What is Public Policy
Content
Yves Mari T. Javier
attempt by the Government to address a "public issue´ courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives
purposeful, goal-oriented action that deals with societal problems can be "positive" public policy or "negative´ public policy made by governmental actors (executive branch, legislative, courts, interest groups and citizens)
commonly embodied "in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions." three parts to public policy-making: Problems, Players, and the Policy. "Whatever governments choose to do or not to do." (Dye, 1972, p. 18)
"A broad guide to present and future decisions, selected in light of given conditions from a number of alternatives; the actual decision or set of decisions designed to carry out the chosen course of actions; a projected program consisting of desired objectives (goals) and the means of achieving them." (Daneke and Steiss, 1978)
Why study Public Policy?
Government actions on Public Policy
Kristoffer Floriel A. Hufancia
The use of analytic techniques
The use of familiar functional names of policy
The use of different academic disciplines
Angelica Fojas
The study of public policy is a very complex topic and this complexity requires bringing together a wide range of analytical perspectives to gain any sort of understanding of what is happening in any political area.
The typical manner of approaching public policy is to consider the various areas of government activity one by one.
First important aspect of the complexity of public policy is that focusing on the single lonely policy. EXAMPLE: If government wants to improve the quality of health for its population, the obvious area for investment is in hospitals and other aspects of the health care industry.
A second dimension of complexity in public policy studies is the need to examine policy questions from a range of theoretical perspectives.
A third complexity involved in the study of public policy arises from the word ´publicµ.
There is a tendency in the analysis of policy to consider primarily, or solely , the role of the public sector and the official actors in the process and to ignore the role of the private sector actors.
Social actors as a means of assisting government to make and deliver public policies and that this involvement of nongovernmental actors has enhanced the legitimacy of the state, even in the less developed countries.
A final complexity concerns what we study when we attempt to study public policy.
We should be concerned with the impacts of policy choices on people, and the distribution of benefits in the society.
Hans A. Manlapas
The most dramatic form of regulation is through criminal statutes. This type of policy generally generate how people can act toward one another. It also targets the behavior of individuals or industry.
For example, the Food and Drug Administration.
grants goods and services to specific segments of the population. One of the most prominent areas of distributive policies is welfare and health. It also distributes the cost of the goods and services amongst the population.
For example, Medicare and Medicaid.
aim at rearranging one or more of the basic schedules of social and economic rewards.
Tax policies are often cited as examples of redistributive policies, for they take proportionately more money from the rich than from the poor.
is aimed at increasing the productive capacity of society s institutions. It is describe a hybrid type : funds allocated to city and state governments, who in turn allocate the moneys in distributive programs for consumption or capitalization.
aims to establish the correct practice for some moral issue. For example, the supreme court s decision in USA about abortion.
Rule Policy define as policies that specify actions to be performed. Goal Policy define as policy that set goals to be achieved by any of a number of actions
Still another types of policy can be determined such as Substantive and Procedural Policies. Both rule and goal policies are substantive: they set out what is to be accomplished. But sometimes a policy will simply state a procedure, in particular, who is to carry out some action, this define the procedural type of policy.
John Marvin Jose
also known as policy think tank. a research institution that studies and evaluates governmental policies and effects of such policies on particular social areas. can be a public or private, partisan or nonpartisan, local or national.
institutes may vary widely in their FOCUS, FORMS, SCOPE, and GOAL
Example: The Center for Policy and Executive Development (CPED)
is the implementation and management of public policies. Politicians and policy analysts formulate public policies at the national, regional, and local levels.
interests groups and citizens are influential in shaping public policies Common goal: influence public policy decisions that could be beneficial to their special interest and t
Kim Neil L. Jalmasco
Divide powers and responsibilities between the organizations of the state Confer rights on individual groups Impose obligations on state officials to consult and to deliberate Can include and exclude political actors, such as interest groups
JosonT. Rañola
Institutions embody cultures and past political decisions. Formal rules and structures agreed or introduced long ago influence political actors exercise their current choices. It is the variety of traditions embodied in institutions that explains the complexity of political behavior and unlocks the intricacies of the policy process.
History is important for the institutional account. Formalized in constitutions, the workings of organizations and political norms, past decisions and ideas structure how actors make and implement policy. The approach to public policy is subtle because institutions are not static. They adapt to their political environment.
Some writers believe that institutions have an intelligence in the way they respond to fast- changing social and economic environments that is built up from their capacity to learn, to store collective experience to create guidance mechanism to help decision0making.
Institutions routinize the values of a political system.
Individuals who engage in conventional political behavior find identity and meaning from following rules and conventions. Institutionalists commonly believe organizations have standard operating procedures that process decisions.
Benjie Catipay
Institutional arrangements are the policies, systems, and processes that organizations use to legislate, plan and manage their activities efficiently and to effectively coordinate with others in order to fulfill their mandate.
Comprised of organizations or institutions, governmental and non-governmental, with a recognized role to play in hazards and risk management and the mechanisms for coordination among organizations and institutions.
Incorporate the networks of entities, and organization involved in planning, supporting and implementing disaster mitigation programs and practices.
The involved and responsible organizations Human resources Funding Equipment and supplies Leadership Effectiveness The communication links between and among the organizations
action forcing attention-focusing Recovery technology development and technology transfer regulatory financial planning system management and optimization direct action
John Lenzie Asierto
Indonesian government provide a comprehensive review of existing legislation relating to forest development conservation and development of national parks in 2010.
In Lao P.D.R, the National Disaster Management Committee was established by Prime Minister s decree in 1999.
The National Committee for Disaster Mitigation & Management (2001-2010) was established in order to identified mitigation measures and principles in Vietnam.
The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has expressed its commitment of implementing reform programs in all sectors in order to reduce poverty and achieve sustainable development.
The Marine and Coastal Resources Policy, has been proposed to the Department of Fisheries of Thailand that aims to: realize the coastal benefits and promote proactive and cooperative governance.
Cheddah Dimayuga
First theme was the degree of autonomy policy networks Another theme concerned the network as such: how was it organized, how were powers distributed? (Scharf 1991; Rhodes and Marsh 1992) Third theme concerned the role of networks at a societal level.
Normative Institutionalism Regulative institutionalism Cognitive Institutionalism
Is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior
attempt by the Government to address a "public issue´ courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives
purposeful, goal-oriented action that deals with societal problems can be "positive" public policy or "negative´ public policy made by governmental actors (executive branch, legislative, courts, interest groups and citizens)
commonly embodied "in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions." three parts to public policy-making: Problems, Players, and the Policy. "Whatever governments choose to do or not to do." (Dye, 1972, p. 18)
"A broad guide to present and future decisions, selected in light of given conditions from a number of alternatives; the actual decision or set of decisions designed to carry out the chosen course of actions; a projected program consisting of desired objectives (goals) and the means of achieving them." (Daneke and Steiss, 1978)
Why study Public Policy?
Government actions on Public Policy
Kristoffer Floriel A. Hufancia
The use of analytic techniques
The use of familiar functional names of policy
The use of different academic disciplines
Angelica Fojas
The study of public policy is a very complex topic and this complexity requires bringing together a wide range of analytical perspectives to gain any sort of understanding of what is happening in any political area.
The typical manner of approaching public policy is to consider the various areas of government activity one by one.
First important aspect of the complexity of public policy is that focusing on the single lonely policy. EXAMPLE: If government wants to improve the quality of health for its population, the obvious area for investment is in hospitals and other aspects of the health care industry.
A second dimension of complexity in public policy studies is the need to examine policy questions from a range of theoretical perspectives.
A third complexity involved in the study of public policy arises from the word ´publicµ.
There is a tendency in the analysis of policy to consider primarily, or solely , the role of the public sector and the official actors in the process and to ignore the role of the private sector actors.
Social actors as a means of assisting government to make and deliver public policies and that this involvement of nongovernmental actors has enhanced the legitimacy of the state, even in the less developed countries.
A final complexity concerns what we study when we attempt to study public policy.
We should be concerned with the impacts of policy choices on people, and the distribution of benefits in the society.
Hans A. Manlapas
The most dramatic form of regulation is through criminal statutes. This type of policy generally generate how people can act toward one another. It also targets the behavior of individuals or industry.
For example, the Food and Drug Administration.
grants goods and services to specific segments of the population. One of the most prominent areas of distributive policies is welfare and health. It also distributes the cost of the goods and services amongst the population.
For example, Medicare and Medicaid.
aim at rearranging one or more of the basic schedules of social and economic rewards.
Tax policies are often cited as examples of redistributive policies, for they take proportionately more money from the rich than from the poor.
is aimed at increasing the productive capacity of society s institutions. It is describe a hybrid type : funds allocated to city and state governments, who in turn allocate the moneys in distributive programs for consumption or capitalization.
aims to establish the correct practice for some moral issue. For example, the supreme court s decision in USA about abortion.
Rule Policy define as policies that specify actions to be performed. Goal Policy define as policy that set goals to be achieved by any of a number of actions
Still another types of policy can be determined such as Substantive and Procedural Policies. Both rule and goal policies are substantive: they set out what is to be accomplished. But sometimes a policy will simply state a procedure, in particular, who is to carry out some action, this define the procedural type of policy.
John Marvin Jose
also known as policy think tank. a research institution that studies and evaluates governmental policies and effects of such policies on particular social areas. can be a public or private, partisan or nonpartisan, local or national.
institutes may vary widely in their FOCUS, FORMS, SCOPE, and GOAL
Example: The Center for Policy and Executive Development (CPED)
is the implementation and management of public policies. Politicians and policy analysts formulate public policies at the national, regional, and local levels.
interests groups and citizens are influential in shaping public policies Common goal: influence public policy decisions that could be beneficial to their special interest and t
Kim Neil L. Jalmasco
Divide powers and responsibilities between the organizations of the state Confer rights on individual groups Impose obligations on state officials to consult and to deliberate Can include and exclude political actors, such as interest groups
JosonT. Rañola
Institutions embody cultures and past political decisions. Formal rules and structures agreed or introduced long ago influence political actors exercise their current choices. It is the variety of traditions embodied in institutions that explains the complexity of political behavior and unlocks the intricacies of the policy process.
History is important for the institutional account. Formalized in constitutions, the workings of organizations and political norms, past decisions and ideas structure how actors make and implement policy. The approach to public policy is subtle because institutions are not static. They adapt to their political environment.
Some writers believe that institutions have an intelligence in the way they respond to fast- changing social and economic environments that is built up from their capacity to learn, to store collective experience to create guidance mechanism to help decision0making.
Institutions routinize the values of a political system.
Individuals who engage in conventional political behavior find identity and meaning from following rules and conventions. Institutionalists commonly believe organizations have standard operating procedures that process decisions.
Benjie Catipay
Institutional arrangements are the policies, systems, and processes that organizations use to legislate, plan and manage their activities efficiently and to effectively coordinate with others in order to fulfill their mandate.
Comprised of organizations or institutions, governmental and non-governmental, with a recognized role to play in hazards and risk management and the mechanisms for coordination among organizations and institutions.
Incorporate the networks of entities, and organization involved in planning, supporting and implementing disaster mitigation programs and practices.
The involved and responsible organizations Human resources Funding Equipment and supplies Leadership Effectiveness The communication links between and among the organizations
action forcing attention-focusing Recovery technology development and technology transfer regulatory financial planning system management and optimization direct action
John Lenzie Asierto
Indonesian government provide a comprehensive review of existing legislation relating to forest development conservation and development of national parks in 2010.
In Lao P.D.R, the National Disaster Management Committee was established by Prime Minister s decree in 1999.
The National Committee for Disaster Mitigation & Management (2001-2010) was established in order to identified mitigation measures and principles in Vietnam.
The Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) has expressed its commitment of implementing reform programs in all sectors in order to reduce poverty and achieve sustainable development.
The Marine and Coastal Resources Policy, has been proposed to the Department of Fisheries of Thailand that aims to: realize the coastal benefits and promote proactive and cooperative governance.
Cheddah Dimayuga
First theme was the degree of autonomy policy networks Another theme concerned the network as such: how was it organized, how were powers distributed? (Scharf 1991; Rhodes and Marsh 1992) Third theme concerned the role of networks at a societal level.
Normative Institutionalism Regulative institutionalism Cognitive Institutionalism
Is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior
