$!( (*(&! "+3'& (h&!&+7&! (h&!&+7&! 3( #!6 &7&# !+ !+&& (& (h& $ ($ )$#6. P#$!((*(&! P#$!((*(&! 3#& hh #!6 &'3*!& (h& )++ &( ($ 3 !(#3&#! '3#5 $ ($ !&'+*,&, 3#&3! )(h !(#3&#!5 3, 4$# (h& $!( "3#( 3((&"( ($ '$'&3+ (h&# 3'($! 4$# +&3+ #&3!$!. O44&,&#! $4(& #&+ $ 3++ (h&!& 43'($#! 3, !"&'4'3++ (3#&( "#$!((*(&! &'3*!& ( +$)&#! (h&# 'h3'&! $4 &'$ 3 !*!"&'(  (h& '#&. Th&#&4$#&5  (h! &3"+&5 (h& "#$!((*(& ! 3 hh #!6 7'( '#&3( 3 +$)&# #!6 ($ (h& $44&,&#. Moderate Rs2 V/tms - V'(! (h3( 43++ ($ (h! '3(&$# 3#& +$)&# #!6 7'(!5 *( 4$# 

!$& #&3!$ )&#&  3 !(*3($ !(*3($ (h3( "+3'&, (h&  3 #&3(&# +&7&+ $4 #!6. A "&#!$ (h3( (h3( ! !(#3,&, $ 3 ,3#65 !&'+*,&, hh)3 ,*& ($ 3 4+3( (#& (h3( 3''&"(! 3 #,& 4#$ 3 !(#3&# 3, ! (h& 7'(?&, )$*+, & 3 $$, &3"+& $4 (h! ("& $4 7'( +&7&+ #!6. Lo3 Rs2 V/tms - Th& +4&!(+& $4 (h&!& ,7,*3+! )$*+, $#3++ $( "+3'& (h&  3

,&#&& $4 #!6 4$# &'$ 3 7'( $4 3 7$+&( '#&. Th&!& ,7,*3+! !(3 $*( $4 (#$*+&5 ,$ $( h37& "&&#! (h3( 3#& '#3+5 3#& 3)3#& $4 (h&# !*##$*,! 3, 3((&"( ($ (36&  "#&'3*($! ($ $( &'$& 3 7'(. Th& +$'6 (h& ,$$ ,$$#!5 #!5 ,$ $( *!& ,#*!5 3, ,$ $( $ ($ 3#&3! (h3( 3#& ,3#6 3, !&'+*,&,.

CONCLUDING REMARKS Th& 7'( ! &!!&(3++ 3 !&"3#3+& "3#( $4 '#&. Th&#&4$#& (h& "h&$&$ $4 '#& '3$( & '$"#&h&!7&+ &"+3&, )(h$*( '$#"$#3( (h& 7'( $4 3 '#&. C#& 7'(5 ,&!"(& & 3 (&#3+ "3#( $4 '#& 3, 3 6& 43'($#  '#3+ %*!('& !!(&5 #&3&, 3 4$#$((& &(( 3! h! !(3(*! $( #&,*'&, $+ ($ #&"$#( '#& 3, 3""&3#  (h& '$*#( '$* #( 3! )(&! )(&!!!  3, h& #$*( #$*(&+ &+ 43'&! 43'&! "$!("$ "$!("$& &&( &(!5 !5 ,&+3! ,&+3!55 #&!'h&, #&!'h&,*+ *+5 5 3, $(h&#  $(h&#  4#*!(#3($!. A++ (h&# &3! +$!! $4 &3#!5 )3!(& $4 (&5 "3&( $4 (#3!"$#(3($ 3, $(h&# &"&!&!5 ,!'$*#3&&(5 3, (h& "34*+ #&3+?3($ (h3( (h& !!(& ,$&! $( +7& *" ($ (! ,&3+! 3, ,$&! $( !&#7& (! '$!((*&'5 *( !(&3, !&#7&! $+ (!&+4. M3 &+&7& (h3( (h& 7'( ! (h& $!( ,!#&3#,&, "3#('"3(  '#3+ %*!('& %*!('& "#$'&&,!. I( !5 (h&#&4$#&5

 

(h& (h& I, I,3 3 H Hh h&# &# C$*# C$*#(! (! h3 h37& 7& !( !(3#( 3#(&, &, ($ 3)3#, 3)3#, (h (h&& '$ '$" "& &!3( !3($ $  (h (h#$ #$* *h h (h (h&# &# )#( )#(  %*#!,'($  3""#$"#3(& '3!&.