Women Employment

Published on July 2016 | Categories: Documents | Downloads: 33 | Comments: 0 | Views: 231
of x
Download PDF   Embed   Report

Comments

Content

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

1

Seth padam chand jain institute Of Commerce, business management & economics

Project report on Women employment & The constraints to women employees
Session:2011 – 12
Submitted to : Ms.Swati Mathur Submitted by: Anvita Agarwal B.B.A – VI Semester
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

2

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

3

Certificate of approval

The following Project title ‘Women Employment & Constraints to Women Employees’ , is hereby approved as Certificate as studies in Business management carried out in a way satisfactory to the Syllabi of the Course of the Bachelors of Business Administration . With approval of the following project , it is hereby understood that , the submitter of the undersigned project does not endorse any statement made , or opinions expressed , and therefore submits the project for educational purpose only .

Name Project Co-ordinator :

Sign

________________ ___________

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

4

Certificate

This is to Certify that Ms.Anvita Agarwal student of Bachelors of Business Administration Program has made the project to the best of our knowledge and contains all the requisite standards . We certify that the following project has not been reproduced by any other project , report or book.

Certifier :

_________________ (Ms. Swati Mathur) (College co-ordinator) Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

5

It gives me immense pleasure , having done a project on an intresting and a knowledgeable topic. It has not only expanded the horizon of my academics but has also widened my knowledge bank . I would like to deeply and heartly thank my teacher and my guide in this project , Ms.Swati Mathur , for giving me such a nice topic to work on and increase my knowledge. It has been a true joy working under your guidance Ma’am , and I thank you with all my heart , The topic was very helpful to me , And , I am honoured to have had it carried out under your shade.

Thank you. Anvita Agarwal Student , B.B.A. (Seth Padam Chand Jain Institute of Economics , Commerce and Business Management.)

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

6

Executive summary

The aim of the present study was to provide a detailed description of current employment programs and services available to women and to examine relevant aspects of women's employment history, needs, and interests. A multi-method approach was used for the data collection process. First, information was gathered related to preincarceration employment history, current experience with CSC training/employment, employment intentions and interests, offender attitudes and beliefs regarding employment and employment-related abilities and resources, as well as offenders' suggestions for future employment programming for women. This information was obtained from offender files using an automated offender database (Offender Management System; OMS) and from questionnaires completed by women offenders in the institutions and in the community. Additional information was gathered through questionnaires and/or telephone interviews with institutional and community staff members. Specifically, staff perceptions of current employment programs and services for women, their attitudes towards employment of offenders, their observations regarding barriers to employment for women, and their suggestions for employment programming were investigated. Results indicated that the majority of women offenders demonstrated employment needs at intake to federal institutions, particularly with respect to a high unemployment rate, the lack of
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

7

skills, trade, or profession, and relatively low educational attainment. Employment needs were particularly notable among Aboriginal and younger women offenders, and were associated with needs in other domains, particularly criminal associates, substance abuse, and community functioning. Interestingly, women themselves did not report difficulties relating to employment to be a strong contributing factor to past criminal behaviour, but they considered assistance with employment related needs as quite important with respect to desistence of criminal activities in the future. Only about one-third of women offenders reported employment to be a main source of income prior to incarceration. However, the majority (approximately 80%) reported at least some prior employment experience in the community, and the average reported salary was adequate, although the average salary reported by Aboriginal women prior to incarceration was significantly lower than that of non-Aboriginal women. Also, fewer younger then older women offenders reported that they were qualified for jobs that would allow them to make a salary sufficient to meet their basic needs. Among women who were employed in the community at the time of the study, the most common areas for employment included sales and service, and business, finance, and administration. Overall, these women reported being moderately satisfied with theircurrent employment and salaries, and fairly optimistic about their chances of keeping their jobs in the future. The majority reported that their current jobs were related to their work experience prior to incarceration, and women employed in the community reported little association between their current employment and past institutional training.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

8

EMPLOYEMENT IN MODERN INDIA : Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1% of the total workforce in 2009–10. While agriculture has faced stagnation in growth, services have seen a steady growth. Of the total workforce, 7% is in the organised sector, two-thirds of which are in the public sector. The NSSO survey estimated that in 2004–05, 8.3% of the population was unemployed, an increase of 2.2% over 1993 levels, with unemployment uniformly higher in urban areas and among women. Growth of labour stagnated at around 2% for the decade between 1994–2005, about the same as that for the preceding decade. Avenues for employment generation have been identified in the IT and travel and tourism sectors, which have been experiencing high annual growth rates of above 9%. Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic (disguised) unemployment. Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment (which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods) attempt to solve the problem, by providing financial assistance for setting up businesses, skill honing, setting up public sector enterprises, reservations in governments, etc. The decline in organised employment due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and has also put political pressure on further reforms. India's labour regulations are heavy even by developing country standards and analysts have urged the

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

9

government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation. The 11th five-year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation, by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required. Further, inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle preventing the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society. Child labour in India is a complex problem that is basically rooted in poverty, coupled with a failure of governmental policy, which has focused on subsidising higher rather than elementary education, as a result benefiting the privileged rather than the poorer sections of society. The Indian government is implementing the world's largest child labour elimination program, with primary education targeted for ~250 million. Numerous non-governmental and voluntary organisations are also involved. Special investigation cells have been set up in states to enforce existing laws banning the employment of children under 14 in hazardous industries. The allocation of the Government of India for the eradication of child labour was $21 million in 2007. Public campaigns, provision of meals in school and other incentives have proven successful in increasing attendance rates in schools in some states. In 2009–10, remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at 250,000 crore (US$49.88 billion), the highest in the world, but their share in FDI remained low at around 1%. India ranked 133rd

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

10

on the Ease of Doing Business Index 2010, behind countries such as China (89th), Pakistan (85th), and Nigeria (125th) 55 Million Jobs by 2015 For those who are not aware, only 39 people out of every 100 in India is employed. If we take the rate at which population is rising, we would need at least 55 million more jobs to maintain only that ratio by 2015! These are the findings of CRISIL, a known house in the field of research. The study is based on a recently released National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) data on employment in India. Total employment includes jobs as well as self-employment. Key Points of the survey  Employment intensity – the number of employed persons per lakh of real GDP – declined to 1.05 in 2010 from 1.71 in 2005.  Between 2005 and 2010, the addition in jobs was 27.7 million but the number of self-employed people decreased by 25.5 million. This has restricted the increase in number of employed people to 2.2 million.  In manufacturing employment declined by about 7 per cent, despite a faster growth in manufacturing output  In services, employment growth slowed in financial intermediation and business services  Employment grew by almost 70 per cent in the construction sector, but it was mainly in casual jobs 369,200 more jobs by September The organised sector in India created 704,800 jobs between January 2011 and June 2011 and 369,200 more jobs are expected to be created by September 2011, according to the latest findings
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

11

of Ma Foi Randstad Employment Trends Survey – Wave2. The survey was conducted among 690 companies across 13 industry segments panning 8 Indian cities. The respondents included members of senior management and HR professionals who were questioned on specific areas relating to hiring plans across various timelines, manpower requirements for the current quarter vis-àvis the last two quarters, and their views on how they see the job market to be in the year 2011. Key Points Healthcare sector has remained the largest employment generator with 1, 15,000 jobs created in the period Jan-June 2011, followed by the hospitality sector with 94,000 jobs. The IT/ITeS sector continues to grow at the same pace and has added 91,000 jobs in the same period. In the cities, New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai continue to lead the job market generating 1,39,700 jobs between January and June 2011, as predicted earlier this year. The organized sector in India created 704,800 jobs between January 2011 and June 2011 and 369,200 more jobs are expected to be created by September 2011, according to the latest findings of Ma Foi Randstad Employment Trends Survey.

Challenges in Employment in India:
The recent estimates of employment and unemployment from the 66th round (2009-10) of the National Sample Survey (NSS) belie any hopes that the growth of the Indian economy between 200405 and 2009-10 has been inclusive. Employment has expanded by only a million jobs during this period. Not only is this lowest ever growth recorded in any such
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

12

period, the fact that it occurred during the period of highest growth in the economy makes it exclusionary. It is of little concern that this growth of employment is not even a fraction of the government’s claim of creating more than 50 million jobs during the same period. The results were shocking to many senior policymakers, but more than that they were embarrassing. This reflected amply in their anger against NSS and claims of problems about the data quality. Not only were the claims unverified and untrue, they did great disservice to the statistical system of the country. But what did the data show that offended policymakers so much? It showed that employment increased by merely one million with male employment expanding by 22 million, but female employment declining by a drastic 21 million jobs. It also reconfirmed what was already known: that a large part of the employment created was in the informal sector with casual workers accounting for more than 80% of all the new jobs generated. Regular employment also showed deceleration. A large number of the jobs created were in the low productivity construction sector while the remaining were in the non-farm sector that contributes more than three-fourths of the growth accounting for less than one-fourth of total employment increase. In a nutshell then, there is overwhelming evidence that not only did growth fail to create a sufficient quantity of jobs, but the quality of employment also deteriorated. The data, however, showed that one possible
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

13

reason for the slow growth of employment could be the significant increase in attendance in educational institutions by the younger population, particularly female. It also showed a respectable increase in the wage rate of casual workers with real wage of male workers increasing by 3.6% and rising by 5% per annum for female workers. It also showed increase in participation in public works, particularly the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme with participation improving by almost eight times during this period. Further, unemployment rates fell for all categories of population. Unfortunately, having sullied the data, policymakers failed to take note of the positive features that emerged from the same data. Later commentators have obviously picked up positive features to claim that there is no cause for worry. Probably some of this is true. It is now acknowledged that the previous period—1999-2000 to 2004-05—was a period of severe distress. This could have led females to move out of household in numbers to the job market, leading to a large increase in female employment. Since the subsequent period was one of high growth, the situation did improve and, therefore, some women went back from being workers to non-workers. Also, the shift of younger population to educational institutions explains a small part of the low growth of workforce. Unfortunately, none of these explanations is new or unexpected. But if these were known, why did the government claim that the economy will generate more than 50 million jobs per year? However one views the data, there are reasons to worry.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

14

This is not only due to the fact that high growth has failed to create jobs, but also that planners and policymakers are clueless about long- term employment patterns. The fall in unemployment rate from 2.6% to 2.1% is of little significance in a country where more than one-third of the population is poor and three-fourths is economically vulnerable. Remaining unemployed is not a luxury that the poor of this country can afford. They will take whatever jobs that come their way, even if they are not remunerative, but are casual and informal. The problem is not that of those who are unemployed, but that of the large majority of the working poor. As far as female employment is concerned, it is true that they enter the labour market when there is severe distress. But if that is the case, this signals vulnerability and should not be looked as employment creation. But why should they move back from being workers to nonworkers when the situation improves? It takes courage for the women of this country to move into the labour market, breaking patriarchal and social barriers. It is a shame if women are forced to move away from the labour market because there is marginal improvement in incomes. It is symptomatic of the vulnerability of female workers where they are needed only to fill the gap in case of distress. If not, the other possible reason can only be that even those jobs that were available to them have been taken away. Either way, a sufficient cause for worry.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

15

But the trend that should worry them the most is the trend of younger population staying away from the labour market to acquire better degrees. Because while they gave breathing space to the government this time, they will be a restless and aggressive lot when they enter the job market in the coming five years armed with skills and degrees.

Women Employment in India
Working Women in India have commenced in various fields, such as politics, entertainment and movies, corporate world, music, sports, modeling, entrepreneurship and business world. Companies are also interested in hiring and recruiting women at work. Companies are taking steps to improve the working condition of women at the workplace. Flexible Work Arrangements supports their unique needs. Women in India are given 3 months maternity leave. Women's Mentoring Programs are organized at the workplace. Senior Female executive's mentors, virtual workshops and conferences provide networking tips to ensure the advancement of women. The women have really been successful in moving ahead neck-toneck with their male counterparts. The best part of employing women is that, they are very responsible towards their job in most of the case. They also turn out to be much focused to their assignments and complete it in the best possible manner. Studies also reveal that women are much competent in meeting deadlines and therefore do justice to their projects.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

16

The working women, although face several problems in their professional life as strugglers in this society still dominated by men. They try hard and cope up the essential hazards and therefore they suffer from various mental depressions and psychological breakdowns. As the working women are somehow financially independent now, so get the chance to mould their life in a way they like it to be. Many of them are independent enough to live in working women hostels, if they are working away from their home town. Thus the confidence and self respect of women are also enhancing in exposure to more and more job opportunities and more significant positions and responsibilities. All the Homemade delicacies In the days of joint families, grandmothers would stand guard jealously over the ingredients for delicacies that were getting ready for the festive preparations, supervise the actual preparations to the last detail until the yummy sweets were first offered ... Time management on a daily basis Everyone is aware of the importance of time management in order to survive in today's highly competitive world. Indeed, managing your time successfully is as crucial... Are you a positive or a negative employee? As a woman, you already have to contend with the powerful male workforce and the proverbial glass ceiling. If you have a positive
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

17

and bright attitude ... Me - Individual - Working woman Working in a male dominated company for some years now has made me aware of what women in my position are going through and just how men in authority perceive us... India's economy has undergone a substantial transformation since the country's independence in 1947. Agriculture now accounts for only one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), down from 59 percent in 1950, and a wide range of modern industries and support services now exist. In spite of these changes, agriculture continues to dominate employment, employing two-thirds of all workers. India faced economic problems in the late 1980s and early 1990s that were exacerbated by the Persian Gulf Crisis. Starting in 1992, India began to implement trade liberalization measures. The economy has grown-the GDP growth rate ranged between 5 and 7 percent annually over the period and considerable progress has been made in loosening government regulations, particularly restrictions on private businesses. Different sectors of economy have different experiences about the impact of the reforms. In a country like India, productive employment is central to poverty reduction strategy and to bring about economic equality in the society. But the results of unfettered operation of market forces are not always equitable, especially in India, where some groups are likely to be subjected to disadvantage as a result of globalization. Women constitute one such vulnerable group.
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

18

Since the times immemorial, worth of the work done or services rendered by women has not been recognized. India is a multifaceted society where no generalization could apply to the entire nation's various regional, religious, social, and economic groups. Nevertheless, certain broad circumstances in which Indian women live affect the ways they participate in the economy. Indian society is extremely hierarchical with virtually everyone ranked relative to others according to their caste (or caste-like group), class, wealth, and power. This ranking even exists in areas where it is not openly acknowledged, such as certain business settings. Though specific customs vary from region to region within the country, there are different standards of behavior for men and women that carry over into the work environment. Women are expected to be chaste and especially modest in all actions that may constrain their ability to perform in the workplace on an equal basis with men. Another related aspect of life in India is that women are generally confined to home thus restricting their mobility and face seclusion. The women face constraints beyond those already placed on them by other hierarchical practices. These cultural rules place some Indian women, particularly those of lower caste, in a paradoxical situation: when a family suffers economically, people often think that a woman should go out and work, yet at the same time the woman's participation in employment outside the home is viewed as "slightly inappropriate, subtly wrong, and definitely dangerous to their chastity and womanly virtue".
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

19

When a family recovers from an economic crisis or attempts to improve its status, women may be kept at home as a demonstration of the family's morality and as a symbol of its financial security. As in many other countries, working women of all segments of Indian society faces various forms of discrimination including sexual harassment. Even professional women find discrimination to be prevalent: two-thirds of the women in one study felt that they had to work harder to receive the same benefits as comparably employed men. A section of Indian women--the elite and the upper middle class-have gained by the exposure to the global network. More women are engaged in business enterprises, in international platforms like the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and have greater career opportunities as a result of international network. Freer movement of goods and capital is helpful to this section. But most women continue to remain marginalized as they are generally employed in a chain of work and seldom allowed independent charge of her job. Sharing of responsibility at work place or taking independent decisions is still a remote possibility for them. Economic independence of women is important as it enhances their ability to take decisions and exercise freedom of choice, action. Many of the workingwomen, who control their own income, do contribute towards the economic needs of family as and when required. They often participate in discussions at their work place and their views are given due weightage before any final decision. Workingwomen do use and spend their income at their own sweet will but sometimes permission of the husband becomes necessary
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

20

for the purpose. However when it comes to making investments, they often leave it to their husband or other male member of the family to invest on their behalf. Many of them do not take decision even in case of important investments, like, life insurance, national saving schemes or other tax saving investments. Workingwomen do feel concerned about the economic needs of the family but when not consulted in such matters, they regret being ignored especially when they contribute monetarily towards economic well being of the family. After globalization women are able to get more jobs but the work they get is more casual in nature or is the one that men do not prefer to do or is left by them to move to higher or better jobs. Globalization has indeed raised hopes of women for a better and elevated status arising out of increased chances to work but, at the same time, it has put them in a highly contradictory situation where they have the label of economically independent paid workers but are not able to enjoy their economic liberty in real sense of the term. India is the first among countries to give women equal franchise and has a highly credible record with regard to the enactment of laws to protect and promote the interests of women, but women continue to be denied economic, social and legal rights and privileges. Though they are considered to be equal partners in progress, yet they remain subjected to repression, marginalisation and exploitation. It has been advocated by many researchers (Amartya Sen, 1990) that independent earning opportunities reduce the economic dependence of woman on men and increase her bargaining power in the family.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

21

This bargaining power depends on the nature of work she is employed in. But the income earning activities increase the workload of a woman unless the man accepts an increased share in domestic work. Since globalization is introducing technological inputs, women are being marginalized in economic activities, men traditionally being offered new scopes of learning and training. Consequently, female workers are joining the informal sector or casual labor force more than ever before. For instance, while new rice technology has given rise to higher use of female labor, the increased work-load for women is in operations that are unrecorded, and often unpaid, since these fall within the category of home production activities. The weaker sections, especially the women, are denied the physical care they deserve. There is, thus, hardly any ability for the majority of Indian women to do valuable functioning; the "capability" to choose from alternatives is conspicuous by absence. Although most women in India work and contribute to the economy in one form or another, much of their work is not documented or accounted for in official statistics. Women plow fields and harvest crops while working on farms, women weave and make handicrafts while working in household industries, women sell food and gather wood while working in the informal sector. Additionally, women are traditionally responsible for the daily household chores (e.g., cooking, fetching water, and looking after children). Although the cultural restrictions women face are changing, women are still not as free as men to participate in the formal economy.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

22

In the past, cultural restrictions were the primary impediments to female employment now however; the shortage of jobs throughout the country contributes to low female employment as well. The Indian census divides workers into two categories: "main" and "marginal" workers. Main workers include people who worked for 6 months or more during the year, while marginal workers include those who worked for a shorter period. Many of these workers are agricultural laborers. Unpaid farm and family enterprise workers are supposed to be included in either the main worker or marginal worker category, as appropriate. Women account for a small proportion of the formal Indian labor force, even though the number of female main workers has grown faster in recent years than that of their male counterparts. Since Indian culture hinders women's access to jobs in stores, factories, and the public sector, the informal sector is particularly important for women. More women may be involved in undocumented or "disguised" wage work than in the formal labor force. There are estimates that over 90 percent of workingwomen are involved in the informal sector and not included in, official statistics. The informal sector includes jobs such as domestic servant, small trader, artisan, or field laborer on a family farm. Most of these jobs are unskilled and low paying and do not provide benefits to the worker. Although such jobs are supposed to be recorded in the census, undercounting is likely because the boundaries between these activities and other forms of household work done by women are often clouded thus, the actual labor force participation rate for women is likely to be higher than that which can be calculated from available data.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

23

Women working in the informal sector of India's economy are also susceptible to critical financial risks. Particularly vulnerable are the poorest of the poor. Should they become ill, lose their job, or be unable to continue working, they and their families may fall into debt and find themselves in the depths of poverty. At risk are millions of poor who depend on the income generated by one or more women in their household. These women do not have regular salaried employment with welfare benefits like workers in the organized sector of the labor market. Female workers tend to be younger than males. According to the 2001 census, the average age of all female workers was 33.6 compared with the male average of 36.5.These data are reported by local employment offices that register the number of people looking for work. The accuracy of, these data is questionable because many unemployed people may not register at these offices if there are no perceived benefits to registering. In addition, the offices operate more extensively in urban areas, thus likely undercounting unemployment in rural areas. One would expect that as cultural impediments to work decrease, younger women would be the ones entering the workforce; older women who have never worked in the formal sector are not likely to start working later in life. Throughout the economy, women tend to hold lower-level positions than men even when they have sufficient skills to perform higher-level jobs. Researchers have estimated that female agricultural laborers were usually paid 40 to 60 percent of the male wage.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

24

Even when women occupy similar positions and have similar educational levels, they earn just 80 percent of what men do, though this is better than in most developing countries. The public sector hires a greater share of women than does the private sector, but wages in the public sector are less egalitarian despite laws requiring equal pay for equal work.There is evidence that suggests that technological progress sometimes has a negative impact on women's employment opportunities. When a new technology is introduced to automate specific manual labor, women may lose their jobs because they are often responsible for the manual duties. For instance, one village irrigated its fields through a bucket system in which women were very active. When the village replaced the manual irrigation system with a tube well irrigation system, women lost their jobs. Many other examples exist where manual tasks such as wheat grinding and weeding are replaced by wheat grinding machines, herbicides, and other modern technologies. These examples are not meant to suggest that women would be better off with the menial jobs rather they illustrate how women have been pushed out of traditional occupations. Women may not benefit from jobs created by the introduction of new technology. New jobs (e.g., wheat grinding machine operator) usually go to men, and it is even rare for women to be employed in the factories producing such equipment. National Sample Survey data exemplify this trend. Since the 1970s, total female self-employment and regular employment have been decreasing as a proportion of total employment in rural areas, while casual labor has been increasing (NSSO, 1994). Other data reinforce the conclusion that employment options for female
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

25

agricultural workers have declined, and that many women seek casual work in other sectors characterized by low wages and low productivity. Other agricultural work includes workers involved with livestock, forestry, fishing and hunting, plantations, orchards, and related activities. Even if a woman is employed, she may not have control over the money she earns, though this money often plays an important role in the maintenance of the household. In Indian culture women are expected to devote virtually all of their time, energy, and earnings to their family. Men, on the other hand, are expected to spend time and at least some of their earnings on activities outside the household. Research has shown that women contribute a higher share of their earnings to the family and are less likely to spend it on themselves. Research has suggested that as the share of the family income contributed by woman increases, so does the likelihood that she will manage this income. However, the extent to which women retain control over their own income varies from household to household and region to region. Many women still sought their husbands' permission when they wanted to purchase something for themselves. In northern India, where more stringent cultural restrictions are in place, it is likely that few women control family finances. Conditions of working women in India have improved considerably in the recent years. Ironically, despite the improvement in their status, they still find themselves dependent on men.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

26

It is because of the fact that man in patriarchal society has always wielded economic independence and power to take decision. Since the working woman earns an independent income in the same patriarchal set-up, where the basic infrastructure of society has hardly changed, though her own role within the same structure is passing through a transitional phase, it is but natural that she would remain vulnerable to exploitation even in her economically independent state. Society perhaps yet needs to accord due recognition to women to take the lead role and women, at the same time; need to be oriented vigorously towards assuming this role in the society.

Schemes for Women Employment in India
: Details of Internship for Women for Self-Employment
Particulars Name of the Scheme Sponsored by Funding Pattern Ministry/Department Description Description Internship for Women for SelfEmployment Central Government This scheme is funded by the Union government. Department of Science & Technology This scholarship provides an opportunity to women scientists for selfSubmitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

27

employment by utilizing their specialized domain knowledge in areas such as patenting, proof reading, science journalism, technical translation, clinical pathology labs, medical transcription etc. Beneficiaries Benefits Benefit Type Other Benefits Others, Scholarships Woman not more than 50 years of age. Should be familiar with handling computerized databases, information collection, collation and analysis and report preparation. Should have at least Masters of Science/Doctorate in Science or Bachelors/Masters degree in Engineering/Technology. How to Avail Applications should be submitted only through online mode. Women,

Eligibility criteria

Validity of the Scheme

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

28

Introduced On Valid Upto

01 / 04 / 2005 31 / 03 / 2013 http://dst.gov.in/scientificprogramme/women-scientists.htm (External website that opens in a new window)

Reference URL

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

29

Scholarship Program for Women: Particulars Name of the Scheme Sponsored by Description Scholarship for Women Scientists Doing Research in S&T-based Societal Programmes Central Government The scheme is funded 100 per cent by the Centre. Under the scheme, the selected candidate will be awarded upto Rs. 10,000/pm (for Post Graduate in Science and Bachelors in Engineering and Medicine) and Rs. 15,000/- pm (for Doctorate in Science and Masters in Engineering and Medicine) as Research Scholarships and a research grant up to a maximum limit of Rs. 15 lakhs including the scholarship amount for a period of three years to cover the cost of small equipment, travel, contingencies, consumables and institutional overhead charges. Department of Science
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Funding Pattern

Ministry/Department

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

30

Description

Beneficiaries Benefits Benefit Type Other Benefits Eligibility criteria

& Technology This scholarship is specially intended to encourage women scientists involved in research and application of innovative solutions for various societal issues. This scholarship would be made available to the aspiring women scientists willing to work for the search, design, adaptation and demonstration of science and technological skills and techniques for improving the income generating activity and reducing drudgery of weaker sections of our society in different occupations, capacity building on the societal programs at the grassroots level. Women, Others, Scholarship The minimum essential qualifications are PG degree equivalent to M.Sc. in basic or Applied Science, B Tech in Engineering
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

31

Science and MBBS or other equivalent professional qualifications. Cut off age for the candidate is 50 years. Eligible candidates have to apply to the Department of Science and Technology under the Union Ministry of Science and Technology with supporting documents in the prescribed format to avail the scheme. 01 / 01 / 2010 01 / 01 / 2015 http://dst.gov.in/scientificprogramme/womenscientists.htm

How to Avail

Validity of the Scheme Introduced On Valid Upto Reference URL

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

32

Challenges Faced by Women Employees
Women Make Less Money Than Men: Most people already know without even looking at statistics that women earn less money than men, and that women have fewer employment and advancement opportunities (despite the fact more women hold higher degrees than men), but here are some other areas where women are disadvantaged that you might now know about:  8 in 10 single parent families are headed by women.  Women are more likely to be unemployed during a recession than are men.  Women are more likely to be laid off when companies downsize.  More women than men work low-wage, part-time jobs.  Fewer women than men meet the eligibility qualifications for unemployment benefits (because they earn lower wages and often are only given part-time hours).  During a recession men's median salaries stagnant but women's salaries have already dropped 3%.  For every dollar a man earns working full-time, female workers only earn 77 cents for the same jobs.  Women are also less likely to be eligible for employee benefits and employment-based retirement plans such as a 401(k).  According to a Harvard study, the median net worth of unmarried women was $12,900, compared to $26,850 for men. The study cited the wage gap as the primary cause for this inequity.  Lower wages and higher expenses mean women also have fewer savings and assets than men.
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

33

Women's Expenses Exceed Those of Men: Men and woman pay the same high prices for food, gas, but women often bear expenses that men, with higher incomes, do not. With 8 in 10 single parent families being headed by women, it is women who have to balance the dual roles of work and parenting not men. When dead-beat dads fail to pay child support, many women have to pick up the tab by taking on additional, low-wage jobs to try and make ends meet. Nearly every state in the U.S. has now cut funding and programs (also reduced at federal level) that once helped women enforce their child support awards, trained them to re-enter the workforce, and Congress has even severely cut funding to women's business development centers beginning in 2009. Because of loopholes, changes in child support laws, and fewer affordable legal resources for women, an increasing number of men are defaulting on child support. This means more women are now paying all, or disproportionate amounts, to provide for the needs of their children. Women often pay higher insurance premiums and more out-ofpocket health care costs than men, who do not have to pay for birth control or maternity benefits, and because more women pay for health insurance for their children than do men. Women's credit scores are generally equal to or better than men's, but with lower incomes and smaller assets, to purchase a home women need to go with a "subprime" mortgage 30-40% more

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

34

often than men, which means lower down payment, but higher monthly payments. According to Erin Parrish in the Minnesota Press, " Women often fall victim to risky lending practices, not only because they are more likely to lack financial literacy skills, but also because they are offered subprime mortgages at a higher rate than men. Insecure lending programs are often what push women over the edge, forcing them to choose between feeding their families or paying off debt."

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

35

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
TYPE OF RESEARCH:
Descriptive method has been used in this research for the collection of data . The research is related to the study of the women employees, which can be studied through direct question , experimental researchwill not be much effective. Considering the constraint , descriptive research is the most suitable for the research.

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
Qualitative research allows you to explore perceptions , attitude and motivations and to understand how they have formed. It provides depth of information which can be used in its own right or to determine what attributes will subsequently be measured in quantitative studies, Verbatim quotes are used in reports to illustrate points and the subject life of the reader, however , it relies heavily on the skills of the moderator , is inevitably subjective and samples are small . Techniques include group discussions/workshop sessions , paired interviews , individual indepth interviews and mystery shopping( where the researcher plays the role of a potential student , etc in order to replicate the overall experience).

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

36

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research is descriptive and provides hard data on the numbers of people exhibiting certain behaviors , attitudes, etc. It provides information in depth and allows you to sample large numbers of the population.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH:
Desvriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe ―what exists: with respect to variables or conditions in a situation . The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo , the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables , to developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time.  Statement of the problem.  Identification of information needed to solve the problem.  Selection of target population and determination of sampling procedure.  Design of procedure for information collection.  Collection of Information.  Analysis of information  Generalizations and/or predictions.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

37

SOURCES OF DATA :
Data which is collected for the first time is called primary data. In the study primary data includes data which is collected from the customer directly with interaction. The study includes data got with personal interaction. PRIMARY and SECONDARY DATA : The article presents a discussion of each of these terms and their significance in the context of the data and the analysis. The article then discusses the nature of potential errors that affect primary and secondary data. Several categories of errors can exist . The analyst needs to be able to recognise the error , understand it significance and evaluate the applicability of the data in the analysis. Secondary data –Information from secondary sources , i.e. , not directly compiled by the analyst; may include published or unpublished work based on research that relies on primary sources of any material other than primary sources used to prepare a written work. Secondary data has been gathered by others for their own purposes , but the data could be useful in the analysis of a wide range of real property. In , general , secondary data exists in published sources.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

38

Primary and secondary data are used in appraisal , highest and best use studies , market analysis sections of appraisals , and fullscale market studies.

METHODS FOR OBTAINING PRIMARY DATA :

OBSERVATION:
Observation as a data gathering technique focuses attention on an observable fact or inanimate entity such as a building or on an observable action or behaviour by an animate entity such as a homeowner or shopper . Observation of an inanimate object is the easier of the two activities , but it is not free from error or misinterpretation.

SAMPLING:
Sampling is a process of learning about the population on the basis of which sample is drawn. A sample is a subset of population unit.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

39

SAMPLE DESIGN:
Sampling is a practice a researcher uses to draw data on people , places or things to study. Sampling allows statisticians to draw conclusions about a whole by examining a part. It enables us to estimate characteristics of a population by openly observing a portion of the entire population. The whole that the researcher wants to know something about is population is called a sample.

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: The sampling technique used in the study includes both simple random sampling as well as judgement sampling. Respondent Size: 10 Tool for data collection: Structured Questionnaire Geographical area: Different cities of Uttar Pradesh.

DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT:
The primary data collection instrument for the survey is self administrated and structured questionnaire which consists of preference and scaling questions. This method of data collection is quite popular , particularly in case of big enquires. The

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

40

questionnaire consists of close-ended and open ended questionnaire. The study includes questionnaire of 10 questions to determine the environment for women employees.

THE MODES OF DATA COLLECTION:
     Interviewing face to face Interviewing by telephone The quality of the data they can collect. Interviewing is the most powerful mode in all these respects. But interviewing , particularly in the field , is also by far the most expensive.  Choosing modes of data collection is a fundamental survey design decision.  When survey aims are being defined in detail , strengths and limitations of modes must be kept in mind.

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

41

Questionnaires
NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

42

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace? o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

43

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace? o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

44

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

45

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

46

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

47

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

48

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

49

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

50

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

51

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

52

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

53

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

54

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

55

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

56

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

57

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

58

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

59

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

60

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

61

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

62

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

63

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

64

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

65

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

66

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

67

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

68

NAME: AGE: MARITAL STATUS: ADDRESS:

CONTACT No. Q1. What is your occupation? _____________________________________________ Q2. Since how many years have you been in this occupation? o <1 Year o 1 to 5 Years o >5 years Q3. How many hours do you work ? o <8 Hours o 8 to 12 hours o >12 Hours

Q4. Are you satisfied with work environment in your workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

69

o Yes o No o Maybe Q5. Do you face any constraints in your work place ? o Yes o No Q6. What problems do you face in your work place ?

Q7. How is the attitude of your boss towards you ? o Helping and Supportive o Arrogant and rude Q8. Do u sometimes feel hesitant to work with male colleagues because they may underestimate you on the basis of gender? o Yes o No

Q9. Do you suffer from any health complications like mood swings, depression, concentration problems etc. due to problems at workplace?
Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

70

o Yes o No Q10. What would you like to convey through this interview ?

Signature:

Date:

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

71

CONCLUSION
After carrying out the questionnaire , A shocking result was in front of us. 6 out of 10 working women , I.e. , 60% of the women were not satisfied with their workplace , Not happy with the attitude of their bosses , or have been suffering from health problems such as concentration problems , depression etc. After the results , it can be concluded that most of the working women in India are not happy with their jobs , but due to less chances of new employment or Job opportunities , They have been forced by their moral laws to continue with the same working conditions. It’s high time , one should change their views and thoughts about the working women , As after a while , I too can be in the same state .

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Women Employment & Constraints faced by Women Employees

72

BIBILOGRAPHY
     www.wikpedia.org www.google.co.in Articles in The Hindustan Times The Times of India Dainik Jagran

Submitted by:Anvita Agarwal

Sponsor Documents

Or use your account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Forgot your password?

Or register your new account on DocShare.tips

Hide

Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link to create a new password.

Back to log-in

Close