Wimax

A Seminar Report On

WiMAX
ENGINEERING COLLEGE BIKANER
Submitted in partial fulfillment of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

2010-2011

Submitted By:-

ASHISH SONI
Final Year, CSE 07EEBCS021

Submitted To:-

MISS CHANDRIKA YOGI
ASST. PROFESSOR

DEPARMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING ENGINEERING COLLEGE BIKANER
(An Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Rajasthan)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks to my seminar guide Miss Chandrika Yogi, ASST. PROFESSOR C.S.E. Department, for their proper guidance, and valuable suggestions. I sincerely acknowledge her for extending her valuable guidance, support for literature, critical reviews of the topics and the report above all the moral support that she provided me with all stages of this seminar.

I am indebted to Miss Chandrika Yogi, ASST. PROFESSOR, Computer Science Engineering Department & other faculty members for giving me an opportunity to learn and do this project. With the help of above mentioned people my seminar has been completed successfully. I once again extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

ASHISH SONI Computer Science Final Year

PREFACE
Computer programming is an art. It is a way of explaining how a specific task is to be performed by a given computer driven by speedy development in the underlying hardware; compiler programs have become considerably complex and bigger.

Contrary to popular belief computer programming can be both fun & and excellent opportunity to exercise your mind, creativity and imagination. It gives us the power to instruct computers according to our will. With highly powerful work horses at disposal, there is no limit to what we can do with the help of programming languages. The only limit being our own imagination.

ABSTRACT
Within the last two decades, communication advances have reshaped the way we live our daily lives. Wireless communications has grown from an obscure, unknown service to an ubiquitous technology that serves almost half of the people on Earth. Whether we know it or not, computers now play a dominant role in our daily activities, and the Internet has completely reoriented the way people work, communicate, play, and learn. However severe the changes in our lifestyle may seem to have been over the past few years, the convergence of wireless with the Internet is about to unleash a change so dramatic that soon wireless ubiquity will become as pervasive as paper and pen. WiMax— which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access—is about to bring the wireless and Internet revolutions to portable devices across the globe. Just as broadcast television in the 1940’s and 1950’s changed the world of entertainment, advertising, and our social fabric, WiMax is poised to broadcast the Internet throughout the world, and the changes in our lives will be dramatic. In a few years, WiMax will provide the capabilities of the Internet, without any wires, to every living room, portable computer, phone, and handheld device. In its simplest form, WiMax promises to deliver the Internet throughout the globe, connecting the ―last mile‖ of communications services for both developed and emerging nations.

INDEX
CHAPTER NO. PAGE NO.

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1-6

1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………. …………..… 1 1.2 Necessity…………………………………………………………………………………..…3 1.3 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………….…….. 4

CHAPTER-2 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

7-8

2.1. IEEE 802.16 ……………………………………………………………………………….7 2.2.WiMax VS. WiFi ……………………………………………………………………………8

CHAPTER-3 WHAT IS WiMax

9-12

3.1.What is WiMax……………………………………………………………………………… 9 3.2. WiMAX Spectrum — Licensed and Unlicensed …………………………………………..10 3.3. Wireless Services………………………………………………………………………….. 11

CHAPTER-4 WiMax INFRASTRUCTURE

13-15

4.1 WiMax network has the following major features………………………………………… 13 4.2 Support for Services and Applications…………………………………………………….. 15

CHAPTER-5 Mobile WiMax

16-19

5.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………16 5.2 OFDMA Basics …………………………………………………..........................................17 5.3 TDD Frame Structure………………………………………………………………………. 18 5.4. Mobility Management ……………………………………………………………………...18

CHAPTER-6 Advanced Features of WiMax

20-22

6.1 Smart Antenna Technologies………………………………………………………………. 20 6.2 Fractional Frequency Reuse ………………………………………………………………...21 6.3 Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS)…………………………………………………… 22

CHAPTER-7 WiMAX versus 3G and Wi-Fi CHAPTER-8 Applications of Wimax CHAPTER- 9 CONCLUSIONS

23-24 25-26 27-28

LIST OF ACRONYMS REFERENCES

29-30 31

LISTOF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.

Figure 1.1 Worldwide subscriber growth for mobile telephony………………………………… 2 Figure 1.2 Objectives of WiMax………………………………………………………………... 4 Figure 3.1 WiMax Overview……………………………………………………………………. 9 Figure 3.2 Working of WiMax …………………………………………………………………12 Figure 6.1 Fractional Frequency Reuse………………………………………………………... 21 Figure 7.1 Comparison of wireless technologies………………………………………………. 24 Figure 8.1 IPTV Server………………………………………………………………………… 25

Chapter – 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction Broadband wireless sits at the confluence of two of the most remarkable growth stories of the telecommunications industry in recent years. Both wireless and broadband have on their own enjoyed rapid mass-market adoption. Wireless mobile services grew from 11 million subscribers worldwide in 1990 to more than 2 billion in 2005 . During the same period, the Internet grew from being a curious academic tool to having about a billion users. This staggering growth of the Internet is driving demand for higher-speed Internet-access services, leading to a parallel growth in broadband adoption. In less than a decade, broadband subscription worldwide has grown from virtually zero to over 200 million. Will combining the convenience of wireless with the rich performance of broadband be the next frontier for growth in the industry? Can such a combination be technically and commercially viable? Can wireless deliver broadband applications and services that are of interest to the end-users? Many industry observers believe so. Before we delve into broadband wireless, let us review the state of broadband access today. Digital subscriber line (DSL) technology, which delivers broadband over twisted-pair telephone wires, and cable modem technology, which delivers over coaxial cable TV plant, is the predominant mass-market broadband access technologies today. Both of these technologies typically provide up to a few megabits per second of data to each user, and continuing advances are making several tens of megabits per second possible. Since their initial deployment in the late 1990s, these services have enjoyed considerable growth. The United States has more than 50 million broadband subscribers, including more than half of home Internet users. Worldwide, this number is more than 200 million today and is projected to grow to more than 400 million by 2010. The availability of a wireless solution for broadband could potentially accelerate this growth. What are the applications that drive this growth?\Broadband users worldwide are finding that it dramatically changes how we share information, conduct business, and seek entertainment. Broadband access not only provides faster Web surfing and quicker file downloads but also enables several multimedia applications, such as real-time audio and video streaming, multimedia conferencing, and interactive gaming. Broadband connections are also being used for voice telephony using voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology.

Figure 1.1 Worldwide subscriber growth 1990–2006 for mobile telephony, Internet usage, and broadband access

More advanced broadband access systems, such as fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and very high data rate digital subscriber loop (VDSL), enable such applications as entertainmentquality video, including high-definition TV (HDTV) and video on demand (VoD). As the broadband market continues to grow, several new applications are likely to emerge, and it is difficult to predict which ones will succeed in the future. So what is broadband wireless? Broadband wireless is about bringing the broadband experience to a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and convenience. There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixedline broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the additional functionality of portability, nomadicity,1 and mobility. Mobile broadband attempts to bring broadband applications to new user experience scenarios and hence can offer the end user a very different value proposition. WiMax (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) technology.

1.2 Necessity

In many parts of the world, existing fixed-line carriers that do not own cellular, PCS, or 3G spectrums could turn to WiMax for provisioning mobility services. As the industry moves along the path of quadruple-play service bundles—voice, data, video, and mobility —some service providers that do not have a mobility component in their portfolios—cable operators, satellite companies, and incumbent phone companies—are likely to find WiMax attractive. For many of these companies, having a mobility plan will be not only a new revenue opportunity but also a defensive play to mitigate churn by enhancing the value of their product set. Existing mobile operators are less likely to adopt WiMax and more likely to continue along the path of 3G evolution for higher data rate capabilities. There may be scenarios, however, in which traditional mobile operators may deploy WiMax as an overlay solution to provide even higher data rates in targeted urban centers or metro zones. In addition to higher-speed Internet access, mobile WiMax can be used to provide voiceover- IP services in the future. The low-latency design of mobile WiMax makes it possible to deliver VoIP services effectively. VoIP technologies may also be leveraged to provide innovative new services, such as voice chatting, push-to-talk, and multimedia chatting. New and existing operators may also attempt to use WiMax to offer differentiated personal broadband services, such as mobile entertainment. The flexible channel bandwidths and multiple levels of quality-of-service (QoS) support may allow WiMax to be used by service providers for differentiated high-bandwidth and low-latency entertainment applications. For example, WiMax could be embedded into a portable gaming device for use in a fixed and mobile environment for interactive gaming. Other examples would be streaming audio services delivered to MP3 players and video services delivered to portable media players. As traditional telephone companies move into the entertainment area with IP-TV (Internet Protocol television), portable WiMAX could be used as a solution to extend applications and content beyond the home.

1.3 Objectives The WiMax standard has been developed with many objectives in mind. These are

summarized below:

Fig 1.2 Objectives of WiMax  Flexible Architecture: WiMax supports several system architectures, including Point-toPoint, Point-to-Multipoint coverage. The WiMax MAC(Media Access Control) supports Point-to-Multipoint and ubiquitous service by scheduling a time slot for each Subscriber Station (SS). If there is only one SS in the network, the WiMax Base Station (BS) will communicate with the SS on a Point-to-Point basis. A BS in a Point-to-Point configuration may use a narrower beam antenna to cover longer distances.  High Security: WiMax supports AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and 3DES (Triple DES, where DES is the Data Encryption Standard). By encrypting the links between the BS and the SS, WiMax provides subscribers with privacy (against eavesdropping) and security across the broadband wireless interface. Security also provides operators with strong

protection against theft of service. WiMax also has built-in VLAN support, which provides protection for data that is being transmitted by different users on the same BS.  Multi-Level Service: The manner in which QoS is delivered is generally based on the Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the service provider and the end-user. Further, one service provider can offer different SLA s to different subscribers, or even to different users on the same SS.  Interoperability: WiMax is based on international, vendor-neutral standards, which make it easier for end-users to transport and use their SS at different locations, or with different service providers. Interoperability protects the early investment of an operator since it can select equipment from different equipment vendors, and it will continue to drive the costs of equipment down as a result of mass adoption.  Portability: As with current cellular systems, once the WiMax SS is powered up, it identifies itself, determines the characteristics of the link with the BS, as long as the SS is registered in the system database, and then negotiates its transmission characteristics accordingly.  Mobility: The IEEE 802.16e amendment has added key features in support of mobility. Improvements have been made to the OFDM and OFDMA physical layers to support devices and services in a mobile environment. These improvements, which include Scalable OFDMA, MIMO, and support for idle/sleep mode and hand-off, will allow full mobility at speeds up to 160 km/hr.  Cost-effective: WiMax is based on an open, international standard. Mass adoption of the standard, and the use of low-cost, mass-produced chipsets, will drive costs down dramatically, and the resultant competitive pricing will provide considerable cost savings for service providers and end-users.  Wider Coverage: WiMax dynamically supports multiple modulation levels, including BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM. When equipped with a highpower amplifier and operating with a low-level modulation (BPSK or QPSK, for example),WiMax systems are

able to cover a large geographic area when the path between the BS and the SS is unobstructed.  Non-Line-of-Sight Operation: NLOS usually refers to a radio path with its first Fresnel zone completely blocked. WiMax is based on OFDM technology, which has the inherent capability of handling NLOS environments. This capability helps WiMax products deliver broad bandwidth in a NLOS environment, which other wireless product cannot do.  High Capacity: Using higher modulation (64-QAM) and channel bandwidth(currently 7 MHz, with planned evolution towards the full bandwidth specified in the standards), WiMax systems can provide significant.

Chapter – 2

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

2.1. IEEE 802.16 The IEEE 802.16 Working Group is the IEEE group for wireless metropolitan area network. The IEEE 802.16 standard defines the Wireless MAN (metropolitan area network) air interface specification (officially known as the IEEE Wireless MAN standard). This wireless broadband access standard could supply the missing link for the ―last mile‖ connection in wireless metropolitan area networks. Wireless broadband access is set up like cellular systems, using base stations that service a radius of several miles/kilometers. Base stations do not necessarily have to reside on a tower. More often than not, the base station antenna will be located on a rooftop of a tall building or other elevated structure such as a grain silo or water tower. A customer premise unit, similar to a satellite TV setup, is all it takes to connect the base station to a customer. The signal is then routed via 89standard Ethernet cable either directly to a single computer, or to an 802.11hot spot or a wired Ethernet LAN. The IEEE 802.16 designed to operate in the 10-66 GHz spectrum and it specifies the physical layer (PHY) and medium access control layer (MAC) of the air interface BWA systems. At 10-66 GHz range, transmission requires Line-of-Sight (LOS).IEEE 802.16 is working group number 16 of IEEE 802, specializing in point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access. The IEEE 802.16 standard provides the foundation for a wireless MAN industry. However, the physical layer is not suitable for lower frequency applications where nonline- of-sight (NLOS) operation is required. For this reason, the IEEE published 802.16a standard to accommodate NLOS requirement in April 2003. The standard operates in licensed and unlicensed frequencies between 2 GHz and 11 GHz, and it is an extension of the IEEE 802.16standard.The IEEE 802.16 Working Group created a new standard, commonly known as WiMax, for broadband wireless access at high speed and low cost, which is easy to deploy, and which provides a scalable solution for extension of a fiber-optic backbone. WiMax base stations can offer greater wireless coverage of about 5 miles, with LOS (line of sight) transmission within bandwidth of up to 70 Mbps. DSL and cable in areas where those technologies are readily available.

2.2. WiMax VS. WiFi

WiMAX operates on the same general principles as WiFi -- it sends data from one computer to another via radio signals. A computer (either a desktop or a laptop) equipped with WiMAX would receive data from the WiMAX transmitting station, probably using encrypted data keys to prevent unauthorized users from stealing access. The fastest WiFi connection can transmit up to 54 megabits per second under optimal conditions. WiMAX should be able to handle up to 70 megabits per second. Even once that70 megabits is split up between several dozen businesses or a few hundred home users, it will provide at least the equivalent of cable-modem transfer rates to each user. The biggest difference isn't speed; it's distance. WiMAX outdistances WiFi by miles. WiFi's range is about 100 feet (30 m). WiMAX will blanket a radius of 30 miles (50 km) with wireless access. The increased range is due to the frequencies used and the power of the transmitter. Of course, at that distance, terrain, weather and large buildings will act to reduce the maximum range in some circumstances, but the potential is there to cover huge tracts of land. WiMax is not designed to clash with WiFi, but to coexist with it. WiMax coverage is measured in square kilometers, while that of WiFi is measured in square meters. The original WiMax standard (IEEE 802.16) proposes the usage of 10-66 GHz frequency spectrum for the WiMax transmission, which is well above the WiFi range (up to 5GHz maximum). But 802.16a added support for 2-11 GHz frequency also. One WiMax base station can be accessed by more than 60 users. WiMax can also provide broadcasting services also. WiMax specifications also provides much better facilities than WiFi, providing higher bandwidth and high data security by the use of enhanced encryption schemes. WiMax can also provide service in both Line Of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line Of Sight (NLOS) locations, but the range will vary accordingly. WiMax will allow the interpenetration for broadband service provision of VoIP, video, and internet access – simultaneously. WiMax can also work with existing mobile networks. WiMax antennas can "share" a cell tower without compromising the function of cellular arrays already in place.

Chapter-3

What is WiMax

3.1.What is WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is currently one of the hottest technologies in wireless. The WiMAX Forum has adopted certain profiles based on the 802.16 standards for interoperability testing and ―WiMAX certification‖. These operate in the 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz and 5.8GHz frequency bands, which typically are licensed by various government authorities. WiMAX, is based on an RF technology called Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which is a very effective means of transferring data when carriers of width of 5MHz or greater can be used. Below 5MHz carrier width, current CDMA based 3G systems are comparable to OFDM in terms of performance. WiMAX is a standard-based wireless technology that provides high throughput broadband connections over long distance. WiMAX can be used for a number of applications, including ―last mile‖ broadband connections, hotspots and high-speed connectivity for business customers. It provides wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) connectivity at speeds up to 70 Mbps and the WiMAX base station on the average can cover between 5 to 10 km.

Figure 3.1. WiMAX Overview.

3.2. WiMax Spectrum — Licensed and Unlicensed

As with any other spectrum based technology, successful WiMAX deployment will depend largely upon the availability and suitability of spectrum resources. For entities providing wireless communications services, two sources of spectrum are available:   Licensed spectrum and Unlicensed spectrum.

Licensed spectrum requires an authorization/license from the Commission, which offers that individual user or ―Licensee‖ the exclusive rights to operate on a specific frequency (or frequencies) at a particular location or within a defined geographic area. In contrast, unlicensed spectrum permits any user to access specific frequencies within any geographic area inside the United States without prior Commission authorization. While users of this spectrum do not have to apply for individual licenses or pay to use the spectrum, they are still subject to certain rules. First, unlicensed users must not cause interference to licensed users and must accept any interference they receive. Second, any equipment that will be utilized on unlicensed spectrum must be approved in advance by the Commission. Because of its broad operating range, licensed and unlicensed spectrum options for WiMax technology are extensive. To take best advantage of the benefits provided by WiMax systems, large block spectrum assignments are most desirable. This enables systems to be deployed in TDD mode with large channel bandwidths, flexible frequency re-use and with minimal spectral inefficiencies for guard-bands to facilitate coexistence with adjacent operators. Another key activity for the WiMax Forum is collaborating with standards and regulatory bodies worldwide to promote the allocation of spectrum in the lower frequency bands (< 6 GHz) that is both application and technology neutral. Additionally, there is a major push for greater harmonization in spectrum allocations so as to minimize the number equipment variants required to cover worldwide The initial system performance profiles that will be developed by the WiMax Forum for the recently approved 802.16-2005 air interface standard are expected to be in the licensed 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz frequency bands. The 2.3 GHz band has been allocated in South Korea for WiBro services based on the Mobile WiMax technology. With a 27 MHz block of spectrum assignment to each operator, this band will support a TDD deployment with 3 channels per base station and a nominal channel bandwidth of 8.75 MHz. The 2.5 to 2.7 GHz band is already available for mobile and fixed wireless services in the United States. This band is also currently underutilized and potentially available in many countries throughout South America and Europe as well as some countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The 3.5 GHz band is already allocated for fixed wireless services in many countries worldwide and is also well-suited to WiMax solutions for both fixed and mobile services.

3.3. Wireless Services

What this points out is that WiMax actually can provide two forms of wireless service:  There is the non-line-of-sight, WiFi sort of service, where a small antenna on subscriber computer connects to the tower. In this mode, WiMAX uses a lower frequency range 2GHz to 11 GHz (similar to WiFi). Lower-wavelength transmissions are not as easily disrupted by physical obstructions -- they are better able to diffract, or bend, around obstacles.

Figure 3.2Working of WiMax

There is line-of-sight service, where a fixed dish antenna points straight at the WiMax tower from a rooftop or pole. The line-of-sight connection is stronger and more stable, s \ it's able to send a lot of data with fewer errors. Line-of-sight transmissions use higher frequencies, with ranges reaching a possible 66 GHz. At higher frequencies, there is less interference and lots more bandwidth WiFistyle access will be limited to a 4-to-6 mile radius (perhaps 25 square miles or 65 square km of coverage, which is similar in range to a cell-phone zone). Through the stronger line-of sight antennas, the WiMax transmitting station would send data to WiMAX-enabled computers or routers

set up within the transmitter's 30-mile radius (2,800 square miles or 9,300 square km of coverage). This is what allows WiMAX to achieve its maximum range. .

Chapter-4

WiMax Infrastructure

Typically, a WiMax system consists of two parts:  A WiMax Base Station- Base station consists of indoor electronics and a WiMax tower. Typically, a base station can cover up to 10 km radius (Theoretically, a base station can cover-up to 50 kilo meter radius or 30 miles, however practical considerations limit it to about 10km or 6 miles). Any wireless node within the coverage area would be able to access the Internet. 

A WiMax receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a stand-alone box or a PC card that sits in your laptop or computer. Access to WiMax base station is similar to accessing a Wireless Access Point in a WiFi network, but the coverage is more. Several base stations can be connected with one another by use of high-speed backhaul microwave links. This would allow for roaming by a WiMax subscriber from one base station to another base station area, similar to roaming enabled by Cellular phone companies. Several topology and backhauling options are to be supported on the WiMax base stations wire line backhauling (typically over Ethernet), microwave Point-to-Point connection, as well as WiMax backhaul. With the latter option, the base station has the capability to backhaul itself. This can be achieved by reserving part of the bandwidth normally used for the end-user traffic and using it for backhauling purposes.

4.1 WiMax network has the following major features: 

Security. The end-to-end WiMax Network Architecture is based on a security framework that is agnostic to the operator type and ASN topology and applies consistently across Greenfield and internetworking deployment models and usage scenarios. In particular there is support for: 1. Strong mutual device authentication between an MS and the WiMax

2. All commonly deployed authentication mechanisms and authentication in home and visited operator network scenarios based on a consistent and extensible authentication framework 3. Data integrity, replay protection, confidentiality and non-repudiation using applicable key lengths, 4. Use of MS initiated/terminated security mechanisms such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), 5. Standard secure IP address management mechanisms between the MS/SS and its home or visited NSP.



Mobility and Handovers. The end-to-end WiMax Network Architecture has extensive capability to support mobility and handovers. It will:

1. Include vertical or inter-technology handovers— e.g., to Wi-Fi, 3GPP (The Third Generation Partnership Project) , 3GPP2, DSL, or MSO (Multiple Service Operators) – when such capability is enabled in multi-mode MS, 2. Support IPv4 (IP Version 4) or IPv6 based mobility management. Within this framework, and as applicable, the architecture shall accommodate MS with multiple IP addresses and simultaneous IPv4 and IPv6 connections, 3. Support roaming between NSPs, 4. Utilize mechanisms to support seamless handovers at up to vehicular speeds— satisfying well defined (within WiMax Forum) bounds of service disruption. Some of the additional capabilities in support of mobility include the support of: 1. Dynamic and static home address configurations, 2. Dynamic assignment of the Home Agent in the service provider network as a form of route optimization, as well as in the home IP network as a form of load balancing 3. Dynamic assignment of the Home Agent based on policies.  Quality of Service. The WiMax Network Architecture has provisions for support of QoS mechanisms. In particular, it enables flexible support of simultaneous use of a diverse set of IP services. The architecture supports: 1. Differentiated levels of QoS - coarse-grained (per user/terminal) and/or finegrained (per service flow per user/terminal), 2. Admission control, and 3. Bandwidth management Extensive use is made of standard IETF mechanisms for managing policy definition and policy enforcement between operators.

4.2. Support for Services and Applications. The end-to-end architecture includes the support for:   Voice, multimedia services and other mandated regulatory services such as emergency services and lawful interception, Access to a variety of independent Application Service Provider (ASP) networks in an agnostic manner,

 

Mobile telephony communications using VoIP, Support interfacing with various interworking and media gateways permitting delivery of incumbent/legacy services translated over IP (for example, SMS over IP, MMS, WAP) to WiMax access networks and



Support delivery of IP Broadcast and Multicast services over WiMax access networks.

Chapter-5

Mobile WiMax
5.1 Introduction The WiMax technology, based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air Interface Standard is rapidly proving itself as a technology that will play a key role in fixed broadband wireless metropolitan area

networks. The first certification lab, established at Cetecom Labs in Malaga, Spain is fully operational and more than 150 WiMax trials are underway in Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. Unquestionably, Fixed WiMax, based on the IEEE 802.16-2004 Air Interface Standard, has proven to be a cost-effective fixed wireless alternative to cable and DSL services. In December, 2005 the IEEE ratified the 802.16e amendment to the 802.16 standard. This amendment adds the features and attributes to the standard that is necessary to support mobility. The WiMax Forum is now defining system\ performance and certification profiles based on the IEEE 802.16e Mobile Amendment and, going beyond the air interface, the WiMax Forum is defining the network architecture necessary for implementing an end-to-end Mobile WiMax2 network. Release-1 system profiles were completed in early 2006. Mobile WiMax is a broadband wireless solution that enables convergence of mobile and fixed broadband networks through a common wide area broadband radio access technology and flexible network architecture. The Mobile WiMax Air Interface adopts Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for improved multi-path performance in non line-ofsight environments. Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA) is introduced in the IEEE 802.16eAmendment to support scalable channel bandwidths from 1.25 to 20 MHz. WiMax profiles will cover 5,7, 8.75, and 10 MHz channel bandwidths for licensed worldwide spectrum allocations in the2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, and 3.5 GHz frequency bands. Mobile WiMax systems offer scalability in both radio access technology and network architecture, thus providing a great deal of flexibility in network deployment options and service offerings. Some of the salient features supported by Mobile WiMax are:  High Data Rates. The inclusion of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna techniques along with flexible sub-channelization schemes, Advanced Coding and Modulation all enable the Mobile WiMax technology to support peak DL data rates up to 63Mbps per sector and peak UL data rates up to 28 Mbps per sector in a 10 MHz channel.  Quality of Service (QoS). The fundamental premise of the IEEE 802.16 MAC architecture is QoS. It defines Service Flows which can map to Diff Serv code points that enable end-to end IP based QoS. Additionally, sub channelization schemes provide a flexible mechanism for optimal scheduling of space, frequency and time resources over the air interface on a frame by-frame basis.  Scalability. Despite an increasingly globalize economy, spectrum resources for wireless broadband worldwide are still quite disparate in its allocations. Mobile WiMax technology therefore, is designed to be able to scale to work in different canalizations from 1.25 to 20

MHz to comply with varied worldwide requirements as efforts proceed to achieve spectrum harmonization in the longer term. This also allows diverse economies to realize the multifaceted benefits of the Mobile WiMax technology for their specific geographic needs such as providing affordable internet access in rural settings versus enhancing the capacity of mobile broadband access in metro and suburban areas.   Security. Support for a diverse set of user credentials exists including; SIM/USIM cards, Smart Cards, Digital Certificates, and Username/Password schemes. Mobility. Mobile WiMax supports optimized handover schemes with latencies less than 50milliseconds to ensure real-time applications such as VoIP perform without service degradation. Flexible key management schemes assure that security is maintained during handover.

5.2 OFDMA Basics Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multiplexing technique that subdivides the bandwidth into multiple frequency sub-carriers as shown in Figure In an OFDM system, the input data stream is divided into several parallel sub-streams of reduced data rate (thus increased symbol duration) and each sub-stream is modulated and transmitted on a separate orthogonal subcarrier. The increased symbol duration improves the robustness of OFDM to delay spread. Furthermore, the introduction of the cyclic prefix (CP) can completely eliminate Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) as long as the CP duration is longer than the channel delay spread. The CP is typically a repetition of the last samples of data portion of the block that is appended to the beginning of the data payload as shown The CP prevents inter-block interference and makes the channel appear circular and permits low complexity frequency domain equalization. A perceived drawback of CP is that it introduces overhead, which effectively reduces bandwidth efficiency. While the CP does reduce bandwidth efficiency somewhat, the impact of the CP is similar to the ―rolloff factor‖ in raised-cosine filtered single-carrier systems. Since OFDM has a very sharp, almost ―brick wall‖ spectrum, a large fraction of the allocated channel bandwidth can be utilized for data transmission, which helps to moderate the loss in efficiency due to the cyclic prefix.

5.3 TDD Frame Structure The 802.16e PHY supports TDD, FDD, and Half-Duplex FDD operation; however the initial release of Mobile WiMax certification profiles will only include TDD. With ongoing releases, FDD profiles will be considered by the WiMax Forum to address specific market opportunities where local

spectrum regulatory requirements either prohibit TDD or are more suitable for FDD deployments. To counter interference issues, TDD does require system-wide synchronization; nevertheless, TDD is the preferred duplexing mode for the following reasons:  TDD enables adjustment of the downlink/uplink ratio to efficiently support asymmetric downlink/uplink traffic, while with FDD, downlink and uplink always have fixed and generally, equal DL and UL bandwidths.   TDD assures channel reciprocity for better support of link adaptation, MIMO and other closed loop advanced antenna technologies. Unlike FDD, which requires a pair of channels, TDD only requires a single channel for both downlink and uplink providing greater flexibility for adaptation to varied global spectrum allocations.  Transceiver designs for TDD implementations are less complex and therefore less expensive.

5.4 Mobility Management Battery life and handoff are two critical issues for mobile applications. Mobile WiMax supports Sleep Mode and Idle Mode to enable power-efficient MS operation. Mobile WiMax also supports seamless handoff to enable the MS to switch from one base station to another at vehicular speeds without interrupting the connection.  Power Management. Mobile WiMax supports two modes for power efficient operation Sleep Mode and Idle Mode. Sleep Mode is a state in which the MS conducts pre-negotiated periods of absence from the Serving Base Station air interface. These periods are characterized by the unavailability of the MS, as observed from the Serving Base Station, to DL or UL traffic. Sleep Mode is intended to minimize MS power usage and minimize the usage of the Serving Base Station air interface resources. The Sleep Mode also provides flexibility for the MS to scan other base stations to collect information to assist handoff during the Sleep Mode. Idle Mode provides a mechanism for the MS to become periodically available for DL broadcast traffic messaging without registration at a specific base station as the MS traverses an air link environment populated by multiple base stations. Idle Mode benefits the MS by removing the requirement for handoff and other normal operations and benefits the network and base station by eliminating air interface and network handoff traffic from essentially inactive MSs while still providing a simple and timely method (paging) for alerting the MS about pending DL traffic.



Handoff. The IEEE 802 Handoff Study Group, is another group chartered with addressing roaming that studies hand-offs between heterogeneous 802 networks. The key here will be enabling the ―hand-off‖ procedures that allow a mobile device to switch the connection from one base station to another, from one 802 network type to another (such as from 802.11b to 802.16), and even from wired to 802.11 or 802.16 connections. The goal is to standardize the hand-off so devices are interoperable as they move from one network type to another. Today, 802.11 users can move around a building or a hotspot and stay connected, but if they leave, they lose their connection. With 802.16e, users will be able to stay ―best connected‖— connected by 802.11 when they’re within a hot spot, and then connected to 802.16 when they leave the hot spot but are within a WiMax service area. Furthermore, having a standard in place opens the door to volume component suppliers that will allow equipment vendors to focus on system design, versus having to develop the whole end-to-end solution. When having either 802.16e capabilities embedded in a PDA or notebook (or added through an 802.16e-enabled card) user remain connected within an entire metropolitan

Chapter-6

Advanced Features of WiMax
An important and very challenging function of the WiMax system is the support of various advanced antenna techniques, which are essential to provide high spectral efficiency, capacity, system performance, and reliability:  Beam forming using smart antennas provides additional gain to bridge long distances or to increase indoor coverage; it reduces inter-cell interference and improves frequency reuse,



Transmit diversity and MIMO techniques using multiple antennas take advantage of multipath reflections to improve reliability and capacity.

6.1 Smart Antenna Technologies Smart antenna technologies typically involve complex vector or matrix operations on signals due to multiple antennas. OFDMA allows smart antenna operations to be performed on vector-flat subcarriers. Complex equalizers are not required to compensate for frequency selective fading. OFDMA therefore, is very well-suited to support smart antenna technologies. In fact, MIMO-OFDM/OFDMA is envisioned as the corner-stone for next generation broadband communication systems. Mobile WiMax supports a full range of smart antenna technologies to enhance system performance. The smart antenna technologies supported include:   Beam forming. With beam forming, the system uses multiple-antennas to transmit weighted signals to improve coverage and capacity of the system and reduce outage probability. Spatial Multiplexing (SM). Spatial multiplexing is supported to take advantage of higher peak rates and increased throughput. With spatial multiplexing, multiple streams are transmitted over multiple antennas. If the receiver also has multiple antennas, it can separate the different streams to achieve higher throughput compared to single antenna systems. With 2x2 MIMO, SM increases the peak data rate two-fold by transmitting two data streams. In UL, each user has only one transmit antenna, two users can transmit collaboratively in the same slot as if two streams are spatially multiplexed from two antennas of the same user.

6.2 Fractional Frequency Reuse WiMax supports frequency reuse of one, i.e. all cells/sectors operate on the same frequency channel to maximize spectral efficiency. However, due to heavy co channel interference (CCI) in frequency reuse one deployment, users at the cell edge may suffer degradation in connection quality. Users can operate on sub channels, which only occupy a small fraction of the whole channel bandwidth; the cell edge interference problem can be easily addressed by appropriately configuring sub channel usage without resorting to traditional frequency planning. The flexible sub-channel reuse is facilitated

Figure 6.1. Fractional Frequency Reuse

by sub-channel segmentation and permutation zone. A segment is a subdivision of the available OFDMA sub-channels (one segment may include all sub-channels). One segment is used for deploying a single instance of MAC.

6.3. Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) supported by WiMax satisfy the following requirements:      High data rate and coverage using a Single Frequency Network (SFN) Flexible allocation of radio resources Low MS power consumption Support of data-casting in addition to audio and video streams Low channel switching time

Chapter – 7

WiMAX versus 3G and Wi-Fi
How does WiMAX compare with the existing and emerging capabilities of 3G and Wi-Fi? The throughput capabilities of WiMax depend on the channel bandwidth used. Unlike 3G systems, which have a fixed channel bandwidth, WiMax defines a selectable channel bandwidth from 1.25MHz to 20MHz, which allows for a very flexible deployment. When deployed using the more likely 10MHz

TDD (time division duplexing) channel, assuming a 3:1 downlink-to-uplink split, WiMax offers 46Mbps peak downlink throughput and 7Mbps uplink. The reliance of Wi-Fi and WiMax on OFDM modulation, as opposed to CDMA as in 3G, allows them to support very high peak rates. The need for spreading makes very high data rates more difficult in CDMA systems. More important than peak data rate offered over an individual link is the average throughput and overall system capacity when deployed in a multicultural environment. From a capacity standpoint, the more pertinent measure of system performance is spectral efficiency. WiMax specifications accommodated multiple antennas right from the start gives it a boost in spectral efficiency. In 3G systems, on the other hand, multipleantenna support is being added in the form of revisions. Further, the OFDM physical layer used by WiMax is more amenable to MIMO implementations than are CDMA systems from the standpoint of the required complexity for comparable gain. OFDM also makes it easier to exploit frequency diversity and multi-user diversity to improve capacity. Therefore, when compared to 3G, WiMax offers higher peak data rates, greater flexibility, and higher average throughput and system capacity. Another advantage of WiMax is its ability to efficiently support more symmetric links useful for fixed applications, such as T1 replacement—and support for flexible and dynamic adjustment of the downlink-to-uplink data rate ratios. Typically, 3G systems have a fixed asymmetric data rate ratio between downlink and uplink what about in terms of supporting advanced IP applications, such as voice, video, and multimedia? How do the technologies compare in terms of prioritizing traffic and controlling quality?

Figure7.1 Comparison of wireless technologies

In terms of supporting roaming and high-speed vehicular mobility, WiMAX capabilities are somewhat unproven when compared to those of 3G. In 3G, mobility was an integral part of the design; WiMax was designed as a fixed system, with mobility capabilities developed as an add-on feature. In summary, WiMax occupies a somewhat middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G technologies when compared in the key dimensions of data rate, coverage, QoS, mobility, and price. figure7.1 provides a summary comparison of WiMax with 3G and Wi-Fi technologies.

Chapter – 8

Applications of Wimax
1. WiMax& IPTV : The third leg of the triple play is Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). IPTV enables a WiMax service provider to offer the same programming as cable or satellite TV service providers. IPTV, depending on compression algorithms, requires at least 1 Mbps of bandwidth between the WMAX base station and the subscriber. In addition to IPTV programming, the service provider can also offer a variety of video on demand (VoD) services. The subscriber can select programming a la carte for their television, both home and mobile, viewing needs. This may be more desirable to the sub-scriber as they pay only for what they want to watch as opposed to having to pay for dozens of channels they don't want to watch. IPTV over WiMax also enables the service provider to offer local programming as well as revenue generating local advertising.

Figure 8.1: IPTV and Video on Demand enable a WiMAX service provider to offer programming identical to cable and satellite providers

2. WiMax as cellular alternative of all the sub industries in telecommunications, perhaps the one best positioned to take advantage of WiMax is the cellular service providers. They have a lot going for them including a wireless culture (RF engineers, wireless savvy sales staff, etc) and millions of "early adaptor" customers. On the other hand, the transition from legacy circuit switching and a dependency on the incumbent telephone service provider's network will not be easy or inexpensive

As the diagram below supports a large percentage of a cell phone operator's monthly operating expense (OPEX) is T1 backhaul to support their base stations. In addition, they use aging circuit switches (Class 4 and 5 as well as Mobile Switching Centers) to switch phone calls. These come with expensive annual service contracts. A WiMax substitute for the cell phone infrastructure could be operated at as little as 10% of the OPEX of a cellular operator using legacy infrastructure. 3. Source: Trendsmedia Replacing a cell phone infrastructure with WiMax will need to incorporate a large mo-bile data and mobile TV element with it as data bandwidth demands on the system will be far greater than what is now seen with a voice-centric cell phone network. The diagram below provides a high overview of a converged voice and data wireless network. to come to mind is cell phone service which is a huge industry in itself. However, mobile now connotes a wide range of services be-yond voice to include mobile data and TV, as well as emergency services

Chapter – 9

CONCLUSION
WiMax offers benefits for wire line operators who want to provide last mile access to residences and businesses, either to reduce costs in their own operating areas, or as a way to enter new markets. 802.16e offers cost reductions to mobile operators who wish to offer broadband IP services in addition to 2G or 3G voice service, and allows operators to enter new markets with competitive services, despite owning disadvantaged spectrum. The capital outlay for WiMAX equipment will be less than for traditional 2G and 3G wireless networks, although the supporting infrastructure of cell sites, civil works, towers and so on will still be needed. WiMax’s all-IP architecture lends itself well to high bandwidth multimedia applications, and with QoS will also support mobile voice and messaging services, re-using the mobile networks IP core systems. The latest developments in the IEEE 802.16 group are driving a broadband wireless access revolution to a standard with unique technical characteristics. In parallel, the WiMax forum, backed by industry leaders, helps the widespread adoption of broadband wireless access by establishing a brand for the technology. Initially, WiMax will bridge the digital divide and thanks to competitive equipment prices, the scope of WiMax deployment will broaden to cover markets with high DSL unbundling costs or poor copper quality which have acted as a brake on extensive high-speed Internet and voice over broadband. WiMax will reach its peak by making Portable Internet a reality. When WiMax chipsets are integrated into laptops and other portable devices, it will provide highspeed data services on the move, extending today's limited coverage of public WLAN to metropolitan areas. Integrated into new generation networks with seamless roaming between various accesses, it will enable end-users to enjoy an "Always Best Connected" experience. The Combination of these capabilities makes WiMax attractive for a wide diversity of people: fixed operators, mobile operators and wireless ISPs (Internet Service Provider), but also for many vertical markets and local authorities. Alcatel, the worldwide broadband market leader with a market share in excess of 37%, is committed to offer complete support across the entire investment and operational cycle required for successful deployment of WiMax services • WiMax is based on a very flexible and robust air interface defined by the IEEE 802.16 group. • The WiMax physical layer is based on OFDM, which is an elegant and effective technique for overcoming multipart distortion.

• WiMax supports a number of advanced signal-processing techniques to improve overall system capacity. These techniques include adaptive modulation and coding, spatial multiplexing, and multiuser diversity. • WiMax has a very flexible MAC layer that can accommodate a variety of traffic types, Including voice, video, and multimedia, and provide strong QoS. • Robust security functions, such as strong encryption and mutual authentication, are built Into the WiMax standard. • WiMax has several features to enhance mobility-related functions such as seamless handover and low power consumption for portable devices. • WiMax offers very high spectral efficiency, particularly when using higher-order MIMO solutions.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode BRAS: Broadband Remote Access Server BS: Base Station BWA: Broadband Wireless Access. Enabling high-speed broadband connections the air instead of over wired (fixed) connections CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access DSL: Digital Subscriber Line EUL: Enhanced Up Link, FDD: Frequency Division Duplex GPRS: General Packet Radio Service GSM: Global System for Mobile communication IEEE: Institution for Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Standardization body. IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem IP: Internet Protocol ITU: International Telecommunication Union. LOS: Line-Of-Sight MAC: Medium Access Control MAN: Metropolitan Area Network NLOS: Non-Line-Of-Sight OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing PHY: Physical Layer PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network QoS: Quality of Service RF: Radio Frequency SIP: Simple Internet Protocol SME: Small and Medium size Enterprises SoHo: Small Office Home Office SS: Subscriber Station TDD: Time Division Duplex TDM: Time Division Multiplexing TDMA: Time-Division Multiple Access Users: Consumers, presumes, end-users and subscribers

VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol technology enables users to transmit voice calls via the Internet using packet-linked routes. WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WiFi: Wireless Fidelity, or Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN WiMAX: World-wide interoperability for Microwave Access

REFERENCES

1. IEEE. Standard 802.16.3c-01/29r4. Channel models for fixed wireless Applications.www.ieee802.org/16. 2. T. S. Rappaport. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. 3. www.efymagzine.co.in/WiMaxtechnology 4. www.wikipedia.en/wimaxintroduction