Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

September 11 attacks
From top to bottom: the World Trade Center
burning; the Pentagon collapses; Flight 175 crashes
into WTC 2; a Iireman requests help at Ground
Zero; an engine Irom Flight 93 is recovered; Flight
77 crashes into the Pentagon.
Location New York City; Arlington County.
Virginia; and near Shanksville.
Pennsylvania.
Date Tuesday. September 11. 2001
8:46 am 10:28 am (UTC-4)
Attack type AircraIt hiiacking. mass murder.
suicide attack. terrorism
Death(s) Approximately 3.000 (including 19
hiiackers)
Injured More than 6.000
Perpetrator(s) Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin
Laden
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(see also Responsibility and Hiiackers)
September 11 attacks
From Wikipedia. the Iree encyclopedia
The September 11 attacks (oIten reIerred to as September 11. September 11th or 9/11) were a series oI coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda upon the United States on September
11. 2001. On that morning. 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hiiacked Iour commercial passenger iet airliners.
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The hiiackers intentionally crashed two oI the airliners into the Twin Towers oI the
World Trade Center in New York City. killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both towers collapsed within two hours. destroying nearby buildings and
damaging others. The hiiackers crashed a third airliner into The Pentagon in Arlington. Virginia. iust outside Washington. D.C. The Iourth plane crashed into a Iield near Shanksville in
rural Pennsylvania aIter some oI its passengers and Ilight crew attempted to retake control oI the plane. which the hiiackers had redirected toward Washington. D.C.. to target either the
Capitol Building or the White House. There were no survivors Irom any oI the Ilights.
Nearly 3.000 victims and the 19 hiiackers died in the attacks.
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According to the New York State Health Department. 836 responders. including IireIighters and police personnel. have
died as oI June 2009.
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Among the 2.752 victims who died in the attacks on the World Trade Center were 343 IireIighters and 60 police oIIicers Irom New York City and the Port
Authority.
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Another 184 people were killed in the attack on the Pentagon.
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The overwhelming maiority oI casualties were civilians. including nationals oI over 70 countries.
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In
addition. there was at least one secondary deathone person was ruled by a medical examiner to have died Irom lung disease due to exposure to dust Irom the collapse oI the World Trade
Center.
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Suspicion quickly Iell on al-Qaeda. Its leader Osama bin Laden denied involvement. but in 2004 he Iinally claimed responsibility Ior the attacks.
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The United States responded to the
attacks by launching the War on Terror. invading AIghanistan to depose the Taliban. who had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists. and by enacting the USA PATRIOT Act. It was not until May
2011 that bin Laden was Iound and killed. Many other countries also strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded law enIorcement powers. Some American stock exchanges
stayed closed Ior the rest oI the week Iollowing the attack. and posted enormous losses upon reopening. especially in the airline and insurance industries. The destruction oI billions oI
dollars' worth oI oIIice space caused serious damage to the economy oI Lower Manhattan.
The damage to the Pentagon was cleared and repaired within a year. and the Pentagon Memorial was built adiacent to the building. The rebuilding process has started on the World Trade
Center site. In 2006. a new oIIice tower was completed on the site oI 7 World Trade Center. The new One World Trade Center is currently under construction at the site and is expected to
be completed in 2013. Three more towers were originally expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site. Ground was broken Ior the Flight 93 National Memorial on November 8.
2009. and the Iirst phase oI construction is expected to be ready Ior the 10th anniversary oI the attacks on September 11. 2011.
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Contents
1 Attacks
1.1 Casualties
1.2 Damage
1.3 Rescue and recovery
2 Attackers and their background
2.1 Al-Qaeda
2.2 Planning oI the attacks
2.3 Osama bin Laden
2.4 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
2.5 Other al-Qaeda members
2.6 Motives
3 AItermath
3.1 Immediate response
3.2 Military operations Iollowing the attacks
3.3 Domestic response
3.3.1 Hate crimes
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3.3.2 Muslim American reaction
3.4 International response
4 Long-term eIIects
4.1 Economic aItermath
4.2 Health eIIects
5 Investigations
5.1 FBI investigation
5.2 9/11 Commission
5.3 Collapse oI the World Trade Center
5.4 Internal review oI the CIA
6 Rebuilding
7 Memorials
7.1 Final resting place Ior WTC victims
8 See also
9 ReIerences
10 Further reading
11 External links
11.1 Multimedia
Attacks
Main article. Timeline for the dav of the September 11 attacks
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Map showing the attacks on the World
Trade Center (the planes are not drawn
to scale).
United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into
the south tower.
Security camera Iootage oI Flight 77
hitting the Pentagon.
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View oI the World Trade
Center shortly aIter both
towers Iell (the original 7
World Trade Center can be
seen still standing).
Early on the morning oI September 11. 2001. nineteen hiiackers took control oI Iour commercial airliners en route to San Francisco and Los Angeles Irom
Boston. Newark. and Washington. D.C.
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At 8:46 a.m.. American Airlines Flight 11 was crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower. Iollowed by
United Airlines Flight 175. which hit the South Tower at 9:03 a.m.
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Another group oI hiiackers Ilew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m.
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A Iourth Ilight. United Airlines Flight 93. crashed near
Shanksville. Pennsylvania. at 10:03 a.m. aIter the passengers on board engaged in a Iight with the hiiackers. Its ultimate target was thought to be either the
Capitol (the meeting place oI the United States Congress) or the White House.
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Some passengers were able to make phone calls using the cabin airphone service and mobile phones.
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and provide details. including that several hiiackers
were aboard each plane. that mace or other Iorm oI noxious chemical spray. such as tear gas or pepper spray was used. and that some people aboard had been
stabbed.
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Reports indicated that during two oI the Ilights. the hiiackers stabbed and killed aircraIt pilots. Ilight attendants and in at least one case. a
passenger.
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The 9/11 Commission established that two oI the hiiackers had recently purchased Leatherman multi-Iunction hand tools.
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A Ilight
attendant on Flight 11. a passenger on Flight 175. and passengers on Flight 93 mentioned that the hiiackers had bombs. but one oI the passengers also mentioned
he thought the bombs were Iake. No traces oI explosives were Iound at the crash sites. and the 9/11 Commission believed the bombs were probably Iake.
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On United Airlines Flight 93. a transcript oI audio recorded by the cockpit voice recorder revealed that crew and passengers attempted to seize control oI the
plane Irom the hiiackers aIter learning through phone calls that similarly hiiacked planes had been crashed into buildings that morning.
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One oI the hiiackers
gave the order to roll the plane once it became evident that they would lose control oI the plane to the passengers.
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Soon aIterward. the aircraIt crashed into a
Iield near Shanksville in Stonycreek Township. Somerset County. Pennsylvania. at 10:03:11 a.m. local time (14:03:11 UTC).
In a September 2002 interview conducted by documentary-maker Yosri Fouda. an al Jazeera iournalist. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al-Shibh. who are
believed to have organized the attacks. stated that the Iourth hiiacked plane was heading Ior the United States Capitol. which they gave the codename "the Faculty oI
Law".
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not Ior the White House. They Iurther stated that al-Qaeda initially planned to Ily hiiacked iets into nuclear installations rather than the World Trade Center
and the Pentagon. but it was decided not to attack nuclear power plants "Ior the moment" because oI Iears it could "get out oI control".
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Three buildings in the World Trade Center Complex collapsed due to structural Iailure on the day oI the attack.
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The south tower (2 WTC) Iell at approximately
9:59 a.m.. aIter burning Ior 56 minutes in a Iire caused by the impact oI United Airlines Flight 175.
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The north tower (1 WTC) collapsed at 10:28 a.m.. aIter burning
Ior approximately 102 minutes.
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When the north tower collapsed. debris that Iell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC) building damaged it and initiated Iires. These Iires burned Ior hours and
compromised the building's structural integrity. which led to the crumbling oI the east penthouse at 5:20 p.m. and to the complete collapse oI the building at 5:21 p.m.
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The attacks created widespread conIusion among news organizations and air traIIic controllers across the United States. All international civilian air traIIic was banned Irom landing on U.S. soil Ior three
days.
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AircraIt already in Ilight were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico. News sources aired unconIirmed and oIten contradictory reports throughout the day. One oI the most
prevalent oI these reported that a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters in Washington. D.C.
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Soon aIter reporting Ior the Iirst time on the Pentagon crash. some news
media also brieIly reported that a Iire had broken out on the National Mall.
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Another report went out on the Associated Press wire. claiming that a Delta Air Lines airlinerFlight 1989had been hiiacked.
This report. too. turned out to be in error; the plane was brieIly thought to represent a hiiack risk. but it responded to controllers and landed saIely in Cleveland. Ohio.
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Casualties
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Path oI Flight 93 until it crashed in
Southern Pennsylvania on September
11
Deaths (excluding hijackers)
New York
City
World Trade
Center
2.606
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American 11 87
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United 175 60
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Arlington
Pentagon 125
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American 77 59
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Shanksville United 93 40
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Total 2.977
The remains oI 6 World Trade Center
days aIter the attacks.
The Pentagon damaged by Iire and
partly collapsed.
Main article. Casualties of the September 11 attacks
There were a total oI 2.996 deaths. including the 19 hiiackers and 2.977 victims.
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The victims were distributed as Iollows: 246 on the Iour planes (Irom which there were no survivors). 2.606 in New
York City in the towers and on the ground. and 125 at the Pentagon.
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All the deaths in the attacks were civilians except Ior 55 military personnel killed in the attack on the Pentagon.
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More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks on the World Trade Center.
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In 2007. the New York City medical examiner's oIIice added Felicia Dunn-Jones to the oIIicial death toll Irom the
September 11 attacks. Dunn-Jones died Iive months aIter 9/11 Irom a lung condition which was linked to exposure to dust during the collapse oI the World Trade Center.
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Leon Heyward. who died
oI lymphoma in 2008. was added to the oIIicial death toll in 2009.
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NIST estimated that about 17.400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time oI the attacks. while turnstile counts Irom the Port
Authority suggest that 14.154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45 a.m.
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The vast maiority oI people below the impact zone saIely
evacuated the buildings. along with 18 people who were in the impact zone in the south tower and a number above the impact zone who used the one
intact stairwell in the south tower.
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At least 1.366 people died who were at or above the Iloors oI impact in the North Tower and at least 618 in the
South Tower. where evacuation had begun beIore the second impact.
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Thus over 90° oI the workers and visitors who died in the Towers had been at or above impact.
According to the Commission Report. hundreds were killed instantly by the impact. while the rest were trapped and died aIter tower collapse.
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At least 200 people iumped to their deaths Irom
the burning towers (as depicted in the photograph "The Falling Man"). landing on the streets and rooItops oI adiacent buildings hundreds oI Ieet below.
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Some oI the occupants oI each tower
above its point oI impact made their way upward toward the rooI in hope oI helicopter rescue. but the rooI access doors were locked. No plan existed Ior helicopter rescues. and on September
11. the thick smoke and intense heat would have prevented helicopters Irom conducting rescues.
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A total oI 411 emergency workers who responded to the scene died as they attempted to rescue people and Iight Iires. The New York City Fire
Department (FDNY) lost 341 IireIighters and 2 FDNY paramedics.
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The New York City Police Department lost 23 oIIicers.
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The Port Authority
Police Department lost 37 oIIicers.
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and 8 additional EMTs and paramedics Irom private EMS units were killed.
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Cantor Fitzgerald L.P.. an investment bank on the 101st105th Iloors oI One World Trade Center. lost 658 employees. considerably more than any other employer.
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Marsh Inc.. located immediately
below Cantor Fitzgerald on Iloors 93101 (the location oI Flight 11's impact). lost 355 employees. and 175 employees oI Aon Corporation were killed.
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AIter New York. New Jersey was the hardest
hit state. with the city oI Hoboken sustaining the most deaths.
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Weeks aIter the attack. the number oI deaths was estimated to be over 6.000.
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but this turned out to be more than twice the number oI actual conIirmed dead. The city was only able to identiIy
remains Ior about 1.600 oI the victims at the World Trade Center. The medical examiner's oIIice also collected "about 10.000 unidentiIied bone and tissue Iragments that cannot be matched to the list
oI the dead".
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Bone Iragments were still being Iound in 2006 as workers were preparing to demolish the damaged Deutsche Bank Building. That operation was completed in 2007. On April 2. 2010
a team oI anthropology and archaeological experts began searching Ior human remains. human artiIacts and personal items at the Fresh Kills LandIill on Staten Island. The operation was completed in
June 2010 with 72 human remains Iound. bringing the total human remains Iound to 1.845. The identities oI 1.629 victims oI the attacks on the World Trade Center have been identiIied. DNA proIiling
in an attempt to identiIy additional victims is continuing.
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Damage
Along with the 110-Iloor Twin Towers oI the World Trade Center itselI. numerous other buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed or badly damaged. including 7 World Trade Center. 6
World Trade Center. 5 World Trade Center. 4 World Trade Center. the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC). and the World Financial Center complex and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church.
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OI the buildings and structures belonging to the World Trade Center complex. North Tower (1 World Trade Center). South Tower (2 World Trade Center). the Marriott Hotel (3 World Trade Center)
and 7 World Trade Center were completely destroyed. 4 World Trade Center. 5 World Trade Center. One Liberty Plaza. the U.S. Customs House (6 World Trade Center). and both pedestrian bridges
were severely damaged. The Deutsche Bank building on 130 Liberty Street was partially damaged and demolished later. The two buildings oI the World Financial Center also suIIered damage.
The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street Irom the World Trade Center complex was later condemned due to the uninhabitable. toxic conditions inside the oIIice tower. and is undergoing
deconstruction.
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The Borough oI Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks. and is slated Ior
deconstruction.
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An iniured victim oI the Pentagon
attack is evacuated
Mohamed Atta-an
Egyptian national. was the
ringleader oI the 19
September 11. hiiackers
Other neighboring buildings including 90 West Street and the Verizon Building suIIered maior damage. but have since been restored.
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World Financial Center buildings. One Liberty Plaza. the Millenium Hilton. and 90 Church Street had
moderate damage.
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They have since been restored. Communications equipment on top oI the North Tower. including broadcast radio. television and two-way radio antenna towers. was also destroyed. but media stations were quickly
able to reroute signals and resume broadcasts.
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In Arlington County. a portion oI the Pentagon was severely damaged by Iire and one section oI the building collapsed.
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Rescue and recovery
Main article. Rescue and recoverv effort after the September 11 attacks
The Fire Department oI New York City (FDNY) quickly deployed 200 units (halI oI the department) to the site. whose eIIorts were supplemented by numerous oII-duty IireIighters and EMTs.
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The New York Police Department (NYPD) sent Emergency Service Units (ESU) and other police personnel. along with deploying its aviation unit.
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Once on the scene. the FDNY. NYPD.
and Port Authority police did not coordinate eIIorts.
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and ended up perIorming redundant searches Ior civilians.
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As conditions deteriorated. the NYPD aviation unit relayed inIormation to police commanders. who issued orders Ior its personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD oIIicers were able to saIely
evacuate beIore the buildings collapsed.
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With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies. warnings were not passed along to FDNY
commanders.
AIter the Iirst tower collapsed. FDNY commanders did issue evacuation warnings; however. due to technical diIIiculties with malIunctioning radio repeater systems. many IireIighters never heard the
evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received inIormation Irom callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene.
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Within hours oI the attack a substantial search and rescue
operation was launched. AIter months oI around-the-clock operations the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end oI May 2002.
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Attackers and their background
See also. Responsibilitv for the September 11 attacks. Hiiackers in the September 11 attacks. Trials related to the September 11 attacks. and 20th hiiacker
Within hours oI the attacks. the FBI released to the media the names and in many cases the personal details oI the suspected pilots and hiiackers.
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Mohamed Atta. Irom Egypt. was the ringleader oI the 19
hiiackers and one oI the pilots.
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Atta died in the attack along with the other hiiackers. but his luggage. which did not make the connection Irom his Portland Ilight onto Flight 11. contained papers that revealed
the identities oI all 19 hiiackers and other important clues about their plans. motives. and backgrounds.
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By midday. the National Security Agency had intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin
Laden. as had German intelligence agencies.
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On September 27. 2001. the FBI released photos oI the 19 hiiackers. along with inIormation about the possible nationalities and aliases oI many.
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FiIteen oI the hiiackers were Irom Saudi Arabia. two Irom the
United Arab Emirates. one Irom Egypt (Atta). and one Irom Lebanon.
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The FBI investigation into the attacks. code named operation PENTTBOM. was the largest and most complex investigation in the history oI the FBI. involving over 7.000 special agents.
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The United States
government determined that al-Qaeda. headed by Osama bin Laden. bore responsibility Ior the attacks. with the FBI stating "evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks oI September 11 is clear and
irreIutable".
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The Government oI the United Kingdom reached the same conclusion regarding al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden's culpability Ior the 11 September attacks.
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Author Laurie Mylroie. writing in the conservative political magazine The American Spectator in 2006. argues that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his Iamily are the primary architects oI 9/11 and similar attacks.
and that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's association with Osama bin Laden is secondary and that al-Qaeda's claim oI responsibility Ior the attack is aIter the Iact and opportunistic.
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In an opposing point oI view.
Iormer CIA oIIicer Robert Baer. writing in Time magazine in 2007. asserts that George W. Bush Administration's publicizing oI Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's claims oI responsibility Ior 9/11 and numerous other acts was a mendacious
attempt to claim that all oI the signiIicant actors in 9/11 had been caught.
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Al-Qaeda
Main article. Al-Qaeda
The origins oI al-Qaeda can be traced back to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded AIghanistan. Soon aIter the invasion. Osama bin Laden traveled to AIghanistan where he helped organize Arab muiahideen and established the Maktab
al-Khidamat (MAK) organization to resist the Soviets. During the war with the Soviet Union. bin Laden and his Iighters received American and Saudi Iunding. with American and most Saudi Iunds Iunneled through the ISI. Pakistan's
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intelligence service.
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In 1989. as the Soviets withdrew. MAK was transIormed into a "rapid reaction Iorce" in iihad against governments across the Muslim world. Under the guidance oI Ayman al-Zawahiri. Osama bin Laden became
more radical.
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In 1996. bin Laden issued his Iirst IatwƗ . which called Ior American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia.
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In a second IatwƗ issued in 1998. bin Laden outlined his obiections to American Ioreign policy towards Israel. as well as the continued presence oI American troops in Saudi Arabia aIter the GulI War.
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Bin Laden used Islamic texts to
exhort violent action against American military and citizenry until the stated grievances are reversed. noting "ulema have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the iihad is an individual duty iI the enemy destroys the Muslim
countries."
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Planning of the attacks
Main article. Planning of the September 11 attacks
The idea Ior the September 11 plot came Irom Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. who Iirst presented the idea to Osama bin Laden in 1996.
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At that point. bin Laden and al-Qaeda were in a period oI transition. having iust relocated back to
AIghanistan Irom Sudan.
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The 1998 AIrican Embassy bombings and bin Laden's 1998 IatwƗ marked a turning point. with bin Laden intent on attacking the United States.
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In December 1998. the Director oI Central Intelligence
Counterterrorist Center reported to President Bill Clinton that al-Qaeda was preparing Ior attacks in the USA. including the training oI personnel to hiiack aircraIt.
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In late 1998 or early 1999. bin Laden gave approval Ior Mohammed to go Iorward with organizing the plot. A series oI meetings occurred in spring oI 1999. involving Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. Osama bin Laden. and his deputy
Mohammed AteI.
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Mohammed provided operational support Ior the plot. including target selections and helping arrange travel Ior the hiiackers.
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Bin Laden overruled Mohammed. reiecting some potential targets such as the U.S.
Bank Tower in Los Angeles
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because "there was not enough time to prepare Ior such an operation".
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Bin Laden provided leadership Ior the plot. along with Iinancial support. and was involved in selecting participants Ior the plot.
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Bin Laden initially selected NawaI al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar. both experienced iihadists who Iought
in Bosnia. Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States in mid-January 2000. aIter traveling to Malaysia to attend the Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit. In spring 2000. Hazmi and Mihdhar took Ilying lessons in San Diego. CaliIornia. but
both spoke little English. did not do well with Ilying lessons. and eventually served as secondary - or "muscle" - hiiackers.
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In late 1999. a group oI men Irom Hamburg. Germany arrived in AIghanistan. including Mohamed Atta. Marwan al-Shehhi. Ziad Jarrah. and Ramzi bin al-Shibh.
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Bin Laden selected these men Ior the plot. as they were educated. could
speak English. and had experience living in the west.
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New recruits were routinely screened Ior special skills. which allowed Al Qaeda leaders to also identiIy Hani Haniour. who already had a commercial pilot's license. Ior the plot.
|109|
Haniour arrived in San Diego on December 8. 2000. ioining Hazmi. They soon leIt Ior Arizona. where Haniour took reIresher training. Marwan al-Shehhi arrived at the end oI May 2000. while Atta arrived on June 3. 2000. and Jarrah
arrived on June 27. 2000. Bin al-Shibh applied several times Ior a visa to the United States. but as a Yemeni. he was reiected out oI concerns he would overstay his visa and remain as an illegal immigrant. Bin al-Shibh remained in Hamburg.
providing coordination between Atta and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. The three Hamburg cell members all took pilot training in south Florida.
In spring 2001. the secondary hiiackers began arriving in the United States.
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In July 2001. Atta met with bin al-Shibh in Spain. where they coordinated details oI the plot. including Iinal target selection. Bin al-Shibh also passed along bin
Laden's wish Ior the attacks to be carried out as soon as possible.
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Osama bin Laden
Main articles. Osama bin Laden. Death of Osama bin Laden. and Jideos of Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden's declaration oI a holy war against the United States. and a IatwƗ signed by bin Laden and others calling Ior the killing oI American civilians in 1998. are seen by investigators as evidence oI his motivation to commit such
acts.
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Bin Laden initially denied. but later admitted. involvement in the incidents.
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Al Jazeera broadcast a statement by bin Laden on September 16. 2001. stating "I stress that I have not carried out this act. which appears to have been
carried out by individuals with their own motivation."
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In November 2001. U.S. Iorces recovered a videotape Irom a destroyed house in Jalalabad. AIghanistan. in which bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi and admits
Ioreknowledge oI the attacks.
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The tape was broadcast on various news networks Irom December 13. 2001. His distorted appearance on the tape has been attributed to tape transIer artiIact.
|116|
On December 27. 2001. a second bin
Laden video was released. In the video. he states. "Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to iniustice. aimed at Iorcing America to stop its support Ior Israel. which kills our people". but he stopped short
oI admitting responsibility Ior the attacks.
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Shortly beIore the U.S. presidential election in 2004. in a taped statement. bin Laden publicly acknowledged al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the U.S. and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the attacks were carried
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Khalid Sheikh Mohammed aIter his
capture in Pakistan
out because "we are Iree...and want to regain Ireedom Ior our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours."
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Osama bin Laden says he had personally directed his Iollowers to attack the World Trade Center
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Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows Osama bin Laden with Ramzi bin al-Shibh. as well as two hiiackers. Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri. as they make preparations Ior the attacks.
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The detailed timeline oI bin Laden's having prior knowledge were revealed in a September 2002 interview documentary-maker Yosri Fouda conducted with Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al-Shibh: the decision to launch a
"martyrdom operation inside America" was made by Al Qaeda's military committee in early 1999; Atta. aIter deciding on the date (9/11/01) Ior the attacks. inIormed bin al-Shibh oI this date on August 29. 2001. Bin Laden was given this
inIormation on September 6. 2001.
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On May 1. 2011. U.S. President Barack Obama announced that Osama bin Laden had been killed in a IireIight with American Iorces in Abbottabad. Pakistan and that his body was in U.S. custody. The announcement was Iollowed by
celebration across the United States.
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Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
Main article. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
The iournalist Yosri Fouda oI the Arabic television channel Al Jazeera reported that in April 2002. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed admitted his involvement. along with Ramzi bin al-Shibh. in the "Holy
Tuesday operation".
|123||124||125|
The 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States Ielt by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. the "principal architect" oI the 9/11 attacks.
stemmed "not Irom his experiences there as a student. but rather Irom his violent disagreement with U.S. Ioreign policy Iavoring Israel".
|100|
Mohamed Atta shared this motivation. Ralph Bodenstein. a Iormer classmate oI Atta described him as "most imbued actually about... U.S. protection oI these Israeli politics in the region".
|126|
Abdulaziz al-Omari. a hiiacker aboard Flight 11 with Mohamed Atta. said in his video will. "My work is a message those who heard me and to all those who saw me at the same time it is a message to
the inIidels that you should leave the Arabian peninsula deIeated and stop giving a hand oI help to the coward Jews in Palestine."
|127|
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was also an adviser and Iinancier oI the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. He is also the uncle oI Ramzi YouseI. the lead bomber in that attack.
Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was arrested on March 1. 2003 in Rawalpindi. Pakistan by Pakistani security oIIicials working with the CIA. and is currently being held at Guantanamo Bay.
|128|
During
U.S. hearings in March 2007 Sheikh Mohammed again conIessed his responsibility Ior the attacks. saying "I was responsible Ior the 9/11 operation. Irom A to Z."
|125||129|
Mohammed made the
conIession aIter being subiect to waterboarding.
|130|
In November 2009. U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder announced that Mohammed and Iour accused co-conspirators will be transIerred Irom Guantanamo Bay. Cuba to stand trial in
civilian court near Ground Zero in New York. No trial date was given. Holder expressed conIidence that the deIendants would get a Iair trial that was "open to the public and open to the world".
|131|
Other al-Qaeda members
In "Substitution Ior Testimony oI Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" Irom the trial oI Zacarias Moussaoui. Iive people are identiIied as having been completely aware oI the operation's details. They are Osama bin Laden. Khalid Sheikh
Mohammed. Ramzi bin al-Shibh. Abu Turab al-Urduni and Mohammed AteI.
|132|
To date. only peripheral Iigures have been tried or convicted Ior the attacks. Bin Laden has not yet been Iormally indicted Ior the attacks.
|133|
On September 26. 2005. the Spanish high court directed by iudge Baltasar Garz n sentenced Abu Dahdah to 27 years oI imprisonment Ior conspiracy on the 9/11 attacks and being a member oI the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. At the
same time. another 17 al-Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties oI between six and eleven years.
|134||135|
On February 16. 2006. the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to 12 years because it considered that his
participation in the conspiracy was not proven.
|136|
Motives
See also. Motives for the September 11 attacks
The motives Ior the attacks include the presence oI the U.S. in Saudi Arabia.
|137|
the support oI Israel by the U.S..
|138|
and the sanctions against Iraq.
|139|
These motives were explicitly stated by Al-Qaeda in proclamations beIore the
attacks. including the fatwƗ oI August 1996.
|140|
and a shorter IatwƗ published in February 1998.
|141|
AIter the attacks. bin Laden and al-Zawahiri published additional video tapes and audio tapes. some oI which repeated those reasons Ior
the attacks. Two particularly important publications were bin Laden's 2002 "Letter to America".
|142|
and a 2004 video tape by bin Laden.
|143|
In addition to direct pronouncements by bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. numerous political analysts
have postulated motivations Ior the attacks.
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U.S. President George W. Bush is
brieIed on the World Trade Center
attack.
ANew York City Iireman calls Ior 10
more rescue workers to make their
way into the rubble oI the World Trade
Center
The continued presence oI U.S. troops aIter the GulI War in Saudi Arabia was one oI the stated motivations behind the September 11th terrorist attacks.
|141|
the Khobar Towers bombing. as well. the date chosen Ior the 1998 United States
embassy bombings (August 7). was eight years to the day that American troops were sent to Saudi Arabia.
|144|
Bin Laden interpreted the Prophet Muhammad as banning the "permanent presence oI inIidels in Arabia".
|145|
In 1996. Bin
Laden issued a IatwƗ . calling Ior American troops to get out oI Saudi Arabia. In the 1998 IatwƗ . Al-Qaeda wrote " Ior over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands oI Islam in the holiest oI places. the Arabian Peninsula.
plundering its riches. dictating to its rulers. humiliating its people. terrorizing its neighbors. and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to Iight the neighboring Muslim peoples."
|146|
In the December 1999 interview
with Rahimullah YusuIzai. bin Laden said he Ielt that Americans were "too near to Mecca" and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim world.
|147|
In his November 2002 "Letter to America". Bin Laden described the United States' support oI Israel as a motivation: "The creation and continuation oI Israel is one oI the greatest crimes. and you are the leaders oI its criminals. And oI
course there is no need to explain and prove the degree oI American support Ior Israel. The creation oI Israel is a crime which must be erased. Each and every person whose hands have become polluted in the contribution towards this
crime must pay its price. and pay Ior it heavily."
|148|
In 2004 and 2010. Bin Laden again repeated the connection between the September 11 attacks and the support oI Israel by the United States.
|149||150||151|
Several analysts. including
Mearsheimer and Walt. also claim a motivation Ior the attacks was the support oI Israel by the United States.
|147||152|
In the 1998 IatwƗ . Al Qaeda identiIied the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill Americans: "despite the great devastation inIlicted on the Iraqi people by the crusader-Zionist alliance. and despite the huge number oI those killed. which has
exceeded 1 million... despite all this. the Americans are once against trying to repeat the horriIic massacres. as though they are not content with the protracted blockade imposed aIter the Ierocious war or the Iragmentation and
devastation....On that basis. and in compliance with Allah's order. we issue the Iollowing IatwƗ to all Muslims: The ruling to kill the Americans and their alliescivilians and militaryis an individual duty Ior every Muslim..."
|146|
In addition to the motives published by Al Qaeda. analysts have suggested other motives. including humiliation resulting Irom the Islamic world Ialling behind the Western world - this discrepancy made especially visible due to recent
globalisation.
|153||154|
Another speculated motive was the desire to provoke the U.S. into a broader war against the Islamic world. with the hope oI motivating more allies to support Al Qaeda.
|155|
Aftermath
Immediate response
See also. Airport securitv repercussions due to the September 11 attacks. Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks. Aftermath of the September 11 attacks. Reactions to
the September 11 attacks. and U.S. militarv response during the September 11 attacks
The 9/11 attacks had immediate and overwhelming eIIects upon the American people.
|156|
Many police oIIicers and rescue workers elsewhere in the country took leaves oI absence to travel to New
York City to assist in the process oI recovering bodies Irom the twisted remnants oI the Twin Towers.
|157|
Blood donations across the U.S. also saw a surge in the weeks aIter 9/11.
|158||159|
Over 3000 children were leIt without one or more parents.
|160|
Children's reactions both to these actual losses. yet also to Ieared losses oI liIe and a protective environment in the aItermath oI the
attacks are well documented. as were their eIIects on surviving caregivers.
|161||162||163|
For the Iirst time in history. SCATANA was invoked Iorcing all non-emergency civilian aircraIt in the United States and several other countries including Canada to be immediately grounded.
|164|
stranding tens oI thousands oI passengers across the world.
|165|
Any international Ilights were closed to American airspace by the Federal Aviation Administration. causing about Iive hundred Ilights
to be turned back or redirected to other countries. Canada received 226 oI the diverted Ilights and launched Operation Yellow Ribbon to deal with the large numbers oI grounded planes and stranded
passengers.
|166|
Military operations following the attacks
See also. War on Terror
At 2:40 p.m. in the aIternoon oI September 11. Secretary oI DeIense Donald RumsIeld was issuing rapid orders to his aides to look Ior evidence oI Iraqi involvement. according to notes taken by
senior policy oIIicial Stephen Cambone. "Best inIo Iast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H." meaning Saddam Hussein "at same time. Not only UBL" (Osama bin Laden). Cambone's notes
quoted RumsIeld as saying. "Need to move swiItly Near term target needs go massive sweep it all up. Things related and not."
|167||168|
The NATO council declared that the attacks on the United States were considered an attack on all NATO nations and. as such. satisIied Article 5 oI the NATO charter. This marked the Iirst time that
Article 5written with an attack by the Soviet Union during the Cold War in mindwas ever invoked.
|169|
Upon returning to Australia having been on an oIIicial visit to the U.S. at the time oI the
attacks. Australian Prime Minister John Howard invoked Article IV oI the ANZUS treaty. In the immediate aItermath oI the attacks. the Bush administration announced a War on Terror. with the
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President Bush addresses a ioint
session oI Congress on September 20.
2001
stated goals oI bringing Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda to iustice and preventing the emergence oI other terrorist networks. These goals would be accomplished by means including economic and military sanctions against states perceived as
harboring terrorists and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing.
On October 7. 2001. the War in AIghanistan began when U.S and British Iorces initiated aerial bombing campaigns in AIghanistan targeting Taliban and Al-Qaeda camps. then later invaded AIghanistan with ground troops oI the Special
Forces. The overthrow oI the Taliban rule oI AIghanistan by a U.S.-led coalition was the second-biggest operation oI the U.S. Global War on Terrorism outside oI the United States. and the largest directly connected to terrorism. The
Philippines and Indonesia. among other nations with their own internal conIlicts with Islamic terrorism. also increased their military readiness.
|170||171|
Domestic response
Following the attacks. President Bush's iob approval rating soared to 90°.
|172|
On September 20. 2001. the U.S. president spoke beIore the nation and a ioint session oI the United States Congress.
regarding the events oI that day. the intervening nine days oI rescue and recovery eIIorts. and his intent in response to those events. In addition. the highly visible role played by New York City mayor
Rudy Giuliani won him high praise nationally and in New York.
|173|
Many relieI Iunds were immediately set up to assist victims oI the attacks. with the task oI providing Iinancial assistance to the survivors oI the attacks and to the Iamilies oI victims. such as the
Coalition oI 9/11 Families. By the deadline Ior victim's compensation. September 11. 2003. 2.833 applications had been received Irom the Iamilies oI those who were killed.
|174|
Contingency plans Ior the continuity oI government and the evacuation oI leaders were also implemented almost immediately aIter the attacks.
|165|
Congress. however. was not told that the United
States was under a continuity oI government status until February 2002.
|175|
Within the United States. Congress passed and President Bush signed the Homeland Security Act oI 2002. creating the Department oI Homeland Security. representing the largest restructuring oI the
U.S. government in contemporary history. Congress also passed the USA PATRIOT Act. stating that it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes.
|176|
Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act. saying that it allows law enIorcement to invade the privacy oI citizens and eliminates iudicial oversight oI law-enIorcement and domestic intelligence gathering.
|177||178||179|
The Bush
Administration also invoked 9/11 as the reason to initiate a secret National Security Agency operation. "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant".
|180|
Hate crimes
Numerous incidents oI harassment and hate crimes were reported against Middle Easterners and other "Middle Eastern-looking" people in the days Iollowing the 9/11 attacks.
|181||182|
Sikhs were also targeted because Sikh males usually
wear turbans. which are stereotypically associated with Muslims. There were reports oI verbal abuse. attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the Iirebombing oI a Hindu temple and assaults on people. including one
murder: Balbir Singh Sodhi was Iatally shot on September 15. 2001. He. like others. was a Sikh who was mistaken Ior a Muslim.
|181|
)
According to a study by Ball State University. people perceived to be Middle Eastern were as likely to be victims oI hate crimes as Iollowers oI Islam during this time. The study also Iound a similar increase in hate crimes against people
who may have been perceived as members oI Islam. Arabs and others thought to be oI Middle Eastern origin.
|183|
A report by South Asian American advocacy group SAALT documented media coverage oI 645 bias incidents against Americans oI South Asian or Middle Eastern descent between September 11 and September 17. including vandalism.
arson. assault. shootings. harassment. and threats.
|184||185|
Muslim American reaction
Top Muslim organizations in the United States were swiIt to condemn the attacks on 9/11 and called "upon Muslim Americans to come Iorward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the suIIerings oI the aIIected people and their
Iamilies".
|186|
Top organizations included the Islamic Society oI North America. American Muslim Alliance. American Muslim Council. Council on American-Islamic Relations. Islamic Circle oI North America. and the Shari'a Scholars
Association oI North America. Along with monetary donations. many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance. Iood. and shelter Ior victims.
|187||188||189|
International response
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A New York City IireIighter
looks up at the remains oI the
South Tower.
Asatellite view oI Manhattan shows a
large smoke plume a day aIter the
attacks.
The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide. Across the globe. nations oIIered pro-American support and solidarity.
|190|
Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries. and
AIghanistan. condemned the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception. with an immediate oIIicial statement that "the American cowboys are reaping the Iruit oI their crimes against humanity".
|191|
Tens oI thousands oI people attempted to Ilee AIghanistan Iollowing the attacks. Iearing a response by the United States. Pakistan. already home to many AIghan reIugees Irom previous AIghan conIlict.
closed its border with AIghanistan on September 17. Approximately one month aIter the attacks. the United States led a broad coalition oI international Iorces in the removal oI the Taliban regime Ior
harboring the al-Qaeda organization.
|192|
Pakistani authorities moved reluctantly
|193|
to align themselves with the United States in a war against the Taliban. Pakistan provided the United States a number oI
military airports and bases Ior its attack on the Taliban regime and arrested over 600 suspected al-Qaeda members. whom it handed over to the United States.
|194|
Numerous countries. including Canada. China. the United Kingdom. France. Russia. Germany. India and Pakistan introduced anti-terrorism legislation and Iroze the bank accounts oI businesses and
individuals they suspected oI having al-Qaeda ties.
|195||196|
Law enIorcement and intelligence agencies in a number oI countries. including Italy. Malaysia. Indonesia. and the Philippines arrested people they
labeled terrorist suspects Ior the stated purpose oI breaking up militant cells around the world.
|197||198|
In the U.S.. this aroused some controversy. as critics such as the Bill oI Rights DeIense Committee argued that traditional restrictions on Iederal surveillance (e.g. COINTELPRO's monitoring oI public
meetings) were "dismantled" by the USA PATRIOT Act.
|199|
Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union and Liberty argued that certain civil rights protections were also being circumvented.
|200||201|
The United States set up a detention center at Guant namo Bay. Cuba to hold inmates they deIined as "illegal enemy combatants". The legitimacy oI these detentions has been questioned by. among others.
the European Parliament. the Organization oI American States. and Amnesty International.
|202||203||204|
The international events and reactions immediately aIter the attacks aIIected the impact oI the World ConIerence against Racism 2001. which had ended in discord and international recriminations iust three days beIore.
|205|
As in the United States. the aItermath oI the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims.
|206|
In a speech at Bar-Ilan University. Benyamin Netanyahu said about the attacks: "We are beneIiting Irom one thing. and that is the attack on the Twin Towers and Pentagon. and the American struggle in Iraq." and that the attacks - "swung
American public opinion in our Iavor."
|207||208|
Long-term effects
Economic aftermath
Main article. Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks
The attacks had a signiIicant economic impact on the United States and world markets.
|209|
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). the American Stock Exchange (AMEX). and NASDAQ did not
open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. When the stock markets reopened. the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) stock market index Iell 684 points. or 7.1°. to 8921. a
record-setting one-day point decline.
|210|
By the end oI the week. the DJIA had Iallen 1.369.7 points (14.3°). its then-largest one-week point drop in history. though later surpassed in 2008 during the global Iinancial crisis.
|211|
U.S. stocks
lost $1.4 trillion in value Ior the week.
|211|
This is equivalent to $1.74 trillion in present day terms.
|212|
In New York City. about 430.000 iob-months and $2.8 billion in wages were lost in the three months Iollowing the 9/11 attacks. The economic eIIects were mainly Iocused on the city's export
economy sectors.
|213|
The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion Ior the last three months oI 2001 and all oI 2002. The Federal government provided $11.2 billion in immediate
assistance to the Government oI New York City in September 2001. and $10.5 billion in early 2002 Ior economic development and inIrastructure needs.
|214|
The 9/11 attacks also hurt small businesses in Lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center. destroying or displacing about 18.000 oI them. Assistance was provided by Small Business Administration loans and Iederal government
Community Development Block Grants and Economic Iniury Disaster Loans.
|214|
Some 31.900.000 square Ieet (2.960.000 m
2
) oI Lower Manhattan oIIice space was damaged or destroyed.
|215|
Many wondered whether these iobs would return. and the damaged tax base recover.
|216|
Studies oI the economic eIIects oI 9/11 show that the Manhattan oIIice real-estate market and oIIice employment were less aIIected than initially
expected because oI the Iinancial services industry's need Ior Iace-to-Iace interaction.
|217||218|
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A solitary IireIighter stands
amid the rubble and smoke in
New York City
North American air space was closed Ior several days aIter the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening. leading to nearly a 20° cutback in air travel capacity. and exacerbating Iinancial problems in the struggling U.S. airline
industry.
|219|
Health effects
Main article. Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks
The thousands oI tons oI toxic debris resulting Irom the collapse oI the Twin Towers contained more than 2.500 contaminants. including known carcinogens.
|220||221|
This has led to debilitating illnesses
among rescue and recovery workers. which many claim to be directly linked to debris exposure.
|8||222|
For example. NYPD OIIicer Frank Macri died oI lung cancer that spread throughout his body on
September 3. 2007; his Iamily contends the cancer is the result oI long hours on the site and they have Iiled Ior line-oI-duty death beneIits. which the city has yet to rule on.
|223|
President Bush's
administration ordered EPA to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aItermath oI the attacks. the reason cited being national security; however. EPA did not determine that air quality had
returned to pre-Sept. 11 levels until June 2002.
|224|
Health eIIects have also extended to some residents. students. and oIIice workers oI Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.
|225|
Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust caused by the World
Trade Center's collapse and the victims' names will be included in the World Trade Center memorial.
|226|
There is also scientiIic speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have
negative eIIects on Ietal development. Due to this potential hazard. a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse.
and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers.
|227|
A study oI rescue workers released in April 2010 Iound that all the workers studied had impaired lung Iunctions. and that 30° to 40° oI
workers were reporting persistent symptoms that started within the Iirst year oI the attack with little or no improvement since.
|228|
Legal disputes over the attendant costs oI illnesses related to the attacks are still in the court system. On October 17. 2006. Iederal iudge Alvin Hellerstein reiected New York City's reIusal to pay Ior health
costs Ior rescue workers. allowing Ior the possibility oI numerous suits against the city.
|229|
Government oIIicials have been Iaulted Ior urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly
Iollowing the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman. administrator oI the EPA in the aItermath oI the attacks. was heavily criticized by U.S. District Judge Deborah A. Batts Ior incorrectly saying that the area was
environmentally saIe.
|230|
In addition. Mayor Giuliani was criticized Ior urging Iinancial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area.
|231|
Some Americans became alarmed at the prospect oI using planes Ior travel. using automobiles instead. This resulted in an estimated 1.595 "excess" highway deaths in the ensuing year.
|232|
Investigations
FBI investigation
Main article. PENTTBOM
Immediately aIter the attacks. the Federal Bureau oI Investigation started PENTTBOM. the largest criminal inquiry in the history oI the United States. The FBI told the U.S. Senate that there is "clear and irreIutable" evidence linking Al
Qaida and Bin Laden to the attacks.
|233|
9/11 Commission
Main article. 9/11 Commission
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission). chaired by Iormer New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean.
|234|
was Iormed in late 2002 to prepare a thorough account oI the circumstances
surrounding the attacks. including preparedness Ior. and the immediate response to. the attacks. On July 22. 2004. the 9/11 Commission issued the 9/11 Commission Report. The commission and its report have been subiect to criticism.
|235||236|
Collapse of the World Trade Center
Main article. Collapse of the World Trade Center
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6 WTC: one oI the partially collapsed
World Trade Center buildings.
Excerpts Irom a previously classiIied
CIAPresident's Daily BrieI. dated
August 6. 2001. that mentions
uncorroborated reporting Irom a
Ioreign intelligence service suggesting
that Bin Laden may want to hiiack an
airplane to secure the release oI
Islamic extremist prisoners.
A Iederal technical building and Iire saIety investigation oI the collapses oI the Twin Towers and 7 WTC has been conducted by the United States Department oI Commerce's National Institute oI
Standards and Technology (NIST). The goals oI this investigation were to determine why the buildings collapsed. the extent oI iniuries and Iatalities. and the procedures involved in designing and
managing the World Trade Center.
|237|
The investigation into the collapse oI 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005. and the investigation into the collapse oI 7 WTC concluded in
August 2008.
|238||239|
The report concluded that the IireprooIing on the Twin Towers' steel inIrastructures was blown oII by the initial impact oI the planes and that. iI this had not occurred. the towers would likely have
remained standing.
|240|
A study published by researchers oI Purdue University conIirmed that. iI the thermal insulation on the core columns were scoured oII and column temperatures were elevated
to approximately 700 °C (1.292 °F). the Iire would have been suIIicient to initiate collapse.
|241||242|
W. Gene Corley. the director oI the original investigation. commented that "the towers really did amazingly well. The terrorist aircraIt didn`t bring the buildings down; it was the Iire which Iollowed. It
was proven that you could take out two thirds oI the columns in a tower and the building would still stand."
|243|
The Iires weakened the trusses supporting the Iloors. making the Iloors sag. The sagging
Iloors pulled on the exterior steel columns to the point where exterior columns bowed inward. With the damage to the core columns. the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the
buildings. causing them to collapse. In addition. the report asserts that the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinIorced to provide emergency escape Ior people above the impact zones.
|244|
NIST concluded that uncontrolled Iires in
7 WTC caused Iloor beams and girders to heat and subsequently "caused a critical support column to Iail. initiating a Iire-induced progressive collapse that brought the building down".
|239|
Internal review of the CIA
The Inspector General oI the CIA conducted an internal review oI the CIA's pre-9/11 perIormance and was harshly critical oI senior CIA oIIicials Ior not doing everything possible to conIront
terrorism. He criticized their Iailure to stop two oI the 9/11 hiiackers. NawaI al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar. as they entered the United States and their Iailure to share inIormation on the two men
with the FBI.
|245|
In May 2007. senators Irom both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party draIted legislation that would openly present an internal CIA investigative report. One oI the backers. Senator Ron
Wyden stated "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months beIore 9/11.... I am going to bulldog this until the public gets it." The
report investigates the responsibilities oI individual CIA personnel beIore and aIter the 9/11 attacks. The report was completed in 2005. but its details have never been released to the public.
|246|
Rebuilding
Main article. World Trade Center site
On the day oI the attacks. New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani proclaimed. "We will rebuild. We're going to come out oI this stronger than beIore. politically stronger. economically stronger. The
skyline will be made whole again."
|247|
The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. tasked with coordinating rebuilding eIIorts at the World Trade Center site. was criticized Ior doing little with
the enormous Iunding directed to the rebuilding eIIorts.
|248||249|
Aside Irom construction oI 7 World Trade Center. adiacent to the main site and completed in 2006. and the PATH station. which opened in late 2003. work on rebuilding on the main World Trade
Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority oI New York and New Jersey came to an agreement on the Iinancing oI the new buildings.
|250|
The 1
World Trade Center is currently under construction at the site and at 1.776 It (541 m) upon completion in 2011. will become one oI the tallest buildings in North America. behind only the CN Tower in
Toronto.
|251||252|
Three more towers were expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site. and will be located one block east oI where the original towers stood. AIter the late-2000s recession. the site's owners
said that construction oI new towers could be delayed until 2036.
|253|
The damaged section oI the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year oI the attacks.
|254|
Memorials
Main article. Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks
In the days immediately Iollowing the attacks. many memorials and vigils were held around the world.
|255||256||257|
In addition. people posted photographs oI the dead and missing all around Ground Zero. A witness described being unable
to "get away Irom Iaces oI innocent victims who were killed. Their pictures are everywhere. on phone booths. street lights. walls oI subway stations. Everything reminded me oI a huge Iuneral. people quiet and sad. but also very nice.
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The Tribute in Light viewed Irom
Jersey City on the anniversary oI the
attacks in 2004
BeIore. New York gave me a cold Ieeling; now people were reaching out to help each other.
|258|
One oI the Iirst memorials was the Tribute in Light. an installation oI 88 searchlights at the Iootprints oI the World Trade Center towers which proiected two vertical columns oI light into the sky.
|259|
In New York. the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site.
|260|
The winning design. Reflecting Absence. was selected in August 2006.
and consists oI a pair oI reIlecting pools in the Iootprints oI the towers. surrounded by a list oI the victims' names in an underground memorial space.
|261|
Plans Ior a museum on the site have been put
on hold. Iollowing the abandonment oI the International Freedom Center in reaction to complaints Irom the Iamilies oI many victims.
|262|
The Pentagon Memorial was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary oI the attacks. September 11. 2008.
|263||264|
It consists oI a landscaped park with 184 benches Iacing the
Pentagon.
|265|
When the Pentagon was repaired in 20012002. a private chapel and indoor memorial were included. located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.
|266|
At Shanksville. a permanent Flight 93 National Memorial is planned to include a sculpted grove oI trees Iorming a circle around the crash site. bisected by the plane's path. while wind chimes will bear
the names oI the victims.
|267|
A temporary memorial is located 500 yards (457 m) Irom the crash site.
|268|
New York City IireIighters donated a memorial to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire
Department. It is a cross made oI steel Irom the World Trade Center and mounted on top oI a platIorm shaped like the Pentagon.
|269|
It was installed outside the Iirehouse on August 25. 2008.
|270|
Many other permanent memorials are being constructed elsewhere. and scholarships and charities have been established by the victims' Iamilies. along with many other organizations and private
Iigures.
|271|
On every anniversary. in New York City. the names oI the victims who died at that location are read out against a background oI somber music. The President oI the United States also attends a memorial service at the Pentagon.
|272|
Smaller services are held in Shanksville. Pennsylvania. which are usually attended by the President's spouse.
Final resting place for WTC victims
Following the attacks. the Fresh Kills LandIill on Staten Island was temporarily reopened to receive and process much oI the debris Irom the destruction oI the World Trade Center. The debris contained the remains oI many oI the victims;
much oI it in the Iorm oI dust and small Iragments. In August 2005. 17 plaintiIIs. claiming to have support Irom 1.000 other relatives. Iiled a case in court to have the City oI New York move nearly one million tons oI material Irom the
Fresh Kills landIill to another location where it would be siIted and placed in a cemetery. Norman Siegel. the lawyer Ior the plaintiIIs. stated "It comes down to this: Are we prepared to leave hundreds oI body parts and human remains on
top oI a garbage dump?" James E. Tyrrell. a lawyer representing the city. argued "You have to be able to particularize and say it's your body part. All that's leIt here is a bunch oI undiIIerentiated dust."
|273||274|
On March 26. 2010. Iamilies oI 9/11 victims received notice that the city will conduct a siIting operation Ior World Trade Center remains at the Fresh Kills landIill. The operation is scheduled to take three months at an estimated cost oI
$1.4 million. Anthropologists and other trained proIessionals will careIully evaluate and search the material. and potential remains will be sent Ior Iurther testing to the laboratories oI the OIIice oI the ChieI Medical Examiner.
|275|
On October 4. 2010. the Supreme Court oI the United States reiected an appeal by some Iamilies oI 9/11 victims to require a more thorough examination oI material Irom the WTC site to check Ior human remains beIore disposal. They
claimed that some oI the material (223.000 tons out oI approximately 1.65 million) had either not been screened or not screened adequately. and that a landIill was not a proper resting place Ior material that may still contain remains oI
victims. (According to court records. the remains oI approximately 1.100 oI the 2.752 people killed at the site were never recovered or identiIied.) City oIIicials said that they spent 10 months careIully examining the material Ior human
remains beIore sending it to the landIill. Lower Iederal courts had already reiected the lawsuit by the Iamilies against the City oI New York.
|276|
See also
9/11 conspiracy theories
Families oI September 11
Flight 93 (TV Iilm)
Legal issues related to the September 11 attacks
List oI terrorist incidents. 2001
Survivor registry
United 93 (Iilm)
September 11 attacks - Wikipedia. the Iree encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September11attacks
13 oI 23 5/11/2011 11:53 AM
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(http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2001/09/47109) . Wired.
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^ "Spain iails 18 al-Qaeda operatives" (http://www.theage.com.au/news/world
/spain-iails-18-alqaeda-operatives/2005/09/27/1127586828047.html) .
Melbourne: The Age. September 27. 2005. http://www.theage.com.au
/news/world/spain-iails-18-alqaeda-operatives/2005/09
/27/1127586828047.html. Retrieved May 19. 2008.
134.
^ "18 iailed in Spanish Al-Qaeda trial" (http://www.Iorbes.com/Iinance/Ieeds
/aIx/2005/09/26/aIx2243735.html) . Forbes. September 26. 2005.
http://www.Iorbes.com/Iinance/Ieeds/aIx/2005/09/26/aIx2243735.html.
Retrieved May 19. 2008.
135.
^ "Country Reports on Terrorism 2006" (http://spain.usembassy.gov
/terrorism2006en.html) . Embassv of the United States in Spain. United States
Department oI State. October 2. 2007. http://spain.usembassy.gov
/terrorism2006en.html. Retrieved May 19. 2008.
136.
^
Plotz. David (2001) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?
(http://www.slate.com/deIault.aspx?id 115404) . Slat
Bergen. Peter L. (2001). Holv War Inc.. Simon & Schuster. p. 3.
ISBN 978-0-7432-0502-3.
YusuIzai. Rahimullah (September 26. 2001). "Face to Iace with
Osama" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080119011449/http:
//www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0.3604.558075.00.html) . London: The
Guardian. Archived Irom the original (http://www.guardian.co.uk
/g2/story/0.3604.558075.00.html) on January 19. 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080119011449/http://www.guardian.co.uk
/g2/story/0.3604.558075.00.html. Retrieved May 13. 2010.
"US pulls out oI Saudi Arabia" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middleeast
/2984547.stm) . BBC News. April 29. 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk
/2/hi/middleeast/2984547.stm. Retrieved November 29. 2009.
"Saga oI Dr. Zawahri Sheds Light On the Roots oI al Qaeda Terror"
(http://cryptome.org/zawahri-wsi.htm) . Wall Street Journal. July 2.
2002. http://cryptome.org/zawahri-wsi.htm. Retrieved May 20. 2008.
"Tenth Public Hearing. Testimony oI Louis Freeh"
(http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing10
/9-11CommissionHearing2004-04-13.htm) . 9/11 Commission. April
13. 2004. http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing10
/9-11CommissionHearing2004-04-13.htm. Retrieved May 20. 2008.
"Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: World Islamic Front Statement"
(http://www.Ias.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-Iatwa.htm) . February
23. 1998. http://www.Ias.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-Iatwa.htm.
Retrieved September 8. 2006.
137.
^
Full text oI Bin Laden's "Letter to America" (http://www.guardian.co.uk
/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver)
Bin Laden's 2004 taped broadcast on the attacks. Irom Al Jazeera
online here (http://english.aliazeera.net/archive/2004/11
/200849163336457223.html) .
Bin Laden's taped broadcast Irom January 2010. transcript in
Haaretz.com. online here (http://www.haaretz.com/news/bin-laden-
attacks-on-u-s-to-go-on-as-long-as-it-supports-israel-1.265770) .
Mearsheimer. John J. (2007). The Israel Lobbv and U.S. Foreign
138.
September 11 attacks - Wikipedia. the Iree encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September11attacks
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Policv. Macmillan. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-374-17772-0.
Kushner. Harvey (2003). Encvclopedia of terrorism. SAGE. p. 389.
ISBN 978-0-7619-2408-1.
Murdico. Suzanne (2003). Osama Bin Laden. Rosen Publishing Group.
p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8239-4467-5.
Kelley. Christopher (2006). Executing the Constitution. SUNY Press.
p. 207. ISBN 978-0-7914-6727-5.
Ibrahim. Raymond (2007). The Al Qaeda reader. Random House.
p. 276. ISBN 978-0-7679-2262-3.
Berner. Brad (2007). The World According to Al Qaeda. Peacock.
p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4196-1046-2.
^
"Full transcript oI bin Ladin's speech" (http://english.aliazeera.net
/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html) . aliazeera.
http://english.aliazeera.net/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html.
Retrieved November 29. 2009.
Full text oI Bin Laden's "Letter to America" (http://www.guardian.co.uk
/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver)
139.
^ Text oI the 1996 IatwƗ (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international
/Iatwa1996.html) . translation by PBS
140.
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Text oI the 1998 IatwƗ (http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism
/international/Iatwa1998.html) translation by PBS
141.
^ "Full transcript oI bin Laden's "Letter to America""
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver) . Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver. Retrieved
November 9. 2010.
142.
^ "So I shall talk to you about the story behind those events and shall tell you
truthIully about the moments in which the decision was taken. Ior you to
consider."Full transcript oI bin Ladin's speech - Archive - Al Jazeera English
(http://english.aliazeera.net/archive/2004/11/200849163336457223.html)
-2004 Osama bin Laden video
143.
^ Plotz. David (2001) What Does Osama Bin Laden Want?
(http://www.slate.com/deIault.aspx?id 115404) . Slate
144.
^ Bergen. Peter L. (2001). Holv War Inc.. Simon & Schuster. p. 3.
ISBN 978-0-7432-0502-3.
145.
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"1998 Al Qaeda IatwƗ " (http://www.Ias.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-
Iatwa.htm) . Fas.org. http://www.Ias.org/irp/world/para/docs/980223-
Iatwa.htm. Retrieved November 9. 2010.
146.
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YusuIzai. Rahimullah (September 26. 2001). "Face to Iace with Osama"
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0.3604.558075.00.html) . London: The
Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0.3604.558075.00.html.
Retrieved May 13. 2010.
147.
^ "Full text oI Bin Laden's "Letter to America"" (http://www.guardian.co.uk
/world/2002/nov/24/theobserver) . Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world
/2002/nov/24/theobserver. Retrieved November 9. 2010.
148.
^ Bin Laden's 2004 taped broadcast on the attacks. in which he explains the
motives Ior the attacks and says "The events that aIIected my soul in a direct
way started in 1982 when America permitted the Israelis to invade Lebanon
and the American Sixth Fleet helped them in that. This bombardment began
and many were killed and iniured and others were terrorised and displaced. "
(Quoted Irom Al Jazeera online here (http://english.aliazeera.net/archive
/2004/11/200849163336457223.html) )
149.
^ Bin Laden's taped broadcast Irom January 2010. where he said "Our attacks 150.
against you |the United States| will continue as long as U.S. support Ior Israel
continues.... The message sent to you with the attempt by the hero Nigerian
Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab is a conIirmation oI our previous message
conveyed by the heroes oI Sept. 11". (Quoted Irom "Bin Laden: Attacks on
U.S. to go on as long as it supports Israel". in Haaretz.com. online here
(http://www.haaretz.com/news/bin-laden-attacks-on-u-s-to-go-on-as-long-as-
it-supports-israel-1.265770) ).
^ See also the 1998 Al-Qaeda IatwƗ : "|T|he aim |oI the United States| is also
to serve the Jews' petty state and divert attention Irom its occupation oI
Jerusalem and murder oI Muslims there. The best prooI oI this is their
eagerness to destroy Iraq. the strongest neighboring Arab state. and their
endeavor to Iragment all the states oI the region such as Iraq. Saudi Arabia.
Egypt. and Sudan into paper statelets and through their disunion and weakness
to guarantee Israel's survival and the continuation oI the brutal crusade
occupation oI the Peninsula." quoted Irom Text oI the 1998 IatwƗ
(http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/Iatwa1998.html)
translation by PBS
151.
^
Mearsheimer. John J. (2007). The Israel Lobbv and U.S. Foreign
Policv. Macmillan. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-374-17772-0.
Kushner. Harvey (2003). Encvclopedia of terrorism. SAGE. p. 389.
ISBN 978-0-7619-2408-1.
Murdico. Suzanne (2003). Osama Bin Laden. Rosen Publishing Group.
p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8239-4467-5.
Kelley. Christopher (2006). Executing the Constitution. SUNY Press.
p. 207. ISBN 978-0-7914-6727-5.
Ibrahim. Raymond (2007). The Al Qaeda reader. Random House.
p. 276. ISBN 978-0-7679-2262-3.
Berner. Brad (2007). The World According to Al Qaeda. Peacock.
p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4196-1046-2.
152.
^ In Bernard Lewis's 2004 book The Crisis oI Islam: Holy War and Unholy
Terror. he argues animosity toward the west is best understood with the
decline oI the once powerIul Ottoman empire. compounded by the import oI
western ideas Arab socialism. Arab liberalism and Arab secularism. During
the past three centuries. the Islamic world has lost its dominance and its
leadership. and has Iallen behind both the modern West and the rapidly
modernizing Orient. This widening gap poses increasingly acute problems.
both practical and emotional. Ior which the rulers. thinkers. and rebels oI Islam
have not yet Iound eIIective answers. From The Crisis oI Islam: Holy War and
Unholy Terror. Bernard Lewis. 2004
153.
^ In an essay titled 'The spirit oI terrorism (http://www.chass.utoronto.ca
/~ikalmar/illustex/baudriterror.htm) '. Jean Baudrillard described 9/11 as the
Iirst global event that "questions the very process oI globalization".
Baudrillard. "The spirit oI terrorism" (http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ikalmar
/illustex/baudriterror.htm) . http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ikalmar/illustex
/baudriterror.htm. Retrieved December 15. 2009.
154.
^
Michael Scott Doran and Peter Bergen have argued that 9/11 was a
strategic way to provoke America into a war that incites a pan-Islamisic
revolution. Michael Scott Doran argues the attacks are best understood
as being part oI a religious conIlict within the Muslim world. In an
essay. Somebody Else's Civil War (http://www.IoreignaIIairs.com
/articles/57618/michael-scott-doran/somebody-elses-civil-
war°7Ctitle somebody-elses-civil-war) Doran argued that Bin Laden's
155.
Iollowers: "consider themselves an island oI true believers surrounded
by a sea oI iniquity". "somebody-elses-civil-war"
(http://www.IoreignaIIairs.com/articles/57618/michael-scott-
doran/somebody-elses-civil-war) . Foreign AIIairs.
http://www.IoreignaIIairs.com/articles/57618/michael-scott-
doran/somebody-elses-civil-war. Retrieved December 5. 2009.
Hoping that U.S. retaliation would unite the IaithIul against the West.
bin Laden sought to spark revolutions in Arab nations and elsewhere.
Doran argues the Osama bin Laden videos were attempting to provoke
a visceral reaction in the Middle East and ensure that Muslim citizens
would react as violently as possible to an increase in U.S. involvement
in their region. Doran. Michael Scott (2005). Understanding the War
on Terror. New York: Norton. pp. 7275. ISBN 978-0-87609-347-4.
In The Osama bin Laden I Know. correspondent Peter Bergen argues
that the attacks were part oI a plan to cause the United States to
increase its military and cultural presence in the Middle East. thereby
Iorcing Muslims to conIront the idea oI a non-Muslim government and
establish conservative Islamic governments in the region. Bergen. Peter
(2006). The Osama bin Laden I Know. An Oral Historv of al Qaeda´s
Leader. New York: Free Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-7432-7891-1.
^ Stein. Howard F. (2003). "Days oI Awe: September 11. 2001 and its
Cultural Psychodynamics". Journal for the Psvchoanalvsis of Culture and
Societv (Columbus. OH: Ohio State University Press) 8 (2): 187199.
doi:10.1353/psy.2003.0047 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1353°2Fpsy.2003.0047) .
ISSN 1088-0763 (http://www.worldcat.org/issn/1088-0763) .
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North America shall be considered an attack against them all and
consequently they agree that. iI such an armed attack occurs. each oI them. in
exercise oI the right oI individual or collective selI-deIence recognised by
Article 51 oI the Charter oI the United Nations. will assist the Party or Parties
so attacked by taking Iorthwith. individually and in concert with the other
Parties. such action as it deems necessary. including the use oI armed Iorce. to
restore and maintain the security oI the North Atlantic area. / Any such armed
attack and all measures taken as a result thereoI shall immediately be reported
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^ "'Shadow Government' News To Congress" (http://www.cbsnews.com
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^ "The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving LiIe and Liberty"
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^ "Many minority groups were victims oI hate crimes aIter 9-11"
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^ "American Backlash: Terrorist Bring War Home in More Ways Than One"
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Department oI DeIense. http://www.deIenselink.mil/photos
/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid 4018. Retrieved July 24. 2007.
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/story/0.2933.168821.00.html) . Fox News. September 8. 2005.
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^ "Flight 93 Memorial Proiect" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080411125737
/http://www.nps.gov/Ilni) . Flight 93 Memorial Proiect / National Park Service.
Archived Irom the original (http://www.nps.gov/Ilni) on April 11. 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080411125737/http://www.nps.gov/Ilni.
Retrieved April 14. 2008.
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^ Ganassi. Michelle (August 25. 2008). "NY IireIighter donating steel to
Shanksville" (http://www.dailyamerican.com/articles/2008/08/22/news
/news/news808.txt) . Dailv American. http://www.dailyamerican.com/articles
/2008/08/22/news/news/news808.txt. Retrieved August 22. 2008.
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^ Gaskell. Stephanie (August 25. 2008). "Pa. site oI 9/11 crash gets WTC
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^ Fessenden. Ford (November 18. 2002). "9/11; AIter the World Gave: Where
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/gst/Iullpage.html?res 9505E3DB1030F93BA25752C1A9649C8B63) . The
New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com
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Further reading
The 9/11 Commission report (http://books.google.ca/books?id INqdmUnqTJUC&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true) . Norton. 2004. ISBN 978-0-393-32671-0. http://books.google.ca
/books?id INqdmUnqTJUC&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true
Bolton. M Kent (2006). U.S. national securitv and foreign policvmaking after 9/11 present at the recreation (http://books.google.ca/books?id IETboc9aipQC&lpg PA293&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true) . Rowman &
LittleIield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5900-4. http://books.google.ca/books?id IETboc9aipQC&lpg PA293&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true
Caraley. Demetrios (2002). September 11. terrorist attacks. and U.S. foreign policv (http://books.google.ca/books?id xMCGStzPzooC&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true) . Academy oI Political Science.
ISBN 978-1-884853-01-2. http://books.google.ca/books?id xMCGStzPzooC&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true
Chernick. Howard (2005). Resilient citv. the economic impact of 9/11 (http://books.google.ca/books?id GL6vOpKbFygC&lpg PA74&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true) . Russell Sage Foundation.
ISBN 978-0-87154-170-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id GL6vOpKbFygC&lpg PA74&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true
Damico. Amy M; Sara E. Quay (2010). September 11 in Popular Culture. A Guide (http://books.google.ca/books?id mgtSLkKxIpEC&lpg PA214&dq 911°20attack&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true) . Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-35505-9.
http://books.google.ca/books?id mgtSLkKxIpEC&lpg PA214&dq 911°20attack&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true
Hampton. Wilborn (2003). September 11. 2001. attack on New York Citv (http://books.google.ca/books?id DawvZDIJJP4C&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true) . Candlewick Press. ISBN 978-0-7636-1949-7.
http://books.google.ca/books?id DawvZDIJJP4C&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true
Langley. Andrew (2006). September 11. Attack on America (http://books.google.ca/books?id 9c35HJ2gaWQC&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true) . Compass Point Books. ISBN 978-0-7565-1620-8.
http://books.google.ca/books?id 9c35HJ2gaWQC&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true
Neria. Yuval; Raz Gross; Randall D Marshall; Ezra S Susser (2006). 9/11. mental health in the wake of terrorist attacks (http://books.google.ca/books?id kADL4ymHsY8C&lpg PA27&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true)
. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83191-8. http://books.google.ca/books?id kADL4ymHsY8C&lpg PA27&dq September°2011°20attacks&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true
Roach. Kent (2003). September 11. consequences for Canada (http://books.google.ca/books?id 4HgcIVQbW9EC&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°3A°20consequences°20Ior°20Canada&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true) . McGill-Queen's University
Press. ISBN 077352584X. http://books.google.ca/books?id 4HgcIVQbW9EC&lpg PP1&dq September°2011°3A°20consequences°20Ior°20Canada&pg PP1#v onepage&q&I true.
External links
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (http://www.9-11commission.gov/) official commission website
September 11. 2001. Documentary Proiect (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/911archive/) Irom the U.S. Library oI Congress. Memorv.loc.gov
September 11. 2001. Web Archive (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/sept11/sept11-overview.html) Irom the U.S. Library oI Congress. Minerva
September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories oI September 11. 2001 (http://911digitalarchive.org/) Irom the Center for Historv and New Media and the American Social Historv Proiect/Center for Media and Learning
September 11 attacks (http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Terrorism/Incidents/September11.2001/) at the Open Directory Proiect
DoD: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Verbatim Transcript oI Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing Ior ISN 10024. From WikiSource
Sept. 11 Co-Conspirators (http://www.deIenselink.mil/news/commissionsCo-conspirators.html) Irom the U.S. DeIense Department on Military Commissions including case documents on Khalid Sheikh Mohammed et al.
Multimedia
CNN.com (http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html) Video archive. including the Iirst and second planes.
Inside 9/11 (http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/inside911/) National Geographic Society
Latest video oI Sept 9/11 attack emerges (http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/119903/20110308/national-institute-oI-standards-and-technology-9-11-attacks-new-york-police-department.htm) published by International Business Times
HK (http://hken.ibtimes.com/)
Time.com (http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/shattered/) 'Shattered: a remarkable collection oI photographs'. James Nachtwey
September 11. 2001 Screenshot Archive (http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/) Database oI 230 screenshots Irom news sites around the world.
September 11 attacks (http://www.newseum.org/todaysIrontpages/deIaultarchive.asp?IpArchive 091201) in the Newseum archive oI Iront page images Irom 2001-09-12.
September 11 attacks - Wikipedia. the Iree encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September11attacks
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Retrieved Irom "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September11attacks"
Categories: Airliner hiiackings ' September 11 attacks ' Terrorist incidents in New York ' Terrorist incidents in the United States ' Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2001 ' 2001 murders in the United States ' Airliner hiiackings
resulting in crashes ' Building Iires in New York City ' Disasters in Virginia ' Disasters in Pennsylvania
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