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Zeeshan Asghar <[email protected]>
To: [email protected]
Sun, Apr 3, 2016 at 12:32 AM
---------- Forwarded message ---------From: Zeeshan Asghar <[email protected]>
Date: Sat, Apr 2, 2016 at 12:27 PM
Subject: Fwd: material
To: [email protected], [email protected]
---------- Forwarded message ---------From: burhan sabir <[email protected]>
Date: Mon, Mar 28, 2016 at 9:49 AM
Subject: Fwd: material
To: [email protected]
---------- Forwarded message ---------From: "Mr. Abdul Rahman" <[email protected]>
Date: Mar 22, 2016 7:03 PM
Subject: material
To: <[email protected]>
Difference Between Language and
Communication
Main Difference – Language vs Communication
Though Communication and language are two interrelated aspects in our day to day life, it is very
important to discern the difference between these two terms. The main difference between language
and communication is that communication is the exchange of information by speaking, writing, or by
using other medium whilelanguage is a tool used for communication.
What Does Communication Mean
Communication is the exchange of information between two or more people by speech, sign, signal or
behavior. There are always 4 important elements in communication: transmitter, signal, channel, and
receiver. Transmitter is the person who transmits the message, and message is known as the
signal. Channel is the medium in which the message is transmitted. Finally, Receiver is the one who
receives the message.
Methods of Communication
Written communication involves traditional pen and paper letters and documents, typed electronic
documents, e-mails, SMS, etc. conveyed through written symbols such as language.
Oral communication involves spoken word,
face-to-face or through phone, voice chat, video
conferencing, or any other medium.
Nonverbal Communication includes facial expressions, body language and gestures as well as quality,
tone, pitch of the voice, etc.
Oral and written communication can also be introduced as linguistic communicationwhile non verbal
communication can be named as non linguistic communication.
What Does Language Mean
Language is an abstract system of symbols and meanings governed by grammatical rules. Basically
language can be divided in to oral language (the language we speak/speech) and written language. The
study of language is known as linguisticand the person who studies language is referred to as linguist.
There are many study areas of language such as syntax, phonology, morphology, semantics etc.
According to linguists, language is not a static thing, it evolves and changes every day. New words are
added to the language constantly while some words go out of usage. Some words also change meaning
over the time. For example, the word nicemeans pleasing and agreeable in today’s society. But in the
middle ages, nice meant foolish and ignorant.
There are numerous languages in the world. In 2015, SIL Ethnologue cataloged 7,102 living human
languages. These languages are categorized into language families according to their origins.There are
more than 90 language families in the world and Afro-Asiatic (353 languages spoken in Africa and Asia),
Austronesian (1,246 languages spoken in Asia and Oceania), Indo-European (430 languages spoken in
Asia and Europe, and in European settlements in other parts of the world) are some examples of
language families.
What Does Language Mean
Language is an abstract system of symbols and meanings governed by grammatical rules. Basically
language can be divided in to oral language (the language we speak/speech) and written language. The
study of language is known as linguisticand the person who studies language is referred to as linguist.
There are many study areas of language such as syntax, phonology, morphology, semantics etc.
According to linguists, language is not a static thing, it evolves and changes every day. New words are
added to the language constantly while some words go out of usage. Some words also change meaning
over the time. For example, the word nicemeans pleasing and agreeable in today’s society. But in the
middle ages, nice meant foolish and ignorant.
There are numerous languages in the world. In 2015, SIL Ethnologue cataloged 7,102 living human
languages. These languages are categorized into language families according to their origins.There are
more than 90 language families in the world and Afro-Asiatic (353 languages spoken in Africa and Asia),
Austronesian (1,246 languages spoken in Asia and Oceania), Indo-European (430 languages spoken in
Asia and Europe, and in European settlements in other parts of the world) are some examples of
language families.
Difference Between Language and Communication
Definition:
Communication: Communication is the exchange of information between two or more people by
speech, sign, signal or behavior.
Language: Language is an abstract system of symbols and meanings governed by grammatical rules.
Interaction:
Communication: Communication involves interaction between two or more people.
Language: Language can be used by just one person.
Communication:
Communication: Communication is a vast area.
Language: Language is a method of communication.
Priority:
Communication: Communication gives more priority to the message.
Language: Language gives more importance to signs and symbols.
Change:
Communication: The basics of communication does not change.
Language: A living language does not stay static, it changes everyday.
Image Courtesy:
“Transactional comm model” by JasonSWrench – Own work. (CC BY 3.0)vi
Formal vs. Informal Essay Writing
POWERED BY
One is for enjoyment while the other is for conforming to the standards. This is how informal and formal essay writing differs from
one another.
If you will be given a sample essay of formal and informal, you can actually recognize the difference between the two. When you read
a formal essay, the mood is light but if when it comes to a formal one, the mood shifts to a serious one. It is quite easy to distinguish
their differences when reading these essays but when it comes to writing, it is quite difficult.
In writing a formal essay, you have to pretend like you do not exist, that there is no writer. Your task is simply to inform in a very
formal and serious manner. This is exactly the opposite in writing an informal essay where the first or second person is frequently
used. This means it can be very personal and conversational.
When it comes to use of words and language, formal essays strictly demand proper words. In writing a formal essay, the use of slang
words and contractions is inappropriate. However, such words may be used in informal essays.
Formal essay writing indeed requires you to have the sufficient writing skills. Your grammar, sentence structure, and style must be
beyond perfect and not that too shallow. But when comes in informal writing, you do not need to be that perfect; you just have to
apply the basic rules.
Writing a formal essay can be serious and sometimes boring but this is actually the challenge in writing it- how will you be able to
overcome the boring aspect of writing it? On the other hand, writing an informal essay can really be entertaining and interesting but
make sure that it still makes sense.
YOUR OWN FREE WEBSITE
A surprisingly easy drag & drop site creator
Parts of an Essay
Introduction Paragraph
What is an introduction paragraph?
The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay.
What does it do?
It introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important.
How do I write one?
1. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic
you have introduced in your thesis statement.
2. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the
essay.
Example:
Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game
has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada.
Supporting Paragraphs
What are supporting paragraphs?
Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay.
What do they do?
They develop the main idea of your essay.
How do I write them?
1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.
2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.
3. Develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples.
To connect your supporting paragraphs, you should use special transition words. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to
read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.
Examples of transition words that can help you to link your paragraphs together:
For listing different points
·
·
·
First
Second
Third
For counter examples
·
·
·
·
However
Even though
On the other hand
Nevertheless
For additional ideas
·
·
·
·
·
Another
In addition to
Related to
Furthermore
Also
To show cause and effect
·
·
·
·
Therefore
Thus
As a result of
Consequently
Like all good paragraphs, each supporting paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a summary sentence.
Summary Paragraph
What is a summary paragraph?
The summary paragraph comes at the end of your essay after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is often called a "conclusion."
What does it do?
It summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your essay is complete.
How do I write one?
1. Restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea.
2. Conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words.
3. Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action.
Example:
Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For
these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the
Forms and styles
This section describes the different forms and styles of essay writing. These forms and styles are used by an array of authors,
including university students and professional essayists.
Cause and effect
The defining features of a "cause and effect" essay are causal chains that connect from a cause to an effect, careful language, and
chronological or emphatic order. A writer using this rhetorical method must consider the subject, determine the purpose, consider
the audience, think critically about different causes or consequences, consider a thesis statement, arrange the parts, consider the
language, and decide on a conclusion.[6]
Classification and division
Classification is the categorization of objects into a larger whole while division is the breaking of a larger whole into smaller parts.[7]
Compare and contrast
Compare and contrast essays are characterized by a basis for comparison, points of comparison, and analogies. It is grouped by
object (chunking) or by point (sequential). Comparison highlights the similarities between two or more similar objects while
contrasting highlights the differences between two or more objects. When writing a compare/contrast essay, writers need to
determine their purpose, consider their audience, consider the basis and points of comparison, consider their thesis statement,
arrange and develop the comparison, and reach a conclusion. Compare and contrast is arranged emphatically.[8]
Descriptive
Descriptive writing is characterized by sensory details, which appeal to the physical senses, and details that appeal to a reader's
emotional, physical, or intellectual sensibilities. Determining the purpose, considering the audience, creating a dominant impression,
using descriptive language, and organizing the description are the rhetorical choices to consider when using a description. A
description is usually arranged spatially but can also be chronological or emphatic. The focus of a description is the scene.
Description uses tools such as denotative language, connotative language, figurative language,metaphor, and simile to arrive at a
dominant impression.[9] One university essay guide states that "descriptive writing says what happened or what another author has
discussed; it provides an account of the topic".[10] Lyric essays are an important form of descriptive essays.
Dialectic[edit]
In the dialectic form of essay, which is commonly used in Philosophy, the writer makes a thesis and argument, then objects to their
own argument (with a counterargument), but then counters the counterargument with a final and novel argument. This form benefits
from presenting a broader perspective while countering a possible flaw that some may present.
Exemplification
An exemplification essay is characterized by a generalization and relevant, representative, and believable examples
including anecdotes. Writers need to consider their subject, determine their purpose, consider their audience, decide on specific
examples, and arrange all the parts together when writing an exemplification essay.[11]
Narrative
A narrative uses tools such as flashbacks, flash-forwards, and transitions that often build to a climax. The focus of a narrative is
the plot. When creating a narrative, authors must determine their purpose, consider their audience, establish their point of view, use
dialogue, and organize the narrative. A narrative is usually arranged chronologically.[15]
Argumentative
An argumentative essay is a critical piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective analysis of the subject matter, narrowed down to
a single topic. The main idea of all the criticism is to provide an opinion either of positive or negative implication. As such, a critical
essay requires research and analysis, strong internal logic and sharp structure. Each argument should be supported with sufficient
evidence, relevant to the point.
Reflective
A reflective essay is an analytical piece of writing in which the writer describes a real or imaginary scene, event, interaction, passing
thought, memory, or form—adding a personal reflection on the meaning of the topic in the author's life. Thus, the focus is not merely
descriptive. The writer doesn’t just describe the situation, but revisits the scene with more detail and emotion to examine what went
well, or reveal a need for additional learning—and may relate what transpired to the rest of the author's life.
Other logical structure
The logical progression and organizational structure of an essay can take many forms. Understanding how the movement of thought
is managed through an essay has a profound impact on its overall cogency and ability to impress. A number of alternative logical
structures for essays have been visualized as diagrams, making them easy to implement or adapt in the construction of an
argument.[16]
How to write a successful CV
What is a C.V.?
When should a CV be used?
What information should a CV include?
What makes a good CV?
How long should a CV be?
Tips on presentation
Fonts
Different Types of CV
Targeting your CV
Emailed CVs and Web CVs
Media CVs (separate page)
Academic CVs (separate page)
Example CVs and Covering Letters (separate page)
Probably the first CV was written by Leonardo Da Vinci 500 years ago. You can view ithere. Since then things
have moved slightly on, and now it's essential to have a well presented professional CV, but still many graduates
get this wrong. The following page will give you all the tips to make an impressive CV
What is a CV?
Curriculum Vitae: an outline of a person's educational and professional history, usually prepared for job
applications (L, lit.: the course of one's life). Another name for a CV is a résumé.
A CV is the most flexible and convenient way to make applications. It conveys your personal details in the way
that presents you in the best possible light. A CV is a marketing document in which you are marketing
something: yourself! You need to "sell" your skills, abilities, qualifications and experience to employers. It can be
used to make multiple applications to employers in a specific career area. For this reason,many large graduate
recruiters will not accept CVs and instead use their own application form.
An application form is designed to bring out the essential
information and personal qualities that the employer requires
and does not allow you to gloss over your weaker points as a
CV does. In addition, the time needed to fill out these forms is
seen as a reflection of your commitment to the career.
Often selectors read CVs outside working
hours. They may have a pile of 50 CVs from
which to select five interviewees. It's evening
and they would rather be in the pub with
friends. If your CV is hard work to read:
There is no "one best way" to construct a CV; it is your
unclear, badly laid out and containing
document and can be structured as you wish within the basic irrelevant information, they will just just move
framework below. It can be on paper or on-line or even on a T- on to the next CV.
shirt (a gimmicky approach that might work for "creative" jobs
Treat the selector like a child eating a
but not generally advised!).
meal. Chop your CV up into easily digestible
morsels (bullets, short paragraphs and note
When should a CV be used?
form) and give it a clear logical layout, with just
When an employer asks for applications to be received the relevant information to make it easy for the
selector to read. If you do this, you will have a
in this format.
much greater chance of interview.
When an employer simply states "apply to ..." without
specifying the format.
When making speculative applications (when writing
to an employer who has not advertised a vacancy but who you hope may have one).
What information should a CV include?
What are the most important aspects of CV that you look for?
One survey of employers found that the following aspects were most looked for
(From the brilliant 2010 Orange County Resume Survey by Eric Hilden)
45% Previous related work experience
35% Qualifications & skills
25% Easy to read
16% Accomplishments
14% Spelling & grammar
9%
Education (these were not just graduate recruiters or this score would be much higher!)
9%
Intangibles: individuality/desire to succeed
3%
Clear objective
2%
Keywords added
1%
Contact information
1%
Personal experiences
1%
Computer skills
Personal details
Normally these would be your name, address, date of birth (although with age discrimination laws now in force
this isn't essential), telephone number and email.
British CVs don't usually include a photograph unless you are an actor. In European countries such as France,
Belgium and Germany it’s common for CVs to include a a passport-sized photograph in the top right-hand corner
whereas in the UK and the USA photographs are frowned upon as this may contravene equal opportunity
legislation - a photograph makes it easier to reject a candidate on grounds of ethnicity, sex or age. If you do
include a photograph it should be a head and shoulders shot, you should be dressed suitably and smiling: it's not
for a passport! See our Work Abroad page for more about international CVs
Education and qualifications
Your degree subject and university, plus A levels and GCSEs
or equivalents. Mention grades unless poor!
Work experience
Some employers may spend as little as 45
seconds skimming a résumé before branding it
“not of interest”, “maybe” or “of interest.
BI Business School
Use action words such as developed, planned and
organised.
Succinct, eloquent, well-structured.
Even work in a shop, bar or restaurantwill
Towers Hamlyn
involve working in a team, providing aquality service to
customers, and dealing tactfully with complaints. Don't
mention the routine, non-people tasks (cleaning the
tables) unless you are applying for a casual summer job in a restaurant or similar.
Try to relate the skills to the job. A finance job will involve numeracy, analytical and problem solving
skills so focus on these whereas for a marketing role you would place a bit more more emphasis
on persuading and negotiatingskills.
All of my work experiences have involved working within a team-based culture. This involved planning,
organisation, coordination and commitment e.g., in retail, this ensured daily sales targets were met, a fair
distribution of tasks and effective communication amongst all staff members.
Interests and achievements
Keep this section short and to the point.As you grow
older, your employment record will take precedence
and interests will typically diminish greatly in length
and importance.
Writing about your interests
Bullets can be used to separate interests into different Reading, cinema, stamp-collecting, playing
types: sporting, creative etc.
computer games
Don't use the old boring cliches here: "socialising with
Suggests a solitary individual who doesn't get
friends".
on with other people. This may not be true, but
Don't put many passive, solitary hobbies (reading,
selectors will interpret the evidence they see
watching TV, stamp collecting) or you may be
before them.
perceived as lacking people skills. If you do put these,
then say what you read or watch: "I particularly enjoy
Dickens, for the vivid insights you get into life in Victorian
times".
Show a range of interests to avoid coming across as
Cinema: member of the University Film-Making
narrow : if everything centres around sport they may
Society
wonder if you could hold a conversation with a client
Travel: travelled through Europe by train this
who wasn't interested in sport.
summer in a group of four people, visiting
Hobbies that are a little out of the ordinary can help
historic sites and practising my French and
you to stand out from the crowd: skydiving or
Italian
mountaineering can show a sense of wanting to
Reading: helped younger pupils with reading
stretch yourself and an ability to rely on yourself in
difficulties at school.
demanding situations
Any interests relevant to the job are worth mentioning: This could be the same individual as in the
first example, but the impression is
current affairs if you wish to be a journalist; a fantasy
completely the opposite: an outgoing
share portfolio such as Bullbearings if you want to
proactive individual who helps others.
work in finance.
Any evidence of leadership is important to mention:
captain or coach of a sports team, course
representative, chair of a student society, scout leader: "As captain of the school cricket team, I had to set a
positive example, motivate and coach players and think on my feet when making bowling and field position
changes, often in tense situations"
Anything showing evidence of employability skills such as team working, organising, planning,
persuading, negotiating etc.
Skills
The usual ones to mention are languages (good conversational French, basic Spanish), computing (e.g.
"good working knowledge of MS Access and Excel, plus basic web page design skills" and driving ("full
current clean driving licence").
If you are a mature candidate or have lots of relevant skills to offer, a skills-based CV may work for you
References
Many employers don’t check references at the application stage so unless the vacancy specifically
requests referees it's fine to omit this section completely if you are running short of space or to say
"References are available on request."
Normally two referees are sufficient: one academic (perhaps your tutor or a project supervisor) and one
from an employer (perhaps your last part-time or summer job). See our page on Choosing and Using
Referees for more help with this.
The order and the emphasis will depend on what you are applying for and what you have to offer. For example,
the example media CV lists the candidate's relevant work experience first.
If you are applying for more than one type of work, you should
When asked what would make them
have a different CV tailored to each career area, highlighting
automatically reject a candidate, employers
different aspects of your skills and experience.
said:
A personal profile at the start of the CV can work for jobs in
CVs with spelling mistakes or typos
competitive industries such as the media or advertising, to
61%
help you to stand out from the crowd. If used, it needs to be
CVs that copied large amounts of
original and well written. Don’t just use the usual hackneyed
wording from the job posting 41%
expressions: “I am an excellent communicator who works well in
CVs with an inappropriate email
a team…… “
address 35%
You will also need a Covering Letter to accompany your CV.
CVs that don’t include a list of skills
30%
What makes a good CV?
...
CVs that are more than two pages long
22%
CVs printed on decorative paper 20%
CVs that detail more tasks than results
for previous positions 16%
CVs that include a photo 13%
CVs that have large blocks of text with
little white space 13%
CareerBuilder
1 message
Zeeshan Asghar <[email protected]>
To: [email protected]
Sun, Apr 3, 2016 at 12:32 AM
---------- Forwarded message ---------From: Zeeshan Asghar <[email protected]>
Date: Sat, Apr 2, 2016 at 12:27 PM
Subject: Fwd: material
To: [email protected], [email protected]
---------- Forwarded message ---------From: burhan sabir <[email protected]>
Date: Mon, Mar 28, 2016 at 9:49 AM
Subject: Fwd: material
To: [email protected]
---------- Forwarded message ---------From: "Mr. Abdul Rahman" <[email protected]>
Date: Mar 22, 2016 7:03 PM
Subject: material
To: <[email protected]>
Difference Between Language and
Communication
Main Difference – Language vs Communication
Though Communication and language are two interrelated aspects in our day to day life, it is very
important to discern the difference between these two terms. The main difference between language
and communication is that communication is the exchange of information by speaking, writing, or by
using other medium whilelanguage is a tool used for communication.
What Does Communication Mean
Communication is the exchange of information between two or more people by speech, sign, signal or
behavior. There are always 4 important elements in communication: transmitter, signal, channel, and
receiver. Transmitter is the person who transmits the message, and message is known as the
signal. Channel is the medium in which the message is transmitted. Finally, Receiver is the one who
receives the message.
Methods of Communication
Written communication involves traditional pen and paper letters and documents, typed electronic
documents, e-mails, SMS, etc. conveyed through written symbols such as language.
Oral communication involves spoken word,
face-to-face or through phone, voice chat, video
conferencing, or any other medium.
Nonverbal Communication includes facial expressions, body language and gestures as well as quality,
tone, pitch of the voice, etc.
Oral and written communication can also be introduced as linguistic communicationwhile non verbal
communication can be named as non linguistic communication.
What Does Language Mean
Language is an abstract system of symbols and meanings governed by grammatical rules. Basically
language can be divided in to oral language (the language we speak/speech) and written language. The
study of language is known as linguisticand the person who studies language is referred to as linguist.
There are many study areas of language such as syntax, phonology, morphology, semantics etc.
According to linguists, language is not a static thing, it evolves and changes every day. New words are
added to the language constantly while some words go out of usage. Some words also change meaning
over the time. For example, the word nicemeans pleasing and agreeable in today’s society. But in the
middle ages, nice meant foolish and ignorant.
There are numerous languages in the world. In 2015, SIL Ethnologue cataloged 7,102 living human
languages. These languages are categorized into language families according to their origins.There are
more than 90 language families in the world and Afro-Asiatic (353 languages spoken in Africa and Asia),
Austronesian (1,246 languages spoken in Asia and Oceania), Indo-European (430 languages spoken in
Asia and Europe, and in European settlements in other parts of the world) are some examples of
language families.
What Does Language Mean
Language is an abstract system of symbols and meanings governed by grammatical rules. Basically
language can be divided in to oral language (the language we speak/speech) and written language. The
study of language is known as linguisticand the person who studies language is referred to as linguist.
There are many study areas of language such as syntax, phonology, morphology, semantics etc.
According to linguists, language is not a static thing, it evolves and changes every day. New words are
added to the language constantly while some words go out of usage. Some words also change meaning
over the time. For example, the word nicemeans pleasing and agreeable in today’s society. But in the
middle ages, nice meant foolish and ignorant.
There are numerous languages in the world. In 2015, SIL Ethnologue cataloged 7,102 living human
languages. These languages are categorized into language families according to their origins.There are
more than 90 language families in the world and Afro-Asiatic (353 languages spoken in Africa and Asia),
Austronesian (1,246 languages spoken in Asia and Oceania), Indo-European (430 languages spoken in
Asia and Europe, and in European settlements in other parts of the world) are some examples of
language families.
Difference Between Language and Communication
Definition:
Communication: Communication is the exchange of information between two or more people by
speech, sign, signal or behavior.
Language: Language is an abstract system of symbols and meanings governed by grammatical rules.
Interaction:
Communication: Communication involves interaction between two or more people.
Language: Language can be used by just one person.
Communication:
Communication: Communication is a vast area.
Language: Language is a method of communication.
Priority:
Communication: Communication gives more priority to the message.
Language: Language gives more importance to signs and symbols.
Change:
Communication: The basics of communication does not change.
Language: A living language does not stay static, it changes everyday.
Image Courtesy:
“Transactional comm model” by JasonSWrench – Own work. (CC BY 3.0)vi
Formal vs. Informal Essay Writing
POWERED BY
One is for enjoyment while the other is for conforming to the standards. This is how informal and formal essay writing differs from
one another.
If you will be given a sample essay of formal and informal, you can actually recognize the difference between the two. When you read
a formal essay, the mood is light but if when it comes to a formal one, the mood shifts to a serious one. It is quite easy to distinguish
their differences when reading these essays but when it comes to writing, it is quite difficult.
In writing a formal essay, you have to pretend like you do not exist, that there is no writer. Your task is simply to inform in a very
formal and serious manner. This is exactly the opposite in writing an informal essay where the first or second person is frequently
used. This means it can be very personal and conversational.
When it comes to use of words and language, formal essays strictly demand proper words. In writing a formal essay, the use of slang
words and contractions is inappropriate. However, such words may be used in informal essays.
Formal essay writing indeed requires you to have the sufficient writing skills. Your grammar, sentence structure, and style must be
beyond perfect and not that too shallow. But when comes in informal writing, you do not need to be that perfect; you just have to
apply the basic rules.
Writing a formal essay can be serious and sometimes boring but this is actually the challenge in writing it- how will you be able to
overcome the boring aspect of writing it? On the other hand, writing an informal essay can really be entertaining and interesting but
make sure that it still makes sense.
YOUR OWN FREE WEBSITE
A surprisingly easy drag & drop site creator
Parts of an Essay
Introduction Paragraph
What is an introduction paragraph?
The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your essay.
What does it do?
It introduces the main idea of your essay. A good opening paragraph captures the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important.
How do I write one?
1. Write the thesis statement. The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. You must limit your entire essay to the topic
you have introduced in your thesis statement.
2. Provide some background information about your topic. You can use interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the
essay.
Example:
Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolved into an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians. The game
has gone through several changes since hockey was first played in Canada.
Supporting Paragraphs
What are supporting paragraphs?
Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay.
What do they do?
They develop the main idea of your essay.
How do I write them?
1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.
2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.
3. Develop each supporting point with facts, details, and examples.
To connect your supporting paragraphs, you should use special transition words. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your essay easier to
read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs.
Examples of transition words that can help you to link your paragraphs together:
For listing different points
·
·
·
First
Second
Third
For counter examples
·
·
·
·
However
Even though
On the other hand
Nevertheless
For additional ideas
·
·
·
·
·
Another
In addition to
Related to
Furthermore
Also
To show cause and effect
·
·
·
·
Therefore
Thus
As a result of
Consequently
Like all good paragraphs, each supporting paragraph should have a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a summary sentence.
Summary Paragraph
What is a summary paragraph?
The summary paragraph comes at the end of your essay after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is often called a "conclusion."
What does it do?
It summarizes or restates the main idea of the essay. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your essay is complete.
How do I write one?
1. Restate the strongest points of your essay that support your main idea.
2. Conclude your essay by restating the main idea in different words.
3. Give your personal opinion or suggest a plan for action.
Example:
Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For
these reasons, modern hockey is a better game than hockey in the
Forms and styles
This section describes the different forms and styles of essay writing. These forms and styles are used by an array of authors,
including university students and professional essayists.
Cause and effect
The defining features of a "cause and effect" essay are causal chains that connect from a cause to an effect, careful language, and
chronological or emphatic order. A writer using this rhetorical method must consider the subject, determine the purpose, consider
the audience, think critically about different causes or consequences, consider a thesis statement, arrange the parts, consider the
language, and decide on a conclusion.[6]
Classification and division
Classification is the categorization of objects into a larger whole while division is the breaking of a larger whole into smaller parts.[7]
Compare and contrast
Compare and contrast essays are characterized by a basis for comparison, points of comparison, and analogies. It is grouped by
object (chunking) or by point (sequential). Comparison highlights the similarities between two or more similar objects while
contrasting highlights the differences between two or more objects. When writing a compare/contrast essay, writers need to
determine their purpose, consider their audience, consider the basis and points of comparison, consider their thesis statement,
arrange and develop the comparison, and reach a conclusion. Compare and contrast is arranged emphatically.[8]
Descriptive
Descriptive writing is characterized by sensory details, which appeal to the physical senses, and details that appeal to a reader's
emotional, physical, or intellectual sensibilities. Determining the purpose, considering the audience, creating a dominant impression,
using descriptive language, and organizing the description are the rhetorical choices to consider when using a description. A
description is usually arranged spatially but can also be chronological or emphatic. The focus of a description is the scene.
Description uses tools such as denotative language, connotative language, figurative language,metaphor, and simile to arrive at a
dominant impression.[9] One university essay guide states that "descriptive writing says what happened or what another author has
discussed; it provides an account of the topic".[10] Lyric essays are an important form of descriptive essays.
Dialectic[edit]
In the dialectic form of essay, which is commonly used in Philosophy, the writer makes a thesis and argument, then objects to their
own argument (with a counterargument), but then counters the counterargument with a final and novel argument. This form benefits
from presenting a broader perspective while countering a possible flaw that some may present.
Exemplification
An exemplification essay is characterized by a generalization and relevant, representative, and believable examples
including anecdotes. Writers need to consider their subject, determine their purpose, consider their audience, decide on specific
examples, and arrange all the parts together when writing an exemplification essay.[11]
Narrative
A narrative uses tools such as flashbacks, flash-forwards, and transitions that often build to a climax. The focus of a narrative is
the plot. When creating a narrative, authors must determine their purpose, consider their audience, establish their point of view, use
dialogue, and organize the narrative. A narrative is usually arranged chronologically.[15]
Argumentative
An argumentative essay is a critical piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective analysis of the subject matter, narrowed down to
a single topic. The main idea of all the criticism is to provide an opinion either of positive or negative implication. As such, a critical
essay requires research and analysis, strong internal logic and sharp structure. Each argument should be supported with sufficient
evidence, relevant to the point.
Reflective
A reflective essay is an analytical piece of writing in which the writer describes a real or imaginary scene, event, interaction, passing
thought, memory, or form—adding a personal reflection on the meaning of the topic in the author's life. Thus, the focus is not merely
descriptive. The writer doesn’t just describe the situation, but revisits the scene with more detail and emotion to examine what went
well, or reveal a need for additional learning—and may relate what transpired to the rest of the author's life.
Other logical structure
The logical progression and organizational structure of an essay can take many forms. Understanding how the movement of thought
is managed through an essay has a profound impact on its overall cogency and ability to impress. A number of alternative logical
structures for essays have been visualized as diagrams, making them easy to implement or adapt in the construction of an
argument.[16]
How to write a successful CV
What is a C.V.?
When should a CV be used?
What information should a CV include?
What makes a good CV?
How long should a CV be?
Tips on presentation
Fonts
Different Types of CV
Targeting your CV
Emailed CVs and Web CVs
Media CVs (separate page)
Academic CVs (separate page)
Example CVs and Covering Letters (separate page)
Probably the first CV was written by Leonardo Da Vinci 500 years ago. You can view ithere. Since then things
have moved slightly on, and now it's essential to have a well presented professional CV, but still many graduates
get this wrong. The following page will give you all the tips to make an impressive CV
What is a CV?
Curriculum Vitae: an outline of a person's educational and professional history, usually prepared for job
applications (L, lit.: the course of one's life). Another name for a CV is a résumé.
A CV is the most flexible and convenient way to make applications. It conveys your personal details in the way
that presents you in the best possible light. A CV is a marketing document in which you are marketing
something: yourself! You need to "sell" your skills, abilities, qualifications and experience to employers. It can be
used to make multiple applications to employers in a specific career area. For this reason,many large graduate
recruiters will not accept CVs and instead use their own application form.
An application form is designed to bring out the essential
information and personal qualities that the employer requires
and does not allow you to gloss over your weaker points as a
CV does. In addition, the time needed to fill out these forms is
seen as a reflection of your commitment to the career.
Often selectors read CVs outside working
hours. They may have a pile of 50 CVs from
which to select five interviewees. It's evening
and they would rather be in the pub with
friends. If your CV is hard work to read:
There is no "one best way" to construct a CV; it is your
unclear, badly laid out and containing
document and can be structured as you wish within the basic irrelevant information, they will just just move
framework below. It can be on paper or on-line or even on a T- on to the next CV.
shirt (a gimmicky approach that might work for "creative" jobs
Treat the selector like a child eating a
but not generally advised!).
meal. Chop your CV up into easily digestible
morsels (bullets, short paragraphs and note
When should a CV be used?
form) and give it a clear logical layout, with just
When an employer asks for applications to be received the relevant information to make it easy for the
selector to read. If you do this, you will have a
in this format.
much greater chance of interview.
When an employer simply states "apply to ..." without
specifying the format.
When making speculative applications (when writing
to an employer who has not advertised a vacancy but who you hope may have one).
What information should a CV include?
What are the most important aspects of CV that you look for?
One survey of employers found that the following aspects were most looked for
(From the brilliant 2010 Orange County Resume Survey by Eric Hilden)
45% Previous related work experience
35% Qualifications & skills
25% Easy to read
16% Accomplishments
14% Spelling & grammar
9%
Education (these were not just graduate recruiters or this score would be much higher!)
9%
Intangibles: individuality/desire to succeed
3%
Clear objective
2%
Keywords added
1%
Contact information
1%
Personal experiences
1%
Computer skills
Personal details
Normally these would be your name, address, date of birth (although with age discrimination laws now in force
this isn't essential), telephone number and email.
British CVs don't usually include a photograph unless you are an actor. In European countries such as France,
Belgium and Germany it’s common for CVs to include a a passport-sized photograph in the top right-hand corner
whereas in the UK and the USA photographs are frowned upon as this may contravene equal opportunity
legislation - a photograph makes it easier to reject a candidate on grounds of ethnicity, sex or age. If you do
include a photograph it should be a head and shoulders shot, you should be dressed suitably and smiling: it's not
for a passport! See our Work Abroad page for more about international CVs
Education and qualifications
Your degree subject and university, plus A levels and GCSEs
or equivalents. Mention grades unless poor!
Work experience
Some employers may spend as little as 45
seconds skimming a résumé before branding it
“not of interest”, “maybe” or “of interest.
BI Business School
Use action words such as developed, planned and
organised.
Succinct, eloquent, well-structured.
Even work in a shop, bar or restaurantwill
Towers Hamlyn
involve working in a team, providing aquality service to
customers, and dealing tactfully with complaints. Don't
mention the routine, non-people tasks (cleaning the
tables) unless you are applying for a casual summer job in a restaurant or similar.
Try to relate the skills to the job. A finance job will involve numeracy, analytical and problem solving
skills so focus on these whereas for a marketing role you would place a bit more more emphasis
on persuading and negotiatingskills.
All of my work experiences have involved working within a team-based culture. This involved planning,
organisation, coordination and commitment e.g., in retail, this ensured daily sales targets were met, a fair
distribution of tasks and effective communication amongst all staff members.
Interests and achievements
Keep this section short and to the point.As you grow
older, your employment record will take precedence
and interests will typically diminish greatly in length
and importance.
Writing about your interests
Bullets can be used to separate interests into different Reading, cinema, stamp-collecting, playing
types: sporting, creative etc.
computer games
Don't use the old boring cliches here: "socialising with
Suggests a solitary individual who doesn't get
friends".
on with other people. This may not be true, but
Don't put many passive, solitary hobbies (reading,
selectors will interpret the evidence they see
watching TV, stamp collecting) or you may be
before them.
perceived as lacking people skills. If you do put these,
then say what you read or watch: "I particularly enjoy
Dickens, for the vivid insights you get into life in Victorian
times".
Show a range of interests to avoid coming across as
Cinema: member of the University Film-Making
narrow : if everything centres around sport they may
Society
wonder if you could hold a conversation with a client
Travel: travelled through Europe by train this
who wasn't interested in sport.
summer in a group of four people, visiting
Hobbies that are a little out of the ordinary can help
historic sites and practising my French and
you to stand out from the crowd: skydiving or
Italian
mountaineering can show a sense of wanting to
Reading: helped younger pupils with reading
stretch yourself and an ability to rely on yourself in
difficulties at school.
demanding situations
Any interests relevant to the job are worth mentioning: This could be the same individual as in the
first example, but the impression is
current affairs if you wish to be a journalist; a fantasy
completely the opposite: an outgoing
share portfolio such as Bullbearings if you want to
proactive individual who helps others.
work in finance.
Any evidence of leadership is important to mention:
captain or coach of a sports team, course
representative, chair of a student society, scout leader: "As captain of the school cricket team, I had to set a
positive example, motivate and coach players and think on my feet when making bowling and field position
changes, often in tense situations"
Anything showing evidence of employability skills such as team working, organising, planning,
persuading, negotiating etc.
Skills
The usual ones to mention are languages (good conversational French, basic Spanish), computing (e.g.
"good working knowledge of MS Access and Excel, plus basic web page design skills" and driving ("full
current clean driving licence").
If you are a mature candidate or have lots of relevant skills to offer, a skills-based CV may work for you
References
Many employers don’t check references at the application stage so unless the vacancy specifically
requests referees it's fine to omit this section completely if you are running short of space or to say
"References are available on request."
Normally two referees are sufficient: one academic (perhaps your tutor or a project supervisor) and one
from an employer (perhaps your last part-time or summer job). See our page on Choosing and Using
Referees for more help with this.
The order and the emphasis will depend on what you are applying for and what you have to offer. For example,
the example media CV lists the candidate's relevant work experience first.
If you are applying for more than one type of work, you should
When asked what would make them
have a different CV tailored to each career area, highlighting
automatically reject a candidate, employers
different aspects of your skills and experience.
said:
A personal profile at the start of the CV can work for jobs in
CVs with spelling mistakes or typos
competitive industries such as the media or advertising, to
61%
help you to stand out from the crowd. If used, it needs to be
CVs that copied large amounts of
original and well written. Don’t just use the usual hackneyed
wording from the job posting 41%
expressions: “I am an excellent communicator who works well in
CVs with an inappropriate email
a team…… “
address 35%
You will also need a Covering Letter to accompany your CV.
CVs that don’t include a list of skills
30%
What makes a good CV?
...
CVs that are more than two pages long
22%
CVs printed on decorative paper 20%
CVs that detail more tasks than results
for previous positions 16%
CVs that include a photo 13%
CVs that have large blocks of text with
little white space 13%
CareerBuilder
